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Being an older family caregiver does not impact healthcare and mortality: Data from the study 'Good Aging in Skåne'

Elmståhl S, Lundholm-Auoja N, Ekström H, Sandin Wranker L (2022)

BACKGROUND: Will being a caregiver further impact the health of a group already at risk of adverse health due to old age? This study aimed to answer the questions whether short- and long-term healthcare consumption and mortality differ between informal caregivers and non-caregivers and between high-burden and low-burden informal caregivers.

METHOD: The study population consisted of 423 caregivers and 3444 controls from the Swedish national general population study 'Good Aging in Skåne'. Caregivers were divided into those reporting high and low caregiver burden and information on caregiver status was collected from questionnaires. Data for mortality and healthcare consumption (inpatient and outpatient visits) were obtained from The National Board of Health and Welfare. Mortality was tested with Cox regression models and healthcare consumption with logistic regression models, adjusted for sociodemographic covariates, Activities of daily living (ADL) and number of chronic diseases.

RESULTS: Caregivers were younger than non-caregivers, had higher educational background, more independent in ADL and more often men. Of 423 caregivers, 73 (17.3%) reported experiencing high caregiver burden. High-burden caregivers were older, more dependent in personal ADL and gave more hours of care than those reporting low burden. In adjusted regression models, we found no differences in either consumption of healthcare nor mortality between caregivers and non-caregivers and high-burden v. low-burden caregivers looking at short-term (1 and 3 years) and long-term (10 and 15 years) follow-up periods.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the characteristic of being a family caregiver does not have an impact on mortality or physical health measured asinpatient admissions or instances of primary care.

The Health of Older Family Caregivers – A 6-Year Follow-up

Lena Sandin Wranker, Elmståhl Sölve, Fagerström Cecilia (2021)

Abstract

It is unclear whether caregiving has an impact on the physical, mental and functional health of older caregivers. This study aimed to describe physical, mental and functional health in relation to family caregiving in old age (60+) over a six-year period. The study comprised 2,294 randomly selected individuals (60–96 years) from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care, who answered the question on whether they were caregivers and who were followed up six years later. The prevalence of family caregivers was 13.1% and the incidence was 12.4%. Four tracks (T) were identified; T1) Family caregiver both at baseline and follow-up (n = 74), T2) Family caregiver at baseline but not at follow-up (n = 226), T3) non-caregiver at baseline but family caregiver at follow-up (n = 218), T4) non-caregiver both at baseline and follow-up (1,776). Only non-caregivers (T4) reported a decline in mental health, p < .036. Worries about health increased significantly in T2 and T4. The prevalence of caregivers was 13.1% with a high turnover. There are differences between family caregivers and non-caregivers in deterioration in physical and mental health as well as physical function over a six-year period.

The consequences of deafblindness rules the family: Parents’ lived experiences of family life when the other parent has deafblindness.

Björk M, Wahlqvist M, Huus K, & Anderzén-Carlsson A. (2022)

Deafblindness is a combined vision and hearing disability that restricts communication, access to information, and mobility, thus limiting a person’s activities and full participation in society. Literature on how this might affect the lives of family members is sparse. The aim of this study is to describe the lived experience of family life from the perspective of one parent when the other has deafblindness. Six partners of deafblind parents, four men and two women, agreed to participate. Three were deaf and communicated in Swedish sign language. Qualitative interviews were conducted and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Seven themes were identified during the analysis. When one parent has deafblindness, communication within the family and with people outside the family is affected. The non-deafblind partners tried to integrate deafblindness into everyday family life and constantly strove to compensate for the losses caused by deafblindness. They tried to enhance participation and engagement in everyday family life for the parent with deafblindness by facilitating communication and taking a greater part in some areas of their shared responsibilities at home. The results reveal that these partners often put themselves in second place. They and their families needed support to manage family life. Deafblindness affects the life of the entire family, and the non-deafblind partner has to take considerable responsibility for everyday life. Everyday life can be facilitated by an adapted environment and appropriate support, which should be offered to the entire family. 

Is the mental health of older adults receiving care from their children related to their children’s dual burden of caregiving and work stress? A linked lives perspective

Ekezie P. E, Eriksson U, Shaw B. A, Agahi N, Nilsen C. (2022)

Abstract Objectives Mental health problems are a major concern in the older population in Sweden, as is the growing number of older adults aging alone in their homes and in need of informal care. Using a linked lives perspective, this study explored if older parents’ mental health is related to their children’s dual burden of informal caregiving and job strain. Methods Data from a nationally representative Swedish survey, SWEOLD, were used. Mental health problems in older age (mean age 88) were measured with self-reported ‘mild’ or ‘severe’ anxiety and depressive symptoms. A primary caregiving adult child was linked to each older parent, and this child’s occupation was matched with a job exposure matrix to assess job strain. Logistic regression analyses were conducted with an analytic sample of 334. Results After adjusting for covariates, caregiving children’s lower job control and greater job strain were each associated with mental health problems in their older parents (OR 2.52, p = 0.008 and OR 2.56, p = 0.044, respectively). No association was found between caregiving children’s job demands and their older parents’ mental health (OR 1.08, p = 0.799). Conclusion In line with the linked lives perspective, results highlight that the work–life balance of informal caregiving adult children may play a role in their older parent’s mental health

A balancing act: Working and caring for a child with cancer

Hjelmstedt S. K., Forinder U. M., Lindahl Norberg, A. M, Hovén E. I. M. (2021)

Parenting a child with cancer creates numerous additional care demands that may lead to increased difficulties in balancing work and family responsibilities. Still, there is limited knowledge of how parents cope with both parenthood and paid work after a child’s cancer diagnosis. The aim of the study was to explore mothers’ and fathers’ experiences of balancing the dual roles of work and parenthood following a child’s cancer diagnosis. Nine focus groups with in total 32 parents of children with cancer in Sweden were conducted. The data was analysed using qualitative content analysis. Three categories were identified: Shifts in the importance of the parent role and the work role, Influence of context and conditions on the balance of roles, and Long-term unbalance of roles. Parents expressed an increased appreciation of time spent with family, but also emphasized the importance of work to counterbalance the sometimes overwhelming parenting demands. The pre-existing financial situation, work situation, and employer behaviour were important factors influencing the parents’ ability to balance work and family. Traditional gender roles influenced how couples divided responsibilities and reflected on their experiences. Mothers and fathers were also met with different expectations, which highlights the need for the healthcare to consider their communication with caregivers. Importantly, the parents expressed how the child’s illness affected their ability to balance work and family for a long time, while the understanding and support from others had steadily declined. Enabling parents to care for their ill child without sacrificing their own career is of utmost importance, and future research should focus on identifying which factors facilitate for parents to achieve a sustainable work-life balance.

Upholding family relationships in a context of increasing awareness of parental illness

Charlotte Oja (2021)

Background: Children are affected when parents are ill and health care professionals are bound by law to consider children's need for information on their parent's illness. Effective interventions are available in settings other than primary health care, and possibilities seen by GPs and families have been described previously. Most patients in Sweden are treated in primary health care. It is suspected that parental health problems treated in primary care create a challenge and risk for the children. It is unknown how children and parents negotiate this situation and what strategies they use.AimThe overall aim was to conceptualize the situation of ill parents and their children in primary health care, as a contribution towards the long-term goal of developing suitable and sustainable interventions for children as next of kin in primary care.MethodsAnalysis of interviews with 32 parents and 23 of their children in three primary health care clinics using grounded theory method resulted in a conceptualization of (i) how these children view their situation (Study I) and (ii) a theory on the processes and typologies of upholding family relationships from the perspective of their parents (Study III). A systematic review exploring interventions for children of ill parents in all health care settings globally resulted in a full overview of the literature and, via content analysis, a resulting summary of what children and parents find helpful in interventions (Study II). All three studies were analytically integrated in this thesis.ResultsAnalysis of the interviews revealed that children feel burdened and lonely when their parents are ill (paper 1) and wish their parent to reveal (paper 3). Parents are aware that their children know they are ill and wish their parents to reveal, but often feel incapable to do so. A Grounded Theory conceptualizing what it takes to uphold family relationships in a context of increasing awareness of parental illness (paper 3) was developed. Six different awareness contexts are posed (closed, concealed, suspicious, conflicted, mutual pretense and open) and how parents manage, or often fail to manage them, are conceptualized. The theory hypothesizes that to reveal the parent needs to manage their common awareness context about the illness. And to manage their common awareness context the parent must comprehend the illness and the child needs. Parents and children wish primary health care to support the often-needed learning processes. (Study 1 and 3).Thirty-two studies conducted in mental health (n=22), cancer care (n=6) and HIV care (n=4) were analysed in a systematic literature review. The quantitative studies showed a small-to-moderate effect on the health of the child. Systematic content analysis of qualitative results from mental health and cancer care generated new data concerning what both children and parents found useful in interventions (increased knowledge, improved communication, improved coping strategies and better capacity to handle negative feelings) and additional benefits perceived by the parents (observed changes in their children's behaviour, increased understanding of their own child and enjoyment of the child's respite).

Recruitment of caregivers into health services research: lessons from a user-centred design study

Leslie, M., Khayatzadeh-Mahani, A., & MacKean, G (2019)

Background

With patient and public engagement in many aspects of the healthcare system becoming an imperative, the recruitment of patients and members of the public into service and research roles has emerged as a challenge. The existing literature carries few reports of the methods – successful and unsuccessful – that researchers engaged in user-centred design (UCD) projects are using to recruit participants as equal partners in co-design research. This paper uses the recruitment experiences of a specific UCD project to provide a road map for other investigators, and to make general recommendations for funding agencies interested in supporting co-design research.

Methods

We used a case study methodology and employed Nominal Group Technique (NGT) and Focus Group discussions to collect data. We recruited 25 family caregivers.

Results

Employing various strategies to recruit unpaid family caregivers in a UCD project aimed at co-designing an assistive technology for family caregivers, we found that recruitment through caregiver agencies is the most efficient (least costly) and effective mechanism. The nature of this recruitment work – the time and compromises it requires – has, we believe, implications for funding agencies who need to understand that working with caregivers agencies, requires a considerable amount of time for building relationships, aligning values, and establishing trust.

Conclusions

In addition to providing adaptable strategies, the paper contributes to discussions surrounding how projects seeking effective, meaningful, and ethical patient and public engagement are planned and funded. We call for more evidence to explore effective mechanisms to recruit family caregivers into qualitative research. We also call for reports of successful strategies that other researchers have employed to recruit and retain family caregivers in their research.

Caregiver identity theory and predictors of burden and depression

Miller, V. J., Killian, M. O., & Fields, N (2020)

Objective: To examine the relationship between care recipient (person with Alzheimer's disease) ability to perform daily tasks and caregivers' (CG) perceived burden and depression, guided by the caregiver identity theory. We also examine the mediating effect of CG abilities to meet their basic needs.Methods: This study utilizes the baseline data of the REACH II study. Spearman's rho (ρ) was used to test for relationships between burden, reported depression, and each ADLs and IADLs. To further explore the relationship between burden and each ADLs and IADLs, structural equation modeling was conducted using Mplus 8.0.Results: Reported CG total scores indicated increased perceived CG burden with greater number of assisted daily activities. CG depression scores were significantly predicted by reported burden scores and caregiver's ability to pay for basic needs. Importantly, 34.6% of variation in CG reported depressions scores were explained by reported burden scores. A multivariate regression model with reported burden scores, controlling for caregiver's ability to pay for basic needs, explained 36.6% of the variance in CG depression scores. Burden scores and CG ability to pay for basic needs significantly predicted depression scores. Results from the three models indicated that CG burden fully mediated the relationship between daily living skill scores and CG depression.Conclusion: Our study findings suggest the need to more closely examine the link between AD caregiving, financial instability, and mental health and bolster support for policies and programs that offer tangible supports and services to offset the costs of informal AD CG.

Informal caregivers’ views on the division of responsibilities between themselves and professionals: a scoping review

Wittenberg, Y., Kwekkeboom, R., Staaks, J., Verhoeff, A., & de Boer, A (2018)

This scoping review focuses on the views of informal caregivers regarding the division of care responsibilities between citizens, governments and professionals and the question of to what extent professionals take these views into account during collaboration with them. In Europe, the normative discourse on informal care has changed. Retreating governments and decreasing residential care increase the need to enhance the collaboration between informal caregivers and professionals. Professionals are assumed to adequately address the needs and wishes of informal caregivers, but little is known about informal caregivers' views on the division of care responsibilities. We performed a scoping review and searched for relevant studies published between 2000 and September 1, 2016 in seven databases. Thirteen papers were included, all published in Western countries. Most included papers described research with a qualitative research design. Based on the opinion of informal caregivers, we conclude that professionals do not seem to explicitly take into account the views of informal caregivers about the division of responsibilities during their collaboration with them. Roles of the informal caregivers and professionals are not always discussed and the division of responsibilities sometimes seems unclear. Acknowledging the role and expertise of informal caregivers seems to facilitate good collaboration, as well as attitudes such as professionals being open and honest, proactive and compassionate. Inflexible structures and services hinder good collaboration. Asking informal caregivers what their opinion is about the division of responsibilities could improve clarity about the care that is given by both informal caregivers and professionals and could improve their collaboration. Educational programs in social work, health and allied health professions should put more emphasis on this specific characteristic of collaboration.

Dignity as an intersubjective phenomenon: experiences of dyads living with serious illness

Persson, C, Benzein, E and Morberg Jämterud, S (2020)

Research results suggest that illness can undermine patients' dignity and that dignity can be understood as an experience formed in communion with others. The aim of this study was, therefore, to illuminate the meanings of lived experiences of dignity as an intersubjective phenomenon from the perspective of dyads in palliative care. The authors analyzed transcripts from interviews with nine dyads using a phenomenological-hermeneutical method. Within the contexts of the dyadic relationship and the dyadic-health care professional relationship, the authors' interpretation revealed two meanings based on the participants' lived experiences: "Being available," related to responding and being responded to in terms of answerability and we-ness, and "Upholding continuity," linked to feeling attached through the maintenance of emotional bonds and being connected through upholding valued activities and qualities in daily living. The authors further reflected on the meanings in relation to philosophically grounded concepts such as presence, objectification, dependence, and dyadic body.

Ungdomsvård på hemmaplan. Idéerna, framväxten, praktiken

Forkby, Torbjörn (2005)

Juveniles who are rowdy, who commit crime, abuse drugs, have difficulty functioning in school or in the home are the subject of constant attention: from indignant voices in newspaper reports, to demands in parliament for action, all the way to the informal conversations at the lunch table and in the home in front of the television. This dissertation is about society's attempts to normalize them, in a time when institutional care has gained a bad reputation. All over the western world there are attempts to replace institutions with qualified non-institutional measures. In Sweden a rather broad range of activities has emerged under designations such as home-based solutions, intermediary care or simply alternatives to institutional care. Among these we can find both all-embracing and innovative endeavours and more limited expansions of established patterns of thought. Although there are numerous studies of individual ventures, often in the form of project evaluations, there are no approaches with an overall perspective on the field. This dissertation seeks to remedy this by studying ideas articulated when activities are planned and how daily life between juveniles and employees is formed in a typical home-based solution. These studies are conceptualized through a description of the development of juvenile care during the 20th century. The study is based on the methods of discourse analysis and focuses on how communication is shaped and given a specific function in an institutional order. The first study shows how the social worker as a rescuing subject is linked with the juvenile as an object needing rescue through the technology involved in the home-based solution. Four main forms of home-based care are identified in accordance with the way they relate to the mother organization (integrated – free-standing), and the way they handle problems that arise (ad hoc – a priori). The study of the special school "Pilen" analyses in detail how everyday life is shaped and maintained. Therapeutic work is perceived in the dissertation as actions accompanied by power with the intention of achieving dominance within a social space. In the special school it becomes evident how the employees' claims for power encounter the juveniles' counter-power, and how this is expressed in a reciprocal positioning game. The juveniles often have great potential to neutralize the employees' direct interventions. At the same time, they have little opportunity to change the social and cultural framework which dictates why they are there – and hence also little opportunity to avoid being captured in the category of "problem children". In this way the special school was simultaneously a sanctuary from the excessive pressures of ordinary school and a place of banishment from it, and from what is perceived as the reference of normality.

Universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes for children and adolescents: Cochrane systematic reviews

Foxcroft DR, Tsertsvadze A. (2012)

AIMS:
Alcohol misuse by young people causes significant health and social harm, including death and disability. Therefore, prevention of youth alcohol misuse is a policy aim in many countries. Our aim was to examine the effectiveness of (1) school-based, (2) family-based and (3) multi-component universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes in children and adolescents.
METHODS:
Three Cochrane systematic reviews were performed: searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Project CORK and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials up to July 2010, including randomised trials evaluating universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes in school, family or multiple settings in youths aged 18 years or younger. Two independent reviewers identified eligible studies and any discrepancies were resolved via discussion.
RESULTS:
A total of 85 trials were included in the reviews of school (n = 53), family (n = 12) and multi-component (n = 20) programmes. Meta-analysis was not performed due to study heterogeneity. Most studies were conducted in North America. Risk of bias assessment revealed problems related to inappropriate unit of analysis, moderate to high attrition, selective outcome reporting and potential confounding. Certain generic psychosocial and life skills school-based programmes were effective in reducing alcohol use in youth. Most family-based programmes were effective. There was insufficient evidence to conclude that multiple interventions provided additional benefit over single interventions.
CONCLUSIONS:
In these Cochrane reviews, some school, family or multi-component prevention programmes were shown to be effective in reducing alcohol misuse in youths. However, these results warrant a cautious interpretation, since bias and/or contextual factors may have affected the trial results. Further research should replicate the most promising studies identified in these reviews and pay particular attention to content and context factors through rigorous evaluation.

Universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes for children and adolescents: Cochrane systematic reviews.

Foxcroft DR, Tsertsvadze A. (2012)

AIMS:
Alcohol misuse by young people causes significant health and social harm, including death and disability. Therefore, prevention of youth alcohol misuse is a policy aim in many countries. Our aim was to examine the effectiveness of (1) school-based, (2) family-based and (3) multi-component universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes in children and adolescents.
METHODS:
Three Cochrane systematic reviews were performed: searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Project CORK and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials up to July 2010, including randomised trials evaluating universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes in school, family or multiple settings in youths aged 18 years or younger. Two independent reviewers identified eligible studies and any discrepancies were resolved via discussion.
RESULTS:
A total of 85 trials were included in the reviews of school (n = 53), family (n = 12) and multi-component (n = 20) programmes. Meta-analysis was not performed due to study heterogeneity. Most studies were conducted in North America. Risk of bias assessment revealed problems related to inappropriate unit of analysis, moderate to high attrition, selective outcome reporting and potential confounding. Certain generic psychosocial and life skills school-based programmes were effective in reducing alcohol use in youth. Most family-based programmes were effective. There was insufficient evidence to conclude that multiple interventions provided additional benefit over single interventions.
CONCLUSIONS:
In these Cochrane reviews, some school, family or multi-component prevention programmes were shown to be effective in reducing alcohol misuse in youths. However, these results warrant a cautious interpretation, since bias and/or contextual factors may have affected the trial results. Further research should replicate the most promising studies identified in these reviews and pay particular attention to content and context factors through rigorous evaluation.

Unjustly neglected: Siblings of people with a schizophrenic psychosis

Schrank B, Sibitz I, Und MS, Amering M. (2007)

Objective: Siblings of individuals suffering from schizophrenia are an underrepresented group in research focussing on the needs of carets and relatives of psychiatric patients. The present study aims to investigate differences between siblings and parents as well as spouses, as regards help seeking, utilisation of an open group for relatives, their subjective burden and quality of life. Methods: 147 relatives of in-patients and patients attending a day hospital where assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Family Problem Questionnaire (FPQ), the WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) and a questionnaire inquiring about the relatives' utilisation of various sources of information and help throughout the course of the illness. Results: Siblings reported less contact to the patients compared to the two other groups. However, their subjective burden was comparable to that Of Spouses, who were the group with the highest amount of contact. Siblings' quality of life showed by far less impairment than that of spouses and parents. They reported significantly less utilisation of any source of information and help and were far less likely to be invited to the group for relatives. Conclusions: Siblings of patients with schizophrenia are a particularly neglected group regarding support aimed at relatives. They are heavily distressed, yet there is little offer of professional support for them. It seems indicated to draw increased attention to this specific group of relatives.

Unrecognized attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults presenting for outpatient psychotherapy

Ratey, J. J., Greenberg, M. S., Bemporad, J. R., & Lindem, K. J. (1992)

Adult patients with significant childhood and current symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but whose ADHD had not been previously recognized, were evaluated by three clinical consultants working with diverse referral populations. These 60 adults shared common characteristics of physical and mental restlessness, impulsivity, disabling distractibility, low self-esteem, self-loathing, and a gnawing sense of underachievement. Specific learning or behavior problems were often present. These patients were chronically disaffected. The diagnosis of ADHD appeared to be missed because these individuals presented with atypical symptoms or had found ways to compensate for their deficits. Descriptive generalizations are offered concerning their coping strategies. These adults had sought previous psychiatric care for non-ADHD symptoms but had numerous unsuccessful treatment attempts. Most patients had been treated for mood or anxiety disorders. Traditional defense analysis had little beneficial effect and aggravated problems of self-esteem; modifications of the psychotherapeutic process are recommended. In open clinical trials without formal measures, the majority of such patients appeared to respond to low doses of antidepressants (i.e., desipramine 10-30 mg daily) and seemed to lose the therapeutic effect at higher antidepressant doses.

Upp till 18 – fakta om barn och ungdom

BR Barnombudsmannen rapporterar (2010)

Beskriver barns levnadsförhållanden i siffror, generellt och över tiden. Här finns uppgifter om bl.a. barns hälsa, situationen i förskolan och skolan, fridtidsvanor och familjeförhållanden. Ett särskilt kapitel behandlar barn i utsatta situationer.

Lyfter fram skillnader mellan olika grupper barn beroende på exempelvis ålder, kön, ursprung och familjesituation. Även förändringar över tid följs upp.

Uppdrag om förslag till försöksverksamhet med samordnare för barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning

Regeringen (S2012/4967/FST). (2012)

Socialstyrelsen får i uppdrag att genomföra en kartläggning av landstingens användning av anlagsmedel för rådgivning och annat personligt stöd enligt lagen (1993:387) om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade (LSS). Socialstyrelsen ska även föreslå en försöksverksamhet med samordnare för barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning.

Vidare får Socialstyrelsen i uppdrag att genomföra en förstudie om hur information om samhällets stöd till barn med funktionsnedsättning på bästa sätt görs tillgänglig för målgruppen.

Uppdraget ska redovisas till Regeringskansliet (Socialdepartementet) senast den 18 januari 2013.
Socialstyrelsen får under 2012 använda högst 1 miljon kronor för att genomföra uppdraget.

Using content analysis to link texts on assessment and intervention to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health - version for Children and Youth (ICF-CY).

Klang Ibragimova N, Pless M, Adolfsson M, Granlund M, Björck-Åkesson E. (2011)

OBJECTIVE:
To explore how content analysis can be used together with linking rules to link texts on assessment and intervention to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health - version for children and youth (ICF-CY).
METHODS:
Individual habilitation plans containing texts on assessment and intervention for children with disabilities and their families were linked to the ICF-CY using content ana-lysis. Texts were first divided into meaning units in order to extract meaningful concepts. Meaningful concepts that were difficult to link to ICF-CY codes were grouped, and coding schemes with critical attributes were developed. Meaningful concepts that could not be linked to the ICF-CY were assigned to the categories "not-definable" and "not-covered", using coding schemes with mutually exclusive categories.
RESULTS:
The size of the meaning units selected resulted in different numbers and contents of meaningful concepts. Coding schemes with critical attributes of ICF-CY codes facilitated the linking of meaningful concepts to the most appropriate ICF-CY codes. Coding schemes with mutually exclusive categories facilitated the classification of meaningful concepts that could or could not be linked to the ICF-CY.
CONCLUSION:
Content analysis techniques can be applied together with linking rules in order to link texts on assessment and intervention to the ICF-CY.

Using dynamic assessment with learners who communicate nonsymbolically

Snell, M. E. (2002)

Many individuals with severe disabilities converse primarily by prelinguistic or nonsymbolic communication, using an idiosyncratic repertoire of gestures, vocalizations, and other behaviors. These learners may or may not be intentional in their communication with others, are difficult to understand, may make requests by engaging in problem behavior, and communicate with few conventions other than those developed in their interactions with partners. Traditional static assessment methods often fail to describe accurately the communication abilities of these learners. In this article, the characteristics of dynamic assessment are reviewed and guidelines to assess the abilities of learners and to explore partner and environment factors are provided. In addition, the pilot outcomes of a process for conducting a dynamic assessment are presented.

Using Internet to provide cognitive behavior therapy

Andersson G. (2009)

A new treatment form has emerged that merges cognitive behaviour therapy with the Internet. By delivering treatment components, mainly in the form of texts presented via web pages, and provide ongoing support using e-mail promising outcomes can be achieved. The literature on this novel form of treatment has grown rapidly over recent years with several controlled trials in the field of anxiety disorders, mood disorders and behavioural medicine. For some of the conditions for which Internet-delivered CBT has been tested, independent replications have shown large effect sizes, for example in the treatment of social anxiety disorder. In some studies, Internet-delivered treatment can achieve similar outcomes as in face-to-face CBT, but the literature thus far is restricted mainly to efficacy trials. This article provides a brief summary of the evidence, comments on the role of the therapist and for which patient and therapist this is suitable. Areas of future research and exploration are identified.

Using Multimodal Annotation Tools in the Study of Multimodal Communication Involving Non speaking Persons

Rydeman, B. (2003)

The creation of large, richly annotated, multimodal corpora of human interactions is an expensive and time consuming task. Support from annotation tools that make the annotation process more efficient is required, especially if the annotation effort involves really large amounts of data. Therefore we investigated how different properties of specific annotation tasks can have an impact on the design of a tool focused on that general class of tasks. In this paper we present our view on the considerations that should drive the design of new tools geared to specific tasks. The main dimensions that we consider are: observation vs interpretation, explicit and implicit input layers, segmentation, feedback, constraints, relations and the content of the annotation elements.

Using research evidence to inform and evaluate early childhood intervention practices

Dunst, C. and C. Trivette (2009)

This article includes descriptions of a process used to conduct practice-based research syntheses and the manner in which synthesis findings are used to inform and evaluate early childhood intervention practices. The main focus of a practice-based research synthesis is the unbundling of an intervention practice to identify those practice characteristics that are associated with desired outcomes and benefits. Also described are how the characteristics identified as most important are used to develop evidence-based practices and how the characteristics can be used as benchmarks to assess the likelihood that an untested practice will be effective. The article concludes with a discussion of the tension between research and practice and how that tension might be mitigated.

Using shared stories and individual response modes to promote comprehension and engagement in literacy for students with multiple, severe disabilities

Browder DM, Lee A, Minis P. (2011)

This study investigated the effects of scripted task analytic lessons with systematic prompting on engagement and comprehension of students with a multiple, severe disability using a multiple probe single case design. Three teachers followed the scripts to include a target student in a story based lesson to increase comprehension and engagement. All three students had both a severe intellectual disability and either a severe physical or sensory impairment and relied primarily on nonsymblic communication prior to the study. Each student used a different response mode to participate in the story based lesson (i. e., eye gaze response for a student with inconsistent hand use, point response for a student who grabbed, and object response for a student with visual impairments). Results indicated increases in both comprehension and engagement for all three students. Limitations and implications for research and practice are discussed. © Division on Autism and Developmental Disabilities.

Using stroke to explore the Life Thread Model: An alternative approach to understanding rehabilitation following an acquired disability

Ellis-Hill CSL, Payne S, Ward C. (2007)

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Life Thread Model, which incorporates established psychological and social theory related to identity change following an acquired disability. It is supported by a growing body of empirical evidence and can be used to broaden our understanding of service provision in rehabilitation. We suggest that a limited appreciation of social and psychological processes underpinning rehabilitation has led to different agendas for patients and professionals, lack of recognition of power relationships, negative views of disability, and insufficient professional knowledge about the management of emotional responses. The Life Thread Model, based on narrative theory and focusing on interpersonal relationships, has been developed following ten years of empirical research. Using the model, the balance of power between professionals and patients can be recognized. We suggest that positive emotional responses can be supported through (a) endorsing a positive view of self, (b) 'being' with somebody as well as 'doing' things for them; and (c) seeing acquired disability as a time of transition rather than simply of loss. This model highlights the usually hidden social processes which underpin clinical practice in acquired disability. Recognition of the importance of discursive as well as physical strategies widens the possibilities for intervention and treatment.

Using the communication matrix to assess expressive skills in early communicators

Rowland, C. (2011)

Many children born with severe and multiple disabilities have complex communication needs and may use no speech or only minimal speech to communicate. Meaningful assessment of their expressive skills to identify communication strengths along a developmental trajectory is an essential first step toward appropriate intervention. This article describes the foundations, structure, properties, and use of the Communication Matrix, an assessment instrument developed specifically to address the challenges of describing the expressive communication skills of children with severe and multiple disabilities. The widely used online version of this assessment tool collects data in an associated database. Sample data on children with specific disabilities generated by this database are presented to illustrate the clinical and research potential of this free assessment service. © Hammill Institute on Disabilities 2011.

Using the Communication Matrix to Assess Expressive Skills in Early Communicators

Rowland, C. (2011)

Many children born with severe and multiple disabilities have complex communication needs and may use no speech or only minimal speech to communicate. Meaningful assessment of their expressive skills to identify communication strengths along a developmental trajectory is an essential first step toward appropriate intervention. This article describes the foundations, structure, properties, and use of the Communication Matrix, an assessment instrument developed specifically to address the challenges of describing the expressive communication skills of children with severe and multiple disabilities. The widely used online version of this assessment tool collects data in an associated database. Sample data on children with specific disabilities generated by this database are presented to illustrate the clinical and research potential of this free assessment service.

Using the Communication Matrix to Assess Expressive Skills in Early Communicators

Rowland, C. (2011)

Many children born with severe and multiple disabilities have complex communication needs and may use no speech or only minimal speech to communicate. Meaningful assessment of their expressive skills to identify communication strengths along a developmental trajectory is an essential first step toward appropriate intervention. This article describes the foundations, structure, properties, and use of the Communication Matrix, an assessment instrument developed specifically to address the challenges of describing the expressive communication skills of children with severe and multiple disabilities. The widely used online version of this assessment tool collects data in an associated database. Sample data on children with specific disabilities generated by this database are presented to illustrate the clinical and research potential of this free assessment service.

Using the ICF in goal setting: Clinical application using Talking Mats

Bornman J, Murphy J. (2006)

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to suggest how Talking Mats® can be used in accordance with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) proposed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) when setting intervention goals.
Method. A theoretical framework for using Talking Mats® when setting intervention goals in accordance with the ICF is provided.
Conclusions. An international system such as the ICF offers a conceptual framework that can be used to set appropriate goals for intervention. Talking Mats® on the other hand can be seen as the strategy through which individuals can be empowered to participate in this goal-setting activity.

Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) to Describe Children Referred to Special Care or Paediatric Dental Services.

Faulks D, Norderyd J, Molina G, Macgiolla Phadraig C, Scagnet G, Eschevins C, et al. (2013)

Children in dentistry are traditionally described in terms of medical diagnosis and prevalence of oral disease. This approach gives little information regarding a child's capacity to maintain oral health or regarding the social determinants of oral health. The biopsychosocial approach, embodied in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health - Child and Youth version (ICF-CY) (WHO), provides a wider picture of a child's real-life experience, but practical tools for the application of this model are lacking. This article describes the preliminary empirical study necessary for development of such a tool - an ICF-CY Core Set for Oral Health. An ICF-CY questionnaire was used to identify the medical, functional, social and environmental context of 218 children and adolescents referred to special care or paediatric dental services in France, Sweden, Argentina and Ireland (mean age 8 years ± 3.6 yrs). International Classification of Disease (ICD-10) diagnoses included disorders of the nervous system (26.1%), Down syndrome (22.0%), mental retardation (17.0%), autistic disorders (16.1%), and dental anxiety alone (11.0%). The most frequently impaired items in the ICF Body functions domain were 'Intellectual functions', 'High-level cognitive functions', and 'Attention functions'. In the Activities and Participation domain, participation restriction was frequently reported for 25 items including 'Handling stress', 'Caring for body parts', 'Looking after one's health' and 'Speaking'. In the Environment domain, facilitating items included 'Support of friends', 'Attitude of friends' and 'Support of immediate family'. One item was reported as an environmental barrier - 'Societal attitudes'. The ICF-CY can be used to highlight common profiles of functioning, activities, participation and environment shared by children in relation to oral health, despite widely differing medical, social and geographical contexts. The results of this empirical study might be used to develop an ICF-CY Core Set for Oral Health - a holistic but practical tool for clinical and epidemiological use.

Using the Internet to provide cognitive behaviour therapy

Andersson, G. (2009)

A new treatment form has emerged that merges cognitive behaviour therapy with the Internet. By delivering treatment components, mainly in the form of texts presented via web pages, and provide ongoing support using e-mail promising outcomes can be achieved. The literature on this novel form of treatment has grown rapidly over recent years with several controlled trials in the field of anxiety disorders, mood disorders and behavioural medicine. For some of the conditions for which Internet-delivered CBT has been tested, independent replications have shown large effect sizes, for example in the treatment of social anxiety disorder. In some studies, Internet-delivered treatment can achieve similar outcomes as in face-to-face CBT, but the literature thus far is restricted mainly to efficacy trials. This article provides a brief summary of the evidence, comments on the role of the therapist and for which patient and therapist this is suitable. Areas of future research and exploration are identified.

