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Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children using cognitive behavioural writing therapy

Van der Oord, S., Lucassen, S., Van Emmerik, A. & Emmelkamp, P. (2010)

Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
This study evaluated the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Writing Therapy (CBWT) in 23 children (age 8-18 years) in the Netherlands, who experienced a range of single and recurrent traumatic experiences. CBWT uses exposure, cognitive restructuring and social sharing.
METHODS:
At pre-test, post-test and follow-up, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depressive symptoms, trauma-related cognitions and general behavioural problems were assessed.
RESULTS:
At post-test there was a significant reduction of all symptoms, and this effect was maintained at 6 months follow-up. The mean amount of treatment sessions needed was 5.5.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study shows that short-term CBWT is a potentially effective intervention for clinically referred traumatized children. There is now a clear need of establishing the effectiveness of CBWT in a randomized, controlled trial.
PRACTICE IMPLICATION:
This first study indicates CBWT is a promising treatment, which can easily be used in clinical practice.

Treatment outcomes and mediators of parent management training: a one-year follow-up of children with conduct problems

Hagen KA, Ogden T, Bjørnebekk G. (2011)

This effectiveness study presents the results of a 1-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of Parent Management Training. Families of 112 Norwegian girls and boys with clinic-level conduct problems participated, and 75 (67%) families were retained at follow-up. Children ranged in age from 4 to 12 at intake (M = 8.44). Families randomized to the control group received an active treatment alternative as would be normally offered by participating agencies. Multi-informant, multisetting outcome measures were collected and results from both intention-to-treat and treatment-on-the-treated analyses are presented. In two separate indirect effects models, assignment to Parent Management Training-the Oregon model predicted greater effective discipline and family cohesion at postassessment, which in turn predicted improvements in several child domains at follow-up.

Trygghetscirkeln för ett reflekterande föräldraskap: COS-P i Sverige – kunskapsspridning och prövning av ett psykoedukativt föräldraprogram

NEANDER, K. & RISHOLM MOTHANDER, P. (2015)

Projektets avsåg att pröva ett anknytningsbaserat föräldrastödsprogram,
Trygghetscirkeln (COS-P), vars mål är att hjälpa föräldrar att nå fördjupad förståelse för
barns behov av känslomässigt stöd från sina föräldrar.
Prövningen av Trygghetscirkeln som komplement till övrig behandling genomfördes på
tre geografiskt spridda behandlingsenheter för familjer med små barn i Sverige. Efter
gruppledarutbildning genomfördes en RCT-studie där 52 föräldrar i åldern 18-44 år
(M=30 år) med barn under 58 månader (M=15 mån) randomiserades till att antingen få
behandling enligt planerad form (TAU), n=24 föräldrar, eller få behandling plus ett
tillskott av 8 ggr Trygghetscirkel i grupp (COS), n=28 föräldrar. Vid baslinjen (T1) fyllde
föräldrarna i självskattningsformulär avseende nivå av egen ångest (STAI), grad av
depressivitet (CES-D), grad av reflekterande förmåga (PRFQ) och nivå av föräldrastress
(SPSQ). Föräldrarna fyllde vidare i en anknytningsdagbok (AD). En diagnostisk DC:0-3R
profil sammanställdes utifrån journaldata, samspelet mellan förälder och barn
bedömdes kvalitativt (EAS) och en semistrukturerad djupintervju om förälderns inre
bild av sig själv och sitt barn (WMCI) värderades. Nya mätningar gjordes därefter vid sex
månader (T2) och 12 månader (T3) efter baslinjemätningen, med undantag för AD, den
diagnostiska profilen och djupintervjun som enbart gjordes vid T1 och T3. Efter
genomförda föräldragrupper utvärderades Trygghetscirkeln med hjälp av särskilda
frågeformulär riktade till föräldrar och till gruppledare. Som avslutning av projektet
gjordes öppna intervjuer dels med personal på respektive behandlingsenhet och dels
med ett bekvämlighetsurval av föräldrar.
Resultaten gav vid handen att både behandlare och föräldrar var mycket nöjda med
Trygghetscirkeln, som var stimulerande, gav en fördjupad kunskap och hjälpte
föräldrarna i sin föräldraroll. I COS-gruppen förändrades samspelskvalitet och framför
allt den inre bilden av föräldrarollen och av barnet signifikant mer än i TAU-gruppen. I
hela gruppen uppmättes över tid sänkt föräldrastress, reduktion av stressfaktorer i
omgivningen, bättre föräldra-barnrelation och mer åldersadekvat socioemotionell
utvecklingsnivå hos barnen. Den skattade nivån av egen psykiska hälsa, eller
självskattad reflekterande förmåga förbättrades emellertid inte i någon av grupperna.
Vid uppföljningen våren 2015 visade det sig att Trygghetscirkeln integrerats som en
väsentlig del i verksamheternas behandlingsutbud.
Rapporten lyfter fram att genomsnittsåldern för barnen i den undersökta gruppen var
låg, vilket ledde till en låg förekomst av individuella barnkliniska symtom. Problemen
var i huvudsak koncentrerade till föräldrafunktionen. Föräldrarna hade i allmänhet en
etablerad behandlingskontakt innan de bjöds in till studien vilket troligen medförde att
upplevelsen av den egna psykiska hälsa redan hade stabiliserats. Däremot förändrades
stress, samspelskvalitet och den inre bilden långsammare, vilket ledde till en mätbar
positiv förändring först vid uppföljningen efter 12 månader. Denna förändring var mer
tydlig hos COS-gruppen än hos TAU-gruppen.
7
Slutsatsen är att Trygghetscirkeln är ett föräldraprogram som uppskattas stort av både
föräldrar och gruppledare. Då Trygghetscirkeln syftar till ökad förståelse för hur det
egna förhållningssättet påverkar föräldrabeteendet, aktualiseras förälderns egna hinder
och svårigheter i mötet med materialet och gruppdiskussionerna. Detta stärker
betydelsen av erfarna gruppledare och att det sammanhang inom vilket
Trygghetscirkeln erbjuds får möjlighet att fungera som en trygg bas. Vi kan inte uttala
oss om Trygghetscirkeln som en generellt preventiv insats till alla föräldrar men vill
rekommendera den för riktade insatser till barn med identifierade risker för psykisk
ohälsa eller utvecklingsavvikelser samt som komplement till annan behandling där
större behov av barnkliniska insatser föreligger.

Tröst – beskriven av långvarigt sjuka barn, föräldrar och en sjuksköterska

Ångström-Brännström, C. (2010)

Akademisk avhandling.

Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen är att beskriva långvarigt sjuka barns upplevelser av tröst samt vilka och vad som tröstar barn, föräldrar och en sjuksköterska. Avhandlingen omfattar fyra delstudier. Långvarigt sjuka barn, föräldrar och en sjuksköterska har intervjuats och barnen har ritat teckningar.I delstudie I var syftet att undersöka vad barn med långvariga sjukdomar berättar muntligt och i teckningar om sina upplevelser av att bli tröstade. Sju barn i åldern 4-10 år, med olika långvariga sjukdomar, beskrev under intervju sina upplevelser av tröst och ritade teckningar. Intervjuerna analyserades med innehållsanalys, vilket utmynnade i fyra teman: att vara fysiskt nära sin familj, att känna sig trygg och säker, att sjuksköterskor finns till hands för barnen och att barnen finns till hands för sina föräldrar och syskon. Resultatet visar att barnen litade på sjuksköterskors kunskap och yrkeskunnande, vilket var en förutsättning för att kunna känna sig trygg och hemma på sjukhus. Att vara nära sin familj upplevdes än mer betydelsefullt för att uppleva tröst.

I delstudie II var syftet att beskriva föräldrars upplevelser av vad som tröstar dem när deras barn insjuknat i cancersjukdom. Nio föräldrar till barn i åldern 3-9 år, som var inlagda på vårdavdelning och hade genomgått sin första behandling, intervjuades. Innehållsanalys utmynnade i fem teman: att uppleva tröst genom att vara nära sitt barn, att uppleva tröst genom barnets styrka, att uppleva tröst genom att känna sig hemma på vårdavdelningen, att uppleva tröst genom att vara en familj och genom att vara hemma samt att uppleva tröst genom stöd från sociala nätverk. I kommunion, en djup känsla av gemenskap med barnet och personer i sociala nätverk, upplevde föräldrarna en ny vardag som kännetecknades av att känna sig trygg i livet trots alla svårigheter och de upplevde stunder av hopp.

I delstudie III var syftet att beskriva upplevelser av vad som tröstar ett allvarligt sjukt och senare döende barn, berättat av barnet, hans mamma och hans sjuksköterska. Barnet ritade teckningar. Fältanteckningar, teckningar och intervjuer analyserades med innehållsanalys, vilket utmynnade i fyra teman: att uttrycka känslor och bli redo för tröst, att vara i kommunion, att skifta perspektiv och att finna tröst genom att vara hemma. Resultatet visar att tröst för det svårt sjuka, senare döende barnet, innebar att barnet kunde uttrycka sina känslor som barnet ville, att familjen fanns nära och var involverade i omvårdnaden av barnet, att barnet kunde vårdas hemma och att barnet upplevde en förtroendefull relation med sin sjuksköterska.

I delstudie IV var syftet att beskriva vem och vad som tröstar föräldrar, syskon, sjuksköterska och andra personer som tröstade ett svårt sjukt och senare döende barn, beskrivet av mamman och barnets sjuksköterska. Intervjuer från delstudie II analyserades med innehållsanalys och utmynnade i tio teman. Resultatet visar en bild av samverkande nätverk som kan finnas runt ett svårt sjukt barn. Den svåra situationen innebar att barnets familj bar en tung börda, men omgivna av ett tröstande nätverk som de kunde luta sig mot och dela lidande och ansvar med, kunde de finna tröst och trösta varandra.

Resultatet i avhandlingen visar att de långvarigt sjuka barnen och föräldrarna fann tröst i att kunna dela lidande med varandra. Föräldrar och sjuksköterska fann tröst i att kunna dela lidandet och ansvaret med personer i sina sociala nätverk. Modellen om tröst (Norberg m fl, 2001) kunde användas för att ge struktur till diskussionen.

Tröst genom hälsostödjande familjesamtal – Upplevelser och effekter av en familjecentrerad intervention

Dorell, Å. (2016)

Bakgrund: Att ha en sjuk närstående som bor på ett särskilt boende
för äldre påverkar hela familjen. Familjemedlemmarna kan uppleva
känslor av saknad, skuld, maktlöshet och sorg. Det finns därför ett
behov av att utvidga omvårdnaden till att innefatta hela familjen som
ett system för att minska ohälsa hos familjer. Detta kan ske genom
familjecentrerade interventioner. Ett exempel på en familjecentrerad
intervention är hälsostödjande familjesamtal (FamHC). Det är en
vårdhandling med focus på familjens styrkor, resurser och relationer
inom familjen. Det finns begränsad kunskap om dessa
familjeinterventioner i kontexten vård och omsorg av äldre.
Syftet: Syftet med avhandlingen är att ur ett familje- och
sjuksköterskeperspektiv studera upplevelser, responser och effekter
av sjuksköterskeledda hälsostödjande familjesamtal med närstående
som har en familjemedlem boende på ett särskilt boende för äldre.
Metoder: Denna avhandling är baserad på en intervention med
FamHC genomförd vid tre särskilda boenden för äldre i norra Sverige.
Samtalens struktur är tre på varandra följande samtal varannan vecka
med skilda fokus och avslutas med ett avslutande brev. Avhandlingen
består av fyra delstudier. I studie I-II användes semistrukturerade
gruppintervjuer med närstående som analyserades med kvalitativ
innehållsanalys. I studie III användes mixad metod. Kvalitativa
resultat från intervjuer och kvantitativa resultat från instrumenten
SWED-QUAL och FHI, analyserades parallellt samt integrerades
därefter. I Studie IV intervjuades tre sjuksköterskor med
semistrukturerade individuella intervjuer. Sjuksköterskorna skrev
även dagboksanteckningar. Intervjuerna och dagböckerna
analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.
Resultat: Resultaten från studie I visar att de närstående en månad
efter deltagandet i FamHC upplevde en lindring av sitt dåliga samvete
då de krav som familjerna ställer på sig själva minskat. Vid samtalen
fick de närstående bekräftelse på att de gjorde så gott de kunde.
Genom att dela sina föreställningar med varandra genom berättelser
skapades en ökad förståelse för hela familjens upplevelse av
situationen. Studie II visar att sex månader efter samtalsseriens
avslutande upplevde familjen deltagandet i FamHC som ett delande i
en dialog med en läkande kraft. Delandet upplevdes bekräftande
vilket gjorde att de närstående upplevde samtalen som trösterika.
Studie III visar att de närståendes emotionella välbefinnande hade
förbättrats sex månader efter att ha deltagit i FamHC. Studien visar
på förbättrad kommunikation och relationer samt förbättrat
samarbete inom familjen. Studie IV visar att sjuksköterskorna
upplevde att FamHC var en tillämpbar omvårdnadsåtgärd i arbetet
med familjer. Det gav en förbättrad förståelse av familjens situation
och förbättrade relationen med närstående.
Konklusion: Den övergripande slutsatsen från resultaten i
delstudierna är att genom att delta i FamHC blev familjerna tröstade.
Samtalen skapade en arena för de närstående att berätta samt att
lyssna till varandras berättelser. Det gavs utrymme att gråta och sörja
över sin situation över att ha en sjuk familjemedlem på ett särskilt
boende. Samtalen medförde reviderade föreställningar bland
närstående och sjuksköterskorna samt en ökad förståelse och ett
bättre samarbete inom familjen och en ökad känsla av välbefinnande
hos de närstående. Hälsostödjande familjesamtal kan därmed föreslås
vara ett användbart verktyg för sjuksköterskor i deras arbete med
närstående inom kontexten särskilda boenden för äldre personer.
v
Nyckelord:
Hälsostödjande familjesamtal, Familjecentrerad omvårdnad, FamHC,
Familjeomvårdnad, Omvårdnad, Särskilt boende för äldre.

Next of kin's experiences of registered nurses' leadership close to older adults in municipal home care in Sweden: an interview study

Claesson, Maria, Jonasson, Lise-Lotte, Josefsson, Karin (2021)

Background: Next of kin to older adults over 65 years in municipal home care are concerned whether their older adults' needs are being met. In municipal home care, the registered nurses' leadership is important and complex, entailing multi-artist skills involving the older adults and their next of kin. Yet, little is known about next of kin's experiences of registered nurses' leadership. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore next of kin's experiences of registered nurses' leadership close to older adults in municipal home care. Methods: Individual telephone interviews were conducted with next of kin (n = 11) of older adults from April to September 2020 in two municipalities in western Sweden. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results: The results are presented with the theme, registered nurses do what they can, including two categories, interaction and competence, and the subcategories, relationship, communication, availability, responsibility, team leadership and cooperation. Registered nurses' leadership was experienced as a balancing act between their commitments and what they were able to achieve. Conclusions: Next of kin's experiences of registered nurses' leadership can contribute knowledge that will strengthen and prepare registered nurses for their leadership roles. This knowledge can support the development of policies for organisational preconditions that ensure quality and safe care to older adults in municipal home care.

The importance of close next of kin for independent living and readmissions among older Swedish hip fracture patients

Jørgensen, Terese Sara Høj, Meyer, Anna C. Hedström, Margareta, Fors, Stefan, Modig, Karin (2022)

We investigate the importance of adult children and/or cohabitation with a partner for older hip fracture patients' probability of independent living, public home care use and hospital readmission. Data from 35,066 Swedish hip fracture patients between 2012 and 2017, aged 65 years, and living at home at the time of the fracture in the Swedish Registry for Hip Fracture Patients and Treatment were linked with national registers. We applied adjusted logistic regression models and Cox proportional hazard models. In total, 959 (4.0%) women and 817 (7.3%) men had no adult children, 13,384 (56.0%) women and 3,623 (32.5%) men had no cohabiting partner and 2,780 (11.6%) women and 1,389 (12.5%) men neither had a cohabiting partner nor adult children. In comparison with women and men who had both a cohabiting partner and adult children, those without a cohabiting partner (i.e. only adult children) and those who neither had a cohabiting partner nor adult children had significantly lower probabilities of returning home (at discharge and after 4 months). They also had a greater probability of both receiving home care and having an increase in the amount of home care they receive. Having a close next of kin and hospital readmission were not associated. In conclusion, absence of a close next of kin, specifically a cohabiting partner, reduces the chance of return to independent living and increases the use of home care after a hip fracture hospitalisation. The findings highlight the importance of family support for older adults living situation after a hip fracture.

Experiences of being a family caregiver to a patient treated for oesophageal cancer-1 year after surgery

Ringborg CH, Schandl A, Wengström Y, Lagergren P (2022)

PURPOSE: There is a need to put family caregivers on the cancer survivorship research agenda. Therefore, the aim of this is study is to explore the experiences of being a family caregiver to a patient treated for oesophageal cancer. METHOD: This qualitative study was based on the ongoing nationwide and prospective Oesophageal Surgery on Cancer patients - Adaptation and Recovery study (OSCAR) including patients surgically treated for oesophageal cancer in Sweden and their closest family caregiver. One year after the patient's surgery, each family caregiver received a self-report questionnaire kit to fill in. For the purpose of this study, the responses to the open-ended question "Is there anything else you would like to share?" were used and analysed by conducting thematic analysis.

RESULTS: In total, 112 responses to the open-ended question were transcribed and analysed. The text rendered three themes: Discontinued support from healthcare-mostly a positive experience before surgery and in the acute survivorship phase. However, after discharge from the hospital, the family caregiver felt as though they were left alone, fully responsible for the patient's care. A changed life-unprepared for life-changing situation after the patient received the cancer diagnosis. A feeling that nothing will ever be the same and like your sense of self is lost. Psychological distress-was described as a feeling of being alone. Family caregivers felt invisible and no longer important to family and friends. The patient was the one that mattered.

CONCLUSION: This study indicates that patients and family caregivers would benefit from a more family-centred healthcare, where the patients' as well as the caregivers' perspectives would be acknowledged.

Predictors of digital support services use by informal caregivers: a cross-sectional comparative survey

Hassan AY, Lamura G, Hagedoorn M (2022)

OBJECTIVES: Digital support services may provide informal caregivers with remote access to information and training about care issues. However, there is limited specific data on how factors such as demographics, socioeconomic resources and the caregiving context may influence caregivers' use of digital support services. The aim of this study is to identify associations between informal caregiver's characteristics and the use of the internet to access digital support services in two countries: Italy and Sweden.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 663 respondents who have access to the internet participated in a cross-sectional survey by completing the online questionnaire. Respondents were recruited by the Italian National Institute of Health and Science on Ageing and the Swedish Family Care Competence Centre.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess predictors of caregivers' frequent use of the internet to access digital support services.

RESULTS: Educational attainment (OR 3.649, 95% CI 1.424 to 9.350, p=0.007), hours per week spent caring (OR 2.928, 95% CI 1.481 to 5.791, p=0.002), total household income (OR 0.378, 95% CI 0.149 to 0.957, p=0.040), care recipient relationship to the caregiver (OR 2.895, 95% CI 1.037 to 8.083, p=0.042) and gender of care recipient (OR 0.575, 95% CI 0.356 to 0.928, p=0.023) were significant predictors in the multivariate analysis for the Italian caregivers group. Hours per week spent caring (OR 2.401, 95% CI 1.105 to 5.218, p=0.027) and age of caregiver (OR 2.237, 95% CI 1.150 to 4.352, p=0.018) were significant predictors in the multivariate analysis for the Swedish caregivers group.

CONCLUSIONS: Digital support services could be important tools to empower informal caregivers. When it comes to policy and practice in relation to caregivers, similarly to other broad vulnerable groups, there is no 'one-size-fits-all' approach, and it is therefore important to consider the specific characteristics and needs of both caregivers and care recipients.

Caregiver burden and emotional wellbeing in informal caregivers to ICU survivors-A prospective cohort study

Milton A, Schandl A, Larsson IM, Wallin E, Savilampi J, Meijers K, Joelsson-Alm E, Bottai M., Sackey P (2022)

BACKGROUND: Informal caregivers to intensive care unit (ICU) survivors may develop post-intensive care syndrome family (PICS-F), including depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress (PTS). Our primary aim was to investigate associations between caregiver burden in informal caregivers cohabiting with ICU survivors and patients' physical and psychological outcomes.

METHODS: A prospective, multicentre cohort study in four ICUs in Sweden. Adults cohabiting with ICU patients included in a previous study were eligible for inclusion. Three months post-ICU, informal caregivers received questionnaires assessing caregiver burden, health-related quality of life (HRQL) and symptoms of depression, anxiety and PTS. In parallel, patients reported their three-month physical and psychological status via validated questionnaires. The primary outcome of this study was to compare caregiver burden in informal caregivers to patients with and without adverse physical and psychological outcomes 3 months post-ICU. Secondary outcomes were correlations between caregiver burden and informal caregivers' mental HRQL.

RESULTS: Among 62 included informal caregivers, 55 (89%) responded to the follow-up questionnaires. Caregiver burden was higher among informal caregivers to patients with an adverse outcome, compared to informal caregivers to patients without an adverse outcome, caregiver burden scale score mean (±standard deviation) 52 (11) and 41 (13) respectively (p = 0.003). There was strong negative correlation between caregiver burden and informal caregivers' mental HRQL (rs -0.74, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: Informal caregivers to ICU survivors with adverse physical or psychological outcome experience a higher caregiver burden. A higher caregiver burden correlates with worse caregiver mental HRQL. ICU follow-up programs should consider screening and follow-up of informal caregivers for mental health problems

Older adults' provision of informal care and support to their peers - A cornerstone of swedish society: Demographic characteristics and experiences of social isolation.

Siira E, Olaya-Contreras P, Yndigegn S, Wijk H, Rolandsson B, Wolf A (2022)

BACKGROUND: Family members provide the majority of informal care for older adults in Sweden. Nevertheless, by providing a range of assistance, peers often emerge as a central to counter social isolation among older adults. Therefore, there is a need to know more about what informal care provision by older adults to their peers means for different groups of older adults.

AIM: This study investigated the types of informal care and support that older adults provide to their peers in Sweden, and how these types of care and support are associated with demographic characteristics and social isolation. We also compared older adults who provide informal care and support with those who do not.

METHOD: For this purpose, we used a national online survey named "Involuntary loneliness among senior citizens" answered by 10,044 older adults enrolled in the Swedish Citizen Panel. We adopted a mixed-method design to analyse the survey data, including free-text options (n = 2155) and numerical data. Social isolation was assessed using a score built from the social loneliness items of the UCLA Loneliness Scale.