Using the life course perspective to study the entry into the illness trajectory: The perspective of caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease

Carpentier N, Bernard P, Grenier A, Guberman N. (2010)

The research community is showing increasing interest in the analysis of the care trajectory of people with chronic health problems, especially dementias such as Alzheimer's disease. However, despite this interest, there is little research on the initial phases of the care trajectory. The fact that the first symptoms of dementia are generally noticed by those surrounding the elderly person suggests that the recognition of the disease is intimately linked to interactions not only amongst family members but also amongst friends, neighbours and health professionals. This study focuses on the period beginning with the first manifestations of cognitive difficulties and ending with the diagnosis of Alzheimer-type dementia. Interviews with 60 caregivers in Montreal, Canada were used to reconstruct how older people with Alzheimer-type dementia enter into the care trajectory. Our methods consisted of the analysis of social networks, social dynamics and action sequences. Our findings are presented in the form of a typology comprised of 5 pathways of entries into the care trajectory that are structured around the following four principles of the Life Course Perspective: family history, linked lives, human agency and organisational effects. We believe that analyses of the initial phases of the care trajectory, such as this one, are essential for the application of effective early detection and intervention policies. They are also central to informing future studies that seek to understand the care experience in its entirety.

Utan assistans stannar livet - Ett stycke svensk historia

Föreningen JAG (2017)

När jag var liten fanns inte personlig assistans. Jag behövde mycket hjälp hela tiden. Mina föräldrar orkade inte med allt, trots att dom älskade mig. Därför var jag tvungen att bo på vårdhem. Det var det värsta jag varit med om. Jag ville inte äta. Jag slutade skratta och gråta. Doktorn sa till mamma och pappa att jag var så svårt skadad att jag aldrig skulle bli vuxen, och att de inte skulle orka ta hand om mig hemma. 1972, när jag var sju år, bestämde mamma sig för att ta hem mig. Året efter fick jag personlig assistans 40 timmar i veckan av kommunen. Tack vare det kunde jag få bra hjälp och vågade börja visa mina känslor igen. När jag var 26 år fick jag personlig assistans hela dygnet och flyttade till en egen lägenhet. Idag är jag 52 år, har ett bra liv och är mycket sällan sjuk, tack vare bra personlig assistans.

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Barns behov av information, råd och stöd när en förälder är psykiskt sjuk - på väg mot ett familjefokuserat arbetssätt i vuxenpsykiatrin?

Priebe G, Afzelius M (2017)

Abstract

Barnen påverkas när en förälder är psykiskt sjuk. Hälso- och sjukvårdslagen
ändrades 2010 så att deras behov av information, råd och stöd ska beaktas.
Artikeln presenterar en registerstudie som genomfördes 2013 och 2014
inom vuxenpsykiatrin i Region Skåne för att undersöka hur lagstiftningen
följs i den kliniska vardagen. Resultaten visade att få insatser gavs i de fall
då barnen hade uppmärksammats och registrerats. En uppföljning fann en
marginell ökning av andelen patienter med registrerade barn för 2016, men
den betydande underrapporteringen består. En enkät till personal med utbildning
i barnfokuserade interventioner ingick i uppföljningen och visade att
de flesta hade genomfört få interventioner under år 2016. Det är angeläget
att ett familjeorienterat arbetssätt etableras inom vuxenpsykiatrin.

Research and Innovation for and with Adolescent Young Carers to Influence Policy and Practice—The European Union Funded “ME-WE” Project

Hanson, E., Barbabella, F., Magnusson, L., Brolin, R., Svensson, M et al (2022)
Abstract [en]

Young carers are children and adolescents who provide care to other family members or friends, taking over responsibilities that are usually associated with adulthood. There is emerging but still scarce knowledge worldwide about the phenomenon of young carers and the impact of a caring role on their health, social and personal development spheres. This paper provides an overview of the main results from the ME-WE project, which is the first European research and innovation project dedicated to adolescent young carers (AYCs) (15–17 years). The project methods relied on three main activities: (1) a systematization of knowledge (by means of a survey to AYCs, country case studies, Delphi study, literature review); (2) the co-design, implementation and evaluation of a primary prevention intervention addressing AYCs’ mental health (by means of Blended Learning Networks and a clinical trial in six European countries); (3) the implementation of knowledge translation actions for dissemination, awareness, advocacy and lobbying (by means of national and international stakeholder networks, as well as traditional and new media). Project results substantially contributed to a better understanding of AYCs’ conditions, needs and preferences, defined tailored support intervention (resilient to COVID-19 related restrictions), and significant improvements in national and European policies for AYCs.

Kommunikation med familjen då föräldern drabbas av sjukdom Rapport baserad på avhandlingen “Upholding family relationships in a context of increasing awareness of parental illness.”

Charlotte Louise Oja, Lennart Magnusson (2022)

Denna rapport bygger på avhandlingen Upholding family relationships in a context of increasing awareness of parental illness. Rapporten beskriver en teori som utvecklats baserat på intervjuer med föräldrar och barn. Rapporten innehåller också förslag på vilken roll primärvården kan ta i arbetet med barn som anhöriga, samt handfasta råd till hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal för att stärka kommunikationen mellan sjuka föräldrar och deras barn.

Exploring the collaboration between formal and informal care from the professional perspective - A thematic synthesis

Hengelaar, A. H., van Hartingsveldt, M., Wittenberg, Y., van Etten-Jamaludin, F., Kwekkeboom, R., & Satink, T. (2018)

Abstract

In Dutch policy and at the societal level, informal caregivers are ideally seen as essential team members when creating, together with professionals, co-ordinated support plans for the persons for whom they care. However, collaboration between professionals and informal caregivers is not always effective. This can be explained by the observation that caregivers and professionals have diverse backgrounds and frames of reference regarding providing care. This thematic synthesis sought to examine and understand how professionals experience collaboration with informal caregivers to strengthen the care triad. PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, Cochrane/Central and CINAHL were searched systematically until May 2015, using specific key words and inclusion criteria. Twenty-two articles were used for thematic synthesis. Seven themes revealed different reflections by professionals illustrating the complex, multi-faceted and dynamic interface of professionals and informal care. Working in collaboration with informal caregivers requires professionals to adopt a different way of functioning. Specific attention should be paid to the informal caregiver, where the focus now is mainly on the client for whom they care. This is difficult to attain due to different restrictions experienced by professionals on policy and individual levels. Specific guidelines and training for the professionals are necessary in the light of the current policy changes in the Netherlands, where an increased emphasis is placed on informal care structures.

Visibility as a Key Dimension to Better Health-Related Quality of Life and Mental Health: Results of the European Union Funded “ME-WE” Online Survey Study on Adolescent Young Carers in Switzerland

Guggiari, E. Fatton, M. Becker, S. Lewis, F. Casu, G. Hoefman, R. Hanson, E. Santini, S. Boccaletti, L. Nap, H.H. Hlebec, V. Wirth, A. Leu, A. (2023)

Abstract: This paper examines the health-related quality of life (HRQL) and mental health of adolescent young carers (AYCs) aged 15–17 in Switzerland, based on data collected within the Horizon 2020 project ‘Psychosocial support for promoting mental health and well-being among AYCs in Europe’ (ME-WE). It addresses the following questions: (1) Which characteristics of AYCs are associated with lower HRQL and with higher level of mental health problems? (2) Do AYCs who are less visible and less supported report a lower HRQL and more mental health issues than other AYCs? A total of 2343 young people in Switzerland, amongst them 240 AYCs, completed an online survey. The results show that female AYCs and AYCs with Swiss nationality more often reported having mental health issues than their male and non-Swiss counterparts. Furthermore, the findings show a significant association between receiving support for themselves and visibility from their school or employer and the HRQL. Moreover, AYCs who reported that their school or employer knew about the situation also reported fewer mental health issues. These findings can inform recommendations for policy and practice to develop measures aimed at raising the visibility of AYCs, which is the first step for planning AYC tailored support.

Beroende : en bok om missbruk och vad det gör med oss och dem vi älskar

Nemo Hedén (2022)

Poddprofilen Nemo Hedén har skrivit den viktiga boken Beroende om sin väg ut ur missbruket. Kan du ha problem? Är en anhörig drabbad? Detta är en bok som kommer att göra skillnad. Beroendesjukdomen är en av våra stora dödliga folksjukdomar. Men trots att var tionde svensk är drabbad pratar vi nästan inte om den. Poddprofilen Nemo Hedén har gjort till sin livsuppgift att ändra på den saken.

Beroende är en djupt personlig fackbok med syftet att försöka hjälpa och inspirera människor. Nemo vill avliva alla tabun, missförstånd och fördomar som finns kring sjukdomen. En problematik som faktiskt dödar människor dagligen - helt i onödan. "Jag har skrivit en bok som jag hade behövt att läsa när jag var i missbrukets mörka klor. När jag kände mig ensammast och räddast i hela världen. När det kändes som att livet var slut och som att det inte fanns någon väg ut. Men boken är lika mycket för alla anhöriga. De får lida så otroligt mycket, trots att de är helt oskyldiga", skriver Nemo i förordet.

Boken är tematiskt upplagd och författaren berättar lyhört och kunnigt om alla aspekter av beroendesjukdomen. När är man i riskzonen? Vilken hjälp finns att få? Hur farligt är ett återfall? Vad innebär tolvstegsrörelsen? Hur återskapar man sanna och varaktiga relationer? Och kanske viktigast, hur förlåter man sig själv efteråt?

Boken tar inte bara upp drogberoende, utan även spel-, socker-, sex- och relationsmissbruk. Inte sällan visar det sig att det är samma bakomliggande mekanismer. Boken innehåller även ett antal intervjuer med några av Sveriges mest erfarna experter inom beroende- och medberoendeproblematik.

"Jag vill bidra till att folk lär sig lite mer och att vi skäms lite mindre", skriver Nemo.

 

En sked för morbror Fred

Jejlid Jenny (2007)

'Jag tror fortfarande inte att jag riktigt vilat färdigt från barndomen. Jag undrar om jag någonsin kommer att göra det. Vila färdigt." Så skriver Jenny Jejlid när hon berättar historien om hur det är att växa upp med ett autistiskt och utvecklingsstört syskon. Idag är hon vuxen och arbetar inom omsorgsvärlden, och ser tillbaka på sin uppväxt som lillasyster till en äldre bror som inte var som andra. Hon berättar om när det onormala blir normalt, och när känslor av kärlek och hat blandas med skam och skuld. Men hon berättar också om vägen framåt, och om känslor av hopp.

Freds bok

Deckmar Maud (2019)

Jag ställde frågor till mitt gossebarn när vi var ensamma:
- Vilka hemligheter bär du på min son? Vilket ursprung har din gåtfullhet? Vad känner du? Vilket liv finns inom dig? Är det mörk ångest? Känner du glädje? Ser du samma verklighet som jag, eller blir allt kaos inom dig? Vad tycker du om?'

Några månader efter att Fred föddes börjar misstankar växa hos hans mamma Maud. Den lilla bebisen följer inte riktigt samma utveckling som andra barn i hans ålder, och han är svår att få kontakt med. Han är utvecklingsstörd, hon är säker på det. Både sjukvårdspersonal och familj försöker muntra upp henne, det är säkert inget fel på pojken, alla barn utvecklas olika.

Ju äldre Fred blir desto tydligare blir det dock att han är annorlunda från andra barn. I 'Freds bok' berättar Maud om sin egen upplevelse av att ha ett barn med en utvecklingsstörning och autism, men hon berättar också om samhällets och omvärldens reaktioner på hennes älskade son. Detta är en sann berättelse om förtvivlan, sorg och rädsla, men också om lycka och hopp. Men framför allt annat är det en berättelse om kärleken mellan mor och son.

Recruitment of Adolescent Young Carers to a Psychosocial Support Intervention Study in Six European Countries: Lessons Learned from the ME-WE Project

Barbabella, Francesco Magnusson, Lennart Boccaletti, Licia Casu, Giulia Hlebec, Valentina Bolko, Irena Lewis, Feylyn Hoefman, Renske Brolin, Rosita Santini, Sara Socci, Marco D’Amen, Barbara de Jong, Yvonne Bouwman, Tamara de Jong, Nynke Leu, Agnes Phelps, Daniel Guggiari, Elena Wirth, Alexandra Morgan, Vicky Becker, Saul Hanson, Elizabeth Hanson (2023)
Abstract [en]

Young carers provide a substantial amount of care to family members and support to friends, yet their situation has not been actively addressed in research and policy in many European countries or indeed globally. Awareness of their situation by professionals and among children and young carers themselves remains low overall. Thus, young carers remain a largely hidden group within society. This study reports and analyses the recruitment process in a multi-centre intervention study offering psychosocial support to adolescent young carers (AYCs) aged 15–17 years. A cluster-randomised controlled trial was designed, with recruitment taking place in Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom exploiting various channels, including partnerships with schools, health and social services and carers organisations. In total, 478 AYCs were recruited and, after screening failures, withdrawals and initial dropouts, 217 were enrolled and started the intervention. Challenges encountered in reaching, recruiting and retaining AYCs included low levels of awareness among AYCs, a low willingness to participate in study activities, uncertainty about the prevalence of AYCs, a limited school capacity to support the recruitment; COVID-19 spreading in 2020–2021 and related restrictions. Based on this experience, recommendations are put forward for how to better engage AYCs in research.

Exploring the knowledge contributions of carers involved in a group process aimed at co-creating a targeted support intervention

Malm Camilla, Jönson Håkan, Andersson Stefan, Hanson Elizabeth (2023)
Abstract [en]

Patient and public involvement is a way of ensuring that research and practices are more responsive to their target groups. This study, inspired by discourse psychology, explores the knowledge contributions of informal carers who participated in group meetings to co-create a support intervention. Findings highlight that carers’ knowledge is complex, including more than practical caring experiences. Acknowledging carers’ knowledge contributions and involving a heterogeneous sample of carers are key considerations for patient and public involvement in research; otherwise, there is a danger of establishing risks of injustice. Accepting the multifaceted knowledge of carers could increase the validity of research and the relevance of interventions developed.

A survey study of family members' encounters with healthcare services within the care of older people, psychiatric care, palliative care and diabetes care

Momeni, Pardis ; Årestedt, Kristofer ; Alvariza, Anette ; Winnberg, Elisabeth ; Goliath, Ida ; Kneck, Åsa ; Leksell, Janeth ; Ewertzon, Mats (2022)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to describe and compare family members' experiences of approach in encounters with healthcare professionals and possible feelings of alienation in the professional care within four care contexts: the care of older people, psychiatric care, palliative care and diabetes care. The design was an explorative cross-sectional survey study. Data were collected in Sweden using the Family Involvement and Alienation Questionnaire-Revised (FIAQ-R). It measures family members' experiences of the healthcare professionals' approach and the family members' feeling of alienation from the provision of professional care. A total of 1047 questionnaires were distributed to family members using convenient sampling method, of which 294 were included. Data were analysed using rank-based, non-parametric statistical methods. The results indicated that most respondents experienced a positive actual approach from the healthcare professionals. Many participants rated the importance of approach at a higher level than their actual experience. Participants in the context of diabetes care reported a more negative actual approach from the healthcare professionals than did participants in the other contexts and considered the healthcare professionals' approach towards them as being less important. The results for the entire group indicated that the participants felt a low level of alienation from the professional care. Participants in the context of the care of older people reported significantly lower level of feeling of being alienated than did participants in the contexts of psychiatric care and diabetes care. The differences between participants in diabetes care and other care contexts can possibly be explained by a more fully implemented self-care approach among the patients in diabetes care than in the other care contexts. Even though the results are quite positive, it is still important that nurses consider a family-centred approach to better adapt to the needs of both the family members and the patients.

Squeezed in Midlife. Studies of unpaid caregiving among working-age men and women across Europe

Labbas, Elisa (2022)

Across the globe, medical advances and knowledge about health behaviours have allowed remarkable improvements in life expectancy. Although the developments are largely positive, population ageing raises a new set of challenges for policymakers to tackle as the shares of the population in advanced ages are growing. As many men and women as possible are needed to participate in the labour market to widen the tax base that supports national economies. Alongside employment, increasingly many working-age people provide regular assistance to older (65+) family members and relatives who no longer get by in their daily lives without support. A new balance of paid work and unpaid care is thus forming across Europe and beyond, with implications
for both individuals and societies.

När Leos mamma blev sjuk

Elin Leask, Marie-Louise Söderberg (2022)

En bok för förskolebarn när en mamma får bröstcancer.

Boken är tänkt att användas som stöd och inspiration vid
samtal med ett litet barn när mamma eller närstående
drabbats av bröstcancer. Vi har lagt in frågor till barn som
stöd för samtal och igenkänning. Det finns också fakta,
råd och tips till vuxna i slutet av boken.

The Health of Older Family Caregivers - A 6-Year Follow-up.

Wranker LS, Elmståhl S, Cecilia F. (2021)

It is unclear whether caregiving has an impact on the physical, mental and functional health of older caregivers. This study aimed to describe physical, mental and functional health in relation to family caregiving in old age (60+) over a six-year period. The study comprised 2,294 randomly selected individuals (60-96 years) from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care, who answered the question on whether they were caregivers and who were followed up six years later. The prevalence of family caregivers was 13.1% and the incidence was 12.4%. Four tracks (T) were identified; T1) Family caregiver both at baseline and follow-up (n = 74), T2) Family caregiver at baseline but not at follow-up (n = 226), T3) non-caregiver at baseline but family caregiver at follow-up (n = 218), T4) non-caregiver both at baseline and follow-up (1,776). Only non-caregivers (T4) reported a decline in mental health, p < .036. Worries about health increased significantly in T2 and T4. The prevalence of caregivers was 13.1% with a high turnover. There are differences between family caregivers and non-caregivers in deterioration in physical and mental health as well as physical function over a six-year period.

Informal carers in Sweden - striving for partnership

Blanck E, Fors A, Ali L, Brännström M, Ekman I. (2021)

PURPOSE: Informal carers have an important role in society through their care and support of their long-term ill relatives. Providing informal care is challenging and can lead to caregiver burden; moreover, many support needs of the carers are not met, leading to confusion, disappointment and frustration. We conducted an interview study to clarify the meaning of support given and received by informal carers to relatives with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or chronic heart failure.
METHODS: We purposively selected and recruited informants via participants in another study, thereby conducting interviews over the phone from June 2016 to May 2017. In total, we conducted 14 interviews with 12 informants. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and the content was analysed using a phenomenological hermeneutical approach.
RESULT AND CONCLUSION: Our comprehensive understanding of the meaning of support for these carers is twofold: it is a self-evident struggle for the good life of their relatives and that they want to be carers in partnership. The healthcare system must recognize the efforts of carers and include them in the strategic planning and operational stages of care and treatment for people with long-term illness

Informal care and the impact on depression and anxiety among Swedish adults: a population-based cohort study

Stratmann M, Forsell Y, Möller J, Liang Y. (2021)

BACKGROUND: As the population is ageing, the need for informal caregivers increases, and thus we need to know more about the effects on caregivers. This study aims to determine both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between perceived limitation of informal caregiving and mental health of caregivers.
METHODS: This population-based cohort study was based on the Swedish Psykisk hälsa, Arbete och RelaTioner (PART) study, and 9346 individuals aged 18-65 were included. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews and Swedish registers. Informal care was defined as care given to a family member. Self-reported and diagnosed depression and anxiety were included as outcomes. Covariates included sex, age, social support and socio-economic position. Ordinal logistic regression and Cox regression were performed to determine the associations between caregiving and anxiety or depression.
RESULTS: Self-reported depression and anxiety was only increased among those experiencing limitations (adjusted odds ratios [aOR] 2.00, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.63-2.47 for depression; aOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.57-2.74 for anxiety)  compared to those not giving care, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) were increased for diagnosed depression (aHR 1.97, 95% CI 1.27-3.05) and for diagnosed anxiety (aHR 1.86, 95% CI 1.06-3.25) among those giving care and experiencing limitations, compared to those not giving care. No significant associations were found in caregivers without limitations. CONCLUSION: Caregivers experiencing limitations showed a significant association with short- and long-term anxiety and depression. This study implies the importance of exploring the degree to which informal caregiving can be provided without adding burden to caregivers.

Dying within dyads: Stress, sense of security and support during palliative home care

Liljeroos M, Milberg P, Krevers B, Milberg A (2021)

OBJECTIVES: To examine similarities and dissimilarities in patient and family caregiver dyads in their experience of stress, support, and sense of security. METHODS: 144 patients and their family caregivers participated. Patients were admitted to six Swedish specialist palliative home care units and diagnosed with a non-curable disease with an expected short survival. We analysed similarity patterns of answers within dyads (correlations) as well as dissimilarities, expressed as the difference between within-dyad responses. The latter were subjected to a model-building procedure using GLM, with 13 sociodemographic and clinical characteristics as independent variables. RESULTS: Within dyads, patients and family caregivers scored similar in their perception of support and sense of security with care. There was also dissimilarity within dyad responses in their perception of stress and support that could be attributed to sociodemographic or clinical characteristics. When patients scored higher levels of stress than family caregivers, the family caregiver was more likely to be male. Also family caregiver attachment style (attachment anxiety), patient age and the relationship of the family caregiver to the patient explained dissimilarities within the dyads. CONCLUSIONS: Patients and family caregivers within the dyads often, but not always, had similar scores. We suggest that it is important that the healthcare staff identify situations in which perceptions within the dyads regarding stress and perception of support differ, such that they can recognise patients' and family caregivers' unique needs in different situations, to be able to provide adequate support and facilitate dyadic coping.

Being 'alone' striving for belonging and adaption in a new reality - The experiences of spouse carers of persons with dementia

Hammar LM, Williams CL, Meranius MS, McKee K (2021)

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Spouse carers of a person with dementia report feeling lonely and trapped in their role, lacking support and having no time to take care of their own health. In Sweden, the support available for family carers is not specialised to meet the needs of spouse carers of people with dementia. The aim of the study described in this paper was to explore spouse carers' experiences of caring for a partner with dementia, their everyday life as a couple and their support needs.

METHODS: Nine spouse carers of a partner with dementia living at home were recruited through a memory clinic and a dementia organisation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants, focusing on their experiences of providing care, their support needs in relation to their caring situation, their personal well-being and their marital relationship. The interviews were transcribed and underwent qualitative content analysis.

RESULTS: The analysis resulted in one overall theme Being 'alone' striving for belonging and adaption in a new reality, synthesized from four sub-themes: (1) Being in an unknown country; (2) Longing for a place for me and us; (3) Being a carer first and a person second; and (4) Being alone in a relationship.

CONCLUSIONS: The training of care professionals regarding the unique needs of spouse carers of people with dementia needs improvement, with education, in particular, focusing on their need to be considered as a person separate from being a carer and on the significance of the couple's relationship for their mutual well-being.

Negative Impact and Positive Value of Caregiving in Spouse Carers of Persons with Dementia in Sweden

Johansson MF, McKee KJ, Dahlberg L, Summer Meranius M, Williams (2022)

Background: Spouse carers of persons with dementia (PwD) are particularly vulnerable to negative outcomes of care, yet research rarely focuses on their caregiving situation. This study explores factors associated with the positive value and negative impact of caregiving in spouse carers of PwD in Sweden. (2)

Methods: The study was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey, with a convenience sample of spouse carers of PwD (n = 163). The questionnaire addressed: care situation, carer stress, health and social well-being, relationship quality and quality of support, and contained measures of positive value and negative impact of caregiving. (3) Results: Hierarchical regression models explained 63.4% variance in positive value and 63.2% variance in negative impact of caregiving. Three variables were significant in the model of positive value: mutuality, change in emotional closeness following dementia and quality of support. Six variables were significant in the model of negative impact: years in relationship, years as carer, behavioural stress, self-rated health, emotional loneliness and change in physical intimacy following dementia. (4)

Conclusions: Support to spouse carers of PwD should address the carer-care-recipient relationship quality, although different aspects of the relationship should be addressed if both the positive value of caregiving is to be enhanced and the negative impact reduced.

School Outcomes Among Children Following Death of a Parent

Liu C, Grotta A, Hiyoshi A, Berg L, Rostila M (2022)

IMPORTANCE: To better support children with the experience of parental death, it is crucial to understand whether parental death increases the risk of adverse school outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether parental death is associated with poorer school outcomes independent of factors unique to the family, and whether children of certain ages are particularly vulnerable to parental death.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This population-based sibling cohort study used Swedish national register-based longitudinal data with linkage between family members. Register data were collected from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2016. Data analyses were performed on July 14, 2021. The participants were all children born between 1991 and 2000 who lived in Sweden before turning age 17 years (N = 908 064).

EXPOSURE: Parental death before finishing compulsory school.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Mean school grades (year-specific z scores) and ineligibility for upper secondary education on finishing compulsory school at age 15 to 16 years. Population-based cohort analyses were conducted to examine the association between parental death and school outcomes using conventional linear and Poisson regression models, after adjustment for demographic and parental socioeconomic and health indicators measured before childbirth. Second, using fixed-effect linear and Poisson regression models, children who experienced parental death before finishing compulsory school were compared with their siblings who experienced the death after. Third, the study explored the age-specific associations between parental death and school outcomes.

RESULTS: In the conventional population-based analyses, bereaved children (N = 22 634; 11 553 boys [51.0%]; 11 081 girls [49.0%]; mean [SD] age, 21.0 [2.8] years) had lower mean school grade z scores (adjusted β coefficient, 0.19; 95% CI, -0.21 to -0.18; P < .001) and a higher risk of ineligibility for upper secondary education than the nonbereaved children (adjusted risk ratio, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.32-1.41; P < .001). Within-sibling comparisons using fixed-effects models showed that experiencing parental death before finishing ompulsory school was associated with lower mean school grade z scores (-0.06; 95% CI, -0.10 to -0.01; P = .02) but not with ineligibility for upper secondaryeducation (adjusted risk ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.93-1.23; P = .34). Independentof birth order, losing a parent at a younger age was associated with lower grades within a family.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cohort study, childhood parental death was  associated with lower school grades after adjustment for familial confounders  shared between siblings. Children who lost a parent may benefit from additional educational support that could reduce the risk of adverse socioeconomic trajectories later in life

Utilization of Formal and Informal Care by Community-Living People with Dementia: A Comparative Study between Sweden and Italy.

Chiatti C., Rodríguez Gatta D., Malmgren Fänge A., Scandali VM., Masera F., Lethin C., UP-TECH and TECH@HOME research groups. (2018)

Abstract
Background: Dementia is a public health priority with a dramatic social and economic impact on people with dementia (PwD), their caregivers and societies. The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge on how utilization of formal and informal care varies between Sweden and Italy. Methods: Data were retrieved from two trials: TECH@HOME (Sweden) and UP-TECH (Italy). The sample consisted of 89 Swedish and 317 Italian dyads (PwD and caregivers). Using bivariate analysis, we compared demographic characteristics and informal resource utilization. Multiple linear regression was performed to analyze factors associated with time spent on care by the informal caregivers. Results: Swedish participants utilized more frequently health care and social services. Informal caregivers in Italy spent more time in caregiving than the Swedish ones (6.3 and 3.7 h per day, respectively). Factors associated with an increased time were country of origin, PwD level of dependency, living situation, use of formal care services and occupation. Conclusions: Care and service utilization significantly varies between Sweden and Italy. The level of formal care support received by the caregivers has a significant impact on time spent on informal care. Knowledge on the factors triggering formal care resources utilization by PwD and their caregivers might further support care services planning and delivery across different countries.

Utsatt barndom – olika vuxenliv. Ett longitudinellt forskningsprojekt om barn i samhällsvård

Andersson, G. (2008)

Boken handlar om de barn som placerades på barnhem i en
storstad någon gång under en tvåårsperiod på 1980-talet och var
0–4 år vid tiden för inskrivningen och stannade där mer än en
månad. De första två uppföljningsstudierna gjordes tre och nio
månader efter det att barnen lämnat barnhemmet. Därefter har
barnen följts upp ytterligare fem gånger, 5, 10, 15, 20 och 25 år
efter den tidiga barnhemsvistelsen. Det är 26 barn och det finns
knappast något bortfall från tidig barndom till vuxen ålder.
Resultatredovisningen är uppdelad i tre kapitel. Det första
ger glimtar från socialtjänstens dokumentation och mödrarnas
berättelser om tiden före placeringen och orsakerna till barnens
placering på barnhemmet. Där framgår också barnens reaktioner
på separation och deras anknytnings- och anpassningsprocess
under tiden på barnhemmet och den närmast efteråt, hemma
eller i familjehem. Det andra resultatkapitlet handlar om barnens
placeringshistoria under hela barndomen. De flesta barnen i undersökningsgruppen
kom nämligen förr eller senare till familjehem
och några har även erfarenhet av ungdomsinstitutioner. Instabilitet
till följd av sammanbrott i placeringar eller återplaceringar
ses som ett allvarligt bekymmer för barn i samhällsvård. I de nu
vuxna barnens tillbakablick varierar erfarenheterna. Det tredje
resultatkapitlet handlar om social anpassning i vuxen ålder i
termer av utbildning, arbete och laglydighet. Liksom i annan
forskning framgår det här att färre har gymnasieutbildning än
jämnåriga i befolkningen i stort. Det framgår också att skälen
varierar, men de som klarat gymnasiet utan större problem har
också i större utsträckning en stabil arbetssituation. Kapitlet
bygger i stor utsträckning på de unga männens och kvinnornas
egna berättelser och är rikt på citat. Det är inget stort kvantitativt
material, men det går att räkna procent. Andelen som i vuxen
ålder kan räknas till de laglydiga är 70 procent och 50 procent
har en stabil arbetssituation.

Utveckling av strukturerade samtal med närstående till patienter inskrivna i den avancerade hemsjukvården. Ett vårdutvecklingsprojekt hos cancerfonden 2009-2010

Carlsson, M. (2011)

För att palliativ vård i hemmet ska fungera bra är de närståendes medverkan i vården oftast en
nödvändig förutsättning. Närståendes roll i palliativ hemsjukvård är unik i och med att de inte
bara har en stödjande roll för den sjuke utan också själva är i stort behov av stöd.
Den avancerade hemsjukvården i Uppsala sköts av Sjukvårdsteamet som erbjuder en
avancerad medicinsk vård i det egna hemmet för patienter med en komplicerad sjukdomsbild.
Sjukvårdsteamet har i tidigare vårdutvecklingsprojekt utvecklat stödgrupper som erbjuds till
närstående under patientens vårdtid samt ett strukturerat efterlevandestöd. Det som fattats i
närståendestödet är ett enskilt samtal (där patienten inte är med) med närstående i samband
med patientens anslutning till vården. Utvecklingen och införande av strukturerade samtal
med närstående till patienter inskrivna i Sjukvårdsteamet genomfördes under tiden 1.1.2009–
31.1.2010 genom ett vårdutvecklingsprojekt med stöd av Cancerfonden.
Resultat
Under projekttiden hölls 61 samtal. Det var svårt att bryta ut det strukturerade samtalet från
Sjukvårdsteamets verksamhet i stort, eftersom närstående ansåg att samtalet var en del i en
pågående process. Många poängterade det värdefulla med att få ha ett eget samtal där
patienten inte var närvarande och som fokuserade på den närståendes situation. För vissa var
det viktigt att samtalet hölls i Sjukvårdsteamets lokaler. Det positiva med detta var
möjligheten till större avskildhet, att få se Sjukvårdsteamets lokaler samt möjligheten till
rundvandring på de palliativa avdelningarna. Den största svårigheten i projektet var att
genomföra samtalet snabbt efter anslutningen till Sjukvårdsteamet. Detta berodde framför allt
på tidsbrist hos personalen men även närstående kunde ha svårt att hitta luckor i sina
scheman, framför allt för närstående som arbetade.
Slutsats
Att rutinmässigt ha ett enskilt (där patienten inte är med) strukturerat samtal med närstående
för att kartlägga deras situation, deras sociala nätverk, samtala om hur de ser på att vårda i
hemmet, samt att besvara frågor är ett sätt att tidigt ge och få information. Ett enskilt
närståendesamtal innebär en möjlighet att stödja både patienten och de närstående vid vård i
hemmet och därmed förebygga att problem uppstår. Att samtalen hade en gemensam struktur
gjorde att bedömningen av den närståendes situation underlättades. Den gemensamma
strukturen hindrade dock inte individualisering av samtalen utifrån den enskildes behov.
Slutsatsen av utvärderingen är att alla närstående bör få ett erbjudande om ett samtal eftersom
det fyller en viktig funktion även om samtalet kommer betydligt senare än den stipulerade
första till andra veckan efter anslutning.