RESULTS: In our population, 21.5% of the older adults were providing informal care and support to their peers. Practical/instrumental help was frequently offered by younger participants (<75 years), men and respondents who were less socially isolated. On a general level, the factors that were positively associated with giving informal care and support to peers were older age, being male, retired, married/living in a relationship, living in an urban area/big city and exhibiting greater isolation. Focusing specifically on social support shows that older participants (>80) and those experiencing less social isolation (score < 24) were more engaged in social activities.  CONCLUSION: This paper is unique in exploring the informal peer-caregiver's perceptions of isolation. Data were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic; this highlights the need to recognise informal care and support between older adults and to acknowledge their contributions as an essential component of Swedish civil society, especially during a societal crisis

Being an older family caregiver does not impact healthcare and mortality: Data from the study 'Good Aging in Skåne'

Elmståhl S, Lundholm-Auoja N, Ekström H, Sandin Wranker L (2022)

BACKGROUND: Will being a caregiver further impact the health of a group already at risk of adverse health due to old age? This study aimed to answer the questions whether short- and long-term healthcare consumption and mortality differ between informal caregivers and non-caregivers and between high-burden and low-burden informal caregivers.

METHOD: The study population consisted of 423 caregivers and 3444 controls from the Swedish national general population study 'Good Aging in Skåne'. Caregivers were divided into those reporting high and low caregiver burden and information on caregiver status was collected from questionnaires. Data for mortality and healthcare consumption (inpatient and outpatient visits) were obtained from The National Board of Health and Welfare. Mortality was tested with Cox regression models and healthcare consumption with logistic regression models, adjusted for sociodemographic covariates, Activities of daily living (ADL) and number of chronic diseases.

RESULTS: Caregivers were younger than non-caregivers, had higher educational background, more independent in ADL and more often men. Of 423 caregivers, 73 (17.3%) reported experiencing high caregiver burden. High-burden caregivers were older, more dependent in personal ADL and gave more hours of care than those reporting low burden. In adjusted regression models, we found no differences in either consumption of healthcare nor mortality between caregivers and non-caregivers and high-burden v. low-burden caregivers looking at short-term (1 and 3 years) and long-term (10 and 15 years) follow-up periods.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the characteristic of being a family caregiver does not have an impact on mortality or physical health measured asinpatient admissions or instances of primary care.

Using the life course perspective to study the entry into the illness trajectory: The perspective of caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease

Carpentier N, Bernard P, Grenier A, Guberman N. (2010)

The research community is showing increasing interest in the analysis of the care trajectory of people with chronic health problems, especially dementias such as Alzheimer's disease. However, despite this interest, there is little research on the initial phases of the care trajectory. The fact that the first symptoms of dementia are generally noticed by those surrounding the elderly person suggests that the recognition of the disease is intimately linked to interactions not only amongst family members but also amongst friends, neighbours and health professionals. This study focuses on the period beginning with the first manifestations of cognitive difficulties and ending with the diagnosis of Alzheimer-type dementia. Interviews with 60 caregivers in Montreal, Canada were used to reconstruct how older people with Alzheimer-type dementia enter into the care trajectory. Our methods consisted of the analysis of social networks, social dynamics and action sequences. Our findings are presented in the form of a typology comprised of 5 pathways of entries into the care trajectory that are structured around the following four principles of the Life Course Perspective: family history, linked lives, human agency and organisational effects. We believe that analyses of the initial phases of the care trajectory, such as this one, are essential for the application of effective early detection and intervention policies. They are also central to informing future studies that seek to understand the care experience in its entirety.

Utan assistans stannar livet - Ett stycke svensk historia

Föreningen JAG (2017)

När jag var liten fanns inte personlig assistans. Jag behövde mycket hjälp hela tiden. Mina föräldrar orkade inte med allt, trots att dom älskade mig. Därför var jag tvungen att bo på vårdhem. Det var det värsta jag varit med om. Jag ville inte äta. Jag slutade skratta och gråta. Doktorn sa till mamma och pappa att jag var så svårt skadad att jag aldrig skulle bli vuxen, och att de inte skulle orka ta hand om mig hemma. 1972, när jag var sju år, bestämde mamma sig för att ta hem mig. Året efter fick jag personlig assistans 40 timmar i veckan av kommunen. Tack vare det kunde jag få bra hjälp och vågade börja visa mina känslor igen. När jag var 26 år fick jag personlig assistans hela dygnet och flyttade till en egen lägenhet. Idag är jag 52 år, har ett bra liv och är mycket sällan sjuk, tack vare bra personlig assistans.

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Utbildning för anhöriga till hemmaboende personer med demenssjukdom. Kommentar och sammanfattning av utländska kunskapsöversikter

Statens beredning för medicinsk och social utvärdering (SBU). (2015)

Den systematiska översikten visar att utbildningsprogram för anhöriga till personer med demenssjukdom minskar den upplevda bördan för anhöriga (måttlig effekt) och även anhörigas depression (liten effekt). Det vetenskapliga stödet är dock otillräckligt för att man ska kunna uttala sig om effekter på anhörigas livskvalitet och de sjukas flytt till särskilt boende. Utbildningsinsatsen är jämförd med ingen utbildning eller insatser som vanligtvis erbjuds, till exempel informationsmaterial till anhöriga.

Minskningen av den upplevda bördan bedöms vara värdefull för anhöriga och därför ha en praktisk betydelse. En svensk ekonomisk analys [3] visar att kostnaderna för att genomföra en utbildnings- och stödinsats för anhöriga är tämligen låga och påverkade livskvaliteten hos de anhöriga positivt. Detta kan innebära att liknande utbildnings- och stödinsatser är ett rimligt sätt att använda kommuners resurser.

Utilization of Formal and Informal Care by Community-Living People with Dementia: A Comparative Study between Sweden and Italy.

Chiatti C., Rodríguez Gatta D., Malmgren Fänge A., Scandali VM., Masera F., Lethin C., UP-TECH and TECH@HOME research groups. (2018)

Abstract
Background: Dementia is a public health priority with a dramatic social and economic impact on people with dementia (PwD), their caregivers and societies. The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge on how utilization of formal and informal care varies between Sweden and Italy. Methods: Data were retrieved from two trials: TECH@HOME (Sweden) and UP-TECH (Italy). The sample consisted of 89 Swedish and 317 Italian dyads (PwD and caregivers). Using bivariate analysis, we compared demographic characteristics and informal resource utilization. Multiple linear regression was performed to analyze factors associated with time spent on care by the informal caregivers. Results: Swedish participants utilized more frequently health care and social services. Informal caregivers in Italy spent more time in caregiving than the Swedish ones (6.3 and 3.7 h per day, respectively). Factors associated with an increased time were country of origin, PwD level of dependency, living situation, use of formal care services and occupation. Conclusions: Care and service utilization significantly varies between Sweden and Italy. The level of formal care support received by the caregivers has a significant impact on time spent on informal care. Knowledge on the factors triggering formal care resources utilization by PwD and their caregivers might further support care services planning and delivery across different countries.

Utsatt barndom – olika vuxenliv. Ett longitudinellt forskningsprojekt om barn i samhällsvård

Andersson, G. (2008)

Boken handlar om de barn som placerades på barnhem i en
storstad någon gång under en tvåårsperiod på 1980-talet och var
0–4 år vid tiden för inskrivningen och stannade där mer än en
månad. De första två uppföljningsstudierna gjordes tre och nio
månader efter det att barnen lämnat barnhemmet. Därefter har
barnen följts upp ytterligare fem gånger, 5, 10, 15, 20 och 25 år
efter den tidiga barnhemsvistelsen. Det är 26 barn och det finns
knappast något bortfall från tidig barndom till vuxen ålder.
Resultatredovisningen är uppdelad i tre kapitel. Det första
ger glimtar från socialtjänstens dokumentation och mödrarnas
berättelser om tiden före placeringen och orsakerna till barnens
placering på barnhemmet. Där framgår också barnens reaktioner
på separation och deras anknytnings- och anpassningsprocess
under tiden på barnhemmet och den närmast efteråt, hemma
eller i familjehem. Det andra resultatkapitlet handlar om barnens
placeringshistoria under hela barndomen. De flesta barnen i undersökningsgruppen
kom nämligen förr eller senare till familjehem
och några har även erfarenhet av ungdomsinstitutioner. Instabilitet
till följd av sammanbrott i placeringar eller återplaceringar
ses som ett allvarligt bekymmer för barn i samhällsvård. I de nu
vuxna barnens tillbakablick varierar erfarenheterna. Det tredje
resultatkapitlet handlar om social anpassning i vuxen ålder i
termer av utbildning, arbete och laglydighet. Liksom i annan
forskning framgår det här att färre har gymnasieutbildning än
jämnåriga i befolkningen i stort. Det framgår också att skälen
varierar, men de som klarat gymnasiet utan större problem har
också i större utsträckning en stabil arbetssituation. Kapitlet
bygger i stor utsträckning på de unga männens och kvinnornas
egna berättelser och är rikt på citat. Det är inget stort kvantitativt
material, men det går att räkna procent. Andelen som i vuxen
ålder kan räknas till de laglydiga är 70 procent och 50 procent
har en stabil arbetssituation.

Utveckling av strukturerade samtal med närstående till patienter inskrivna i den avancerade hemsjukvården. Ett vårdutvecklingsprojekt hos cancerfonden 2009-2010

Carlsson, M. (2011)

För att palliativ vård i hemmet ska fungera bra är de närståendes medverkan i vården oftast en
nödvändig förutsättning. Närståendes roll i palliativ hemsjukvård är unik i och med att de inte
bara har en stödjande roll för den sjuke utan också själva är i stort behov av stöd.
Den avancerade hemsjukvården i Uppsala sköts av Sjukvårdsteamet som erbjuder en
avancerad medicinsk vård i det egna hemmet för patienter med en komplicerad sjukdomsbild.
Sjukvårdsteamet har i tidigare vårdutvecklingsprojekt utvecklat stödgrupper som erbjuds till
närstående under patientens vårdtid samt ett strukturerat efterlevandestöd. Det som fattats i
närståendestödet är ett enskilt samtal (där patienten inte är med) med närstående i samband
med patientens anslutning till vården. Utvecklingen och införande av strukturerade samtal
med närstående till patienter inskrivna i Sjukvårdsteamet genomfördes under tiden 1.1.2009–
31.1.2010 genom ett vårdutvecklingsprojekt med stöd av Cancerfonden.
Resultat
Under projekttiden hölls 61 samtal. Det var svårt att bryta ut det strukturerade samtalet från
Sjukvårdsteamets verksamhet i stort, eftersom närstående ansåg att samtalet var en del i en
pågående process. Många poängterade det värdefulla med att få ha ett eget samtal där
patienten inte var närvarande och som fokuserade på den närståendes situation. För vissa var
det viktigt att samtalet hölls i Sjukvårdsteamets lokaler. Det positiva med detta var
möjligheten till större avskildhet, att få se Sjukvårdsteamets lokaler samt möjligheten till
rundvandring på de palliativa avdelningarna. Den största svårigheten i projektet var att
genomföra samtalet snabbt efter anslutningen till Sjukvårdsteamet. Detta berodde framför allt
på tidsbrist hos personalen men även närstående kunde ha svårt att hitta luckor i sina
scheman, framför allt för närstående som arbetade.
Slutsats
Att rutinmässigt ha ett enskilt (där patienten inte är med) strukturerat samtal med närstående
för att kartlägga deras situation, deras sociala nätverk, samtala om hur de ser på att vårda i
hemmet, samt att besvara frågor är ett sätt att tidigt ge och få information. Ett enskilt
närståendesamtal innebär en möjlighet att stödja både patienten och de närstående vid vård i
hemmet och därmed förebygga att problem uppstår. Att samtalen hade en gemensam struktur
gjorde att bedömningen av den närståendes situation underlättades. Den gemensamma
strukturen hindrade dock inte individualisering av samtalen utifrån den enskildes behov.
Slutsatsen av utvärderingen är att alla närstående bör få ett erbjudande om ett samtal eftersom
det fyller en viktig funktion även om samtalet kommer betydligt senare än den stipulerade
första till andra veckan efter anslutning.

Utvecklingsstörning, samhälle och välfärd

Ineland, J., Molin, M., & Sauer, L. (2013)

Under de senaste trettio åren har valfrihet och självbestämmande varit ledord för den svenska välfärdspolitiken. Att individen själv ska ha rätt att bestämma över sin vardag har inneburit att man inom funktionshinderpolitiken alltmer har kommit att betona den enskildes möjlighet att påverka villkoren för stöd och hjälpinsatser.

Människor med utvecklingsstörning är i dag mer integrerade i samhället. Men vad händer när funktionshindrade inte vill se sig som klienter utan framhåller andra värden och livsprojekt?

Författarna har mångårig erfarenhet av verksamhetsnära arbete. Deras forskning är inriktad på de upplevelser och erfarenheter som personer med utvecklingsstörning har. I den här boken sätts dessa erfarenheter in i en större samhällelig och välfärdspolitisk kontext.

Denna andra upplaga har reviderats utifrån nyare lagstiftning och innehåller även två nyskrivna kapitel: "Internet och sociala medier" samt "Utvecklingsstörning och hälsa". Boken vänder sig till universitets- och högskolestudenter vid socionom- och lärarprogrammen, samhällsvetenskapliga, beteendevetenskapliga och vårdvetenskapliga utbildningar samt till yrkesverksamma inom välfärdssektorn och andra som är intresserade av frågor om funktionshinder.

Martin Molin, docent och fil. dr i handikappvetenskap, Institutionen för pedagogik och specialpedagogik, Göteborgs universitet.

Lennart Sauer, fil. dr i socialt arbete, Institutionen för socialt arbete, Umeå universitet.

Jens Ineland, fil. dr i socialt arbete, Pedagogiska institutionen, Umeå universitet.

When a parent dies - a systematic review of the effects of support programs for parentally bereaved children and their caregivers

Bergman AS., Axberg U., Hanson E. (2017)

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The death of a parent is a highly stressful life event for bereaved children. Several studies have shown an increased risk of mental ill-health and psychosocial problems among affected children. The aims of this study were to systematically review studies about effective support interventions for parentally bereaved children and to identify gaps in the research. METHODS: The review's inclusion criteria were comparative studies with samples of parentally bereaved children. The focus of these studies were assessments of the effects on children of a bereavement support intervention. The intervention was directed towards children 0-18 years; but it could also target the children's remaining parent/caregiver. The study included an outcome measure that dealt with effects of the intervention on children. The following electronic databases were searched up to and including November 2015: PubMed, PsycINFO, Cinahl, PILOTS, ProQuest Sociology (Sociological Abstracts and Social Services Abstracts). The included studies were analysed and summarized based on the following categories: type of intervention, reference and grade of evidence, study population, evaluation design, measure, outcome variable and findings as effect size within and between groups. RESULTS: One thousand, seven hundred and-six abstracts were examined. Following the selection process, 17 studies were included. The included studies consisted of 15 randomized controlled studies, while one study employed a quasi-experimental and one study a pre-post-test design. Thirteen studies provided strong evidence with regards to the quality of the studies due to the grade criteria; three studies provided fairly strong evidence and one study provided weaker evidence. The included studies were published between 1985 and 2015, with the majority published 2000 onwards. The studies were published within several disciplines such as psychology, social work, medicine and psychiatry, which illustrates that support for bereaved children is relevant for different professions. The interventions were based on various forms of support: group interventions for the children, family interventions, guidance for parents and camp activities for children. In fourteen studies, the interventions were directed at both children and their remaining parents. These studies revealed that when parents are supported, they can demonstrate an enhanced capacity to support their children. In three studies, the interventions were primarily directed at the bereaved children. The results showed positive between group effects both for children and caregivers in several areas, namely large effects for children's traumatic grief and parent's feelings of being supported; medium effects for parental warmth, positive parenting, parent's mental health, grief discussions in the family, and children's health. There were small effects on several outcomes, for example children's post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, anxiety, depression, self-esteem and behaviour problems. There were studies that did not show effects on some measures, namely depression, present grief, and for the subgroup boys on anxiety, depression, internalizing and externalizing. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that relatively brief interventions can prevent children from developing more severe problems after the loss of a parent, such as traumatic grief and mental health problems. Studies have shown positive effects for both children's and remaining caregiver's health. Further research is required including how best to support younger bereaved children. There is also a need for more empirically rigorous effect studies in this area.

When grief makes you sick: bereavement induced systemic inflammation is a question of genotype

Schultze-Florey, C.R., Martõnez-Maza, O., Magpantay, L., Crabb Breen, E., Irwin, M.R., Gundel, H., & O′Connor, M-F. (2012)

Although bereavement is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in the surviving spouse, some widow(er)s remain healthy. Genetic variability in expression of inflammatory markers in response to stress may be the key to this observation. The present study compares bereaved vs. married/partnered older adults, investigating the impact of bereavement status, pro-inflammatory cytokine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on circulating markers of inflammation and hypothesizing a gene by environment (GxE) effect. The study sample included 64 older adults, of which 36 were widow(er)s. Circulating levels of inflammatory markers IL-6, IL-1RA and sTNFRII were measured. Participants were genotyped for SNPs in the IL-6 gene (IL-6 -174 and -572), the IL-1β gene (IL-1β -511), and TNF-α gene (TNF-α -308). Grief severity was assessed with the Inventory of Complicated Grief. Bereaved participants had higher circulating levels of IL-1RA and IL-6. This increase could not be explained by pro-inflammatory genotype frequency differences, or Complicated Grief diagnosis. However, a GxE effect with the IL-6 -174 SNP moderated individual vulnerability to higher circulating levels of inflammation resulting from bereavement exposure. These results suggest a possible mechanism for the increase in morbidity and mortality in the surviving spouse. Genetic variability interacts with an environmental stressor, leading to increased inflammatory markers in genetically susceptible subjects only. For these patients, clinical interventions for bereavement-related stressor reduction might be crucial for overall health.

When mom or dad has cancer. II Coping, cognitive appraisals and psychological distress in children of cancer patients

Compas, B.E., Wrosham, N.L., Ey, S., & Howell, D.C. (1996)

Abstract
Cognitive appraisals and coping were examined in children, adolescents, and young adults (N = 134) faced with the diagnosis of cancer in a parent. All 3 age groups perceived low personal control and high external control over their parent's illness and used relatively little problem-focused coping. Adolescents and young adults reported more emotion-focused coping and dual-focused coping (both problem- and emotion-focused in intent) than did preadolescent children. Stage and prognosis of parent's cancer were related to appraisals of greater seriousness and stressfulness, and to more avoidance; however, only appraisals of stress were related to symptoms of anxiety-depression. Emotion-focused coping was related to greater avoidance and to higher symptoms of anxiety-depression; coping and control beliefs did not interact in their association with anxiety-depression symptoms.

When mom or dad has cancer: II. Coping, cognitive appraisals, and psychological distress in children of cancer patients

Compas BE, Worsham NL, Ey S, Howell DC (1996)

Cognitive appraisals and coping were examined in children, adolescents, and young adults (N = 134) faced with the diagnosis of cancer in a parent. All 3 age groups perceived low personal control and high external control over their parent's illness and used relatively little problem-focused coping. Adolescents and young adults reported more emotion-focused coping and dual-focused coping (both problem- and emotion-focused in intent) than did preadolescent children. Stage and prognosis of parent's cancer were related to appraisals of greater seriousness and stressfulness, and to more avoidance; however, only appraisals of stress were related to symptoms of anxiety-depression. Emotion-focused coping was related to greater avoidance and to higher symptoms of anxiety-depression; coping and control beliefs did not interact in their association with anxiety-depression symptoms.

When more is not better: the role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes

Appleyard, K., Egeland, B., van Dulmen, M. H. M., & Sroufe, L. A. (2005)

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Cumulative risk research has established the deleterious effects of co-occurring risk factors on child behavior outcomes. However, extant literature has not addressed potential differential effects of cumulative risk at different points in development and has left open questions about whether a threshold model or a linear risk model better describes the impact of cumulative risk on behavior outcomes. The current study examined the impact of cumulative risk factors (i.e., child maltreatment, inter-parental violence, family disruption, low socioeconomic status, and high parental stress) in early and middle childhood on child behavior outcomes in adolescence.
METHODS:
Using data from an ongoing longitudinal study of at-risk urban children (N=171), the cumulative effects of these five risk factors across early and middle childhood were investigated.
RESULTS:
The findings support the cumulative risk hypothesis that the number of risks in early childhood predicts behavior problems in adolescence. Evidence for a linear but not a threshold model of cumulative risk was found; the more risks present, the worse the child outcome. Moreover, the presence of multiple risks in early childhood continues to explain variations in predicting adolescent behavior outcomes even after including the effects of risk in middle childhood.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results support the need for comprehensive prevention and early intervention efforts with high-risk children, such that there does not appear to be a point beyond which services for children are hopeless, and that every risk factor we can reduce matters.

When resources get sparse: A longitudinal, qualitative study of emotions, disabilities coping and resource-creation when parenting a young child with severe

Graungaard, A. H., Andersen, J. S., & Skov, L. (2011)

Parents who realize that their newborn child is severely disabled often experience severe physical and emotional stress. Parental well-being is essential for the care-taking of the child. It is yet not known why some cope well and others do not. The aim of this study was to explore how parents coped with parenting a disabled child and how they maintained their energy and personal resources. We explored parents' experiences, coping and resources over a two-year period after their child was diagnosed with a severely disabling condition using a qualitative, longitudinal approach. Findings were interpreted in a theoretical framework of Lazarus and Folkman's studies on coping and Fredrickson's broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, as well as theories of positive illusions and benefit finding during severe adversity. We found that parents continually created and sustained their personal resources through positive cognitive reappraisals of their circumstances, the consequences of those circumstances and their coping possibilities. Nine main coping strategies were identified constituting transformative pathways in resource-creation. A theory of resource-creation is proposed as an addition to the current understanding of coping and the role of positive emotions. Coping and resources were found to be closely interrelated and portals of intervention are discussed.

Who are the resilient children in conditions of military violence? Family- and child-related factors in a Palestinian community sample

Punamäki, R.-L., Qouta, S., Miller, T., & El-Sarraj, E. (2011)

The prevalence of resilience in the presence of military violence and the role of child and family characteristics fostering that resilience were analyzed in a Palestinian community sample using a person-based approach. The participants consisted of a random sample of 640 Palestinian children and adolescents, their parents, and their teachers, all living on the Gaza Strip. A medical examination of the children and adolescents was conducted to assess health status on somatic, sensory, and cognitive domains. The results revealed an equal share of resilient (21%; high level of trauma and low level of disorders) and traumatized (23%; high level of trauma and high level of disorders) children. As hypothesized, characteristics of the resilient group were good parental mental health, supportive parenting practices, good school performance, superior cognitive functioning, good physical health, high body weight, and normal birth weight. Variable-based analyses revealed no support for the hypothesis that these family- and child-related factors protect child mental health, although their direct association was confirmed. The discussion focuses on mechanisms fostering child resilience in war zones.

Who cares? Managing obligation and responsibility across the changing landscapes of informal dementia care

Egdell, V. (2013)

This paper explores the different ways in which informal carers for people with dementia negotiate their care-giving role across the changing organisational and spatial landscape of care. In-depth qualitative data are used to argue that the decisions of carers are socially situated and the result of negotiations involving individuals, families and wider cultural expectations. These decisions affect where care occurs. In addressing these issues this paper draws attention to the lack of choice some carers may have in taking on the care-giving role; how and why carers draw upon support; and the different expectations of the care-giver's capabilities across the different sites of care, specifically at home and in nursing homes. It concludes that research and policy attention should focus on how the expectations about the role and abilities of carers are affected by where, and how, care is delivered. In doing so this paper contributes to the emerging health geography literature on care-giving as well as developing the spatial perspective in the established gerontological literature..

Who cares? Uncovering social Support Needs and Resources of malignant CNS Tumor Patients and their informal Caregivers.

Dahlberg, Marie; Wannheden, Carolina; Gustavsson, Petter; Essén, Anna; Calero, Teresa Herlestam (2019)

Background: Social relationships (i.e.interpersonal relations with individuals or groups) have been shown to have long- and short-term effects on health outcomes including reduced mortality risk and quality of life among cancer patients. Patients with tumors in the central nervous system (CNS) often suffer cognitive, neuropsychological and functional impairments, causing major support needs among this patient group and their loved ones caring for them, here referred to as informal caregivers. Informal caregiving can be a positive experience, but it may also have negative psychosocial and physical implications for the caregiver. Further, the quality of social relations among cancer patients and their informal caregivers may decrease over time as illness progresses. The Swedish Brain Tumor Association has started an initiative whereby patients and their informal caregivers introduced to drawing so-called caremaps, social network diagrams visualizing both their formal and informal relations. The hypothesis is that caremaps can support communication and coordination, and may even contribute to strengthening social relations. The aim of this study is 1) to explore what type of social relations and resources are important for CNS tumor patients and their informal caregivers and 2) to explore how they reason about the potential benefits and risks of using caremaps to map and possibly share their social relations. Methods: Setting: During the fall of 2018 and early spring 2019 patients and informal caregivers who have been introduced to Caremaps through the Swedish Brain Tumor Association will be invited to participate in focus group discussions or individual interviews to reflect on their social support needs and their impressions of the Caremaps tool. We estimate to involve approximately 10-20 participants. Results: We expect to be able to present our preliminary findings from the workshops, interviews and focus group discussions at the ICIC 2019 conference, highlighting experienced needs and challenges, as well as first impressions of using caremaps. Discussion: An increasing incidence and prevalence of CNS tumor patients calls for innovative solutions to secure adequate care and support for both the patients and their informal caregivers. Identifying an individual's informal and formal care resources may provide a context in which to navigate among the existing and potential support. It may also serve to facilitate the assessment and appreciation of patients' dependence on informal care as well as of caregiver burden and thus caregivers' support needs. Contribution: Our findings will contribute with insights about how social relationships can be mapped and supported and how caremaps can be a tool for CNS tumor patients and their informal caregivers in self-management, which has implications for designing services to enhance patient and informal caregiver self-care and well-being. This research project is conducted in collaboration with the Swedish brain tumor patient association, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital and the Regional Cancer Center Stockholm-Gotland.

Who knows best? Evidence-based practice and the service user contribution

Glasby J., P. B. (2006)

This paper reviews the assumptions underlying traditional medical research and critiques the concept of 'evidence-based practice'. In particular, it identifies and counters three basic tenets of this approach: the alleged need for objectivity in research, the notion of hierarchies of evidence and the primacy of systematic reviews. Instead, the paper argues for a new emphasis on 'knowledge-based practice', recognizing that the practice wisdom of health and social care practitioners and the lived experience of service users can be just as valid a way of knowing the world as formal research.

Hon minns inte. Om en mamma med demenssjukdom

Jonas Brun (2022)
  • "En ljus beskrivning av en mors resa genom glömskans mörker" Göteborgs-Posten"Många böcker har jag läst om anhörigskapet vid demenssjukdom, än fler berättelser har jag lyssnat till i samtal. Den här boken kommer jag att bära med mig mer än någon annan. Den berör så djupt och Brun berättar så mänskligt." UNT"Och visst är det en paradox att smärtpunkterna, ja rentav känslan av Guds frånvaro kan frammana något så vackert och hoppfullt som denna roman. Men så är det ju också med författarskap som djupnar, där orden laddas av allt större erfarenhet, närvaro och mänsklig blick." Svenska DagbladetDet börjar vid slutet. En mamma är död. Det slutar vid början. Innan rädslan när Jonas och hans pappa märker det hon själv redan anar. Kortspelet hon förlorar gång på gång. Lunchen som lagas direkt efter frukost. Kassar som fylls med fel saker, örhängen, julkort och skoluppsatser. Försommarens syrener som inte längre väcker någon reaktion, eftersom hon inte längre minns att de doftar. En gång, innan hon började glömma, arbetade hon själv med minnet. Nu är hon yngst på demensboendet.En person som glömt vem hon är, finns hon kvar? Är det samma människa fastän personligheten bleknar bort? Och vad är störst? Minnet eller kärleken? Jonas Brun skriver om kampen med vården, om hjärnans vindlingar, om förtvivlan och tröst i vardagen med Alzheimers sjukdom."Hon minns inte" är en skildring av minnesförlust och en memoar, en månggrenad berättelse om en mor som skrivs tillbaka till livet. 

Tvång : en guide för dig som anhörig

Annkatrin Noreliusson (2022)

Är du anhörig till någon som har tvång? Då kan den här boken bli din nya följeslagare, en hand att hålla i när du behöver stöd och kunskap om ocd.

Under åren som anhörig till en son med tvångssyndrom har jag många gånger önskat att jag hade en guidebok för oss som lever i en familjesituation med tvång. I de grupper med anhöriga som jag möter i mitt professionella arbete som coach i anhörigklubben OCDhjälpen ser jag ett skriande behov av kunskap om det smärtsamma tillstånd som tvångssyndrom är, för att få stöd att hantera en vardag som ser så annorlunda ut än de flesta andras. Till slut kände jag att det var mitt uppdrag att skriva boken du nu har i din hand.

Med denna bok vill jag göra dig uppmärksam på de vanligaste fallgroparna som vi anhöriga ofta ramlar ner i så att du är rustad med bättre beredskap och kanske kan ta dig runt fallgropen i stället. Har du redan ramlat ned och sitter där på botten så ger jag praktiska och konkreta tips om var du hittar stödet att klättra upp igen. 

Public health nurses’ experiences working with children who are next of kin: a qualitative study

Marie Dahlen Granrud, Tuva Sandsdalen, Agneta Anderzén-Carlsson, Anne Kjersti Myhrene Steffenak (2022)

Background There are a substantial number of children who are the next of kin of parents suffering from illness or substance abuse. These children can experience emotional and behavioral problems and may need support from professionals. In Norway, the specialist health service in hospitals is required to have a designated practitioner in each department to ensure support for and follow up of children who are next of kin; however, this is not regulated by law in the health care in the municipalities. The aim of this study was to explore public health nurse’s experiences working with children who are next of kin. Methods Qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 public health nurses working in the child health clinic and the school health service in four municipalities. Data were analysed using content analysis. Reporting of this study is conducted in accordance to COREQ’s checklist. Results The analysis resulted in one main theme: ‘Lack of guidelines and routines among public health nurses working with children who are next of kin’. The main theme consisted of four categories: (1) identifying children who are next of kin are incidental; (2) public health nurses must be observant and willing to act; (3) communication is an important tool; and (4) follow up over time is not always provided. Conclusion The public health nurses experienced uncertainty concerning how to identify and follow up children who are next of kin but were vigilant and willing to act in the children’s best interest. Doing so necessitated collaboration with other professionals. The need for guidelines around the role and responsibilities for the public health nurse were emphasized. The knowledge provided by the current study offers valuable insight into strengths and limitations in the support of children who are next of kin and can inform stakeholders in organizing sustainable support for this group.

The Family Talk Intervention Among Families Affected by Severe Illness: Hospital Social Workers’ Experiences of Facilitators and Barriers to its Use in Clinical Practice

Ingrid Thermaenius, Camilla Udo, Anette Alvariza, Tina Lundberg, Maja Holm, Malin Lövgren (2024)

Hospital social workers (HSW) play an important role in health care, providing psychosocial support to families affected by severe illness, and having palliative care needs involving dependent children. However, there are few evidence-based family interventions for HSWs to apply when supporting these families. The Family Talk intervention (FTI), a psychosocial family-based intervention, was therefore evaluated in an effectiveness-implementation study. Within the study, HSWs were educated and trained in the use of FTI in clinical practice. This study examined HSWs’ experiences of barriers and facilitating factors during their initial use of FTI in clinical practice. Altogether, 10 semi-structured focus groups were held with HSWs (n = 38) employed in cancer care and specialized palliative home care for adults, pediatric hospital care, and a children’s hospice. Data were analyzed using content analysis. HSWs considered FTI to be a suitable psychosocial intervention for families affected by severe illness with dependent children. However, the way in which the care was organized acted either as a barrier or facilitator to the use of FTI, such as the HSWs’ integration in the team and their possibility to organize their own work. The HSWs’ work environment also impacted the use of FTI, where time and support from managers was seen as a significant facilitating factor, but which varied between the healthcare contexts. In conclusion, HSWs believed that FTI was a suitable family intervention for families involving dependent children where one family member had a severe illness. For successful initial implementation, strategies should be multi-functional, targeting the care organization and the work environment.

Effectiveness of a Web-Based Individual Coping and Alcohol Intervention Program for Children of Parents With Alcohol Use Problems: Randomized Controlled Trial

Håkan Wall, Helena Hansson, Ulla Zetterlind, Pia Kvillemo, Tobias H Elgán (2024)

Background: Children whose parents have alcohol use problems are at an increased risk of several negative consequences, such as poor school performance, an earlier onset of substance use, and poor mental health. Many would benefit from support programs, but the figures reveal that only a small proportion is reached by existing support. Digital interventions can provide readily accessible support and potentially reach a large number of children. Research on digital interventions aimed at this target group is scarce. We have developed a novel digital therapist-assisted self-management intervention targeting adolescents whose parents had alcohol use problems. This program aims to strengthen coping behaviors, improve mental health, and decrease alcohol consumption in adolescents.

Objective: This study aims to examine the effectiveness of a novel web-based therapist-assisted self-management intervention for adolescents whose parents have alcohol use problems.

Methods: Participants were recruited on the internet from social media and websites containing health-related information about adolescents. Possible participants were screened using the short version of the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test-6. Eligible participants were randomly allocated to either the intervention group (n=101) or the waitlist control group (n=103), and they were unblinded to the condition. The assessments, all self-assessed, consisted of a baseline and 2 follow-ups after 2 and 6 months. The primary outcome was the Coping With Parents Abuse Questionnaire (CPAQ), and secondary outcomes were the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C), and Ladder of Life (LoL).

Results: For the primary outcome, CPAQ, a small but inconclusive treatment effect was observed (Cohen d=-0.05 at both follow-up time points). The intervention group scored 38% and 46% lower than the control group on the continuous part of the AUDIT-C at the 2- and 6-month follow-up, respectively. All other between-group comparisons were inconclusive at either follow-up time point. Adherence was low, as only 24% (24/101) of the participants in the intervention group completed the intervention.

Conclusions: The findings were inconclusive for the primary outcome but demonstrate that a digital therapist-assisted self-management intervention may contribute to a reduction in alcohol consumption. These results highlight the potential for digital interventions to reach a vulnerable, hard-to-reach group of adolescents but underscore the need to develop more engaging support interventions to increase adherence.

Barns upplevelser av en intervention i familjer där vuxna har ett problematiskt bruk av alkohol och droger

Lyrberg Ann, Jess Kari, Forinder Ulla (2024)

Aim: To investigate children's experiences of the intervention Me and my Family. Me and my Family is an intervention, for families with parental substance use problems (SUP) provided by Swedish social services outpatient care, includes eight weekly sessions where family members communicate how the SUP affects the family. Method: Data consists of 17 qualitative interviews with children, 7 to 19 years old. The qualitative data were analysed using a thematic approach, initially inductively and then discussed by adding salutogenic perspective. Results: The results are presented in three themes. Regardless of the children's varying ages, the results indicate that participating in the intervention has helped the family break the taboo surrounding parental substance use and enabled the young participants to communicate with their family members differently. The intervention also contributed to stronger bonds between children and their parents.

Losing a parent to suicide: Posttraumatic stress, sense of coherence and family functioning in children, adolescents and remaining parents before attending a grief support program

Anneli Silvén Hagström, Ulla Forinder, Emma Hovén (2024)

Parental suicide in childhood increases the risk of mental ill-health, substance use andpremature mortality, particularly through suicide. Postvention supports tailored to thewell-being and functioning of suicide-bereaved children and their remaining parents are thusof critical importance to counteract negative development. This explorative cross-sectionalstudy seeks clinically relevant knowledge by investigating posttraumatic stress (PTS), sense ofcoherence (SOC) and family functioning among children (n = 22), adolescents (n = 18) andparents (n = 40) before their attendance at a family-based grief support program. The resultsdemonstrate critical health outcomes for children and parents, and in particular for adolescents.Clinically relevant symptoms of PTS were found in 36% of children, 65% of adolescents, and37% of parents. All groups showed lower SOC than the norm. Adolescents reporteddysfunctional family functioning for the dimensions Communication and AffectiveResponsiveness. Psychoeducational and trauma-informed support is recommended wherefamily communication and meaning construction of suicide is given special attention

Support to ‘non-clients’: care managers’ role in direct and indirectcarer support

Cristina Joy Torgé, Pia Nilsson, Magnus Jegermalm (2024)

ABSTRACTSocial service provision in Europe has increasingly incorporated informalcarers. Consequently, these carers are now included within the scope ofall social workers, including care managers. Most support for carers isindirect support, where opportunities for respite are channelledthrough the care receiver’s needs assessment. This approach highlightsthe unique role of care managers providing carer support as theybalance their public task directed towards clients with the concurrentpolicy-driven expectation to support carers. The aim of this article is toexplore how care managers, as street-level bureaucrats, ‘make’ carersupport policy on the ground. Using systematic text condensation of 10qualitative interviews with care managers in Sweden, we present threethemes to understand care managers’ experiences. Care managers work‘Hand-in-hand’ and ‘hands on’ with carers, carers are within, yet outsideone’s scope of work, and there are possibilities and practices towards acarer perspective. Following Lipsky’s dictum that street-level bureaucrats’actions effectively ‘become’ the public policy they carry out, our resultshighlight care managers’ possibilities and challenges in shaping whatdirect and indirect carer support looks like on the ground.

När det nyfödda barnet behöver neonatal intensivvård - föräldrars erfarenheter under vårdtiden och av en familjecentrerad intervention

Marie Åberg Petersson (2024)

Background: Having an infant requiring care in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is challenging for parents, often the beginning of a journey of stress and worry for parents. Such situations could cause difficulties in problem solving and communication within the family and result in decreased family functioning.
Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to investigate parents' experiences when their children have needed NICU in the newborn period, and to investigate parents' experiences and effects of a family-centred intervention.
Method: Data was collected through interviews with parents of infants requiring NICU care (I) and six months after the intervention with Family Health Conversations (IV), analysed using thematic analysis (I) and qualitative content analysis (IV). Questionnaire data was collected in conjunction with inclusion (n=147) (II, III), and five (n=113) and eight (n=92) months after inclusion (III). The questionnaire included measures to assess mental health symptoms, bonding, family wellbeing, and family functioning. Quantitative data was analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics (II, III).
Results: The results of study I were presented as two themes: interactions within the family, and interactions between parents and staff. Interpersonal interactions could both facilitate and hinder in the sense of becoming a parent and a family. In study II nearly 40% of the parents reported anxiety symptoms. Mothers reported more mental health issues than non-birthing parents. Depression was associated with bonding difficulties and family wellbeing. In the longitudinally study (III) the intervention trended toward positive effects on mental health, family well-being, and family functioning. However, the estimated effects were not statistically significant. Regardless of the intervention, mental health symptoms decreased over time, whereas family well-being and functioning remained stable. Parents experienced the Family Health Conversations (IV) as an opportunity to co-create a comprehensive picture of what had happened after their child was born.

Parents' experiences of the significance of interpersonal interactions for becoming parents and a family during neonatal intensive care

Åberg Petersson M, Benzein E, Massoudi P, Wåhlin I, Persson C. (2022)

Purpose

To describe parents' experiences of the significance of interpersonal interactions for becoming parents and a family during neonatal intensive care.

Design and Methods

We employed a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured family interviews. Ten families were included from four neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in Sweden. Results were evaluated using thematic analysis.

Results

The results were presented as two themes: 1) Interactions within the family, and 2) Interactions between parents and staff. Analyses revealed that interpersonal interactions could both facilitate and hinder development in becoming a parent and a family.

Conclusion

Interactions within the family and with the staff have an important function in the process of becoming a parent and a family. This process would benefit from a systemic approach, focusing on the family as a unit, as unique individuals, and as parents with unique needs and experiences.

Pappan som slutade vara en superhjälte

Janne Persson (2020)

En dag när Wille vaknar märker han att något inte är som vanligt med pappa. Han har åkt till jobbet utan att ta på sig superhjältekläderna. Har han bara "pappyjamasen" på sig? Och hans "hjältelefon" ligger kvar i köket. Han som alltid är så noga med allt. Wille och hans storasyster Agnes blir oroliga och ger sig ut för att leta efter pappa. Aldrig hade de kunnat ana vad som skulle hända.


Pappan som slutade vara en superhjälte är en bok om utbrändhet och utmattningsdepression. Att förklara för barn vad som händer när en förälder drabbas av utbrändhet är inte alltid lätt. I den här boken får vi följa med på hela resan från det jobbiga och ibland skrämmande till den väg som leder tillbaka.

När mammas tankar ändrade färg

Sara Galli (2015)

Max är fundersam. Det är något som blivit annorlunda med hans mamma. Hon är trött, rösten är ledsen och kojan får vara kvar i vardagsrummet i flera veckor. Pappa säger att mamma är sjuk men Max kan inte se något som är fel.

Med en annorlunda mamma vill Max inte att kompisarna ska följa med hem. Vad skulle de säga om de såg att hans mamma sov mitt på dagen? Eller hörde den ledsna rösten?

I samtal med skolans sjuksköterska får Max förståelse för att det är mammas tankar som blivit mörka och som gör att hon inte mår bra.

När mammas tankar ändrade färg skildrar ur barnets perspektiv hur det kan vara när en förälder är deprimerad. Det är den andra boken av Sara Galli och Mats Molid i deras barnboksserie om barn i svåra livssituationer. Den första boken Får hundar korvar i himlen? tilldelades Statens Kulturråds Litteraturstöd.

Lex Katarina

Maria Estling Vannestål (2016)

Katarina är inte sextio år med utflyttade barn, en trygg karriär och all tid i världen när hennes mamma drabbas av en demenssjukdom. Katarina är strax under fyrtio, chef, fru och trebarnsmamma. Hon lever i sandwichgenerationen, klämd av krav både uppifrån och nedifrån. Alltid är det någon som behöver henne. Att dessutom tvingas bevittna sin mammas gradvisa nedmontering är en tung process som väcker svårhanterliga känslor vid sidan av sorgen. I synnerhet när den nära och kärleksfulla relationen mellan mor och dotter inte är så självklar som den borde vara.

Lex Katarina är en bok om skuld, skam och otillräcklighet, men också om den vardagsglädje, utveckling och försoning som skymtar bakom molnen.

Anhörig i ett hav av känslor : Igenkänning och stöd när livet utmanar

Maria Estling Vannestål (2022)

I Sverige finns mer än en miljon anhöriga som vårdar eller stöttar en närstående med fysisk eller psykisk ohälsa eller funktionsnedsättning. Även om var och en har sin unika historia är det mycket som förenar oss.

"Anhörig i ett hav av känslor" ger röst åt våra berättelser. Om ovisshet och oro, otillräcklighet och frustration, skuld och skam, sorg och maktlöshet. En situation som kan utveckla oss som människor, men också utmana och slita ut oss. Det handlar om avgrunder och guppande känslohav, men också om stillsamma solgläntor och fascinerande utsiktsplatser.
Boken vänder sig till dig som själv är anhörig. Här kan du få igenkänning, förstå att du inte är ensam om det du går igenom och hitta vandringsstavar för din resa. Det är också en använd-bar bok för dig som möter anhöriga i din profession eller ditt ideella engagemang.

Involving informal carers in health and social care research

Camilla Malm (2022)
Abstract [en]

The overarching aim of this thesis is to gain a deeper understanding of informal carer involvement in health and social care research, from the perspective of informal carers themselves as well as from a researcher perspective.The thesis is comprised of three qualitative studies and one quantitative study. Three studies are from the perspective of informal carers, and one is from the perspective of researchers. The three qualitative studies used qualitative content analysis and discourse psychology, while the quantitative study used descriptive statistics, logistic regression and two different types of factor analysis. The data collection methods varied; in the first and the fourth studies, the data were derived from individual interviews, in the second study participants completed a questionnaire, and in the third study the data were collected from group meetings with carers.The findings showed that carer involvement in research is complex, comprising both benefits and challenges, and demands a high level of engagement from all involved, throughout the research process. The researcher must acknowledge that carers’ motivations for involvement in research vary, and the researcher should adapt their recruitment methods accordingly. It is easy to believe that becoming involved in research is an individual choice, but the findings revealed that only some carer groups choose to become involved in research. The findings also showed that the knowledge brought by carers to the research stretches far beyond their practical experiences of caring. When researchers choose to involve carers in research, their research would benefit greatly if they acknowledged the possibility that they themselves might become relationally and emotionally involved.Successful carer involvement in research therefore encompasses both a meaningful process and a meaningful result. As carers are a heterogeneous group, this places demands on a researcher’s flexibility and creativity to manage the recruitment process and involve a broad cross section of carers. If they fail in this, the research carried out and any interventions developed risk being valid for particular groups of carers and invalid in relation to other carer groups.