Utveckling av stödet till anhöriga i Strängnäs kommun – en samverkansstudie mellan åtta FoU-enheter, åtta kommuner och Nationellt kompetenscentrum anhöriga (Nka) under tre år. Slutrapport:

Beijer, U. (2015)

I landets kommuner har sedan slutet av 1990-talet ett omfattande arbete utförts för att
utveckla stödet till anhöriga. Staten har bidragit med cirka en miljard kronor i stimulansmedel
och den 1 juli 2009 infördes en förändring i Socialtjänstlagen som innebär att kommunerna är
skyldiga att erbjuda anhöriga stöd.
För att dra lärdom av det utvecklingsarbete som genomförts och fortfarande pågår har
Nationellt kompetenscentrum Anhöriga (NkA) tagit initiativ till denna undersökning för att i
samverkan med åtta av landets FoU-enheter kartlägga och följa utvecklingen av stödet till
anhöriga under tre år i åtta kommuner. I denna delrapport presenteras resultatet av den första
kartläggningen i Strängnäs kommun.
Kommunen ligger i norra delen av Södermanlands län och 1971 bildas nuvarande Strängnäs
kommun. Kommunen består av åtta kommundelar och tätorten heter Strängnäs. Antalet
innevånare var 32 419 personer år 2010. När det gäller stöd och omsorg är det politiskt
styrande organet Socialnämnden. Den verksamhet som bedriver det faktiska stödet är
socialkontoret där socialchefen är ytterst ansvarig och socialkontoret är indelat i tre olika
områden som var och en leds av en verksamhetschef.
Strängnäs kommun har en gemensam värdegrund som allt arbete skall utgå ifrån, så också
arbetet med anhörigstöd. Värdegrunden beskriver kommunens förhållningssätt och den
yttersta målsättningen är nöjda kommuninnevånare. År 2009 när den nya lagstiftningen kom
gjordes en kommunrevision angående anhörigstödet. Svaret på revisionen fastställer att varje
anställd inom kommunens socialtjänst har ett ansvar "att informera om vilka stödformer som
finns samt förmedla kontakt mellan stödbehövande och verksamheter som kan utgöra ett stöd
för varje anhörigas unika situation".
I Strängnäs kommun anställdes en anhörigkonsulent på 75 % i projektform den 1 mars 2007
och i september samma år invigdes Anhörigcentrum. Anhörigcentrum är en mötesplats för
människor som ger omsorg och stöd till någon anhörig eller vän. Här kan anhöriga träffa
andra i samma situation och delta i olika stödgrupper eller utbildningar och det finns också
möjlighet till enskilda samtal. Den anhörig som deltar i någon av Anhörigcentrums aktiviteter
kan få avgiftsfri avlösning till den närstående som är hemma
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På Anhörigcentrum finns också en caféverksamhet och personalen på Anhörigcentrum
informerar om olika insatser som kommunen erbjuder. Därutöver finns en IT-portal på nätet
(Gapet) som är tillgängligt dygnet runt. Portalen riktar sig till alla åldrar och målgrupper och
ger den anhörige möjligheten att få kontakt med andra runt om i landet.
På anhörigcentrum finns även Resursteamet och den Uppsökande verksamheten.
Resursteamet arbetar med frågor som är kopplade till demenssjukdom eller annan kognitiv
svikt. Den uppsökande verksamhet vänder sig till personer som är 80 år och äldre och inte har
något bistånd från kommunen. På Strängnäs kommuns hemsida informerar man om det
anhörigstöd som finns i kommunen och det som lyfts fram som centralt är Anhörigcentrum.
Studien startar med en kartläggning av stödet till anhöriga i de utvalda kommunerna inom
områdena; äldreomsorg, verksamheter för personer med funktionsnedsättning samt individ
och familjeomsorg. Ytterligare en kartläggning genomförs år tre. Årligen genomförs
fokusgruppsintervjuer, en inom varje område. Första och sista året genomförs även en
enkätstudie och telefonintervjuer genomförs med ett slumpmässigt antal utvalda anhöriga i
kommunerna baserat på den enkät de fyllt i.
Inom de tre områdena i Strängnäs kommun samlades aktuell dokumentation in,
verksamhetscheferna intervjuades och en enkät skickades ut till enhetscheferna. Efter
kartläggningen utfördes fokusgruppsintervjuer där politiker, chefer, medarbetare, ideella
organisationer och anhöriga deltog. Namn på anhöriga samlades in och NkA har utifrån dessa
utfört en enkätundersökning med efterföljande telefonintervjuer.
Resultatet visar att Anhörigcentrum och dess personal gör ett gott arbete utifrån de resurser
som finns tillgängliga, men att verksamheterna måste ta ett mycket större ansvar och bidra till
att anhöriga får det stöd som de behöver och har rätt till. Den gemensamma värdegrunden i
Strängnäs kommun bör lyftas upp och diskuteras ytterligare och samverkan inom den egna
kommunen behöver utökas. Det behövs också mer information till anhöriga om vilket
anhörigstöd som finns. En strategi för hur anhörigstödet skall bedrivas, uttalade mål samt
handlingsplaner och stödplaner bör också utarbetas och anhörigstödet till de anhöriga som har
vuxna barn med funktionsnedsättning är i mycket stort behov av utveckling.

Utvecklingssamtalet och den skriftliga individuella utvecklingsplanen – för grundskolan, grundsärskolan, specialskolan och sameskolan

Skolverkets (2012)

Hösten 2013 ändrades bestämmelserna i skollagen om utvecklingssamtalet och den skriftliga individuella utvecklingsplanen. Ändringarna i skollagen innebär sammanfattningsvis att utvecklingssamtalet har fått en utvidgad roll och att kravet på skriftliga individuella utvecklingsplaner avskaffas i de årskurser betyg sätts. Skriftliga individuella utvecklingsplaner ska upprättas en gång per läsår för elever i årskurs 1-5 i grundskolan, grundsärskolan och sameskolan samt i årskurs 1-6 i specialskolan. De ska även upprättas en gång per läsår för elever i årskurs 6-9 i grundsärskolan i de fall betyg inte sätts. Motsvarande gäller för elever i årskurs 7-10 i specialskolan som läser enligt grundsärskolans kursplaner.

Utvecklingsstörning, samhälle och välfärd

Ineland, J., Molin, M., & Sauer, L. (2013)

Under de senaste trettio åren har valfrihet och självbestämmande varit ledord för den svenska välfärdspolitiken. Att individen själv ska ha rätt att bestämma över sin vardag har inneburit att man inom funktionshinderpolitiken alltmer har kommit att betona den enskildes möjlighet att påverka villkoren för stöd och hjälpinsatser.

Människor med utvecklingsstörning är i dag mer integrerade i samhället. Men vad händer när funktionshindrade inte vill se sig som klienter utan framhåller andra värden och livsprojekt?

Författarna har mångårig erfarenhet av verksamhetsnära arbete. Deras forskning är inriktad på de upplevelser och erfarenheter som personer med utvecklingsstörning har. I den här boken sätts dessa erfarenheter in i en större samhällelig och välfärdspolitisk kontext.

Denna andra upplaga har reviderats utifrån nyare lagstiftning och innehåller även två nyskrivna kapitel: "Internet och sociala medier" samt "Utvecklingsstörning och hälsa". Boken vänder sig till universitets- och högskolestudenter vid socionom- och lärarprogrammen, samhällsvetenskapliga, beteendevetenskapliga och vårdvetenskapliga utbildningar samt till yrkesverksamma inom välfärdssektorn och andra som är intresserade av frågor om funktionshinder.

Martin Molin, docent och fil. dr i handikappvetenskap, Institutionen för pedagogik och specialpedagogik, Göteborgs universitet.

Lennart Sauer, fil. dr i socialt arbete, Institutionen för socialt arbete, Umeå universitet.

Jens Ineland, fil. dr i socialt arbete, Pedagogiska institutionen, Umeå universitet.

Utvärdering av anhörigstöd i Skåne län

Andersson, H., & Holmgren, A. (2009)

Ramböll Management Consulting har på uppdrag av Länsstyrelsen i Skåne län
utvärderat anhörigstödet i Skåne utifrån ett anhörigperspektiv. Tio stycken
representativt utvalda kommuner i Skåne län har ingått i utvärderingen. Följande
frågor har analyserats;
 Hur har anhörigstödet vidareutvecklats?
 Hur har kvaliteten på anhörigstödet som erbjuds förbättrats?
 Hur har tillgängligheten till anhörigstödet förbättrats?
 Hur har stöd som efterfrågas av anhörigvårdare utvecklats?
 Hur har anhörigvårdarnas livskvalitet förbättrats?
 Hur har samverkan med andra frivilliga/ideella krafter påverkat
anhörigstödets utveckling?
Datainsamlingen har genomförts med hjälp av; intervjuer, fokusgrupper och
dokumentstudier. Flera av utvärderingens frågeställningar har kunnat belysas med
hjälp av två eller flera datainsamlingsmetoder samtidigt. Härigenom åstadkommer
vi en stabil grund för analysen och våra slutsatser.
Rambölls bedömning är att anhörigstödet har vidareutvecklats som följd av de
statliga stimulansmedlen. Fler kommuner erbjuder idag träffpunkter jämfört med
tidigare och fler må-bra-aktiviteter erbjuds. Anhörigsamordnare har inrättats i
samtliga kommuner som ingått i vårt urval och det förekommer allt fler nätverk
och erfarenhetsutbyten mellan kommunerna.
Kvaliteten i anhörigstödet har förbättrats under de åren som staten betalat ut
stimulansmedel. Fokus i flera kommuner har varit att bygga en verksamhet av god
kvalitet som är hållbar. Med anledning av detta har utvecklingen och utformandet
av verksamheten varit relativt likartad mellan kommunerna. I samtliga kommuner
som varit föremål för utvärderingen finns anhörigsamordnare samt ett brett utbud
av aktiviteter för anhörigvårdare.
Vad gäller tillgängligheten så bedömer Ramböll att den delvis har förbättrats.
Samtliga kommuner erbjuder en träffpunkt och har en anhörigsamordnare.
Information om stödet finns tillgängligt via broschyrer på exempelvis apotek och
vårdcentraler. Flera av anhörigsamordnarna, liksom biståndshandläggarna,
informerar även om stödet. Däremot upplever både kommunala tjänstemän och
anhörigvårdare att stödet inte når ut till alla som kan tänkas ha behov av det. Till
exempel är uppslutningen på träffpunkterna inte så stor som man önskat och man
vet att det finns fler i kommunen som är i behov av stödet. Vad detta beror på
finns det olika teorier om. En återkommande förklaring är att de i målgruppen inte
5
själva identifierar sig som vårdare av en anhörig utan i första hand som
make/maka där det är en plikt att man tar hand om sin sjuka närstående. Flera
anhörigvårdare beskriver hur svårt det är att ta klivet till att se bortom sin
närståendes situation och även börja tänka på och ta hand om sig själv.
Anhörigvårdare får det stöd de efterfrågar, inom ramen för vad som är rimligt. Det
är vanligt att anhörigsamordnare ordnar träffar och fokusgrupper där
anhörigvårdare lämnar förslag på hur de vill att exempelvis aktiviteterna och
träffpunkterna ska utformas och vad de ska innehålla. Som exempel efterfrågar
vissa anhörigvårdare utbildningar och information om exempelvis lyftteknik eller
demenssjukdomens olika stadier som kan ske i samband med träffpunkterna. Det
är också vanligt att andra föreningar och kommunala verksamheter bjuds in för att
prata om vilket stöd de kan bidra med.
Vad gäller livskvaliteten menar anhörigvårdare som deltar i verksamheten att den
definitivt har ökat. Man upplever trygghet och gemenskap. Avlastningen gör att
man känner sig spontan och fri. Dessutom upplever man mindre stress och oro då
man vet att man har någonstans att vända sig när det känns jobbigt. De anhöriga är
överens om att kommunens åtgärder leder till ökad livskvalitet för dem.
Samverkan med andra organisationer och föreningar varierar från kommun till
kommun och har delvis ökat. Svenska kyrkan och Röda Korset är de vanligaste
samverkanspartnerna. Andra man samverkar med är exempelvis pensionärs-,
demens- och invandrarföreningar. Att samverkan inte har ökat i högre
utsträckning kan bero på att det finns en viss konkurrens mellan föreningarna då
varje förening bevakar sitt medlemsantal. Rambölls bedömning är alltså att en
bristande samverkan inte beror på att anhörigsamordnaren underlåtit att försöka
etablera en samverkan.
Avslutningsvis har det förts resonemang dels om framgångsfaktorerna sett ur ett
organisatoriskt och verksamhetsperspektiv, dels om kommunen hade genomfört
åtgärderna utan statligt stöd.
Sett ur ett organisatoriskt perspektiv har speciellt viktiga framgångsfaktorer varit
inrättandet av anhörigsamordnare vars uppdrag varit att initiera verksamheten för
de anhöriga. Rambölls bedömning är att anhörigvårdarna själva inte hade orkat
starta en liknande verksamhet. Förutom att anhörigsamordnare har bidragit till att
skapa ett socialt nätverk för anhörigvårdare har de även arbetat aktivt med att
förankra anhörigperspektivet i alla delar av organisationen för att anhörigstödet
ska vara hållbart.
Sett ur ett verksamhetsperspektiv har en viktig framgångsfaktor för anhörigstödet
varit att de anhöriga själva har kunnat påverka utformningen av stödet. Dock har
den önskade effekten av information och kartläggningar, att nå hela målgruppen,
uteblivit.
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Rambölls bedömer även att flera av aktiviteterna inte hade kunnat genomföras
utan statligt stöd. Anhörigstödet har delvis finansierats av kommunala medel men
med hjälp av statliga stimulansmedel har stödet kunnat prioriteras och fokuseras.

Utvärdering av den avgiftsfria avlösningen inom äldreomsorgens Öppna och förebyggande verksamhet

Ericsson, U.-B., Henriksson, K., & With Broné, U. (2009)

Syftet med utvärderingen är att ta reda på om den avgiftsfria avlösningen har underlättat
situationen för anhöriga som hjälper eller vårdar någon närstående i hemmet, samt att inhämta
synpunkter och förslag på olika former av stöd kommunen bör vidareutveckla och satsa på.
En första utvärdering gjordes för perioden september 2005 t.o.m. februari 2006, den andra för
perioden mars 2006 t.o.m. december 2007.
Utvärderingen för perioden januari 2008 t.o.m. december 2008 genomfördes som tidigare i
enkätform och sändes till de 69 anhöriga i Uppsala kommun som erbjudits avgiftsfri
avlösning i hemmet eller i gruppverksamhet. De flesta anhöriga är maka/make men fyra är
barn samt ett syskon. Svar erhölls från 47 personer, varav 34 kvinnor och 13 män.
Den vanligaste orsaken till närståendes behov av hjälp är nedsatt fysisk och psykisk oförmåga
i kombination med annan sjukdom såsom demenssjukdom och stroke. Även hjärtkärlsjukdom
och nedsatt syn- och hörsel uppges som orsak till hjälpbehov.
Majoriteten av de anhöriga tycker att avlösningen har fungerat mycket bra. De är nöjda med
att få tid till att uträtta ärenden och att få ägna sig åt egna intressen. Samtidigt är den
närståendes välbefinnande och möjlighet till aktivitet och omväxling viktig. För dem som har
avlösning i hemmet skapar det trygghet att det är samma person som kommer.
När det gäller önskemål om stöd och hjälpinsatser handlar det främst om att få mer tid avsatt
för avlösning.

Cross-national Analysis of Legislation, Policy and Service Frameworks for Adolescent Young Carers in Europe

Leu, A. Guggiari, E. Phelps, D. Magnusson, L. Nap, H.H. Hoefman, R. Lewis, F. Santini, S. Socci, M. Boccaletti, L. Hlebec, V. Rakar, T. Hudobivnik, T. Hanson, E. (2022)

Despite some national examinations of policy responses for young carers (YCs), this study provides a first comprehensive cross-national comparison of the different legislation, policy and service frameworks that exist to protect and support adolescent young carers (AYCs) in six European countries (Italy, Netherlands, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom) and how these are enacted. Until now, research has focused on estimating numbers of AYCs and the impact of caring tasks. A preliminary examination of policy responses to YCs was followed by expert interviews. Case study analysis of 25 interviews and a cross-national synthesis were undertaken before incorporating feedback from former YCs. Different responses to YCs were found, ranging from protection and support in policy and legislation and a definition for YCs, to a total lack of recognition and support. Findings highlight the potential to extend existing legislation, policy and service frameworks to include AYCs, and the importance of recognising and raising awareness of YCs. Awareness should be raised at all levels of society for example with professionals in health, social and education sectors and the general public. A definition for YCs is needed, so AYCs can self-identify and AYCs should be recognised as an important target group for policy makers.

Exploring the knowledge contributions of carers involved in a group process aimed at co-creating a targeted support intervention

Malm, C. Jönson, H. Andersson, S. Hanson, E. (2022)

Patient and public involvement is a way of ensuring that research and practices are more responsive to their target groups. This study, inspired by discourse psychology, explores the knowledge contributions of informal carers who participated in group meetings to co-create a support intervention. Findings highlight that carers’ knowledge is complex, including more than practical caring experiences. Acknowledging carers’ knowledge contributions and involving a heterogeneous sample of carers are key considerations for patient and public involvement in research; otherwise, there is a danger of establishing risks of injustice. Accepting the multifaceted knowledge of carers could increase the validity of research and the relevance of interventions developed.

Unga vuxna med en historia av uppförandestörning. – En långtidsuppföljning med ett salutogent och ekologiskt perspektiv

Olsson, Martin (2006)

Denna avhandling innehåller en huvudstudie och en delstudie. Syftet med huvudstudien var att följa upp en grupp ungdomar som hade blivit diagnostiserade med uppförandestörning (n=351) i det unga vuxenlivet. Delstudiens syfte var att ifrågasätta och klargöra frågeformuläret KASAM-29 och dess förhållande till den salutogena teorin. I avhandlingen användes olika utfallsvariabler och utfallsmått, vilka även diskuterades. Två perspektiv på utfall användes, ett salutogent och ett ekologiskt.

Det salutogena perspektivet kunde användas först efter att delstudien var klar. Delstudien visade att KASAM-29 är ett reliabelt och validt mätinstrument. Dessutom visade delstudien att huvudbegreppet i den salutogena teorin Känslan av sammanhang bör betraktas som ett holistiskt begrepp.

Huvudstudien följde upp 290 ungdomar i deras unga vuxenliv (medelålder 21 år). Utifrån det salutogena perspektivet, KASAM-29, hade ungefär hälften männen (43 %) och kvinnorna (56 %) ett negativt utfall. Det ekologiska perspektivet bestod av sju enskilda variabler: låg utbildningsnivå, transfereringsinkomst, hög symtombelastning, missbruk, kriminalitet och dygnsvård för vuxna. Genom att kombinera dessa enskilda variabler, hade ungefär två tredjedelar av männen (68-70 %) och ungefär hälften av kvinnorna ett negativt utfall i vuxenlivet. Dessa utfallsmått kunde inte substantiellt prediceras av variabler från deras medicinska patient journal.