Difficulties and Needs of Adolescent Young Caregivers of Grandparents in Italy and Slovenia : A Concurrent Mixed-Methods Study

Santini, S., D’amen, B., Socci, M., Di Rosa, M., Hanson, E., Hlebec, V. (2022)
Abstract [en]

Many adolescent young caregivers (AYCs) care for a grandparent (GrP) with chronic disease, especially in countries with no or low developed long-term care systems and/or level of awareness of and policy responses to young caregivers. This mixed-methods study aimed at shedding light on the needs and difficulties faced by a sample of 162 adolescents aged 15–17, caring for GrPs, living in Italy (87) and Slovenia (75), respectively. A multiple linear regression model was built for the quantitative data. Qualitative data were content analysed using an open coding process. Italian and Slovenian respondents reported a moderate amount of caring activity and relatively high positive caregiving outcomes. Nevertheless, one out of three AYCs reported health problems due to their caring responsibilities. Compared to their Italian counterparts, Slovenian respondents were supported to a lesser extent by public services. Italian respondents faced communicative and practical problems; Slovenian AYCs experienced mainly emotional discomfort. AYCs from both countries requested emotional and practical support from formal services and family networks. Further, Slovenian AYCs requested emotional support and a personalized learning plan from schoolteachers. Support measures aimed at training AYCs of GrPs on geriatric care are recommended to address specific issues related to ageing and long-term care needs.

Kvalificerad omvårdnad i vardagen. Handbok för personer med flerfunktionsnedsättning och deras anhöriga

Ann-Kristin Ölund (2021)

Omarbetad version av Medicinsk omvårdnad vid svåra funktionshinder

Syftet med handboken Kvalificerad omvårdnad i vardagen är att sprida kunskap om och förståelse för personer med flerfunktionsnedsättning, som under hela livet har mycket stora vård- och omvårdnadsbehov. Boken vill visa att mycket går att göra för att ge barn, ungdomar och vuxna med flerfunktionsnedsättning möjlighet att leva ett så bra liv som möjligt. Rätten till god vård och omvårdnad gäller i allra högsta grad de som har de allra största behoven.

Young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: subtype differences in comorbidity, educational, and clinical history

Murphy, KR., Barkley, RA., Bush, T. (2002)

Abstract
The present study sought to examine subtype differences in comorbidity and in antisocial, educational, and treatment histories among young adults (ages 17-27) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Comparisons were made between ADHD Combined Type (ADHD-C; N = 60) and Predominantly Inattentive Type (ADHD-I; N = 36) relative to each other and to a community control group of 64 adults. Both ADHD groups had significantly less education, were less likely to have graduated from college, and were more likely to have received special educational placement in high school. Both groups also presented with a greater likelihood of dysthymia, alcohol dependence/abuse, cannabis dependence/abuse, and learning disorders, as well as greater psychological distress on all scales of the SCL-90-R than the control group. Both ADHD groups were more likely to have received psychiatric medication and other mental health services than control adults. In comparison with ADHD-I, adults with ADHD-C differed in only a few respects. The C-type adults were more likely to have oppositional defiant disorder, to experience interpersonal hostility and paranoia, to have attempted suicide, and to have been arrested than the ADHD-I adults. These results are generally consistent with previous studies of ADHD in children, extend these findings to adults with ADHD, and suggest that the greater impulsivity associated with the ADHD-C subtype may predispose toward greater antisocial behavior and its consequences than does ADHD-I type in adults.

Young Carers and their families

Becker, Saul, Aldridge, Jo & Dearden, Chris (1998)

hildren caring for their parents or other children in the family are familiar to those who have worked in the third world but even with the UK's welfare service and safety net there are between 15 and 40 000 child carers nationwide. Oddly, just before starting to read this book I attended a meeting at a local school where we have begun a system of multiagency review of pupils not in school; the first young person discussed was caring for a parent and grandparent. We need to be more aware of this problem—hence this academic overview is welcomed.

Young carers in Sweden – A short overview

Monica Nordenfors, Charlotte Melander (2017)

This short overview 'Young Carers in Sweden' is a summary of two reports on young carers in Sweden. The government initiated a wide spreading development work, in which the National Board of Health and Welfare, the National Institute of Public Health, Swedish municipalities and health care regions collaborated to strengthen support to children and young people in families with substance abuse, serious illness or mental ill-health, violence or death of a parent. These two reports provide the foundation for this work. The references to the original reports are found at the end of the overview.

Föräldrar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning. Stöd till socialtjänsten för att identifiera och ge stöd till barn och familj

Socialstyrelsen (2024)

Föräldrar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning (IF) kan behöva stöd i sitt föräldraskap för att barnet ska få en bra uppväxt. Socialtjänsten behöver kunskap för att kunna göra välgrundade överväganden och för att kunna ge barn och föräldrar adekvata stödinsatser. Barn riskerar att fara illa om de inte uppmärksammas eller om deras föräldrar får för lite stöd för att kunna utveckla sin föräldraförmåga. Barriskerar också att fara illa om de blir placerade och tappar kontakt med sitt ursprung och nätverk. FN:s konvention om barnets rättigheter anger att samhället behöver ge lämpligt stöd till föräldrar som ansvarar för barnets uppfostran och omvårdnad för att garantera och främja de rättigheter som barnet har. Barnet kan inte ses isolerat från sin familj. Ofta är det dock olika delar av kommunen som utreder och ansvarar för stöd i vardagen till vuxna som har en funktionsnedsättning respektive stöd och skydd för barn. Runt dessa familjer behöver kommunens olika förvaltningar arbeta tillsammans för att en helhetssyn ska vara möjlig. Det gäller både i utredningsförfarandet och vid utformning och utförande av stöd.
Syftet med kunskapsstödet är att öka socialtjänstens kunskap och kompetens för att kunna möta familjerna och tillsammans med dem utforma ett stöd.

Tutorial: Teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities

Sigafoos J, Drasgow E, Reichle J, O'Reilly M, Green VA, Tait K. (2004)

Children with severe disabilities typically require systematic instruction to develop their communication abilities. Intervention can begin by teaching functional communication skills related to requesting and rejecting. Although a considerable amount of research has focused on teaching requesting, there is an emerging literature on teaching rejecting. The aim of this tutorial is to review the emerging literature on teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. This review considers (a) the definition of communicative rejecting, (b) reasons for teaching communicative rejecting, (c) types of communicative rejecting, and (d) empirically validated strategies for teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. The authors include a case study to illustrate the major steps in teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)

Tutorial: Teaching Communicative Rejecting to Children With Severe Disabilities

Sigafoos, J., Drasgow, E., Reichle, J., O'Reilly, M., Green, V. A., & Tait, K. (2004)

Children with severe disabilities typically require systematic instruction to develop their communication abilities. Intervention can begin by teaching functional communication skills related to requesting and rejecting. Although a considerable amount of research has focused on teaching requesting, there is an emerging literature on teaching rejecting. The aim of this tutorial is to review the emerging literature on teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. This review considers (a) the definition of communicative rejecting, (b) reasons for teaching communicative rejecting, (c) types of communicative rejecting, and (d) empirically validated strategies for teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. The authors include a case study to illustrate the major steps in teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities.

Tutorial: Teaching Communicative Rejecting to Children With Severe Disabilities

Sigafoos, J., Drasgow, E., Reichle, J., O'Reilly, M., Green, V. A., & Tait, K. (2004)

Children with severe disabilities typically require systematic instruction to develop their communication abilities. Intervention can begin by teaching functional communication skills related to requesting and rejecting. Although a considerable amount of research has focused on teaching requesting, there is an emerging literature on teaching rejecting. The aim of this tutorial is to review the emerging literature on teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. This review considers (a) the definition of communicative rejecting, (b) reasons for teaching communicative rejecting, (c) types of communicative rejecting, and (d) empirically validated strategies for teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. The authors include a case study to illustrate the major steps in teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities.

Two-year outcome of an intervention program for university students who have parents with alcohol problems: a randomized controlled trial

Hansson, H., Rundberg, J., Zetterlind, U., Johnsson, KO., & Berglund, M. (2007)

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Only a few intervention studies aiming to change high-risk drinking behavior have involved university students with heredity for alcohol problems. This study evaluated the effects after 2 years on drinking patterns and coping behavior of intervention programs for students with parents with alcohol problems.
METHOD:
In total, 82 university students (57 women and 25 men, average age 25 years) with at least 1 parent with alcohol problems were included in the study. The students were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 programs: (i) alcohol intervention program, (ii) coping intervention program, or (iii) combination program. All the 3 intervention programs were manual based and individually implemented during 2 2-hour sessions, 4 weeks apart. Before the participants were randomly assigned, all were subjected to an individual baseline assessment. This assessment contained both a face-to-face interview and 6 self-completion questionnaires: the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, estimated Blood Alcohol Concentration, Short Index of Problems, the Symptom Checklist-90, Coping with Parents' Abuse Questionnaire, and The Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI). Follow-up interviews were conducted after 1 and 2 years, respectively. The results after 1 year have previously been reported.
RESULTS:
All participants finished the baseline assessment, accepted and completed the intervention. Ninety-five percent of the students completed the 24-month follow-up assessment. Only the group receiving the combination program continued to improve their drinking pattern significantly (p < 0.05) from the 12-month follow-up to the 24-month follow-up. The improvements in this group were significantly better than in the other 2 groups. The group receiving only alcohol intervention remained at the level of improvement achieved at the 12-month follow-up. The improvements in coping behavior achieved at the 12-month follow-up remained at the 24-month follow-up for all the 3 groups, i.e., regardless of intervention program.
CONCLUSION:
Positive effects of alcohol intervention between 1 and 2 years were found only in the combined intervention group, contrary to the 1-year results with effects of alcohol intervention with or without a combination with coping intervention.

Two-year outcome of an intervention program for university students who have parents with alcohol problems: a randomized controlled trial

Hansson H, Rundberg J, Zetterlind U, Johnsson KO, Berglund M. (2007)

BACKGROUND:
Only a few intervention studies aiming to change high-risk drinking behavior have involved university students with heredity for alcohol problems. This study evaluated the effects after 2 years on drinking patterns and coping behavior of intervention programs for students with parents with alcohol problems.
METHOD:
In total, 82 university students (57 women and 25 men, average age 25 years) with at least 1 parent with alcohol problems were included in the study. The students were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 programs: (i) alcohol intervention program, (ii) coping intervention program, or (iii) combination program. All the 3 intervention programs were manual based and individually implemented during 2 2-hour sessions, 4 weeks apart. Before the participants were randomly assigned, all were subjected to an individual baseline assessment. This assessment contained both a face-to-face interview and 6 self-completion questionnaires: the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, estimated Blood Alcohol Concentration, Short Index of Problems, the Symptom Checklist-90, Coping with Parents' Abuse Questionnaire, and The Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI). Follow-up interviews were conducted after 1 and 2 years, respectively. The results after 1 year have previously been reported.
RESULTS:
All participants finished the baseline assessment, accepted and completed the intervention. Ninety-five percent of the students completed the 24-month follow-up assessment. Only the group receiving the combination program continued to improve their drinking pattern significantly (p < 0.05) from the 12-month follow-up to the 24-month follow-up. The improvements in this group were significantly better than in the other 2 groups. The group receiving only alcohol intervention remained at the level of improvement achieved at the 12-month follow-up. The improvements in coping behavior achieved at the 12-month follow-up remained at the 24-month follow-up for all the 3 groups, i.e., regardless of intervention program.
CONCLUSION:
Positive effects of alcohol intervention between 1 and 2 years were found only in the combined intervention group, contrary to the 1-year results with effects of alcohol intervention with or without a combination with coping intervention.

Tänk långsiktigt – En samhällsekonomisk modell för prioriteringar som påverkar barns psykiska hälsa.

Skolverket/ Socialstyrelsen/Statens folkhälsoinstitut (2004)

Psykisk ohälsa är ett allvarligt hälsoproblem bland barn och ungdomar och därmed ett angeläget område för samhällsinsatser. Det mesta av de resurser som samhället satsar på barn och ungdomar ges i form av generella insatser. Mödra- och barnhälsovård, förskoleverksamhet, skola, skolhälsovård, skolbarnsomsorg och ungdomsmottagningar är exempel på vanliga verksamheter. Andra samhällsinsatser (t.ex. insatser inom socialtjänsten och barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin) riktas enbart till barn och ungdomar som på olika sätt far illa eller behöver särskilt stöd. Sådana insatser kallas selektiva.

Även om barns och ungdomars psykiska hälsa och goda uppväxtvillkor är högt prioriterade områden är samhällets resurser begränsade. Det är därför viktigt att tillgängliga resurser används så väl som möjligt, dvs. att man lägger pengarna på insatser som har så bra effekter som möjligt i förhållande till vad de kostar. Syftet med denna rapport är att beskriva vikten av att ha ett sektorsövergripande och långsiktigt perspektiv när man på olika nivåer inom kommuner, landsting och stat ska prioritera mellan insatser som påverkar barns och ungdomars psykiska hälsa.

Barns och ungdomars psykiska hälsa påverkas av såväl individuella egenskaper som av faktorer i uppväxtmiljön. Generella insatser av hög kvalitet kan sannolikt förebygga och minska psykisk ohälsa hos barn och ungdomar. Eftersom de generella insatsernas innehåll, organisation och resurser har betydelse för hur barnen mår påverkar de troligen även omfattningen av de selektiva insatser som en del barn och ungdomar kan komma att behöva under sin uppväxt och längre fram i livet. Det är troligt att det fanns ett samband mellan nedskärningarna inom förskoleverksamheten, skolbarnsomsorgen och skolan under 1990-talet och den samtidiga ökningen av antalet besök inom barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin. Samtidigt kan detta vara ett tecken på att samverkan mellan t.ex. skolan och barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin inte har fungerat tillfredsställande när det gäller att ge förebyggande stöd till barn efter deras behov utifrån olika kompetenser.

Den internationella litteraturgenomgång som gjorts till rapporten visar att det finns ett visst forskningsstöd för att exempelvis föräldrastöd, personal- och lärartäthet i förskolan och skolan, särskilda pedagogiska insatser samt lärarnas kompetens har betydelse för barns och ungdomars skolprestationer och psykiska hälsa. Det bör understrykas att detta inte innebär att man säkert vet att övriga insatser saknar effekt.

Det saknas i stor utsträckning svensk forskning om effekter av generella insatser för barn och ungdomar. Bristen på relevanta studier medför svårigheter när man ska utvärdera olika insatsers samhällsekonomiska konsekvenser. Mot bakgrund av hur stor betydelse de generella verksamheterna har för barns och ungdomars uppväxtmiljö är det viktigt att kunskapen om deras effekter på barns psykiska hälsa ökar. För att detta ska vara möjligt måste man, förutom att intensifiera forskningen, lokalt satsa på att dokumentera och följa upp de insatser som ges till barn och ungdomar. Detta är ett viktigt metodutvecklingsverktyg och en grund för att utveckla beprövad erfarenhet som kan spridas, diskuteras och jämföras med andra resultat.

I rapporten presenteras en samhällsekonomisk modell där kostnaderna för generella insatser ställs mot insatsernas effekter på barns och ungdomars psykiska hälsa och de samhällsekonomiska vinster som dessa i sin tur ger upphov till. Modellen bygger på ett tänkesätt för prioriteringar som inte bara tar hänsyn till den berörda huvudmannens kostnader för en viss insats, utan också till hur kostnaderna påverkas i andra samhällssektorer och på längre sikt.

För att göra en samhällsekonomisk analys inom detta område behöver man veta vad olika tänkbara insatser kostar och vilka effekter de har på barns och ungdomars psykiska hälsa. Man behöver också veta hur detta påverkar samhällets kostnader för andra insatser på kort och lång sikt. I rapporten ges exempel på vad olika generella insatser för barn och ungdomar kostar. Dessa kostnader jämförs sedan dels med kostnader för olika selektiva insatser för barn och ungdomar, dels med exempel på samhällets kostnader för psykisk ohälsa hos vuxna personer. De beräkningar som presenteras ska ses som exempel på en analysmetod och de är inte i första hand avsedda att användas som underlag för jämförelser och val mellan olika tänkbara insatser.

Samhällets kostnader kan bli relativt höga redan på förhållandevis kort sikt om psykiska problem inte förebyggs och motverkas i ett tidigt skede. Kostnaderna för en familjehemsplacering under två år uppgår till knappt 800 000 kronor och för en HVBplacering under totalt ett år till ca 1,1 miljoner kronor. Om dessa insatser inte visar sig tillräckliga blir kostnaderna ännu högre. I rapporten ges även exempel på vad kostnaderna för psykisk ohälsa kan uppgå till om den kvarstår under vuxenlivet. Om en person utvecklar psykosociala arbetshinder kan samhällskostnaderna uppgå till omkring 2 miljoner kronor under en trettioårsperiod. Även kostnaderna för psykiska sjukdomstillstånd kan vara höga, ca 7–9 miljoner kronor enligt det exempel som valts. För en enda missbrukare kan samhällets kostnader uppgå till omkring 12–15 miljoner kronor under en trettioårsperiod beroende på hur mycket kostnaderna diskonteras.

En rimlig hypotes är att det finns en samhällsekonomisk potential i att satsa på förebyggande arbete inom de generella verksamheterna för barn och ungdomar, inte minst mot bakgrund av att de framtida selektiva insatser som kan komma att behövas är så kostsamma. Kunskapen är dock inte tillräcklig för att man med säkerhet ska kunna säga att en viss insats innebär en framtida ekonomisk vinst. För att ändå få en uppfattning kan man räkna ut hur många barn som kan få en viss insats för den kostnad som sparas in om ett enda fall av psykosociala arbetshinder, psykisk sjukdom eller missbruk förebyggs. Om man t.ex. förebygger en enda persons missbruk under vuxenlivet, kan man för samma kostnad ge stödjande utbildning som syftar till att utveckla föräldrarnas kompetens och sätt att bemöta sina barn till ca 3 400 eller 6 900 barns föräldrar beroende på hur kostnaderna diskonteras. Den här typen av utbildningar har visat sig effektiv när det gäller att förebygga utåtriktade psykiska problem hos barn och ungdomar. Det förefaller inte orimligt att man genom en så omfattande utbildningsinsats kan förhindra att minst ett av barnen kommer att leva som missbrukare. Det är vad som krävs för att insatsen ska vara samhällsekonomiskt lönsam på lång sikt.

Samhällsekonomiska analyser behöver kompletteras med en beskrivning av de fördelningseffekter som insatsen leder till. Dessa kan vara av två slag. En del handlar om att beskriva vilka barn som gynnas av insatsen. Är det de barn som är mest angelägna att nå? Den andra delen handlar om att det är viktigt att beskriva var i samhället som olika kostnader och besparingar uppstår. Vissa samhällssektorer och huvudmän kan få högre respektive lägre kostnader som en följd av insatsen, vilket det är viktigt att vara medveten om eftersom det kan påverka aktörernas incitament för att genomföra olika insatser.

I rapporten illustreras detta med ett räkneexempel som tar fasta på att samhällskostnaderna för en person med psykosociala arbetshinder under 30 år är ungefär lika höga som kostnaderna för att minska klasstorleken i grundskolan för 80 barn under ett år. Om man antar att den förebyggande insatsen kan leda till att ett fall av psykosociala arbetshinder förebyggs går samhället som helhet varken med vinst eller förlust på lång sikt. För de enskilda aktörerna ser dock bilden olika ut. Kommunen har kostnader för genomförandet av insatsen som uppgår till drygt en miljon kronor. Dessa kostnader uppvägs i viss mån av att kommunens kostnader för psykosociala arbetshinder minskar i framtiden. Kommunen har dock ändå en nettokostnad på ca 650 000 kronor. För de övriga aktörerna som påverkas av psykosociala arbetshinder, t.ex. försäkringskassan, innebär däremot insatsen en ren intäkt. Ur ett strikt ekonomiskt perspektiv framstår alltså minskad klasstorl

Undefined and unpredictable responsibility: a focus group study of the experiences of informal caregiver spouses of patients with severe COPD.

Bove DG, Zakrisson AB, Midtgaard J, Lomborg K, Overgaard D. (2016)

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore how spouses of patients with severe chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease experience their role as informal caregiver.
BACKGROUND: Informal caregiver spouses are of pivotal importance in the way that
patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cope with their daily life,
including their opportunity to stay at home and avoid hospitalisations in the
last stages of the disease. However, caregiving is associated with increased
morbidity and mortality among caregivers. Further understanding of the role as an
informal caregiver spouse of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease is needed to develop supportive interventions aimed at reducing the
caregiver burden.
DESIGN: The study had a qualitative exploratory design. The data collection and
analysis were based on framework method. Framework method is a thematic
methodology and consists of five key stages: familiarisation, identifying a
thematic framework, indexing, charting and mapping & interpretation.
METHODS: Three focus groups were conducted in November 2013 with 22 spouses of
patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
RESULTS: Undefined and unpredictable responsibility was found to be the
overarching theme describing the informal caregiver role. Underlying themes were:
being constantly in a state of alertness, social life modified, maintaining
normality, ambivalence in the relationship and a willingness to be involved.
CONCLUSIONS: The informal caregiver spouses experienced ambiguity about
expectations from their private and the health professionals' surroundings. The
informal caregiver spouses wanted to provide meaningful care for their partners,
but sought knowledge and support from the health professionals.
RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: We recommend that nurses take on the
responsibility for including the informal caregiver spouses in those aspects of
decision-making that involve the common life of the patients and their spouses.

Understanding family care: A Multidimensional Model of Caring and Coping

Nolan, M., Grant, G., & Keady, J. (1996)

How are the burdens and difficulties of caregiving balanced by the satisfactions experienced? * How do the demands of caregiving change over time and what are the policy and practice implications of such changes? * How is a balance achieved between the needs of the caregiver and the cared-for person? The importance of family (informal) care both in making a reality of community care policies and in helping to sustain the quality of life of people who require support to remain within their homes is beyond doubt. However, whilst a considerable research and practice literature has developed in this area over the last ten years there remains much to learn about caring at both conceptual and practice levels. There is in particular a need to develop more dynamic models which account for the changing nature of care over time and integrates the perspectives of carer, cared-for person and the formal service network. Based on several years research conducted by the authors, Understanding Family Care integrates a number of theories and perspectives in order to provide a more holistic understanding of the needs of carers. Emphasis is placed on providing a balanced picture which recognizes both the burdens and satisfactions of caring, in addition to the coping efforts that carers employ. A new longitudinal model of caring is described and the various stages and processes are explored. Although the focus is primarily on the carer the perspectives of the cared-for person are not ignored and a model is presented which aids the integration of disparate viewpoints. In addition to theoretical and methodological debates, implications for policy and practice are fully explored. Understanding Family Care is recommended reading for practitioners and managers in the health and social services, as well as students of social science, nursing, gerontology and social work.

Understanding self-determination and families of young children with disabilities in home environments

Brotherson MJ, Cook CC, Erwin EJ, Weigel CJ. (2008)

This article is about emergent self-determination for young children with disabilities in their home environments. The purpose of this study was to better understand family and home characteristics and how they influence the ways in which families can support the development of self-determination for their children with disabilities. Thirty families of young children with disabilities were interviewed, and their homes were systematically observed. Using a grounded theory design, an emergent model was developed that examined family and home context and the influence of context on the strategies that families used to support self-determination. Future research and practice implications of this research for supporting families are discussed.

Understanding the construct of self-determination: Examining the relationship between the Arc´s self-determination scale and the American institutes for research self-determination scale.

Shogren KA, Wehmeyer ML, Palmer SB, Soukup JH, Little TD, Garner N, et al. (2008)

Since the early 1990s, attention has been focused on the importance of self-determination in the education of students with disabilities. The purpose of this study was to further our understanding of the construct of self-determination by examining the relationship between the Arc's Self-Determination Scale and the American Institutes for Research (AIR) Self-Determination Scale student and educator versions. Using structural equation modeling, we found that the theoretical structure of the Arc's Self-Determination Scale and the AIR Self-Determination–Student Scale was supported by the data, while the proposed theoretical structure of the AIR Self-Determination–Educator Scale was not. The analyses suggested that each of the measures of self-determination was measuring a different aspect of the self-determination construct (i.e., it was not possible to create a higher order factor comprising each of the assessments); thus issues related to the goals of the research and the underlying theoretical perspective of each measure must be considered when determining the most appropriate measure of self-determination in research and practice. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

Unga människor med rörelsehinder – förankring, marginalisering och social exkludering. Avhandling i socialt arbete

Dag, Munir (2006)

The aim of the thesis was to describe the specific barriers young people with disabilities experience in their ambition to get a job. The aim was also to investigate how these young people's social and economic situation has been affected by their disability.The results are based on two reports: one qualitative, consisting of interviews with 12 individuals with physical disabilities, and one quantitative in the form of a questionnaire answered by 706 persons. In the case of the questionnaire, the response rate was 48 per cent. Both reports are based on the same criteria, namely, that the respondents should have a physical disability, be 20–35 years of age and be participating in some form of employment policy program.The results from both studies show that individuals with physical disabilities encounter different types of barriers on the labour market, which can be categorised as being either at the individual level or at the social level. The barriers at the individual level are low education, long-term unemployment, grave physical disability and lack of work experience. The barriers identified at the social level are primarily poorly adapted workplaces, a too high working pace, employers' negative attitudes, insufficient knowledge of the competence of disabled persons and an overly generous social welfare system. All these factors constitute a direct obstacle to employing persons with a physical disability.The results from the interview study show that the respondents have few social relations. The majority of the respondents have social intercourse solely with family members or parents. Most of the respondents in the questionnaire study state that they have frequent social relations with friends and acquaintances. Both the interview study and the questionnaire study reveal that the respondents' financial position has worsened as a result if their physical disability.Conclusions that can be drawn from this thesis are that young people with physical disabilities encounter different barriers in their attempts to get a job and to maintain social relations. Based on the results, some of the respondents can be regarded as being socio-economically marginalised

Unga och jämställdhet

Ungdomsstyrelsen (2013)

Analys av unga
och jämställdhet
På uppdrag av regeringen har Ungdomsstyrelsen
under 2013 genomfört en tematisk analys
av unga och jämställdhet. Utgångspunkten för
analysen är de mål som finns inom ungdomspolitiken
och jämställdhetspolitiken.
Den nationella ungdomspolitiken har två
övergripande mål:
1. alla ungdomar ska ha verklig
tillgång till välfärd
2. alla ungdomar ska ha verklig
tillgång till inflytande.
Jämställdhetspolitikens övergripande mål är att:
• kvinnor och män ska ha samma makt att forma
samhället och sina egna liv.
Detta följs av fyra delmål:
1. jämn fördelning av makt och inflytande
2. ekonomisk jämställdhet
3. jämn fördelning av det obetalda hemoch
omsorgsarbetet
4. mäns våld mot kvinnor ska upphöra.
Av dessa är det högst prioriterade målet att
mäns våld mot kvinnor ska upphöra.
Jämställdhet har till stor del kommit att handla
om kvinnors tillträde till det offentliga rummet
och andra sfärer som historiskt sett varit förbehållna
män. Framförallt har villkor på arbetsmarknaden,
representation inom politiken och
utbyggd barnomsorg och föräldraförsäkring utvecklats.
Men flera rapporter har även genom
åren beskrivit och utrett mäns relation till jämställdhet,
och det pågår en stor utredning om
Sammanfattning
män och jämställdhet som presenteras i början
av 2014.
Den huvudsakliga strategin som används för
att nå de jämställdhetspolitiska målen är jämställdhetsintegrering,
vilket innebär att samtliga
beslut inom alla politikområden ska präglas av
ett jämställdhetsperspektiv.
Sedan mitten av 2000-talet följer regeringen
upp ungdomspolitiken genom indikatorer och
tematiska studier. Inom jämställdhetspolitiken
har redovisningen varierat genom åren men ett
nytt uppföljningssystem är under uppbyggnad.
Sedan 2012 presenterar Statistiska centralbyrån
indikatorer inom området.
Fokus 13 är indelad i kapitel som följer de fem
huvudområdena för ungdomspolitiken:
1. utbildning och lärande
2. arbete och försörjning
3. hälsa och utsatthet
4. inflytande och representation
5. kultur och fritid.
Inom dessa områden analyserar vi situationen
utifrån de jämställdhetspolitiska mål som är relevanta.
Vi beskriver också större förändringsarbeten
inom det aktuella området. Rapporten
avslutas med en diskussion och förslag på områden
som Ungdomsstyrelsen menar behöver
utvecklas.
Att belysa jämställdhet bland unga berör en
rad politikområden, vilket omöjliggör en uttömmande
beskrivning. I huvudsak utgår vi från
myndighetens egen kunskap i form av Ungdomsstyrelsens
återkommande ungdomsenkät
som riktar sig till ett slumpmässigt urval persofoto:
Colourbox.com
Inlaga.indd 7 2013-12-18 15:58:28
8
ner i åldern 16–25 år. Vi använder även Ungdomsstyrelsens
attityd- och värderingsstudie
som riktar sig till ett slumpmässigt urval unga i
åldern 16–29 år och vuxna från 35 år.
Utöver Ungdomsstyrelsens enkäter har vi använt
indikatorerna för ungdoms- och jämställdhetspolitiken
och kompletterat med statistik
och fördjupad kunskap från andra myndigheter.
Vi har också initierat fördjupningsstudier om
ungas oavlönade hem- och omsorgsarbete, om
grupprocesser, maskulinitet och våld samt om
Ungdomsstyrelsens egen bidragsgivning kopplad
till unga och jämställdhet.
En annan viktig kunskapskälla är de fokusgruppsintervjuer
som vi har gjort med unga i
högstadieskolor på fyra orter runtom i landet.
Syftet har varit att fånga vilka erfarenheter unga
har kring jämställdhet i sin vardag och hur de resonerar
i dessa frågor. I denna sammanfattning
lyfter vi fram några viktiga tendenser.
Ungas syn på jämställdhet
Vi beskriver ungas syn på jämställdhet utifrån
våra enkätstudier och den intervjustudie vi genomfört.
Våra enkäter visar att unga i högre grad
än äldre ser jämställdhet som en viktig samhällsfråga.
Samtidigt är det vanligare bland unga att
svara att jämställdheten har gått för långt. I alla
åldrar är det vanligare att tjejer och kvinnor har
en positiv inställning till jämställdhet.
• Jämställdhet lyfts fram som en av de tre viktigaste
samhällsfrågorna just nu av 19 procent
av tjejerna och 11 procent av killarna i åldern
16–29 år (2013). I gruppen 35–74 år är andelarna
endast 7 procent av kvinnorna och 5 procent
av männen.
• Det är få unga i åldern 16–25 år som inte tycker
att jämställdhet är viktigt, men det är vanligare
bland killar (8 procent jämfört med 2 procent
bland tjejer 2012).
• Det är något vanligare att unga tycker att jämställdheten
har gått för långt jämfört med äldre
2013. Det är också vanligare att killar och män
instämmer i detta jämfört med tjejer och kvinnor.
• Killar instämmer i större utsträckning än tjejer
i könsstereotypa påståenden. Bland killarna
i åldern 16–25 år instämmer 21 procent i påstå-
endet att män är bättre chefer än kvinnor jämfört
med 7 procent av tjejerna (2012). Det är även
17 procent av killarna som instämmer i att kvinnor
bör ta ett större ansvar än män för sysslor i
hemmet och 14 procent instämmer i att kvinnan
bör ta det största ansvaret för barnen i en familj
(jämfört med 6 respektive 7 procent av tjejerna).
Inom ramen för uppdraget har vi genomfört en
intervjustudie. Genom denna ges en översiktlig
bild av områden som unga själva lyfter fram
som viktiga.
• Många återkommer till att tjejer, av olika anledningar
och på olika sätt, inte tar lika mycket
plats som killar. Oron för att bli ifrågasatt, hånad
eller ansedd som dum bromsar många av tjejernas
vilja att ta det offentliga utrymmet i anspråk.
I killgrupperna beskrivs upplevelser av att inte
bli tagen på allvar eller att bli sedd som stökig
för att man är kille.
• De flesta av tjejerna betonar vikten av att klara
arbetet i skolan, medan resonemangen varierar
bland killarna.
Inlaga.indd 8 2013-12-18 15:58:28
9
• Tjejers och killars förhållningssätt till idrott
skiljer sig åt mellan olika skolor och intervjugrupper.
En del tjejer är fysiskt aktiva i olika
idrottsformer och på olika nivåer. En del tjejer
uppger dock att de slutat med idrott för att hinna
med skolan, något som inte förekommer bland
killarna. Många killar säger att de är fysiskt aktiva
i olika sporter, vissa uttrycker ambitioner att
bli professionella idrottare.
• Utseende är något som på olika sätt kommer
upp i tjejgrupperna. Oftast finns en komplexitet
där tjejerna både reflekterar och ifrågasätter feminina
utseendeideal samtidigt som de strävar
efter att leva upp till dessa. I de intervjuer vi
gjort med killar talar de inte själva om utseendet
på samma sätt.
• Killars beteenden i grupp diskuterades i några
av intervjuerna. Killars sätt att uttrycka sig genom
att vara del av en grupp som hörs och syns
framträder.
Det är tydligt att unga upplever att det finns
olika förväntningar på tjejer och killar i skolans
miljö. Skolan är en arena där ojämställdhet
skapas men där det även finns möjligheter att
genomföra förändringar för att uppnå ökad jämställdhet
bland unga.
Utbildning och lärande
Det ungdomspolitiska området utbildning och
lärande omfattar både formell och icke formell
utbildning samt informellt lärande. Att kvinnor
och män ska ha samma möjligheter och villkor
i fråga om utbildning ingår även i regeringens
jämställdhetspolitiska delmål om ekonomisk
jämställdhet. Inom området ser vi en rad skillnader
mellan tjejer och killar. Många skillnader
har varit stabila över en längre tid. Särskilt
utmärkande är de könsbundna studievalen, att
killar generellt har sämre resultat än tjejer inom
skolsystemets alla delar och en ökande stress
bland unga tjejer.
Vi ser att tjejer och killar trivs olika bra i skolan.
Det är vanligare att tjejer är stressade jämfört
med killar. Omvänt så upplever killar i nå-
got mindre utsträckning att tjejer och killar blir
rättvist behandlade av lärarna. Det är också en
lägre andel bland dem som är nöjda med sin utbildning.
• Det är vanligare bland tjejer i årskurs 7–9 att
tycka att det är roligt att gå till skolan, 67 procent
jämfört med 49 procent bland killarna (2012).
• Redan i årskurs 7–9 finns tendenser att tjejer
är mer stressade än killar. På gymnasienivå är
könsskillnaderna när man mäter stress markanta.
Bland unga som känner sig stressade varje
dag eller minst en gång i veckan är könsskillnaderna
störst för egna krav och förväntningar på
skolarbetet (55 procent av tjejerna, 33 procent
av killarna), läxor/hemuppgifter (63 procent
av tjejerna, 43 procent av killarna) och betyg
(46 procent av tjejerna, 27 procent av killarna)
(2012).
Inlaga.indd 9 2013-12-18 15:58:28
10
• Av killarna i årskurs 7–9 uppger 24 procent
att hälften eller mindre än hälften av lärarna behandlar
tjejer och killar rättvist, jämfört med 10
procent av tjejerna (2012).
• Bland unga i åldern 20–25 år uppger 66 procent
av tjejerna och 55 procent av killarna att de
är ganska eller mycket nöjda med sin utbildning
(2012).
Tjejer och kvinnor presterar i genomsnitt bättre
än killar och män på alla utbildningsnivåer –
från grundskolan, via gymnasieskolan och upp
till högskolan.
• I årskurs 9 fick tjejerna bättre betyg än killarna
i alla ämnen utom idrott och hälsa läsåret
2011/12. Tjejerna nådde målen i större utsträckning
och deras slutbetyg från gymnasieskolan
är också bättre än killarnas på samtliga 17 nationella
program i gymnasieskolan. Dock visar
uppföljningen av resultaten från våren 2013 på
den största förbättringen i killars resultat sedan
meritvärdessystemet infördes 1998.
• Med den nya gymnasieskolan (Gy2011)
skärptes behörighetskraven till gymnasieskolan,
främst till de högskoleförberedande programmen.
Detta ledde till ökade könskillnader.
Könsskillnaden är störst för naturvetenskapsoch
teknikprogrammet, 2013 var 85 procent av
tjejerna och 81 procent av killarna behöriga.
• Tjejer fullföljer sina studier i större utsträckning
än killar. Bland unga som började i gymnasieskolan
hösten 2009 hade 72 procent av tjejerna
och 66 procent av killarna slutfört studierna
inom tre läsår. Även inom högskolan har kvinnor
generellt sett en högre examensfrekvens än
män.
I gymnasieskolan och på högskolan studerar
tjejer och killar ofta skilda ämnen och utbildningar.
Könsfördelningen ligger vanligen utanför
intervallet 40–60 procent.
• Bland dem som slutförde gymnasiestudier
läsåret 2011/12 var det endast på det naturvetenskapliga
programmet som andelen tjejer och
killar fördelade sig jämnt.
• Några gymnasieutbildningar hade en särskilt
sned könsfördelning. På fordons-, bygg- samt
el- och energiprogrammen utgjorde killar mer
än 90 procent av dem som slutförde utbildningen
läsåret 2011/12. På hantverksprogrammet
utgjorde tjejer mer än 90 procent. Könsfördelningen
varierar också mellan olika inriktningar
inom programmen.
• Forskarutbildningen har gått från en stark manlig
dominans till en jämn könsfördelning. Andelen
kvinnor var endast 8 procent bland dem som
tog doktorsexamen 1969/70. Läsåret 2000/01
passerade dock andelen kvinnor 40 procent.
Inlaga.indd 10 2013-12-18 15:58:28
11
Arbete och försörjning
I kapitlet om arbete och försörjning beskriver
vi flera områden som är kopplade till ungas
etablering. De övergripande ungdomspolitiska
målen att alla unga ska ha verklig tillgång till
välfärd och inflytande har en stark koppling till
arbete och försörjning. Området är också centralt
i jämställdhetspolitiken och berörs särskilt
av delmålen om jämn fördelning av makt och
inflytande, ekonomisk jämställdhet och en jämn
fördelning av det obetalda hem- och omsorgsarbetet.
Tjejer etablerar sig senare i arbetslivet, arbetar
i högre grad deltid och uppger att familjebildning
påverkar yrkeslivet i större utsträckning än
killar. Det är något vanligare att killar är arbetslösa
och långtidsarbetslösa jämfört med tjejer.
Vi ser också skillnader i lön mellan könen.
• Etableringsåldern, det vill säga den ålder när
tre fjärdedelar av en årskull har arbete, låg 2012
på 28 år för tjejer och 26 år för killar.
• Bland sysselsatta i gruppen 20–24 år arbetade
över 50 procent av tjejerna deltid 2012, medan
motsvarande andel bland killarna i samma åldersgrupp
var 26 procent. Andelen som arbetar
deltid är lägre bland både kvinnor och män i äldre
åldersgrupper, men skillnaden mellan könen
är ännu större bland dem.
• I kvalitativa studier lyfter tjejer oftare än killar
fram att familjebildning kommer att påverka deras
framtida yrkesliv. Studier visar dock att tjejer
och killar lägger ungefär lika mycket tid på
det obetalda hem- och omsorgsarbetet, men att
de delvis ägnar sig åt olika sysslor. När unga blir
föräldrar uppstår däremot betydande skillnader
mellan könen.
• I grupperna 20–24 år och 25–29 år uppger 15
procent av killarna att de någon gång har varit
ofrivilligt arbetslösa i mer än sex månader, jämfört
med 10 procent av tjejerna (2013). Bland
de i åldern 18–24 år som har varit inskrivna hos
arbetsförmedlingen i mer än 6 månader var 56
procent killar och 44 procent tjejer 2012. Andelarna
var desamma 2011.
• Löneskillnaden mellan könen är större bland
äldre än bland yngre, men även bland unga 18–
24 år har killar en högre lön än tjejer om vi ser
till medellön (lönerna har räknats upp till heltid).
Löneskillnader kan, förutom kön, bero på
ett flertal aspekter som skillnader i arbetslivserfarenhet,
utbildning, diskriminering, yrke och
inom vilken sektor som arbetet utförs.
Det finns en tydlig könssegregation bland unga
på arbetsmarknaden, vilket återspeglar den uppdelning
vi ser inom utbildningsväsendet.
• Av de 30 vanligaste yrkeskategorierna bland
unga i åldern 16–24 år har endast tre en jämn
könsfördelning 2011 (inom spannet 40–60 procent).
Detsamma gäller för gruppen 25–29 år.
Tidigare analyser kring de trettio vanligaste yrkena
i gruppen 20–64 år visar att det är få yrkeskategorier
som har en jämn könsfördelning
(2010).
Det finns olika sätt att mäta ekonomisk utsatthet.
Vi ser att det är vanligare att tjejer har svårt
att betala löpande utgifter och att de i större
utsträckning tar emot pengar från närstående.
Omvänt är det vanligare att killar har så allvarliga
svårigheter med sin ekonomi att de riskerar
vräkning och att deras skulder blir föremål för
Kronofogden.
Inlaga.indd 11 2013-12-18 15:58:28
12
• Det var 18 procent av tjejerna i åldern 16–25 år
som vid flera tillfällen haft svårighet att betala
löpande utgifter under det senaste året, jämfört
med 14 procent av killarna 2012.
• I gruppen 16–19 år var det vanligare bland tjejer
än bland killar att under det senaste året ofta
ha fått ekonomisk hjälp av föräldrar eller annan
anhörig, 47 procent av tjejerna och 39 procent
av killarna (2012).
• Det var 5,3 procent av killarna i åldern 16–25
år som hade så allvarliga skulder att de var föremål
för indrivning hos Kronofogdemyndigheten
jämfört med 2,7 procent av tjejerna 2012.
En annan del av ungas etablering handlar om
boende där vi också ser vissa skillnader. Det är
vanligare bland killar i åldern 20–25 år att bo
kvar hemma hos sina föräldrar (44 procent jämfört
med 29 procent bland tjejerna). Bland tjejerna
är det 49 procent som bor i en egen hyresrätt
i första hand jämfört med 33 procent bland
killarna (2011).
Oavlönat hem- och
omsorgsarbete
På uppdrag av Ungdomsstyrelsen har Marie
Evertsson och Katarina Boye, vid Stockholms
universitet, genomfört en fördjupningsstudie
om ungas oavlönade hem- och omsorgsarbete.
De har studerat den tid som läggs på obetalt
arbete och inställningen till jämställdhet bland
tjejer och killar i åldern 19–30 år (2010). I studien
görs en jämförelse med motsvarande åldersgrupp
2000.
Resultaten visar att könsskillnaderna i gruppen
19–30 år i rutinartat hushållsarbete var små redan
2000 och minskade ytterligare till 2010. I
familjer med barn tycks könsskillnaderna däremot
ha ökat. Om det beror på sammansättningen
i urvalsgruppen eller om det tyder på mer stabila
förändringar i mammors och pappors ansvarsfördelning
är en fråga för framtida forskning.
• Inställningen till jämställdhet har varit relativ
stabil mellan 2000 och 2010. Runt 55 procent av
killarna och drygt 65 procent av tjejerna tycker
att det är mycket viktigt att satsa på ett samhälle
där kvinnor och män delar lika på ansvar för
hem och barn.
• Fördelningen av hushållsarbetet bland unga
har blivit mer jämn mellan 2000 och 2010. Detta
beror framför allt på att tjejerna minskat tiden
för rutinartat hushållsarbete. I genomsnitt ägnade
tjejerna 10,5 timmar och killarna 9,0 timmar
per vecka åt hushållsarbete (2010).
• Killar ägnar mindre tid än tjejer åt rutinartat
hushållsarbete men det är vanligare att killar
hjälper anhöriga och släktingar utanför hemmet
med hushållsarbete (inklusive reparationer och
underhåll).
• Kvinnors hushållsarbetstid ökar betydligt när
de blir föräldrar och är som störst när barnet
är under två år. Hushållsarbetstiden ökar ytterligare
för kvinnan om familjen får fler barn.
Mäns tid ökar i lägre grad när de får sitt första
barn, sjunker lite med barnets ålder och ökar
inte heller med ytterligare barn. Resultaten visar
att tjejer med barn hushållsarbetar i högre grad
än killar, även om de arbetar lika många timmar
på arbetsmarknaden och har lika hög lön som
killarna. Detta tyder på att den ojämna arbetsdelningen
inte främst är ekonomiskt motiverad.
Inlaga.indd 12 2013-12-18 15:58:28
13
Hälsa och utsatthet
För att beskriva ungas hälsa analyserar vi självskattad
hälsa, psykiskt välmående, psykosomatiska
symptom och trygghet. En stor del av kapitlet fokuserar
på våld och utsatthet eftersom delmålet om
att stoppa mäns våld mot kvinnor samt rätten till
kroppslig integritet är det som är högst prioriterat
inom jämställdhetspolitiken.
En majoritet av de unga mår bra, men det finns
samtidigt betydande andelar som inte gör det. Killar
uppger ett bättre allmänt hälsotillstånd än tjejer
och är i större utsträckning nöjda med sin hälsosituation.
Det är vanligare att tjejer oroar sig för sitt
utseende, sin vikt och att inte duga.
• Det egna allmänna hälsotillståndet bedöms som
bra eller mycket bra av 75 procent av tjejerna och
81 procent av killarna i åldern 16–25 år. Omvänt bedömer
7 procent av tjejerna och 4 procent av killarna
sin hälsa som ganska eller mycket dålig. Könsskillnaderna
är störst i gruppen 16–19 år (2012).
• Bland tjejer i åldern 16–29 år oroar sig 23 procent
ofta för sitt utseende och 28 procent oroar sig ofta
för sin vikt (6 respektive 8 procent bland killar). I
samma åldersgrupp oroar sig 25 procent av tjejerna
för att inte duga jämfört med 11 procent av killarna.
Mellan 16 och 29 år tycks dock killars oro tillta nå-
got med ökad ålder, medan tjejers oro istället minskar
något (2013).
Könsskillnaderna är påtagliga när vi tittar på psykisk
ohälsa och stressrelaterade symptom. Framfö-
rallt tjejer har haft en negativ hälsoutveckling sedan
slutet på 1980-talet, även om trenden är tydlig
också för killar fast från ett lägre utgångsläge. Vi
ser tendenser till att tjejer och killar hanterar psykisk
ohälsa på olika sätt och att ohälsan har olika
konsekvenser.
• Andelen som uppger att de är stressade flera
gånger i veckan är 50 procent bland tjejerna
och 24 procent bland killarna i åldern 16–25 år.
Bland tjejerna är 17 procent stressade varje dag
jämfört med 5 procent bland killarna (2012).
• Under 2012 uppgav 25 procent av tjejerna i
åldern 16–24 år att de lider av ängslan, oro eller
ångest, jämfört med 14 procent av killarna.
Jämfört med 1988/89 så har dessa andelar nästan
tredubblats för tjejer och mer än tredubblats
för killar. Konsekvenserna av psykiska besvär
tycks även vara större för tjejer.
• En jämförelse bland 16–29-åringar visar att
det mellan 2002 och 2013 har skett en viss ökning
av andelen unga som uppger att de ofta har
svårt att somna, lider av huvudvärk eller har ont
i magen.
• Tjejer och killar som mår dåligt hanterar i viss
mån sin situation på olika sätt. Killar uppger i
mindre utsträckning än tjejer att de pratar med
personer i sin omgivning när de mår dåligt. De
söker även stöd hos vuxna utanför familjen i
mindre utsträckning än tjejer. Intervjustudier
tyder också på att killar är mindre verbala än
tjejer när de söker stöd. Det finns också starka
samband mellan ekonomiska svårigheter och
psykisk ohälsa, i synnerhet bland tjejer. Bland
både tjejer och killar är oro för och brist på inflytande
kring den egna ekonomin förenat med
högre grad av psykisk ohälsa.
• Användningen av antidepressiva läkemedel
har ökat bland både tjejer och killar mellan 2007
och 2012. Under 2012 tog 4,4 procent av tjejerna
och 2,3 procent av killarna i gruppen 15–19
år antidepressiva läkemedel.
Inlaga.indd 13 2013-12-18 15:58:28
14
• Trots att tjejer i större utsträckning än killar
lider av psykiska besvär och vårdas för självmordsförsök
är 70 procent av de som faktiskt
avlider till följd av självmord i åldern 15–24
år killar. Killar är även överrepresenterande i
samband med alkohol- och narkotikarelaterade
dödsfall samt i fordonsolyckor med dödlig utgång.