Huvudstudien är en av få nationella och internationella långtidsuppföljningar bestående av ett kliniskt urval av ungdomar diagnostiserade med uppförandestörning. Studien visar att det är möjligt att genomföra denna typ av studier med ett litet bortfall. Individer diagnostiserade med uppförandestörning har en förhöjd risk för ett problematiskt vuxenliv. Vuxenlivet kan beskrivas på många olika sätt. Men slutsatsen är att utfallet i vuxenlivet beror på valet av utfallsmått. För att besvara frågan hur stor del av ungdomarna som hade ett negativt utfall i vuxenlivet måste utfallsmåttet först specificeras. Specificeringen måste klargöra utfallsmåttets uppbyggnad och definition. Först därefter kan frågan verkligen besvaras.

Upplevelser av att vara anhörig till en närstående med långvarig sjukdom, långvarigt hjälpbehov, akut sjukdom eller kritiskt tillstånd

Olivia Hellberg, Rebecca Kammerland (2020)

En integrativ forskningsöversikt om dessa anhörigas psykosociala behov samt hur hälso- och sjukvårdskuratorer kan arbeta för att stödja anhöriga som de möter.

Examensarbete Kandidatnivå

Sammanfattning
Syftet är att via en integrativ forskningsöversikt sammanställa forskning om anhöriga till närstående med långvarig sjukdom, långvarigt hjälpbehov, akut sjukdom eller kritiskt tillstånd, deras psykosociala behov och behov av stöd. Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka på vilket sätt hälso- och sjukhuskuratorer kan möta dessa anhörigas behov. Forskningsöversikten består av 20 artiklar som är av kvantitativ, kvalitativ och mixad metod. Artiklarna har analyserats med tematisk analys för att därefter analysera framkommande teman utifrån copingteori och professionsteori. Resultaten visar att anhörigas personliga uppoffringar kan få konsekvenser på hälsa, ekonomi och relationer. Som en psykosocial konsekvens av att hjälpa en närstående upplever många anhöriga stress, ångest och depression. Anhöriga behöver stöd som är anpassat efter deras individuella behov. Olika former av stöd efterfrågas: emotionellt-, instrumentellt- och informativt stöd. Det är viktigt att kuratorer i hälso- och sjukvården uppmärksammar anhöriga, har kunskap och kan möta anhörigas individuella behov. Slutsatserna är att det finns många generella aspekter av att vara anhörig och det mest framträdande resultatet är anhörigas behov av information. Individuellt stöd, stöd i rätt tid och adekvat information är viktigt för att främja anhörigas hälsa och välbefinnande.

Urinary incontinence and use of pads – clinical features and need for help in home care at 11 sites in Europe

Wergeland Sørbye, L., Finne-Soveri, H., Ljunggren, G., Topinkova, E., Garms-Homolova, V., Jensdóttir, A. B., & Bernabei, R. (2008)

AIM:
The aim of this study was to obtain evidenced-based knowledge about older persons in home care; we conducted a population-based study at 11 sites in Europe (2001/2002). This article focuses on urinary incontinence and need for help in home care.
METHODS:
A sample of 4010 respondents 65 years or older were assessed by the Resident Assessment Instrument for Home Care. Urinary incontinence was defined as leakage once a week or more including use of catheters.
RESULTS:
A total of 1478 individuals had urinary incontinence, 45% men and 47% women. The use of pads ran from 29% to 52% between the sites. The associates of urinary incontinence were: moderate or severe cognitive impairment, dependency in toileting and other activities of daily living compared with less impaired; urinary infections, obesity and faecal incontinence. Caregivers to persons with urinary incontinence reported burden or stress more often then carers to nonurinary incontinence individuals (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.8-2.7).
CONCLUSIONS:
To enable older people with incontinence to stay at home with a better quality of life, they need caring assistance during toileting on a regular basis.

Usability of a new electronic assistive device for community-dwelling persons with mild dementia

Meiland FJM, Bouman AIE, Sävenstedt S, Bentvelzen S, Davies RJ, Mulvenna MD, et al. (2012)

Objective: To evaluate a newly developed integrated digital prosthetic, the COGKNOW Day Navigator (CDN), to support persons with mild dementia in their daily lives, with memory, social contacts, daily activities and safety. Methods: A user participatory method was applied in the development process, which consisted of three iterative 1-year cycles with field tests in Amsterdam, Belfast and Luleå. In the successive cycles 16, 14 and 12 persons with dementia and their carers participated. Data on usability were collected by means of interviews, observations, questionnaires, logging and diaries. The CDN prototype consists of a touch screen, a mobile device, sensors and actuators. Results: The evaluation showed that persons with dementia and carers valued the CDN overall as user-friendly and useful. Conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the system in daily life were limited due to insufficient duration of the testing period caused by delays in development and some instability of the final prototype. Conclusion: With the suggested adaptations, the CDN is expected to be a useful tool for supporting community-dwelling persons with mild dementia and their carers.

Usage and design evaluation by family caregivers of a stroke intervention web site

Pierce LL, Steiner V. (2013)

Background

Four out of 5 families are affected by stroke. Many caregivers access the Internet and gather healthcare information from web-based sources.

Design

The purpose of this descriptive evaluation was to assess the usage and design of the Caring~Web© site, which provides education/support for family caregivers of persons with stroke residing in home settings.

Sample and Setting

Thirty-six caregivers from two Midwest states accessed this intervention in a 1-year study. The average participant was fifty-four years of age, white, female, and the spouse of the care recipient.

Methods

In a telephone interview, four website questions were asked twice-/bi-monthly and a 33-item Survey at the conclusion of the study evaluated the website usage and design of its components. Descriptive analysis methods were used and statistics were collected on the number of visits to the website.

Results

On average, participants logged on to the website one to two hours per week, although usage declined after several months for some participants. Participants positively rated the website's appearance and usability that included finding the training to be adequate.

Conclusion

Website designers can replicate this intervention for other health conditions.

Use of a symptom scale to study the prevalence of a depressive syndrome in young adolescents

Schoenbach, VJ., Kaplan, BH, Grimson, RC., & Wagner, EH. (1982)

The entire student enrollment (n = 624) in a public junior high school in Raleigh, North Carolina were visited in their homes between October 1978 and February 1979. Eleven (2.9%) of 384 students completing the Center for Epidemiologic Studies self-report depression scale reported symptoms patterns consistent with the Research Diagnostic Criteria for major depressive disorder. These 11 subjects were concentrated in the top 12% of the distribution of symptom scores and had symptom prevalences exceeding those in the overall study population by a factor of three or more. Black males from low income households predominated. A self-report questionnaire may be usable to detect a depressive "syndrome" in young adolescents. The prevalence of such a syndrome is similar to prevalence estimates for adults and young adolescents, but considerably lower than estimates derived from total scale scores and cutoff points. A syndrome-oriented analytic approach for symptom scales should be explored as an alternative to the use of cutoff scores for epidemiologic studies of psychiatric disorders.

Use of eye‐pointing by children with cerebral palsy: what are we looking at?.

Sargent, J., Clarke, M., Price, K., Griffiths, T., & Swettenham, J. (2013)

BACKGROUND:
Children with cerebral palsy often show significant communication impairment due to limited or absent speech. Further, motor impairment can restrict the use of movement, including pointing, to signal interest and intent. For some children, controlled gaze can be an effective 'point-substitute': such 'eye-pointing' can be used to request items, establish mutual interest in an event, or select vocabulary within an alternative or augmentative communication (ACC) system. However, in clinical practice there is a lack of clarity about how the term 'eye-pointing' is used, how 'eye-pointing' is recognized or how it relates to social development.
AIMS:
To present a clinical description of the term 'eye-pointing' with reference to children with severe cerebral palsy who cannot speak or finger-point. To consider this description within a wider discussion of the importance of gaze in communication development.
METHODS & PROCEDURES:
Cumulative clinical observations during assessment of children referred to a specialist multidisciplinary communication clinic have provoked discussion between the authors on what factors precipitate use of the term 'eye-pointing' in young children with severe cerebral palsy. In particular, discussion has centred on whether use of the term is appropriate in individual cases and whether guidance is available about how gaze should be observed in this developmentally vulnerable group of children. A literature search was also conducted in order to explore whether the use and meaning of the term is established.
CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS:
In interactions with non-speaking children, determining whether a child is using eye-gaze communicatively requires observation and interpretation of several factors. These processes will be informed by reflection on what is known about other aspects of the child's communication and interaction skills. Within the literature, the term 'eye-pointing' is sometimes used when describing the communication functions of individuals using augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems, and is occasionally qualified by a definition. No papers have been found that set out a clinical description universally applicable to children with severe motor impairment. Moreover, guidance is lacking on how possible episodes of 'eye-pointing' might be confidently distinguished from other episodes of directed gaze in young, developing communicators. The discussion of the term makes reference to the importance of gaze in early communication development, and explores factors that might influence gaze and its interpretation in young children with cerebral palsy. A description of eye-pointing for this group is offered. The authors suggest that this will bring practical benefits to those supporting the communication development of children with severe cerebral palsy.

Use of safe-laser access technology to increase head movement in persons with severe motor impairment: a series of case reports

Fager, S., Beukelman, D., Karantounis, R., & Jakobs, T. (2006)

The purpose of this article is to describe the impact of an intervention involving safe-laser pointing technology on six persons with locked-in syndrome. When these individuals were invited to participate in this project (4 weeks to 18 years post onset), none were able to speak and none were able to access an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device. All communicated using eye movements (e.g., looking up or down), eye blinks, dependent scanning strategies with eye movement signals, or eye linking. Following intervention with the Safe-Laser Access System, three of the six participants developed head movement sufficient to control AAC technology. Two participants continue to develop head control; however, their progress has been slowed by repeated illnesses. One participant has discontinued his involvement with the project because of medical and psychological concerns. These six participants represent consecutive referrals to the project.

Use of the Internet by Informal Caregivers Assisting People with Multiple Sclerosis

Buchanan RJ, Huang C, Crudden A. (2012)

The Internet is used to help informal caregivers provide assistance to people with chronic illness and disability. We identified factors associated with Internet use by informal caregivers assisting people with multiple sclerosis (MS) using a logistic regression model. Duration of MS in the person receiving care and caregiver age predicted lower Internet use. More hours per week providing care and higher caregiver educational level increased odds of Internet use. The Internet can be a low-cost service delivery option to provide education and support to caregivers assisting people with MS.

Use of the pediatric symptom checklist to screen for psychosocial problems in pediatric primary care: A national feasibility study.

Jellinek MS, Murphy J, Little M, Pagano ME, Comer DM, Kelleher KJ. (1999)

Background

Routine use of a brief psychosocial screening instrument has been proposed as a means of improving recognition, management, and referral of children's psychosocial morbidity in primary care.

Objective

To assess the feasibility of routine psychosocial screening using the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) in pediatrics by using a brief version of the check-list in a large sample representative of the full range of pediatric practice settings in the United States and Canada. We evaluated large-scale screening and the performance of the PSC in detecting psychosocial problems by (1) determining whether the prevalence of psychosocial dysfunction identified by the PSC was consistent with findings in previous, smaller samples; (2) assessing whether the prevalence of positive PSC screening scores varied by population subgroups; and (3) determining whether the PSC was completed by a significant proportion of parents from all subgroups and settings.

Patients and Methods

Twenty-one thousand sixty-five children between the ages of 4 and 15 years were seen in 2 large primary care networks: the Ambulatory Sentinel Practice Network and the Pediatric Research in Office Settings network, involving 395 pediatric and family practice clinicians in 44 states, Puerto Rico, and 4 Canadian provinces. Parents were asked to complete a brief questionnaire that included demographic information, history of mental health services, the 35-item PSC, and the number of pediatric visits within the past 6 months.

Results

The overall prevalence rates of psychosocial dys-function as measured by the PSC in school-aged and preschool-aged pediatric outpatients (13% and 10%, respectively) were nearly identical to the rates that had been reported in several smaller samples (12%–14% among school-aged children and 7%–14% among preschoolers). Consistent with previous findings, children from low-income families were twice as likely to be scored as dysfunctional on the PSC than were children from higher-income families. Similarly, children from single-parent as opposed to those from 2-parent families and children with a past history of mental health services showed an elevated risk of psychosocial impairment. The current study was the first to demonstrate a 50% increase in risk of impairment for male children. The overall rate of completed forms was 97%, well within an acceptable range, and at least 94% of the parents in each sociodemographic subgroup completed the PSC form.

Conclusions

Use of the PSC offers an approach to the recognition of psychosocial dysfunction that is sufficiently consistent across groups and locales to become part of comprehensive pediatric care in virtually all out-patient settings. In addition to its clinical utility, the consistency and widespread acceptability of the PSC make it well suited for the next generation of pediatric mental health services research, which can address whether earlier recognition of and intervention for psychosocial problems in pediatrics will lead to cost-effective outcomes.

Use of Writing with Symbols 2000 to Facilitate Emergent Literacy Development

Parette, H., Boeckmann, N & Hourcade, J. (2008)

This paper outlines the use of the Writing with Symbols 2000 software to facilitate emergent literacy development. The program's use of pictures incorporated with text has great potential to help young children with and without disabilities acquire fundamental literacy concepts about print, phonemic awareness, alphabetic principle, vocabulary development, and comprehension. The flexibility and features of the software allow early childhood professionals to create a variety of early literacy tools for the classroom, including worksheets, storybooks, and interactive activities.

Use of Writing with Symbols 2000 to Facilitate Emergent Literacy Development

Parette, H., Boeckmann, N & Hourcade, J. (2008)

This paper outlines the use of the Writing with Symbols 2000 software to facilitate emergent literacy development. The program's use of pictures incorporated with text has great potential to help young children with and without disabilities acquire fundamental literacy concepts about print, phonemic awareness, alphabetic principle, vocabulary development, and comprehension. The flexibility and features of the software allow early childhood professionals to create a variety of early literacy tools for the classroom, including worksheets, storybooks, and interactive activities.

Use of Writing with Symbols 2000 to Facilitate Emergent Literacy Development

Parette, H., Boeckmann, N & Hourcade, J. (2008)

This paper outlines the use of the Writing with Symbols 2000 software to facilitate emergent literacy development. The program's use of pictures incorporated with text has great potential to help young children with and without disabilities acquire fundamental literacy concepts about print, phonemic awareness, alphabetic principle, vocabulary development, and comprehension. The flexibility and features of the software allow early childhood professionals to create a variety of early literacy tools for the classroom, including worksheets, storybooks, and interactive activities.

User involvement in designing a web-based support system for young carers : inspiring views and systemic barriers

Elf, M. (2013)

The studies in this dissertation have their origin in the research project PS Young Support. This project aimed to develop and evaluate a web-based support system (WBSS) for young people living close to someone with mental illness. To make this support relevant, and to achieve legitimacy and trustworthiness it was found important to cooperate with prospective users in developing it through a participatory design (PD) process. The dissertation follows two lines of investigation. One of these relates to how PD can inspire new views on design, while the other is about barriers to involvement of users. Specifically, inspiring views aims at how a PD process with prospective users as co-designers has influenced the way we think about WBSSs. Moving on from the common idea of a WBSS as a stand-alone intervention, Studies I and II show that WBSSs can be used as a tool to reach real-life support. Earlier research suggests that online support is rarely the preferred support; the present research show that young carers viewed it as a starting point for reaching real-life contacts and real- life support. Furthermore, young people with poor mental health are more prone to seek support online compared with those with less poor mental health. Hence, a WBSS could serve as a means to capture the former group and offer them online support. At the same time it could serve as a tool for reaching real-life support and external services. In this way the WBSS could offer a help path to individuals in need of support. Study IV investigates meta design, i.e. how users have really used the WBSS and the conditions for redesign. The development WBSS and its implemented version are compared with respect to their intended use (thing design) and how they really were used (use design). The context of use was found to be critical, since data collected in an experimental setting may be misleading and not reflect real use. Consequently, natural settings are recommended for user feedback. The second line of investigation in this dissertation concerns systemic barriers including barriers to user influence. It is not common in PD to focus on the designers. However, Study II and III reveal two types of barriers, both of which are connected to the designers. They are "systemic" barriers as they are a part of the setting that constitutes design. They cannot really be avoided, just handled. The first barrier has to do with the fact that users and designers do not regularly share the same social conditions, and consequently that they have different assumptions, implying that they may have difficulties to understand each other. Assumptions of shared views and the fact that understanding is a process that takes time may increase the effect of this foundational difference. Study II reports crucial differences in the views of what the WBSS should support. The second barrier concerns the impact of deadlines on designers' attitudes to users' contributions. Study III reports that halfway through the design process, designers reorganized their work and put more effort into the act of producing an artefact. Along with this shift, designers' preferred type of knowledge seemed to change, from knowledge based on user experience to expert knowledge.

Utbildning för anhöriga till hemmaboende personer med demenssjukdom. Kommentar och sammanfattning av utländska kunskapsöversikter

Statens beredning för medicinsk och social utvärdering (SBU). (2015)

Den systematiska översikten visar att utbildningsprogram för anhöriga till personer med demenssjukdom minskar den upplevda bördan för anhöriga (måttlig effekt) och även anhörigas depression (liten effekt). Det vetenskapliga stödet är dock otillräckligt för att man ska kunna uttala sig om effekter på anhörigas livskvalitet och de sjukas flytt till särskilt boende. Utbildningsinsatsen är jämförd med ingen utbildning eller insatser som vanligtvis erbjuds, till exempel informationsmaterial till anhöriga.