Ungas våldsutsatthet och våldsutövande är
betydligt högre än för andra åldersgrupper. Tjejers
och killars våldsutsatthet ser många gånger
olika ut, gemensamt är dock att förövarna i stor
utsträckning är killar och män. Trots detta förbises
ofta både ålder och kön i analyser och diskussioner
om våld.
• Av killar i åldern 16–24 år uppger 9 procent
att de utsatts för misshandel under det senaste
halvåret 2012 jämfört med 4 procent av tjejerna.
I gruppen 19–24 år var risken nästan fem gånger
så hög bland killar som bland tjejer att hamna
på sjukhus till följd av våldsskador under 2011.
• Enkätstudier visar att 89 procent av alla misshandelsförövare
i gruppen 16–24 år var killar
och 11 procent var tjejer under perioden 2009–
2011. Bland offren för misshandel i åldersgruppen
var 71 procent killar och 29 procent tjejer.
• Det finns betydande variationer inom ungdomsgruppen
när det gäller utsatthet för våld.
Ungdomsstyrelsen har i tidigare utredningar visat
att unga hbtq-personer och tjejer och killar
med funktionsnedsättning är extra utsatta. De
upplever sämre hälsa och har i större utsträckning
än andra utsatts för hot och våld.
Killar drabbas framförallt av fysiskt våld från
en okänd förövare på allmän plats, medan tjejer
i större utsträckning är utsatta för våld i bostaden,
på arbetet eller i skolan.
• Tjejer är i högre grad utsatta för våld i nära
relationer än killar. Unga ensamstående mammor
är i högre grad drabbade än andra studerade
grupper. Av de tjejer som utsattes för misshandel
under 2011 uppger 22 procent att våldet skett i
bostaden och 28 procent uppger att förövaren
var en närstående (jämfört med 6 respektive 3
procent av de utsatta killarna). Det är även en
högre andel av de tjejer som utsatts för hot och
trakasserier som har utsatts av en närstående
jämfört med andelen killar.
• Unga tjejer är överrepresenterade som offer för
sexualbrott och förövaren är många gånger en
jämnårig eller något äldre kille. Bland tjejer i åldern
16–24 år uppger 3,4 procent att de har varit
utsatta för sexualbrott jämfört med 0,5 procent
bland killar (2011).
• Den upplevda otryggheten och rädslan för att
vistas i det offentliga rummet kvällstid är betydligt
vanligare hos tjejer än hos killar. En större
andel tjejer än killar upplever även att otryggheten
påverkar deras livskvalitet. Så många som
29 procent av tjejerna i åldern 16–24 år uppger
att de under det senaste året ofta valt att ta en
annan väg eller ett annat färdsätt på grund av
oro att utsättas för brott jämfört med 5 procent
av killarna (2012).
• Bland unga i åldern 16–25 år uppger 33 procent
av killarna och 16 procent av tjejerna att de
tycker det är okej att andra har sex mot ersättning
(2012). I ungdomsenkäten 2012 uppger 2,1
procent av killarna och 0,8 procent av tjejerna
Inlaga.indd 14 2013-12-18 15:58:28
15
att de själva har erfarenhet av att ta emot ersättning
för sex. En betydande andel av dem som
köper sex av unga är själva unga och den största
andelen är män.
• Av de våldtäkter mot personer över 18 år som
anmäldes under 2012 var offren i 96 procent av
fallen kvinnor och 98 procent av de misstänkta
förövarna var män. Mer än hälften (53 procent)
av förövarna var killar mellan 15 och 29 år.
• Det är fyra gånger så vanligt att tjejer får ovälkomna
sexuella förslag på nätet jämfört med
killar. Under 2012 hade 44 procent av tjejerna i
åldern 16–25 år någon gång varit med om att en
person på nätet försökt förmå dem att prata om
sex, skicka bilder eller agera framför en webbkamera
mot deras vilja jämfört med 12 procent
av killarna.
Grupper, maskuliniteter och våld
På uppdrag av Ungdomsstyrelsen har Tove Pettersson,
vid kriminologiska institutionen på
Stockholms universitet, gått igenom forskning
som belyser gruppens betydelse för ungas våldsutövande
och skapandet av maskulinitet. Hon
belyser likheter mellan vardagliga situationer i
exempelvis skolan och mer allvarliga våldsbrott
som begås av killar och män i grupp.
Analysen visar hur användandet av våld mot
någon inför en grupp kan vara betydelsefullt
för att uppnå status. Grupperna i studien präglas
av en stark manlig, homosocial gemenskap,
där lojalitet värderas högt. Homofobi och den
symboliska betydelse som "bögen" tillskrivs är
centralt i studierna. Sexistiska och nedvärderande
attityder och beteenden mot kvinnor är också
framträdande.
Hotet om att själv bli utsatt genom att inte leva
upp till de krav på maskulinitet som gruppen
ställer har en stark disciplinerande effekt. Forskare
inom skilda fält påtalar hur normer kring
dominans, överordning, styrka eller att inte vara
feg ofta präglar maskulinitetskonstruktioner.
Flera av de normer som förknippas med brottslighet
är värderingar som även återfinns bland
killar i andra sammanhang.
Sammantaget visar genomgången att killars
och mäns tillvaro många gånger är begränsad.
Små avvikelser från de maskulina normerna,
exempelvis genom att göra något som uppfattas
som feminint, kan lätt leda till trakasserier
och begränsade möjligheter att få delta i kamratgruppen
på lika villkor. Detta får betydelse
även i andra i sammanhang och både tjejer och
andra killar utsätts för killgruppernas maskulinitetskonstruktioner
genom såväl sexism som
våldsbrott.
Det här innebär att gruppen är viktig i
våldsförebyggande arbete, framför allt i ungdomsgruppen
och då speciellt för killar. Dels
för att gruppen är särskilt betydelsefull under
ungdomsåren, dels för att killar i grupp tycks
konstruera maskulinitet som är starkare förknippad
med dominans, överordning och våld än det
som sker individuellt.
Därför är det angeläget att utveckla våldspreventivt
arbete med särskilt fokus på grupper.
Flera våldspreventiva program från andra länder
har också ett inslag av ett åskådarperspektiv, där
fokus ligger på agerandet hos närvarande som
inte själva deltar i våldshändelsen.
Inlaga.indd 15 2013-12-18 15:58:28
16
Inflytande och
representation
Inflytande och representation är nära kopplat till
huvudmålen inom både jämställdhetspolitiken
och ungdomspolitiken. Det ungdomspolitiska
målet anger att unga ska ha verklig tillgång till
inflytande och välfärd och det jämställdhetspolitiska
målet att kvinnor och män ska ha makt
att forma samhället och sina egna liv. Vår studie
visar att tjejer och killar i lika stor utsträckning
uppger intresse för samhällsfrågor och vad som
händer i andra länder (2012). Vi ser dock att tjejers
och killars erfarenheter i andra avseenden
skiljer sig åt:
• En högre andel killar än tjejer uppger att de är
intresserade av politik, 45 procent jämfört med
31 procent (2012). Skillnaden har ökat de senaste
åren. När vi undersöker faktiska politiska
aktiviteter framstår det istället som att tjejer i
något högre grad är aktiva.
• En högre andel tjejer än killar i åldern 20–25
år uppger att de vill vara med och påverka lokalt
2012 (43 respektive 38 procent). Av de som inte
vill vara med och påverka är det en större andel
tjejer än killar i åldern 16–25 år som uppger att
det är för att de kan för lite om hur de ska bete
sig (27 procent respektive 16 procent).
• Killar i åldern 16–25 år var i högre grad än
tjejer benägna att chatta, debattera och kommentera
politik på internet 2012 (22 respektive
11 procent). Tjejer väljer i större utsträckning
än killar att köpa vissa produkter av politiska,
etiska eller miljömässiga skäl (35 respektive 27
procent).
• En något högre andel tjejer än killar röstar i
nationella val. Samtidigt var det fler killar än
tjejer, 18–25 år, som nominerades och valdes
in i riksdag och landstingsfullmäktige 2010. I
kommunfullmäktigevalen var könsfördelningen
nästan jämn. Det är vanligare att tjejer hoppar av
sina politiska uppdrag än att killar gör det.
• Samtliga politiska ungdomsförbund, utom
Grön ungdom och Ung vänster, hade fler killar
än tjejer som medlemmar 2011. Könsfördelningen
håller sig dock inom spannet 40–60
procent för alla ungdomsförbund utom Ung pirat
och Sverigedemokratisk ungdom (SDU) som
har en fördelning på 80–85 procent killar och
15–20 procent tjejer, samt Grön ungdom med en
fördelning på 61 procent tjejer och 39 procent
killar.
Ungdomsstyrelsens
bidragsgivning till unga
och jämställdhet
En av Ungdomsstyrelsens centrala uppgifter är
att ge bidrag till ideella organisationer. Vi har
i denna studie analyserat ansökningar och slutrapporter
för projekt som under de senaste fem
åren haft ett jämställdhetssyfte och som riktat
sig till unga.
Kartläggningen visar att flest projekt som beviljats
bidrag har arbetat för det jämställdhetspolitiska
delmålet om lika makt och inflytande.
Det näst vanligaste är att arbeta för att mäns våld
mot kvinnor ska upphöra, där de flesta projekt
drivits av tjej- och kvinnojourer eller syftat till
att motverka hedersrelaterat våld. Få projekt
syftar till ekonomisk jämställdhet och det finns
inga projekt som arbetar för en jämnare fördelning
av det obetalda hemarbetet bland unga.
De flesta projekt i kartläggningen har tagit
fram metodmaterial, genomfört utbildningar för
unga och yrkesverksamma samt kompetensutvecklat
personer i den egna verksamheten. Det
Inlaga.indd 16 2013-12-18 15:58:28
17
har blivit vanligare att arbeta med jämställdhet
utifrån ett normkritiskt perspektiv mellan 2008
och 2012 och flera projekt syftar till att utjämna
maktstrukturer i den egna organisationen.
Många projekt riktar sig till "alla" unga eller
syftar till att stärka tjejer, men få projekt har
främst killar som målgrupp. Det finns en risk
att jämställdhetsarbete blir en fråga för endast
kvinnor eller tjejer. Villkoren för de olika bidrag
som fördelas påverkar i sig utfallet av de projekt
som drivs av organisationer i det civila samhället.
Inom många bidragsformer finns det särskilt
avsatta medel för exempelvis kvinnor.
Kultur och fritid
Den fria tiden är en viktig arena för ungas lärande
och självförverkligande. I regeringens strategi
för ungdomspolitiken framhålls tillgången till
kultur som grundläggande i en demokrati samt
som ett kraftfullt redskap för ett aktivt deltagande
i samhället. Idrotten är också en viktig del av
många ungas fritid. Det jämställdhetspolitiska
delmål som ligger närmast detta område handlar
om jämn fördelning av makt och inflytande.
Det är vanligare bland tjejer att uppleva att de
har för lite fritid och tjejer är även i mindre utsträckning
aktiva i föreningar. Killar tycks värdera
fritidsaktiviteter högre.
• Det är vanligare att tjejer upplever att de har
för lite fritid och nivåerna har varit relativt stabila
mellan 2004 och 2012. Bland tjejer i åldern
16–25 år uppgav 42 procent att de hade för lite
fritid, jämfört med 28 procent bland killarna
(2012).
• Tjejer och killar är ungefär lika nöjda med sin
fritid, men det är vanligare att tjejer i åldern 16–
25 år har avstått från att besöka en fritidsaktivitet
på grund av rädsla för att bli dåligt bemött,
17 procent av tjejerna och 12 procent av killarna
(2012).
• Fritiden är det som värderas högst på frågan
om vad som är viktigast just nu bland unga i
åldern 16–24 år, före andra områden som parförhållande,
fast arbete och bilda familj. På frå-
gan om vad som ger livet mest mening var familjen
det vanligaste svarsalternativet för såväl
tjejer som killar i åldern 16–29 år. Bland killar
var fritiden det näst vanligaste svarsalternativet
(21 procent) medan det bland tjejer istället var
vänner (16 procent) följt av fritid (7 procent)
(2013).
Många tjejer och killar idrottar och motionerar,
men det sker delvis i olika sammanhang och
i olika utsträckning. Killar är överrepresenterade
inom föreningsidrotten samtidigt som det är
något vanligare bland tjejer att motionera. Tjejer
lämnar föreningsidrotten i större utsträckning än
killar när de kommer upp i tonåren.
• Andelen tjejer som motionerar minst en gång i
veckan har legat runt 80 procent de senaste åren
(2008–2012) medan andelen killar har varit nå-
got lägre, runt 70 procent.
• Killar är överrepresenterade inom föreningsidrotten.
Bland det totala antalet deltagartillfällen
2011 var könsfördelningen 61 procent killar
och 39 procent tjejer. Andelen aktiva tjejer
minskar med ökad ålder.
• I många fall är män överrepresenterade på ledande
positioner inom idrotten.
• Vissa idrotter är tydligt könskodade. De tre
specialförbund som har flest deltagartillfällen är
fotboll, innebandy och ishockey. Det är också
Inlaga.indd 17 2013-12-18 15:58:28
18
de specialförbund som har lägst andel tjejer och
högst andel killar som deltagare. Ridsport och
gymnastik är de specialförbund där främst tjejer
deltar, men dessa har betydligt färre deltagartillfällen.

• Tjejer med utländsk bakgrund är den grupp
som i minst utsträckning är representerad inom
föreningsidrotten. Unga hbtq-personer har betydligt
lägre deltagande än övriga inom motion
och idrott. Killar som identifierar sig som heterosexuella
deltar i föreningsidrotten i större
utsträckning än killar med annan sexuell tillhö-
righet.
Tjejer är i högre grad aktiva kulturutövare och
utövar i ungdomsåren fler kulturformer samtidigt
jämfört med killar. I åldern 13–25 år är killar
dock överrepresenterade i de verksamheter
som får offentligt stöd.
• Inom breda kulturområden som att sjunga,
spela musik, dansa och utöva teater är tjejer i
åldern 16–25 år mer aktiva än killar minst en
gång i veckan, 38 procent jämfört med 29 procent
(2012).
• Tjejer deltar i större utsträckning i dans, skrivande
och teater på sin fritid, medan killar i
större utsträckning deltar i musikaktiviteter
(2010). Bland tjejerna i åldern 16–25 år var det
även 21 procent som var aktiva i minst tre av
kulturaktiviteterna musik, dans, bild, skrivande
eller teater någon gång det senaste året jämfört
med 8 procent bland killarna. Andelen som inte
hade utövat någon av de nämnda aktiviteterna
på sin fritid var 39 procent bland killarna och 24
procent bland tjejerna (2010).
• Sett till antal deltagare är tjejer överrepresenterade
inom musik- och kulturskolans verksamhet
2012 (69 procent jämfört med 31 procent killar). I
verksamheten deltar främst barn under 13 år. I studieförbundens
studiecirkelsverksamhet med kulturinriktning
för unga i åldern 13–24 år är förhållandet
istället det motsatta, 40 procent tjejer jämfört med
60 procent killar (2012).
• Läsförståelsen hos unga har minskat generellt.
Ungefär en fjärdedel av de 15-åriga killarna i Sverige
saknade funktionell läsförmåga 2010. Bland
unga med de lägsta resultaten i Sverige är andelen
killar betydligt högre än andelen tjejer (24 respektive
10 procent).
I fördelningen av statliga offentliga medel till
ungas organisering, idrott och kultur i åldersgruppen
13–25 år får killar den största andelen.
• Det offentliga stödet till idrotten går huvudsakligen
till föreningsidrott, där en högre andel killar
än tjejer är aktiva. Den senaste mätningen visar att
killar står för drygt 60 procent av deltagartillfällena
och tjejer för knappt 40 procent 2011.
• En stor del av statens stöd till ungas kulturutövande
går genom studieförbundens studiecirklar. I studiecirklarna
med kulturinriktning finns en liknande
övervikt av killar, 60 procent killar och 40 procent
tjejer i åldern 13–24 år deltog i sådana cirklar 2012.
• Ungdomsstyrelsen kan se att antalet tjejer och
killar ökar bland det totala antalet medlemmar
som finns i de ungdomsorganisationer vi fördelar
statsbidrag till. Dock verkar fördelningen här bli
alltmer skev, 2010 var 47 procent av organisationernas
medlemmar tjejer och 53 procent killar. Två
år senare var 41 procent tjejer och 59 procent killar
(2012).
Inlaga.indd 18 2013-12-18 15:58:28
19
Förändringsarbete inom
de fem huvudområdena
I varje kapitel ger vi en sammanfattande bild av
jämställdhetssatsningar som har riktats till unga
i åldern 13–25 år, med fokus på de senaste fem
åren.
Utbildning och lärande är ett område där jämställdhetsarbetet
har belysts grundligt relativt
nyligen både inom grund- och gymnasieskolan
och inom högskolan. Flera initiativ har tagits
på utbildningssystemets olika nivåer, både i
form av särskilda satsningar och i form av att
integrera jämställdhetsperspektivet i ordinarie
verksamhet och utbildningar. Det finns dock
tendenser att de särskilda satsningar som görs
blir kortsiktiga och inte lyckas skapa långsiktig
förändring. Vi ser också att unga själva sällan
involveras mer direkt i det jämställdhetsarbete
som bedrivs i skolans värld.
Inom området arbete och försörjning är initiativ
för ökad jämställdhet bland unga inom arbetslivet
ett underutvecklat område. Det finns
få studier som belyser dessa frågor på djupet,
och vi ser få initiativ för ökad jämställdhet bland
unga inom detta fält. Detta märks både i en genomgång
av arbetet inom ramen för Program
för hållbar jämställdhet (HÅJ) som Sveriges
Kommuner och Landsting driver 2008–2013 för
att stödja arbetet med jämställdhetsintegrering
på lokal och regional nivå, och i de många ungdomsprojekt
som delfinansierats av Europeiska
socialfonden under 2007–2013.
Vi har i rapportens kapitel om hälsa och utsatthet
särskilt fokuserat på ungas psykiska ohälsa
och arbete kopplat till att förhindra mäns våld
mot kvinnor samt rätt till kroppslig integritet.
Det finns betydande satsningar för att synkronisera
samhällets insatser kopplade till barns och
ungas psykiska ohälsa och för att stärka elevhälsans
arbete. Unga är också särskilt prioriterade
i psykiatrisatsningen 2012–2016. För att stärka
arbetet att bekämpa mäns våld mot kvinnor har
regeringen arbetat utifrån tre handlingsplaner
och under 2011–2014 arbetar de med fokusområden
som bland annat handlar om stärkt samordning,
åtgärder mot sexuellt våld, prostitution
och människohandel samt stärkt förebyggande
arbete.
Det finns flera initiativ och satsningar som
handlar om ungas inflytande och representation,
dock finns det få satsningar som är riktade
specifikt mot unga som också är kopplat
till jämställdhet. En viktig lärdom är att även
om olika aktörer och myndigheter arbetar med
både jämställdhet och inflytande bland unga, så
är dessa områden sällan sammanlänkade. Istället
finns flera exempel på hur aktörer inom det
civila samhället bedrivit arbetet där båda dimensionerna
finns med samtidigt. Vi ser det bland
annat genom att Ungdomsstyrelsens stöd till
projekt på temat unga och jämställdhet i mycket
hög grad varit inriktade mot ungas inflytande
och representation.
När det gäller ungas kulturaktiviteter och fritid,
så har vissa initiativ tagits för att öka jämställdheten
bland unga. Det finns både lokala
exempel och nationella initiativ för att öka jämställdheten
inom idrotten och kulturlivet. Vår
undersökning visar dock att arbetet inom båda
dessa områden har en lång bit kvar innan vi
uppnår en jämställd fritid för tjejer och killar.
Förändringsarbetet inom idrotten kan inte sägas
ha kommit särskilt långt (samtidigt som tjejer är
överrepresenterade bland styrelseledamöter under
30 år i centrala styrelser) och de satsningar
som har gjorts inom kulturområdet berör endast
delvis unga 13–25 år och inte alltid med ett jämställdhetsperspektiv
som en del av arbetet. Den
samlade kunskapen om ungas fritid på nätet är
också bitvis låg och kan utvecklas framåt.
Inlaga.indd 19 2013-12-18 15:58:29
20
En viktig fråga är också hur vi skapar goda
förutsättningar för att ta tillvara erfarenheter
och kunskaper från de satsningar som görs på
jämställdhet. Här finns det positiva initiativ som
portalen www.jamstall.nu där man hittar exempel
inom området. Samtidigt ser vi att arbetet
med att ta tillvara kunskaper och erfarenheter
har kommit olika långt. Exempelvis finns många
utredningar och utvärderingar om jämställhetsarbetet
inom skolan, men desto färre som belyser
situationen för unga inom både arbetslivet
och på fritiden.
Diskussion och förslag
Det är inte möjligt att enkelt konstatera hur det
ser ut när det gäller jämställdhet bland unga i
Sverige. Jämställdhet är mångfacetterat och
orsakssamband ofta komplexa. Det genomförs
också en rad olika typer av analyser inom området.
Det finns flera olika index för att mäta
och jämföra jämställdhetssituationen på internationell
nivå. Genom åren har det tagits fram ett
tiotal sådana mått. Sverige och flera andra nordiska
länder brukar placera sig högt i sådana mätningar.
I vår rapport ser vi både positiva och negativa
trender när det gäller jämställdhet bland
unga. Vissa skillnader mellan könen är istället
relativt konstanta över tid. Inom flera områden
framträder dock en mer komplex bild som gör
det svårt att entydigt tala om förbättringar eller
försämringar.
När det gäller ungas inställning till jämställdhet
har denna varit stabil under 2000–talet.
Unga generellt värderar jämställdhet som en
viktigare fråga än äldre. Stödet för jämställdhet
är mer utbrett bland tjejer och kvinnor än bland
killar och män.
Bland positiva trender finns en alltmer jämn
könsfördelning bland unga doktorander vid universitet
och högskolor. Segregationen mellan
könen i vilka program de läser på gymnasiet är
stor, men har minskat något de senaste tio åren.
Bland negativa trender finns särskilt tjejers hälsoutveckling
sedan 1980-talet. Nya behörighetsregler
i gymnasiet verkar också förstärka
skillnaderna mellan könen i vilka program de
läser, vilket är en utveckling som behöver följas
framöver.
Vi ser genom rapporten att ojämställdhet begränsar
både tjejer och killar, och att de har olika
handlingsutrymme i många sammanhang. Tjejer
och killar möter skilda förväntningar i skolan,
både från personal och från andra elever, vilket
riskerar att förstärka skillnaderna mellan könen.
Här verkar det också finnas betydande variationer
mellan skolor när det gäller lokala normer
för tjejer och killar. Det är viktigt att skolan är en
plats där alla kan mötas av likvärdiga förväntningar.
Att det finns en betydande segregering i
val av utbildning, av yrke såväl som av fritidsaktiviteter
är en indikation på de begränsningar
som kan finnas.
Inom flera områden har tjejer sämre levnadsvillkor.
Psykisk ohälsa och stress är särskilt utbrett.
Det gäller även utsatthet för sexuellt våld
och våld i nära relationer. Familjebildning tenderar
också att få större konsekvenser för tjejer
i relation till både arbetslivet och till det oavlö-
nade hem- och omsorgsarbetet. Bland killar är
det vanligare med allvarligare ekonomiska problem,
och de är överrepresenterade när det gäller
våldsutövande och även utsatthet för många
former av våld. Vi ser hur maskulinitetsnormer
påverkar våld och även hur killar verbaliserar,
eller inte verbaliserar sitt mående.
Inlaga.indd 20 2013-12-18 15:58:29
21
Jämställdhetspolitiken tar sin utgångspunkt
i relationen mellan könen och den ojämna fördelningen
av makt och inflytande. Det är viktigt
att också uppmärksamma att det finns personer
som varken identifierar sig som tjejer eller killar,
och att analyser ofta har en heterosexuell
utgångspunkt och kärnfamiljen som modell.
De statistiska undersökningar som finns är väldigt
begränsade när det gäller att fördjupa vår
kunskap om levnadsvillkoren för flera delar av
ungdomsgruppen som vi vet lever i en särskilt
utsatt situation. Här behövs fortsatta kvalitativa
studier för att spegla villkoren och kunna formulera
relevanta politiska frågor.
Förändringsarbetet har kommit olika långt
om vi ser till huvudområdena i ungdomspolitiken.
Inom utbildning och lärande har många
satsningar och utredningar gjorts och det finns
mycket samlad erfarenhet och kunskap för ett
fortsatt arbete. För arbete och försörjning ser vi
att det har varit ovanligt med initiativ för ökad
jämställdhet för unga. Inom hälsa och utsatthet
kan vi konstatera att det finns betydande satsningar
för att utveckla de insatser som ges, och
att barn och unga är särskilt prioriterade i satsningen
kring psykisk ohälsa 2012–2016, dock
saknas ett tydligt jämställdhetsperspektiv. Flera
initiativ har tagits för att stärka kunskapen och
insatserna inom området unga och våld. Ungdomsstyrelsen
har sedan tidigare lagt flera förslag
hur detta arbete kan förstärkas ytterligare.
Inom inflytande och representation finns det
få offentliga initiativ som kombinerar frågorna
om ungas inflytande och jämställdhet. Detta är
istället vanligare bland aktörer inom det civila
samhället, som också får stöd från det offentliga
bland annat genom Ungdomsstyrelsen och
Allmänna arvsfonden. Inom området kultur och
fritid finns lokala exempel och nationella initiativ
för att öka jämställdheten inom idrotten och
kulturlivet. Vi ser att arbetet inom idrotten kan
utvecklas och att satsningar inom kulturen endast
delvis når unga.
För ett långsiktigt arbete behöver projekt och
särskilda initiativ pågå samtidigt som jämställdhetsintegreringsarbetet.
Kunskaper och erfarenheter
från förändringsarbete skulle kunna samlas
på ett mer systematiskt sätt än idag. Vi ser
också behov av att killar och mäns engagemang
behöver höjas inom jämställdhetspolitiken för
att nå långsiktig förändring.
Ungdomsstyrelsen lägger sex förslag som kan
komplettera och vidareutveckla arbetet och kunskapsutvecklingen
för ökad jämställdhet mellan
tjejer och killar:
• Synliggör barn och unga i uppföljningen av
jämställdhetspolitiken
• Förtydliga jämställdhetsperspektivet i satsningen
kring psykisk ohälsa 2012–2016
• Granska arbetsmarknadsåtgärder utifrån ett
jämställdhetsperspektiv
• Förstärk arbetet mot sexuella trakasserier i
skolan
• Fokus på grupper och maskulinitet i forskning
och i ett avgränsat försök med våldspreventivt
program i Sverige
• Utveckla indikatorerna för uppföljning av ungas
kultur och fritid, och därmed möjligheterna
att följa upp jämställdheten på området.

Unga vuxna med en historia av uppförandestörning. – En långtidsuppföljning med ett salutogent och ekologiskt perspektiv

Olsson, Martin (2006)

Denna avhandling innehåller en huvudstudie och en delstudie. Syftet med huvudstudien var att följa upp en grupp ungdomar som hade blivit diagnostiserade med uppförandestörning (n=351) i det unga vuxenlivet. Delstudiens syfte var att ifrågasätta och klargöra frågeformuläret KASAM-29 och dess förhållande till den salutogena teorin. I avhandlingen användes olika utfallsvariabler och utfallsmått, vilka även diskuterades. Två perspektiv på utfall användes, ett salutogent och ett ekologiskt.

Det salutogena perspektivet kunde användas först efter att delstudien var klar. Delstudien visade att KASAM-29 är ett reliabelt och validt mätinstrument. Dessutom visade delstudien att huvudbegreppet i den salutogena teorin Känslan av sammanhang bör betraktas som ett holistiskt begrepp.

Huvudstudien följde upp 290 ungdomar i deras unga vuxenliv (medelålder 21 år). Utifrån det salutogena perspektivet, KASAM-29, hade ungefär hälften männen (43 %) och kvinnorna (56 %) ett negativt utfall. Det ekologiska perspektivet bestod av sju enskilda variabler: låg utbildningsnivå, transfereringsinkomst, hög symtombelastning, missbruk, kriminalitet och dygnsvård för vuxna. Genom att kombinera dessa enskilda variabler, hade ungefär två tredjedelar av männen (68-70 %) och ungefär hälften av kvinnorna ett negativt utfall i vuxenlivet. Dessa utfallsmått kunde inte substantiellt prediceras av variabler från deras medicinska patient journal.

Huvudstudien är en av få nationella och internationella långtidsuppföljningar bestående av ett kliniskt urval av ungdomar diagnostiserade med uppförandestörning. Studien visar att det är möjligt att genomföra denna typ av studier med ett litet bortfall. Individer diagnostiserade med uppförandestörning har en förhöjd risk för ett problematiskt vuxenliv. Vuxenlivet kan beskrivas på många olika sätt. Men slutsatsen är att utfallet i vuxenlivet beror på valet av utfallsmått. För att besvara frågan hur stor del av ungdomarna som hade ett negativt utfall i vuxenlivet måste utfallsmåttet först specificeras. Specificeringen måste klargöra utfallsmåttets uppbyggnad och definition. Först därefter kan frågan verkligen besvaras.

Ungdomsvård på hemmaplan. Idéerna, framväxten, praktiken

Forkby, Torbjörn (2005)

Juveniles who are rowdy, who commit crime, abuse drugs, have difficulty functioning in school or in the home are the subject of constant attention: from indignant voices in newspaper reports, to demands in parliament for action, all the way to the informal conversations at the lunch table and in the home in front of the television. This dissertation is about society's attempts to normalize them, in a time when institutional care has gained a bad reputation. All over the western world there are attempts to replace institutions with qualified non-institutional measures. In Sweden a rather broad range of activities has emerged under designations such as home-based solutions, intermediary care or simply alternatives to institutional care. Among these we can find both all-embracing and innovative endeavours and more limited expansions of established patterns of thought. Although there are numerous studies of individual ventures, often in the form of project evaluations, there are no approaches with an overall perspective on the field. This dissertation seeks to remedy this by studying ideas articulated when activities are planned and how daily life between juveniles and employees is formed in a typical home-based solution. These studies are conceptualized through a description of the development of juvenile care during the 20th century. The study is based on the methods of discourse analysis and focuses on how communication is shaped and given a specific function in an institutional order. The first study shows how the social worker as a rescuing subject is linked with the juvenile as an object needing rescue through the technology involved in the home-based solution. Four main forms of home-based care are identified in accordance with the way they relate to the mother organization (integrated – free-standing), and the way they handle problems that arise (ad hoc – a priori). The study of the special school "Pilen" analyses in detail how everyday life is shaped and maintained. Therapeutic work is perceived in the dissertation as actions accompanied by power with the intention of achieving dominance within a social space. In the special school it becomes evident how the employees' claims for power encounter the juveniles' counter-power, and how this is expressed in a reciprocal positioning game. The juveniles often have great potential to neutralize the employees' direct interventions. At the same time, they have little opportunity to change the social and cultural framework which dictates why they are there – and hence also little opportunity to avoid being captured in the category of "problem children". In this way the special school was simultaneously a sanctuary from the excessive pressures of ordinary school and a place of banishment from it, and from what is perceived as the reference of normality.

Universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes for children and adolescents: Cochrane systematic reviews

Foxcroft DR, Tsertsvadze A. (2012)

AIMS:
Alcohol misuse by young people causes significant health and social harm, including death and disability. Therefore, prevention of youth alcohol misuse is a policy aim in many countries. Our aim was to examine the effectiveness of (1) school-based, (2) family-based and (3) multi-component universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes in children and adolescents.
METHODS:
Three Cochrane systematic reviews were performed: searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Project CORK and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials up to July 2010, including randomised trials evaluating universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes in school, family or multiple settings in youths aged 18 years or younger. Two independent reviewers identified eligible studies and any discrepancies were resolved via discussion.
RESULTS:
A total of 85 trials were included in the reviews of school (n = 53), family (n = 12) and multi-component (n = 20) programmes. Meta-analysis was not performed due to study heterogeneity. Most studies were conducted in North America. Risk of bias assessment revealed problems related to inappropriate unit of analysis, moderate to high attrition, selective outcome reporting and potential confounding. Certain generic psychosocial and life skills school-based programmes were effective in reducing alcohol use in youth. Most family-based programmes were effective. There was insufficient evidence to conclude that multiple interventions provided additional benefit over single interventions.
CONCLUSIONS:
In these Cochrane reviews, some school, family or multi-component prevention programmes were shown to be effective in reducing alcohol misuse in youths. However, these results warrant a cautious interpretation, since bias and/or contextual factors may have affected the trial results. Further research should replicate the most promising studies identified in these reviews and pay particular attention to content and context factors through rigorous evaluation.

Universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes for children and adolescents: Cochrane systematic reviews.

Foxcroft DR, Tsertsvadze A. (2012)

AIMS:
Alcohol misuse by young people causes significant health and social harm, including death and disability. Therefore, prevention of youth alcohol misuse is a policy aim in many countries. Our aim was to examine the effectiveness of (1) school-based, (2) family-based and (3) multi-component universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes in children and adolescents.
METHODS:
Three Cochrane systematic reviews were performed: searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Project CORK and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials up to July 2010, including randomised trials evaluating universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes in school, family or multiple settings in youths aged 18 years or younger. Two independent reviewers identified eligible studies and any discrepancies were resolved via discussion.
RESULTS:
A total of 85 trials were included in the reviews of school (n = 53), family (n = 12) and multi-component (n = 20) programmes. Meta-analysis was not performed due to study heterogeneity. Most studies were conducted in North America. Risk of bias assessment revealed problems related to inappropriate unit of analysis, moderate to high attrition, selective outcome reporting and potential confounding. Certain generic psychosocial and life skills school-based programmes were effective in reducing alcohol use in youth. Most family-based programmes were effective. There was insufficient evidence to conclude that multiple interventions provided additional benefit over single interventions.
CONCLUSIONS:
In these Cochrane reviews, some school, family or multi-component prevention programmes were shown to be effective in reducing alcohol misuse in youths. However, these results warrant a cautious interpretation, since bias and/or contextual factors may have affected the trial results. Further research should replicate the most promising studies identified in these reviews and pay particular attention to content and context factors through rigorous evaluation.

Unjustly neglected: Siblings of people with a schizophrenic psychosis

Schrank B, Sibitz I, Und MS, Amering M. (2007)

Objective: Siblings of individuals suffering from schizophrenia are an underrepresented group in research focussing on the needs of carets and relatives of psychiatric patients. The present study aims to investigate differences between siblings and parents as well as spouses, as regards help seeking, utilisation of an open group for relatives, their subjective burden and quality of life. Methods: 147 relatives of in-patients and patients attending a day hospital where assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Family Problem Questionnaire (FPQ), the WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) and a questionnaire inquiring about the relatives' utilisation of various sources of information and help throughout the course of the illness. Results: Siblings reported less contact to the patients compared to the two other groups. However, their subjective burden was comparable to that Of Spouses, who were the group with the highest amount of contact. Siblings' quality of life showed by far less impairment than that of spouses and parents. They reported significantly less utilisation of any source of information and help and were far less likely to be invited to the group for relatives. Conclusions: Siblings of patients with schizophrenia are a particularly neglected group regarding support aimed at relatives. They are heavily distressed, yet there is little offer of professional support for them. It seems indicated to draw increased attention to this specific group of relatives.

Unrecognized attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults presenting for outpatient psychotherapy

Ratey, J. J., Greenberg, M. S., Bemporad, J. R., & Lindem, K. J. (1992)

Adult patients with significant childhood and current symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but whose ADHD had not been previously recognized, were evaluated by three clinical consultants working with diverse referral populations. These 60 adults shared common characteristics of physical and mental restlessness, impulsivity, disabling distractibility, low self-esteem, self-loathing, and a gnawing sense of underachievement. Specific learning or behavior problems were often present. These patients were chronically disaffected. The diagnosis of ADHD appeared to be missed because these individuals presented with atypical symptoms or had found ways to compensate for their deficits. Descriptive generalizations are offered concerning their coping strategies. These adults had sought previous psychiatric care for non-ADHD symptoms but had numerous unsuccessful treatment attempts. Most patients had been treated for mood or anxiety disorders. Traditional defense analysis had little beneficial effect and aggravated problems of self-esteem; modifications of the psychotherapeutic process are recommended. In open clinical trials without formal measures, the majority of such patients appeared to respond to low doses of antidepressants (i.e., desipramine 10-30 mg daily) and seemed to lose the therapeutic effect at higher antidepressant doses.

Upp till 18 – fakta om barn och ungdom

BR Barnombudsmannen rapporterar (2010)

Beskriver barns levnadsförhållanden i siffror, generellt och över tiden. Här finns uppgifter om bl.a. barns hälsa, situationen i förskolan och skolan, fridtidsvanor och familjeförhållanden. Ett särskilt kapitel behandlar barn i utsatta situationer.

Lyfter fram skillnader mellan olika grupper barn beroende på exempelvis ålder, kön, ursprung och familjesituation. Även förändringar över tid följs upp.

Uppdrag om förslag till försöksverksamhet med samordnare för barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning

Regeringen (S2012/4967/FST). (2012)

Socialstyrelsen får i uppdrag att genomföra en kartläggning av landstingens användning av anlagsmedel för rådgivning och annat personligt stöd enligt lagen (1993:387) om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade (LSS). Socialstyrelsen ska även föreslå en försöksverksamhet med samordnare för barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning.

Vidare får Socialstyrelsen i uppdrag att genomföra en förstudie om hur information om samhällets stöd till barn med funktionsnedsättning på bästa sätt görs tillgänglig för målgruppen.

Uppdraget ska redovisas till Regeringskansliet (Socialdepartementet) senast den 18 januari 2013.
Socialstyrelsen får under 2012 använda högst 1 miljon kronor för att genomföra uppdraget.

Upplevelser av att vara anhörig till en närstående med långvarig sjukdom, långvarigt hjälpbehov, akut sjukdom eller kritiskt tillstånd

Olivia Hellberg, Rebecca Kammerland (2020)

En integrativ forskningsöversikt om dessa anhörigas psykosociala behov samt hur hälso- och sjukvårdskuratorer kan arbeta för att stödja anhöriga som de möter.

Examensarbete Kandidatnivå

Sammanfattning
Syftet är att via en integrativ forskningsöversikt sammanställa forskning om anhöriga till närstående med långvarig sjukdom, långvarigt hjälpbehov, akut sjukdom eller kritiskt tillstånd, deras psykosociala behov och behov av stöd. Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka på vilket sätt hälso- och sjukhuskuratorer kan möta dessa anhörigas behov. Forskningsöversikten består av 20 artiklar som är av kvantitativ, kvalitativ och mixad metod. Artiklarna har analyserats med tematisk analys för att därefter analysera framkommande teman utifrån copingteori och professionsteori. Resultaten visar att anhörigas personliga uppoffringar kan få konsekvenser på hälsa, ekonomi och relationer. Som en psykosocial konsekvens av att hjälpa en närstående upplever många anhöriga stress, ångest och depression. Anhöriga behöver stöd som är anpassat efter deras individuella behov. Olika former av stöd efterfrågas: emotionellt-, instrumentellt- och informativt stöd. Det är viktigt att kuratorer i hälso- och sjukvården uppmärksammar anhöriga, har kunskap och kan möta anhörigas individuella behov. Slutsatserna är att det finns många generella aspekter av att vara anhörig och det mest framträdande resultatet är anhörigas behov av information. Individuellt stöd, stöd i rätt tid och adekvat information är viktigt för att främja anhörigas hälsa och välbefinnande.

The Health of Older Family Caregivers – A 6-Year Follow-up

Lena Sandin Wranker, Elmståhl Sölve, Fagerström Cecilia (2021)

Abstract

It is unclear whether caregiving has an impact on the physical, mental and functional health of older caregivers. This study aimed to describe physical, mental and functional health in relation to family caregiving in old age (60+) over a six-year period. The study comprised 2,294 randomly selected individuals (60–96 years) from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care, who answered the question on whether they were caregivers and who were followed up six years later. The prevalence of family caregivers was 13.1% and the incidence was 12.4%. Four tracks (T) were identified; T1) Family caregiver both at baseline and follow-up (n = 74), T2) Family caregiver at baseline but not at follow-up (n = 226), T3) non-caregiver at baseline but family caregiver at follow-up (n = 218), T4) non-caregiver both at baseline and follow-up (1,776). Only non-caregivers (T4) reported a decline in mental health, p < .036. Worries about health increased significantly in T2 and T4. The prevalence of caregivers was 13.1% with a high turnover. There are differences between family caregivers and non-caregivers in deterioration in physical and mental health as well as physical function over a six-year period.

The consequences of deafblindness rules the family: Parents’ lived experiences of family life when the other parent has deafblindness.

Björk M, Wahlqvist M, Huus K, & Anderzén-Carlsson A. (2022)

Deafblindness is a combined vision and hearing disability that restricts communication, access to information, and mobility, thus limiting a person’s activities and full participation in society. Literature on how this might affect the lives of family members is sparse. The aim of this study is to describe the lived experience of family life from the perspective of one parent when the other has deafblindness. Six partners of deafblind parents, four men and two women, agreed to participate. Three were deaf and communicated in Swedish sign language. Qualitative interviews were conducted and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Seven themes were identified during the analysis. When one parent has deafblindness, communication within the family and with people outside the family is affected. The non-deafblind partners tried to integrate deafblindness into everyday family life and constantly strove to compensate for the losses caused by deafblindness. They tried to enhance participation and engagement in everyday family life for the parent with deafblindness by facilitating communication and taking a greater part in some areas of their shared responsibilities at home. The results reveal that these partners often put themselves in second place. They and their families needed support to manage family life. Deafblindness affects the life of the entire family, and the non-deafblind partner has to take considerable responsibility for everyday life. Everyday life can be facilitated by an adapted environment and appropriate support, which should be offered to the entire family. 