Minskningen av den upplevda bördan bedöms vara värdefull för anhöriga och därför ha en praktisk betydelse. En svensk ekonomisk analys [3] visar att kostnaderna för att genomföra en utbildnings- och stödinsats för anhöriga är tämligen låga och påverkade livskvaliteten hos de anhöriga positivt. Detta kan innebära att liknande utbildnings- och stödinsatser är ett rimligt sätt att använda kommuners resurser.

Anticipated support from neighbors and physical functioning during later life

Shaw, B. A. (2005)

This study has two main objectives: (1) to assess age variations in perceived support from neighbors among a nationally representative sample of adults aged 25 to 74 and (2) to examine the association between anticipated support from neighbors and physical functioning within a subsample of older adults. The findings suggest that anticipated support from neighbors is stronger among older adults, primarily because of more frequent contact with neighbors and residential stability. Within the older subsample, an inverse association between perceived support from neighbors and functional limitations is evident. Further analyses show that this association is strongest among those with infrequent contact with family members. No differences in this association were found with respect to marital status. Taken together, it appears that anticipated support from neighbors facilitates the maintenance of functional ability among some older adults. Interventions aiming to promote successful aging by enhancing this source of support should be developed and evaluated.

Anticipatory Grief Among Close Relatives of Patients in Hospice and Palliative Wards

Johansson, Å. K. and A. Grimby (2012)

A Swedish widowhood study revealed that four out of ten widows regarded the pre-loss period more stressful than the post-loss. The present investigation of close relatives to patients dying from cancer (using interviews and the Anticipatory Grief Scale) found that preparatory grief involves much emotional stress, as intense preoccupation with the dying, longing for his/her former personality, loneliness, tearfulness, cognitive dysfunction, irritability, anger and social withdrawal, and a need to talk. Psychological status was bad one by every fifth. However, the relatives mostly stated adjustment and ability to mobilize strength to cope with the situation. The results suggest development of support and guiding programs also for the anticipatory period.

Anticipatory Grief Among Close Relatives of Persons With Dementia in Comparison With Close Relatives of Patients With Cancer

Johansson, Å. K., Sundh, V., Wijk, H., & Grimby, A. (2012)

Close relatives of persons with dementia self-reported reactions on the Anticipatory Grief Scale (AGS), were observed by nurses (Study I), and compared with relatives of cancer patients in a study using the same methodology (Study II). Study I showed an overall stressful situation including feelings of missing and longing, inability to accept the terminal fact, preoccupation with the ill, tearfulness, sleeping problems, anger, loneliness, and a need to talk. The ability to cope was, however, reported high. Self-assessments and nurses' observations did not always converge, e.g. for the acceptance of the illness. The reactions of the relatives in the dementia and the cancer groups showed more similarities than dissimilarities. However, the higher number of responding spouses in the cancer group may have influenced the outcome.

Antologin: Att se barn som anhöriga - om relationer, interventioner och omsorgsansvar

Järkestig Berggren Ulrika, Magnusson Lennart, Hanson Elizabeth redaktörer (2015)

Barn föds anhöriga och växer upp som anhöriga till föräldrar och syskon och andra viktiga personer i familjen. I dessa relationer har minderråriga barn sin trygghet och tillitsbas att bygga sitt liv på. Omvänt får de svårigheter som drabbat föräldrar eller syskon konsekvenser också för barn. Vilka är dessa konsekvenser och hur kan vi förstå barns anhörigskap? Vilka roller kan barnet ha i sin familj? När behöver barn och föräldrar stöd och hur?
I denna antologi försöker forskare som deltar i eller är inbjudna till det svenska forskarnätverket "Barn som anhöriga" att utifrån aktuell forskning undersöka, beskriva och förklara innebörden i att barn är anhöriga. Olika teman lygfs såsom barns positoioner i familjen där utsatthet och beroende i relation till föräldrar beskrivs men också barns aktiva agerande i relation till föräldrar och syskon belyses.
Ett sådant exempel är när barn blir omsorgsgivare till syskon eller föräldrar, vilket också beskrivs i en internationell utblick. Vidare beskrivs hur många barn som är anhöriga i de sammanhang som hälso- och sjukvårdslagen omfattar och hur det går för dem i skolan. Ett avsnitt tar upp aktuell kunskap om befintliga interventioner för stöd till barn och föräldrar. Även stöd till anhöriga syskon och forskning om om våld i familjen belyses.
Boken vänder sig till studerande på sjuksköterske-, läkar-, socionom- och lärarprogrammet samt övriga proffessionsutbildningar som i sin yrkesverksamhet möter anhöriga barn och deras föräldrar i behov av stöd. Den ä räven avsedd för beslutsfattare, verksamhetsutvecklare, enskilda personer och idéburna organisationer som söker kunskap om barns livsvillkor som anhöriga.

Apelsinträdgården

Roca Ahlgren, Malin (2018)

Alla människor har ett eget apelsinträd. På vissa växer det många apelsiner och på andra bara några stycken. Men varje dag växer det nya. Varje apelsin ger ork att kunna göra olika saker. Som att klä på sig, äta, prata, duscha eller handla. Elinas mamma har inte så många apelsiner på sitt träd. Dom försvann en dag, för att hon orkat för mycket under en lång tid. En bok om utmattningssyndrom. Boken är tänkt som stöd för drabbade barnfamiljer.

Applying the Theory of Motivated Information Management to adult children's discussions of caregiving with aging parents

Fowler, C. and W. A. Afifi (2011)

Adult children are perhaps the most important source of eldercare for aging parents. Unfortunately, they rarely discuss potential eldercare arrangements with their parents prior to adopting a caregiving role, which may make adapting to the parent's transition to dependency all the more challenging. The Theory of Motivated Information Management (TMIM) is a social-psychological framework that has had success predicting information-seeking decisions about health issues. As such, it served as the theoretical basis for examining adult children's pursuit of information from their elderly parents about caregiving preferences. In addition, this study serves as the first empirical test of a revised version of the TMIM, with an expanded treatment of the role played by emotion. The results of an over-time study attest to the utility of the revised TMIM predictions in this context, and offer insight into the factors that predict adult children's decision to discuss caregiving with their parents.

Approaching the prevalence of the full spectrum of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in a South African population-based study

May PA, Blankenship J, Marais AS, Gossage JP, Kalberg WO, Barnard R, De Vries M, Robinson LK, Adnams CM, Buckley D, Manning M, Jones KL, Parry C, Hoyme HE, Seedat S. (2013)

BACKGROUND:
The prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) were determined in this fourth study of first-grade children in a South African community.
METHODS:
Active case ascertainment methods were employed among 747 first-grade pupils. The detailed characteristics of children within the continuum of FASD are contrasted with randomly selected, normal controls on (i) physical growth and dysmorphology; (ii) cognitive/behavioral characteristics; and (iii) maternal risk factors.
RESULTS:
The rates of specific diagnoses within the FASD spectrum continue to be among the highest reported in any community in the world. The prevalence (per 1,000) is as follows: fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)-59.3 to 91.0; partial fetal alcohol syndrome (PFAS)-45.3 to 69.6; and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)-30.5 to 46.8. The overall rate of FASD is therefore 135.1 to 207.5 per 1,000 (or 13.6 to 20.9%). Clinical profiles of the physical and cognitive/behavioral traits of children with a specific FASD diagnosis and controls are provided for understanding the full spectrum of FASD in a community. The spectral effect is evident in the characteristics of the diagnostic groups and summarized by the total (mean) dysmorphology scores of the children: FAS = 18.9; PFAS = 14.3; ARND = 12.2; and normal controls, alcohol exposed = 8.2 and unexposed = 7.1. Documented drinking during pregnancy is significantly correlated with verbal (r = -0.253) and nonverbal ability (r = -0.265), negative behaviors (r = 0.203), and total dysmorphology score (r = 0.431). Other measures of drinking during pregnancy are significantly associated with FASD, including binge drinking as low as 3 drinks per episode on 2 days of the week.
CONCLUSIONS:
High rates of specific diagnoses within FASD were well documented in this new cohort of children. FASD persists in this community. The data reflect an increased ability to provide accurate and discriminating diagnoses throughout the continuum of FASD.

Are Children of Holocaust Survivors Less Well- Adapted? A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Secondary Traumatization

Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2003)

H. Keilson (1979) coined the term "sequential traumatization" for the accumulation of traumatic stresses confronting the Holocaust survivors before, during, and after the war. A central question is whether survivors were able to raise their children without transmitting the traumas of their past. Through a series of meta-analyses on 32 samples involving 4,418 participants, we tested the hypothesis of secondary traumatization in Holocaust survivor families. In the set of adequately designed nonclinical studies, no evidence for the influence of the parents' traumatic Holocaust experiences on their children was found. Secondary traumatization emerged only in studies on clinical participants, who were stressed for other reasons. A stress-diathesis model is used to interpret the absence of secondary traumatization in nonclinical offspring of Holocaust survivors.

Are parental ADHD problems associated with a more severe clinical presentation and greater family adversity in children with ADHD?

Agha, S. S., Zammit, S., Thapar, A., & Langley, K. (2013)

Although Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is recognised to be a familial and heritable disorder, little is known about the broader family characteristics of having a parent with ADHD problems. The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between parent ADHD problems, child clinical presentation and family functioning in a sample of children with ADHD. The sample consisted of 570 children with ADHD. Child psychopathology was assessed using a semi-structured diagnostic interview. Questionnaires were used to assess ADHD in the parents (childhood and current symptoms), family environment and mother/father-child relationship. Parental ADHD problems were associated with a range of adverse clinical outcomes in children with no difference in effects for mothers with ADHD problems compared to fathers with ADHD problems. Levels of maternal hostility were higher in families where mothers had ADHD problems, but reduced where fathers had ADHD problems. Parental ADHD problems index higher risk for more severe clinical presentation of ADHD in children and higher levels of family conflict (where there are maternal but not paternal ADHD problems). This study highlights that children with more severe behavioural symptoms are more likely to have a parent with persistent ADHD which has important implications when considering treatment and intervention strategies.

Are the ICF activity and participation dimensions distinct?

Jette AM, Haley SM, Kooyoomjian JT. (2003)

Objective: To test the hypothesis that distinct Activity and
Participation dimensions of the International Classification
of Functioning, Disability, and Health could be identified
using physical functioning items drawn from the Late Life
Function and Disability Instrument.
Design: A cross-sectional, survey design was employed.
Subjects: The sample comprised 150 community-dwelling
adults aged 60 years and older.
Methods: Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify
interpretable dimensions underlying 48 physical functioning
questionnaire items.
Results: Findings revealed that one conceptual dimension
underlying these physical functioning items was not suffi-
cient to adequately explain the data (X2 = 2383; p  0.0001).
A subsequent solution produced 3 distinct, interpretable
factors that accounted for 61.1% of the variance; they were
labeled: Mobility Activities (24.4%), Daily Activities
(24.3%), and Social/Participation (12.4%). All 3 factors
achieved high internal consistency with coefficient alphas of
0.90 or above.
Conclusion: Within physical functioning, distinct concepts
were identified that conformed to the dimensions of Activity
and Participation as proposed in the ICF. We believe this is
the first empirical evidence of separate Activity and
Participation dimensions within the International Classification
of Functioning, Disability, and Health classification.

Article: Specialized substance abuse treatment for women and their children. An analysis of program design

Uziel-Miller ND, Lyons JS (2000)

In the present study, 36 specialized substance abuse treatment programs for women and their children were identified and chosen for review. These programs provide a wide range of services including substance abuse, mental health and medical treatment, life skills training (i.e. vocational and parenting training), and social services (i.e. child care and transportation). A cluster analysis was conducted, and three distinct patterns of program design were identified. Results suggest that programs vary considerably regarding the extent to which comprehensive services are provided and to whom they are offered. Many programs that appear to be comprehensive fail to provide the full range of services to all those who need them. In particular, many programs for pregnant women seem to focus almost exclusively on pregnancy-related issues. As such, specialized substance abuse treatment for women may be at risk for becoming too specialized. Recommendations are made for future substance-related program planning for women and their children.

Articles: Psychosocially enhanced treatment for cocaine-dependent mothers Evidence of efficacy

Volpicelli JR, Markman I, Monterosso J, Filing J, O'Brien CP. (2000)

Eighty-four cocaine-dependent mothers were randomly assigned either to a case management-oriented outpatient treatment program (CM), or to a psychosocially enhanced treatment program (PET). Both programs included onsite child care and both offered daily group therapy sessions. Subjects randomized to the PET condition were offered a variety of additional onsite services designed to meet their special psychosocial needs including parenting skills class, access to a psychiatrist, individual therapy sessions, and GED class. Patients in the CM program could gain access to these services only through referrals to community resources. Program retention was significantly better for patients in the PET condition. In addition, while the mean number of days of cocaine use decreased from baseline in both groups, the PET group had significantly fewer days of cocaine use at 12-month follow-up than the CM group. These results show that providing psychosocial enhancement services onsite can improve treatment outcome for cocaine-dependent mothers.

Att pussla ihop ett liv : om samverkan

Swärd A-K., Franke M-L. (2007)

Den enda existerande bokenom samverkan från ett föräldraperspektiv! Den teoretiska delen om autism är mycket lättförståelig och problematiseringen utgår från FN:s regler om funtionshider som ett problem i relation till omgivningen. Texten föreslår ett förhållningssätt som bygger på samarbete kring barnets starka sidor. Boken granska också kritiskt kommunernas förmåga att organisera hjälp och stöd för de drabbade familjerna enligt LSS-lagstiftningen

Att släppa taget om den andre och att greppa tag om sig själv

Wiberg, Maria (2006)

Upplands Väsby kommun tillhör en av de få kommuner i landet som bedriver ett strukturerat
anhörigprogram. Trots att det funnits någon form av anhörigarbete i ca 15 år, de senaste 5 åren
med tydligare struktur, har verksamheten hittills inte dokumenterats.

Syftet med denna rapport är att ge en utförlig beskrivning av anhörigprogrammets innehåll,
struktur och förutsättningar. Rapporten vill också skapa en förståelse för den anhöriges
livssituation och behov av egen hjälp. "Vad familjen behöver är undervisning om drogen alkohol,
vilka problem det kroniska missbruket ger upphov till samt sjukdomen alkoholism. Familjen
behöver dessutom lära sig hur sjukdomssymtomen påverkar familjen. Familjen behöver även
hjälp med att kartlägga det egna beteendet för att förstå hur det kan överensstämma med, eller till
och med befrämja alkoholistens drickande. De måste också komma till insikt om sina egna
känslor för att realistiskt kunna förstå problemets dimensioner och vad som krävs av dem. Till
följd av detta måste de undersöka vilka alternativ de har att välja mellan för att lösa problemet.
Framför allt behöver familjemedlemmarna stöd och uppmuntran för att kunna leva sina egna liv
trots alkoholismen. Genom att göra det ökar, paradoxalt nog, chanserna att avbryta den
alkoholistiska processen" (Kinney o Leaton 1997).
Ytterligare ett syfte med rapporten är att mäta om programmet ökar den anhöriges psykiska
välbefinnande, och om programmet påverkar den anhörige beteendemönster och känslor i
relation till den beroende.
Metoden jag använt för att hitta svaren på den första frågan har varit att sammanställa det
material som finns runt de olika temana.
För att få svar på de två andra frågeställningarna har jag använt en självskattningsenkät. Dvs.
deltagarna har själva uppskattat sitt mående utifrån en enkät med 4 svarsalternativ. Mätningen har
skett vid tre tillfällen, före programmet, vid programmets slut och en månad efter programmets
slut. Antal deltagare i utvärderingen är 15 personer, uppdelat på tre olika anhörigprogram.
En svaghet med denna metod är att utvärderingen sträcker sig under en relativt kort tid. Från
första till sista mättillfället är det ca 12 veckor. Förändringsprocesser tar lång tid och för att få en
mer rättvis bild av programmets påverkan skulle en mätning efter ytterligare ett år behövas.
En ytterligare svaghet är att deltagarantalet i utvärderingen är litet. Det går därför inte att dra
några stora slutsatser av resultatet, utan snarare tendenser. Det är dock en god ansats till ett
fortsatt arbete med utvärdering av programmet. Självskattningsenkät har visat sig vara ett
fungerande kvalitetsmätningsinstrument.
Dispositionen på rapporten är följande: Del 1 innehåller den beskrivande delen av
anhörigprogrammet med en historisk tillbakablick. Del 2 är den utvärderande delen av rapporten,
där undersökningsmetoden och sammanställningen av enkätundersökningarna redovisas.
Resultaten visar att det psykiska välbefinnandet tydligt ökar för alla tre grupper över tid. Takten
för ökningen ser olika ut och det kan härledas till deltagarnas olika livssituationer under
programmet. Där deltagarna fortfarande lever med partner i ett aktivt missbruk är den anhöriges
förändring långsammare. Resultatet visar också att deltagarna upplever en förändring i huruvida
de påverkats av sin anhöriges missbruk i såväl känslor som beteendemönster. Denna förändring
är mindre samstämmig och visar ganska stora variationer i de olika grupperna.

Att synliggöra de osynliga barnen – om barn till psykiskt sjuka föräldrar

Skerfving, Annemi (2005)

Att synliggöra de osynliga barnen ger en bred kunskapsbas om barn till psykiskt sjuka. Den kan användas som en "lärobok" av alla som kommer i kontakt med barn vars föräldrar lider av svåra och långvariga psykiska problem. Boken riktar sig till personal inom vuxen- och barnpsykiatri, socialtjänst, skola, barnomsorg och hälsovård, till studenter vid olika utbildningar, men också till anhöriga och vänner till psykiskt sjuka.

Att synliggöra de osynliga barnen – om barn till psykiskt sjuka föräldrar

Skerfving, A. (2005)

Att synliggöra de osynliga barnen ger en bred kunskapsbas om barn till psykiskt sjuka. Den kan användas som en "lärobok" av alla som kommer i kontakt med barn vars föräldrar lider av svåra och långvariga psykiska problem. Boken riktar sig till personal inom vuxen- och barnpsykiatri, socialtjänst, skola, barnomsorg och hälsovård, till studenter vid olika utbildningar, men också till anhöriga och vänner till psykiskt sjuka.

Att tala samma språk. Gemensam struktur vid bedömning av vårdbidrag

Enström Öst C, Agdalen T, Aydin E, Josephson M, Mirjam W. (2013)

Syftet med studien är att pröva om struktur och språk enligt Klassifikation av funktionstillstånd, funktionshinder och hälsa, barn- och ungdomsversionen, ICF-CY, kan användas vid handläggning av vårdbidragsärenden för att göra utredningar och beslut tydligare och mer enhetliga och därigenom förbättra rättssäkerheten. I tillämpningen av reglerna om vårdbidrag ska Försäkringskassan göra en individuell bedömning i varje enskilt ärende. Det finns också krav på likformighet och transparens i handläggningen. ICF-CY är utvecklat av Världshälsoorganisationen (WHO) och erbjuder ett universellt gemensamt språk för att underlätta dokumentation och kartläggning av barnets funktionsförmåga och hälsa i sin miljö.

Vårdbidraget är ett statligt stöd till föräldrar med barn som har en funktionsnedsättning. Syftet med vårdbidraget är att föräldrarna ska ha möjlighet att ge den tillsyn, vård och stöd som krävs för att barnet ska kunna utvecklas på bästa sätt.

Registeranalysen i rapporten visar på skillnader i vårdbidragets omfattning utifrån bland annat region, kön och mottagarens socioekonomiska tillhörighet. Tyvärr kan man inte säga om dessa skillnader är sakliga eller osakliga, det vill säga om de skillnader som observeras kan förklaras av barnens bedömda tillsyns- och vårdbehov.

Det finns inga uppgifter i register om grunderna för ett beviljat vårdbidrag, det vill säga vilken funktionsförmåga eller vilket tillsyns- och vårdbehov barnet har. I den här studien har information i 264 ärenden gällande förstagångsansökningar om vårdbidrag översatts till struktur och språk i ICF-CY. Rapporten redovisar det som finns skrivet om hur barnet fungerar i sin miljö när innehållet har översatts och tolkats.

När innehållet i utredningarna översätts, handlar merparten av utredningarna, både Försäkringskassans sammanfattningar och motiven för beslut som skickas till den sökande, om sådant som barnen kan göra och faktiskt gör, eller har svårigheter att utföra. Merparten av utredningarna berör aspekter på hur barnet genomför enstaka eller flera uppgifter och hur de hanterar krav medan endast ett fåtal utredningar handlar om hur barnet genomför dagliga sysslor och uppgifter som att ta hand om personliga föremål och att hjälpa andra.

Resultaten tyder på att en tillämpning av struktur och språk enligt ICF-CY i handläggningen av vårdbidrag skulle öka likformigheten, samtidigt som man skulle undvika att samla in irrelevant information och därigenom kunna spara tid i handläggningen. Om man klassificerar funktionsnedsättning på detta sätt, blir det också möjligt att dokumentera funktionsnedsättning i register på samma sätt som diagnos registreras idag, vilket underlättar utvärdering.

Att utveckla anhörigstöd

Genell Andrén K, Johansson L. (2008)

Anhöriga gör stora insatser i vården och omsorgen av sina närstående. Men som anhörig kan man också behöva stöd och avlastning.

Att utveckla anhörigstöd

Matheny G. (2013)

Att utveckla anhörigstöd
Vilka är de personer som stöttar och vårdar en närstående, vilket stöd efterfrågar de och vad kan samhället och den enskilda arbetsplatsen erbjuda? Vilken värdegrund styr bilden av de anhöriga – ses de som en värdefull resurs eller är de en belastning i arbetet kring den närstående?

Ett sätt att uppfylla målen med gällande lagstiftning är att arbetsplatserna ska formulera rutiner för hur de ska stötta och samarbeta med anhöriga i det dagliga arbetet. Boken ger praktiska verktyg för hur man steg för steg, med de anhöriga själva som sakkunniga, kan utveckla arbetsplatsens anhörigstöd. Författaren beskriver den anhörigvänliga arbetsplatsen och ger ett konkret förslag till hur rutiner för anhörigstöd och anhörigsamverkan kan tas fram. Innehållet presenteras på ett lättillgängligt sätt och läsaren får många fallbeskrivningar och förslag till diskussionsämnen att utgå ifrån.

Att utveckla anhörigstöd vänder sig till arbetsgrupper/verksamheter inom vård och omsorg samt socialtjänst som vill utveckla arbetsplatsens anhörigstöd. Utvecklingsarbetet föreslås ske genom att arbetsgruppen möts vid ett antal reflektionsträffar kring bokens innehåll. Boken vänder sig både till baspersonal och ledare, och den kan dessutom utgöra ett handfast verktyg för anhörigombud och anhörigkonsulenter som utbildar och handleder arbetsgrupper inom området anhörigstöd.

Att utveckla en modell av anhörigstöd med Basal Kroppskännedom och Samtal i grupp

Ekenberg, L. (2010)

Syftet med denna satsning på anhörigstöd var att pröva och utveckla en mo-dell för anhörigstöd med Basal Kroppskännedom (BK) och samtalsstöd i grupp vid Länsenheten Råd och Stöd i Norrbotten. Förberedelsearbetet bestod av en kurs i BK och samtal för en sjukgymnast och en kurator. Dessa två konstruerade en enkät med frågor om den anhöri-ges relation till vårdtagaren, upplevelse av anhörigrollen, upplevelse av stöd-insatser och den anhöriges behov av förändringar. Enkäten konstruerades med idéer från ett frågeformulär använt i Socialstyrelsens "Anhörig 300" projekt. Sjukgymnasten ledde en femdagars utbildning i BK för Länsenhe-tens alla kuratorer. Sex anhöriggrupper med BK och samtal i grupp genomfördes under åren 2005-2009, en i Kalix, en i Piteå och fyra anhöriggrupper i Luleå. Antalet gruppträffar varierade mellan 8-11 träffar. I anhöriggruppen i Kalix deltog fem kvinnor, som var och en levde tillsam-mans med en man med någon form av funktionsnedsättning. I Piteå deltog två män och tre kvinnor. Tre levde i en make/maka relation, två var föräldrar och en anhörig hade ett syskon med funktionsnedsättning. I Luleå genom-fördes fyra anhöriggrupper. Anhörigkonstellationen i grupperna var män och kvinnor med anhörigrelation som make/maka och föräldrar till vuxna barn med funktionsnedsättningar. Enkätutvärdering skedde i fem anhöriggrupper som besvarades vid tre tillfäl-len: 1) vid start av anhöriggrupp 2) vid kursavslut och 3) vid uppföljning cirka 6 månader efter kursavslut. Deltagarna gavs utrymme till att direkt ef-ter BK-övningarna göra anteckningar om sina upplevelser direkt efter BK-övningarnas genomförande före gruppsamtalen. I en anhöriggrupp i Luleå var deltagandet så lågt att grupprocessen uteblev. I Kalix- Piteå- och två Lu-leågrupper medverkade deltagarna i en individuell processutvärdering om kroppsupplevelser. Resultaten av den individuella processutvärderingen visade att deltagarna upplevde BK-övningarna, som en möjlighet till en egen skön stund med av-slappning utan prestation. För många ledde detta till en större lyhördhet för kroppens signaler t.ex. om hur det är i relationen och att lägga märke till sina egna behov. Efter hand utvecklades tilliten i grupperna då deltagarna utifrån sin egen tillitsprocess öppnade sig och "vågade börja berätta". Enkätutvärde-ringen visade på marginella förändringar i skattningen av anhörigsituationen. I skattningarna framkom för makar en svag trend mot en något sämre upple-velse av anhörigsituationen medan föräldrarnas skattningar visade en svag trend mot en något bättre upplevelse av sin anhörigsituation. Kommentarer-na i enkäten bekräftade denna trend. Vår erfarenhet är att BK-övningar och samtal i grupp för anhöriga kräver en noggrann förberedelse och ett fruktbart möte/samarbete mellan kurator, sjukgymnast och gruppdeltagare. I NkAs kunskapsöversikt och i NkAs lärande nätverk framhålls Mö-tet/samtalet som "kanske som det mest underskattade anhörigstödet" (Win-qvist, 2010). Eftersom denna form av stöd saknas i dagens anhörigstöd anser vi att vår modell är ett viktigt bidrag, som borde prövas och utvärderas i stör-re skala.

Att utveckla stödet till anhöriga : en kartläggning av anhörigstöd på Östermalm

Hjalmarson, I., Norman, E. (2012)

Stockholms stad har antagit mål för stödet till anhöriga anpassade till den nya lagstiftningen och har också gett stadsdelsförvaltningarna bidrag för att utveckla det. I denna rapport har Äldrecentrum utvärderat det nuvarande stödet till anhöriga på Östermalm samt beräknat det framtida behovet. Resultatet ska användas i diskussioner om hur stödet till anhöriga ska utformas i framtiden. Studien visar att det finns många anhöriga på Östermalm som vårdar en närstående som inte använder vare sig de direkta eller indirekta stödinsatser som finns. Det finns flera orsaker. Alla känner inte till att det finns stöd att få, många föredrar att vårda utan hjälp och de finns också de som har provat att ta emot hjälp men inte varit nöjda. Samtidigt framkommer att det är krävande att vårda en närstående. Stress, bundenhet och oro, att inte få sova på nätterna var några av de problem som anhöriga berättade om. Det positiva var att kunna hjälpa sin närstående, få uppskattning och närhet. Personal som har kontakt med anhöriga berättade att anhöriga ofta har höga ambitioner i sitt vårdande och ofta har svårt att sätta en gräns när de inte orkar längre. Anhöriga önskade att stödinsatserna skulle vara flexibla, lättillgängliga och ges med god kontinuitet. De stödinsatser som uppskattades mest var kontakten med anhörigkonsulenten, avlösning genom växelvård, hemvårdsbidraget och dagverksamhet. Insatser som behöver förbättras var avlösning och hemtjänst främst den beviljade tiden för insatserna, kontinuiteten och pålitligheten. Förslagen som lämnas om hur anhörigstödet kan utvecklas kan användas för att utveckla anhörigstöd även för andra grupper än för äldre.

Att utveckla stödet till anhöriga. En kartläggning av anhörigstöd på Östermalm

Hjalmarsson, Ingrid & Norman, Eva (2012)

Stockholms stad har antagit mål för stödet till anhöriga anpassade till den nya lagstiftningen och har också gett stadsdelsförvaltningarna bidrag för att utveckla det. I denna rapport har Äldrecentrum utvärderat det nuvarande stödet till anhöriga på Östermalm samt beräknat det framtida behovet. Resultatet ska användas i diskussioner om hur stödet till anhöriga ska utformas i framtiden. Studien visar att det finns många anhöriga på Östermalm som vårdar en närstående som inte använder vare sig de direkta eller indirekta stödinsatser som finns. Det finns flera orsaker. Alla känner inte till att det finns stöd att få, många föredrar att vårda utan hjälp och de finns också de som har provat att ta emot hjälp men inte varit nöjda. Samtidigt framkommer att det är krävande att vårda en närstående. Stress, bundenhet och oro, att inte få sova på nätterna var några av de problem som anhöriga berättade om. Det positiva var att kunna hjälpa sin närstående, få uppskattning och närhet. Personal som har kontakt med anhöriga berättade att anhöriga ofta har höga ambitioner i sitt vårdande och ofta har svårt att sätta en gräns när de inte orkar längre. Anhöriga önskade att stödinsatserna skulle vara flexibla, lättillgängliga och ges med god kontinuitet. De stödinsatser som uppskattades mest var kontakten med anhörigkonsulenten, avlösning genom växelvård, hemvårdsbidraget och dagverksamhet. Insatser som behöver förbättras var avlösning och hemtjänst främst den beviljade tiden för insatserna, kontinuiteten och pålitligheten. Förslagen som lämnas om hur anhörigstödet kan utvecklas kan användas för att utveckla anhörigstöd även för andra grupper än för äldre.

Att vara anhörig till en närstående med demenssjukdom. En jämförelse mellan storstad och landsbygd.

Forssell Ehrlich, K. (2015)

Anhörigas insatser för en demenssjuk familjemedlem är avsevärda och är en mycket stor
samhällsresurs. Flertalet studier kring anhörigas erfarenheter har genomförts i större städer och det är
brist på kunskap kring hur landsbygdens anhöriga upplever sin situation. Det övergripande syftet
med denna avhandling var att utveckla och fördjupa kunskapen om relationen mellan boplatsen, här
storstad och landsbygd, och anhörigas upplevelser av att ge omvårdnad till en närstående med
demenssjukdom. Avhandlingens två delstudier utgår från ett socialkonstruktionistiskt perspektiv där
människan anses konstruera sina liv både i samspel med andra och med platsen de bor på. Platsen är
inte endast ett geografiskt område utan även en plats bestående av sociala relationer. Anhöriga i
storstaden och på landsbygden antogs forma sina liv på olika sätt som kunde påverka situationen som
anhörigvårdare. Syftet med studie I var att beskriva och jämföra anhörigas reaktioner på att ge
omvårdnad till en närstående med demenssjukdom, i storstad och på landsbygd, samt att undersöka
sambanden mellan aspekter på vårdande och socio-demografiska faktorer. Den genomfördes som en
prospektiv tvärsnittsstudie med sammanlagt 102 (57 storstad+45 landsbygd) deltagare. Den svenska
versionen av The Caregiver Reaction Assessment Scale (CRA) användes och bestod av 27 positiva
och negativa påståenden fördelade inom fem delområden ("vårdar-tillfredställelse"; brist på
familjestöd; påverkan på ekonomi, hälsa och vardagsliv). Data analyserades med beskrivande statistik.
Student´s T-test användes för att undersöka skillnader, Chi-2-tester för proportioner och linjär
regressionsanalys användes för att undersöka sambanden mellan de fem delområdena och sociodemografiska
variabler. Syftet med studie II var att utveckla en fördjupad förståelse för anhörigas
förhållningssätt till sin situation, i storstad och på landsbygd, när en närstående drabbats av
demenssjukdom. Narrativa intervjuer genomfördes med sammanlagt 23 anhöriga (11 storstad+12
landsbygd). Frågorna berörde vardagsliv och arbete både nu, med en demenssjuk närstående, och
tidigare, samt boplatsens och det sociala livets betydelse. Intervjuerna analyserades utifrån en
hermeneutisk ansats. Resultatet från regressionsanalysen visade att vare sig boplats eller
utbildningsnivå hade något samband med hur anhöriga skattade sin situation (I). Flertalet anhöriga
både på landsbygden och i storstaden kände däremot en tillfredställelse med att kunna ta hand om sin
närstående trots att situationen hade stor påverkan på vardagslivet (I-II). De vuxna barnen upplevde en
konflikt mellan sina och den egna familjens behov och den sjuke förälderns omvårdnadsbehov (II)
som påverkade vardagslivet i högre utsträckning än vad det gjorde för de makar som vårdade sin
partner (I). Kvinnorna skattade en större påverkan på ekonomin och mer påverkan på vardagslivet än
männen. Men anhöriga på landsbygden tycktes få mer hjälp från familj och andra än de i storstaden
(I). Intervjustudien visade att de anhöriga på landsbygden tycktes ha en mer kollektiv syn på familjen
och parrelationen som kom till uttryck i en större acceptans för livets gång och behov av att bevara det
normala livet. Storstadens anhörigvårdare däremot tycktes ha en mer individualistisk syn, vilket kom
till uttryck i en större frustration över situationen mer präglad av pliktuppfyllelse (II). Det är
förmodligen är lika belastande vara anhörig till en närstående med demenssjukdom vare sig man bor i
storstaden eller på landsbygden. Samtidigt fanns det en variation av förhållningssätt till situationen
som anhörigvårdare, som påverkades av olika sättet att se sig på själv i förhållande till familjen och
parrelationen, vilket får implikationer för utformningen av stödinsatser.
Key words: dementia, family caregivers, qualitative research, narrative interviews, Caregiver Reaction
Assessment Scale (CRA), regression model, urban and rural areas, nursing

Senast uppdaterad 2021-01-25 av Peter Eriksson, ansvarig utgivare Lennart Magnusson