Is the mental health of older adults receiving care from their children related to their children’s dual burden of caregiving and work stress? A linked lives perspective

Ekezie P. E, Eriksson U, Shaw B. A, Agahi N, Nilsen C. (2022)

Abstract Objectives Mental health problems are a major concern in the older population in Sweden, as is the growing number of older adults aging alone in their homes and in need of informal care. Using a linked lives perspective, this study explored if older parents’ mental health is related to their children’s dual burden of informal caregiving and job strain. Methods Data from a nationally representative Swedish survey, SWEOLD, were used. Mental health problems in older age (mean age 88) were measured with self-reported ‘mild’ or ‘severe’ anxiety and depressive symptoms. A primary caregiving adult child was linked to each older parent, and this child’s occupation was matched with a job exposure matrix to assess job strain. Logistic regression analyses were conducted with an analytic sample of 334. Results After adjusting for covariates, caregiving children’s lower job control and greater job strain were each associated with mental health problems in their older parents (OR 2.52, p = 0.008 and OR 2.56, p = 0.044, respectively). No association was found between caregiving children’s job demands and their older parents’ mental health (OR 1.08, p = 0.799). Conclusion In line with the linked lives perspective, results highlight that the work–life balance of informal caregiving adult children may play a role in their older parent’s mental health

A balancing act: Working and caring for a child with cancer

Hjelmstedt S. K., Forinder U. M., Lindahl Norberg, A. M, Hovén E. I. M. (2021)

Parenting a child with cancer creates numerous additional care demands that may lead to increased difficulties in balancing work and family responsibilities. Still, there is limited knowledge of how parents cope with both parenthood and paid work after a child’s cancer diagnosis. The aim of the study was to explore mothers’ and fathers’ experiences of balancing the dual roles of work and parenthood following a child’s cancer diagnosis. Nine focus groups with in total 32 parents of children with cancer in Sweden were conducted. The data was analysed using qualitative content analysis. Three categories were identified: Shifts in the importance of the parent role and the work role, Influence of context and conditions on the balance of roles, and Long-term unbalance of roles. Parents expressed an increased appreciation of time spent with family, but also emphasized the importance of work to counterbalance the sometimes overwhelming parenting demands. The pre-existing financial situation, work situation, and employer behaviour were important factors influencing the parents’ ability to balance work and family. Traditional gender roles influenced how couples divided responsibilities and reflected on their experiences. Mothers and fathers were also met with different expectations, which highlights the need for the healthcare to consider their communication with caregivers. Importantly, the parents expressed how the child’s illness affected their ability to balance work and family for a long time, while the understanding and support from others had steadily declined. Enabling parents to care for their ill child without sacrificing their own career is of utmost importance, and future research should focus on identifying which factors facilitate for parents to achieve a sustainable work-life balance.

Upholding family relationships in a context of increasing awareness of parental illness

Charlotte Oja (2021)

Background: Children are affected when parents are ill and health care professionals are bound by law to consider children's need for information on their parent's illness. Effective interventions are available in settings other than primary health care, and possibilities seen by GPs and families have been described previously. Most patients in Sweden are treated in primary health care. It is suspected that parental health problems treated in primary care create a challenge and risk for the children. It is unknown how children and parents negotiate this situation and what strategies they use.AimThe overall aim was to conceptualize the situation of ill parents and their children in primary health care, as a contribution towards the long-term goal of developing suitable and sustainable interventions for children as next of kin in primary care.MethodsAnalysis of interviews with 32 parents and 23 of their children in three primary health care clinics using grounded theory method resulted in a conceptualization of (i) how these children view their situation (Study I) and (ii) a theory on the processes and typologies of upholding family relationships from the perspective of their parents (Study III). A systematic review exploring interventions for children of ill parents in all health care settings globally resulted in a full overview of the literature and, via content analysis, a resulting summary of what children and parents find helpful in interventions (Study II). All three studies were analytically integrated in this thesis.ResultsAnalysis of the interviews revealed that children feel burdened and lonely when their parents are ill (paper 1) and wish their parent to reveal (paper 3). Parents are aware that their children know they are ill and wish their parents to reveal, but often feel incapable to do so. A Grounded Theory conceptualizing what it takes to uphold family relationships in a context of increasing awareness of parental illness (paper 3) was developed. Six different awareness contexts are posed (closed, concealed, suspicious, conflicted, mutual pretense and open) and how parents manage, or often fail to manage them, are conceptualized. The theory hypothesizes that to reveal the parent needs to manage their common awareness context about the illness. And to manage their common awareness context the parent must comprehend the illness and the child needs. Parents and children wish primary health care to support the often-needed learning processes. (Study 1 and 3).Thirty-two studies conducted in mental health (n=22), cancer care (n=6) and HIV care (n=4) were analysed in a systematic literature review. The quantitative studies showed a small-to-moderate effect on the health of the child. Systematic content analysis of qualitative results from mental health and cancer care generated new data concerning what both children and parents found useful in interventions (increased knowledge, improved communication, improved coping strategies and better capacity to handle negative feelings) and additional benefits perceived by the parents (observed changes in their children's behaviour, increased understanding of their own child and enjoyment of the child's respite).

Barns behov av information, råd och stöd när en förälder är psykiskt sjuk - på väg mot ett familjefokuserat arbetssätt i vuxenpsykiatrin?

Priebe G, Afzelius M (2017)

Abstract

Barnen påverkas när en förälder är psykiskt sjuk. Hälso- och sjukvårdslagen
ändrades 2010 så att deras behov av information, råd och stöd ska beaktas.
Artikeln presenterar en registerstudie som genomfördes 2013 och 2014
inom vuxenpsykiatrin i Region Skåne för att undersöka hur lagstiftningen
följs i den kliniska vardagen. Resultaten visade att få insatser gavs i de fall
då barnen hade uppmärksammats och registrerats. En uppföljning fann en
marginell ökning av andelen patienter med registrerade barn för 2016, men
den betydande underrapporteringen består. En enkät till personal med utbildning
i barnfokuserade interventioner ingick i uppföljningen och visade att
de flesta hade genomfört få interventioner under år 2016. Det är angeläget
att ett familjeorienterat arbetssätt etableras inom vuxenpsykiatrin.

Research and Innovation for and with Adolescent Young Carers to Influence Policy and Practice—The European Union Funded “ME-WE” Project

Hanson, E., Barbabella, F., Magnusson, L., Brolin, R., Svensson, M et al (2022)
Abstract [en]

Young carers are children and adolescents who provide care to other family members or friends, taking over responsibilities that are usually associated with adulthood. There is emerging but still scarce knowledge worldwide about the phenomenon of young carers and the impact of a caring role on their health, social and personal development spheres. This paper provides an overview of the main results from the ME-WE project, which is the first European research and innovation project dedicated to adolescent young carers (AYCs) (15–17 years). The project methods relied on three main activities: (1) a systematization of knowledge (by means of a survey to AYCs, country case studies, Delphi study, literature review); (2) the co-design, implementation and evaluation of a primary prevention intervention addressing AYCs’ mental health (by means of Blended Learning Networks and a clinical trial in six European countries); (3) the implementation of knowledge translation actions for dissemination, awareness, advocacy and lobbying (by means of national and international stakeholder networks, as well as traditional and new media). Project results substantially contributed to a better understanding of AYCs’ conditions, needs and preferences, defined tailored support intervention (resilient to COVID-19 related restrictions), and significant improvements in national and European policies for AYCs.

Kommunikation med familjen då föräldern drabbas av sjukdom Rapport baserad på avhandlingen “Upholding family relationships in a context of increasing awareness of parental illness.”

Charlotte Louise Oja, Lennart Magnusson (2022)

Denna rapport bygger på avhandlingen Upholding family relationships in a context of increasing awareness of parental illness. Rapporten beskriver en teori som utvecklats baserat på intervjuer med föräldrar och barn. Rapporten innehåller också förslag på vilken roll primärvården kan ta i arbetet med barn som anhöriga, samt handfasta råd till hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal för att stärka kommunikationen mellan sjuka föräldrar och deras barn.

Exploring the collaboration between formal and informal care from the professional perspective - A thematic synthesis

Hengelaar, A. H., van Hartingsveldt, M., Wittenberg, Y., van Etten-Jamaludin, F., Kwekkeboom, R., & Satink, T. (2018)

Abstract

In Dutch policy and at the societal level, informal caregivers are ideally seen as essential team members when creating, together with professionals, co-ordinated support plans for the persons for whom they care. However, collaboration between professionals and informal caregivers is not always effective. This can be explained by the observation that caregivers and professionals have diverse backgrounds and frames of reference regarding providing care. This thematic synthesis sought to examine and understand how professionals experience collaboration with informal caregivers to strengthen the care triad. PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, Cochrane/Central and CINAHL were searched systematically until May 2015, using specific key words and inclusion criteria. Twenty-two articles were used for thematic synthesis. Seven themes revealed different reflections by professionals illustrating the complex, multi-faceted and dynamic interface of professionals and informal care. Working in collaboration with informal caregivers requires professionals to adopt a different way of functioning. Specific attention should be paid to the informal caregiver, where the focus now is mainly on the client for whom they care. This is difficult to attain due to different restrictions experienced by professionals on policy and individual levels. Specific guidelines and training for the professionals are necessary in the light of the current policy changes in the Netherlands, where an increased emphasis is placed on informal care structures.

Recruitment of caregivers into health services research: lessons from a user-centred design study

Leslie, M., Khayatzadeh-Mahani, A., & MacKean, G (2019)

Background

With patient and public engagement in many aspects of the healthcare system becoming an imperative, the recruitment of patients and members of the public into service and research roles has emerged as a challenge. The existing literature carries few reports of the methods – successful and unsuccessful – that researchers engaged in user-centred design (UCD) projects are using to recruit participants as equal partners in co-design research. This paper uses the recruitment experiences of a specific UCD project to provide a road map for other investigators, and to make general recommendations for funding agencies interested in supporting co-design research.

Methods

We used a case study methodology and employed Nominal Group Technique (NGT) and Focus Group discussions to collect data. We recruited 25 family caregivers.

Results

Employing various strategies to recruit unpaid family caregivers in a UCD project aimed at co-designing an assistive technology for family caregivers, we found that recruitment through caregiver agencies is the most efficient (least costly) and effective mechanism. The nature of this recruitment work – the time and compromises it requires – has, we believe, implications for funding agencies who need to understand that working with caregivers agencies, requires a considerable amount of time for building relationships, aligning values, and establishing trust.

Conclusions

In addition to providing adaptable strategies, the paper contributes to discussions surrounding how projects seeking effective, meaningful, and ethical patient and public engagement are planned and funded. We call for more evidence to explore effective mechanisms to recruit family caregivers into qualitative research. We also call for reports of successful strategies that other researchers have employed to recruit and retain family caregivers in their research.

Caregiver identity theory and predictors of burden and depression

Miller, V. J., Killian, M. O., & Fields, N (2020)

Objective: To examine the relationship between care recipient (person with Alzheimer's disease) ability to perform daily tasks and caregivers' (CG) perceived burden and depression, guided by the caregiver identity theory. We also examine the mediating effect of CG abilities to meet their basic needs.Methods: This study utilizes the baseline data of the REACH II study. Spearman's rho (ρ) was used to test for relationships between burden, reported depression, and each ADLs and IADLs. To further explore the relationship between burden and each ADLs and IADLs, structural equation modeling was conducted using Mplus 8.0.Results: Reported CG total scores indicated increased perceived CG burden with greater number of assisted daily activities. CG depression scores were significantly predicted by reported burden scores and caregiver's ability to pay for basic needs. Importantly, 34.6% of variation in CG reported depressions scores were explained by reported burden scores. A multivariate regression model with reported burden scores, controlling for caregiver's ability to pay for basic needs, explained 36.6% of the variance in CG depression scores. Burden scores and CG ability to pay for basic needs significantly predicted depression scores. Results from the three models indicated that CG burden fully mediated the relationship between daily living skill scores and CG depression.Conclusion: Our study findings suggest the need to more closely examine the link between AD caregiving, financial instability, and mental health and bolster support for policies and programs that offer tangible supports and services to offset the costs of informal AD CG.

Informal caregivers’ views on the division of responsibilities between themselves and professionals: a scoping review

Wittenberg, Y., Kwekkeboom, R., Staaks, J., Verhoeff, A., & de Boer, A (2018)

This scoping review focuses on the views of informal caregivers regarding the division of care responsibilities between citizens, governments and professionals and the question of to what extent professionals take these views into account during collaboration with them. In Europe, the normative discourse on informal care has changed. Retreating governments and decreasing residential care increase the need to enhance the collaboration between informal caregivers and professionals. Professionals are assumed to adequately address the needs and wishes of informal caregivers, but little is known about informal caregivers' views on the division of care responsibilities. We performed a scoping review and searched for relevant studies published between 2000 and September 1, 2016 in seven databases. Thirteen papers were included, all published in Western countries. Most included papers described research with a qualitative research design. Based on the opinion of informal caregivers, we conclude that professionals do not seem to explicitly take into account the views of informal caregivers about the division of responsibilities during their collaboration with them. Roles of the informal caregivers and professionals are not always discussed and the division of responsibilities sometimes seems unclear. Acknowledging the role and expertise of informal caregivers seems to facilitate good collaboration, as well as attitudes such as professionals being open and honest, proactive and compassionate. Inflexible structures and services hinder good collaboration. Asking informal caregivers what their opinion is about the division of responsibilities could improve clarity about the care that is given by both informal caregivers and professionals and could improve their collaboration. Educational programs in social work, health and allied health professions should put more emphasis on this specific characteristic of collaboration.

Dignity as an intersubjective phenomenon: experiences of dyads living with serious illness

Persson, C, Benzein, E and Morberg Jämterud, S (2020)

Research results suggest that illness can undermine patients' dignity and that dignity can be understood as an experience formed in communion with others. The aim of this study was, therefore, to illuminate the meanings of lived experiences of dignity as an intersubjective phenomenon from the perspective of dyads in palliative care. The authors analyzed transcripts from interviews with nine dyads using a phenomenological-hermeneutical method. Within the contexts of the dyadic relationship and the dyadic-health care professional relationship, the authors' interpretation revealed two meanings based on the participants' lived experiences: "Being available," related to responding and being responded to in terms of answerability and we-ness, and "Upholding continuity," linked to feeling attached through the maintenance of emotional bonds and being connected through upholding valued activities and qualities in daily living. The authors further reflected on the meanings in relation to philosophically grounded concepts such as presence, objectification, dependence, and dyadic body.

Urinary incontinence and use of pads – clinical features and need for help in home care at 11 sites in Europe

Wergeland Sørbye, L., Finne-Soveri, H., Ljunggren, G., Topinkova, E., Garms-Homolova, V., Jensdóttir, A. B., & Bernabei, R. (2008)

AIM:
The aim of this study was to obtain evidenced-based knowledge about older persons in home care; we conducted a population-based study at 11 sites in Europe (2001/2002). This article focuses on urinary incontinence and need for help in home care.
METHODS:
A sample of 4010 respondents 65 years or older were assessed by the Resident Assessment Instrument for Home Care. Urinary incontinence was defined as leakage once a week or more including use of catheters.
RESULTS:
A total of 1478 individuals had urinary incontinence, 45% men and 47% women. The use of pads ran from 29% to 52% between the sites. The associates of urinary incontinence were: moderate or severe cognitive impairment, dependency in toileting and other activities of daily living compared with less impaired; urinary infections, obesity and faecal incontinence. Caregivers to persons with urinary incontinence reported burden or stress more often then carers to nonurinary incontinence individuals (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.8-2.7).
CONCLUSIONS:
To enable older people with incontinence to stay at home with a better quality of life, they need caring assistance during toileting on a regular basis.

Usability of a new electronic assistive device for community-dwelling persons with mild dementia

Meiland FJM, Bouman AIE, Sävenstedt S, Bentvelzen S, Davies RJ, Mulvenna MD, et al. (2012)

Objective: To evaluate a newly developed integrated digital prosthetic, the COGKNOW Day Navigator (CDN), to support persons with mild dementia in their daily lives, with memory, social contacts, daily activities and safety. Methods: A user participatory method was applied in the development process, which consisted of three iterative 1-year cycles with field tests in Amsterdam, Belfast and Luleå. In the successive cycles 16, 14 and 12 persons with dementia and their carers participated. Data on usability were collected by means of interviews, observations, questionnaires, logging and diaries. The CDN prototype consists of a touch screen, a mobile device, sensors and actuators. Results: The evaluation showed that persons with dementia and carers valued the CDN overall as user-friendly and useful. Conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the system in daily life were limited due to insufficient duration of the testing period caused by delays in development and some instability of the final prototype. Conclusion: With the suggested adaptations, the CDN is expected to be a useful tool for supporting community-dwelling persons with mild dementia and their carers.

Usage and design evaluation by family caregivers of a stroke intervention web site

Pierce LL, Steiner V. (2013)

Background

Four out of 5 families are affected by stroke. Many caregivers access the Internet and gather healthcare information from web-based sources.

Design

The purpose of this descriptive evaluation was to assess the usage and design of the Caring~Web© site, which provides education/support for family caregivers of persons with stroke residing in home settings.

Sample and Setting

Thirty-six caregivers from two Midwest states accessed this intervention in a 1-year study. The average participant was fifty-four years of age, white, female, and the spouse of the care recipient.

Methods

In a telephone interview, four website questions were asked twice-/bi-monthly and a 33-item Survey at the conclusion of the study evaluated the website usage and design of its components. Descriptive analysis methods were used and statistics were collected on the number of visits to the website.

Results

On average, participants logged on to the website one to two hours per week, although usage declined after several months for some participants. Participants positively rated the website's appearance and usability that included finding the training to be adequate.

Conclusion

Website designers can replicate this intervention for other health conditions.

Use of a symptom scale to study the prevalence of a depressive syndrome in young adolescents

Schoenbach, VJ., Kaplan, BH, Grimson, RC., & Wagner, EH. (1982)

The entire student enrollment (n = 624) in a public junior high school in Raleigh, North Carolina were visited in their homes between October 1978 and February 1979. Eleven (2.9%) of 384 students completing the Center for Epidemiologic Studies self-report depression scale reported symptoms patterns consistent with the Research Diagnostic Criteria for major depressive disorder. These 11 subjects were concentrated in the top 12% of the distribution of symptom scores and had symptom prevalences exceeding those in the overall study population by a factor of three or more. Black males from low income households predominated. A self-report questionnaire may be usable to detect a depressive "syndrome" in young adolescents. The prevalence of such a syndrome is similar to prevalence estimates for adults and young adolescents, but considerably lower than estimates derived from total scale scores and cutoff points. A syndrome-oriented analytic approach for symptom scales should be explored as an alternative to the use of cutoff scores for epidemiologic studies of psychiatric disorders.

Use of eye‐pointing by children with cerebral palsy: what are we looking at?.

Sargent, J., Clarke, M., Price, K., Griffiths, T., & Swettenham, J. (2013)

BACKGROUND:
Children with cerebral palsy often show significant communication impairment due to limited or absent speech. Further, motor impairment can restrict the use of movement, including pointing, to signal interest and intent. For some children, controlled gaze can be an effective 'point-substitute': such 'eye-pointing' can be used to request items, establish mutual interest in an event, or select vocabulary within an alternative or augmentative communication (ACC) system. However, in clinical practice there is a lack of clarity about how the term 'eye-pointing' is used, how 'eye-pointing' is recognized or how it relates to social development.
AIMS:
To present a clinical description of the term 'eye-pointing' with reference to children with severe cerebral palsy who cannot speak or finger-point. To consider this description within a wider discussion of the importance of gaze in communication development.
METHODS & PROCEDURES:
Cumulative clinical observations during assessment of children referred to a specialist multidisciplinary communication clinic have provoked discussion between the authors on what factors precipitate use of the term 'eye-pointing' in young children with severe cerebral palsy. In particular, discussion has centred on whether use of the term is appropriate in individual cases and whether guidance is available about how gaze should be observed in this developmentally vulnerable group of children. A literature search was also conducted in order to explore whether the use and meaning of the term is established.
CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS:
In interactions with non-speaking children, determining whether a child is using eye-gaze communicatively requires observation and interpretation of several factors. These processes will be informed by reflection on what is known about other aspects of the child's communication and interaction skills. Within the literature, the term 'eye-pointing' is sometimes used when describing the communication functions of individuals using augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems, and is occasionally qualified by a definition. No papers have been found that set out a clinical description universally applicable to children with severe motor impairment. Moreover, guidance is lacking on how possible episodes of 'eye-pointing' might be confidently distinguished from other episodes of directed gaze in young, developing communicators. The discussion of the term makes reference to the importance of gaze in early communication development, and explores factors that might influence gaze and its interpretation in young children with cerebral palsy. A description of eye-pointing for this group is offered. The authors suggest that this will bring practical benefits to those supporting the communication development of children with severe cerebral palsy.

Use of safe-laser access technology to increase head movement in persons with severe motor impairment: a series of case reports

Fager, S., Beukelman, D., Karantounis, R., & Jakobs, T. (2006)

The purpose of this article is to describe the impact of an intervention involving safe-laser pointing technology on six persons with locked-in syndrome. When these individuals were invited to participate in this project (4 weeks to 18 years post onset), none were able to speak and none were able to access an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device. All communicated using eye movements (e.g., looking up or down), eye blinks, dependent scanning strategies with eye movement signals, or eye linking. Following intervention with the Safe-Laser Access System, three of the six participants developed head movement sufficient to control AAC technology. Two participants continue to develop head control; however, their progress has been slowed by repeated illnesses. One participant has discontinued his involvement with the project because of medical and psychological concerns. These six participants represent consecutive referrals to the project.

Use of the Internet by Informal Caregivers Assisting People with Multiple Sclerosis

Buchanan RJ, Huang C, Crudden A. (2012)

The Internet is used to help informal caregivers provide assistance to people with chronic illness and disability. We identified factors associated with Internet use by informal caregivers assisting people with multiple sclerosis (MS) using a logistic regression model. Duration of MS in the person receiving care and caregiver age predicted lower Internet use. More hours per week providing care and higher caregiver educational level increased odds of Internet use. The Internet can be a low-cost service delivery option to provide education and support to caregivers assisting people with MS.

Use of the pediatric symptom checklist to screen for psychosocial problems in pediatric primary care: A national feasibility study.

Jellinek MS, Murphy J, Little M, Pagano ME, Comer DM, Kelleher KJ. (1999)

Background

Routine use of a brief psychosocial screening instrument has been proposed as a means of improving recognition, management, and referral of children's psychosocial morbidity in primary care.

Objective

To assess the feasibility of routine psychosocial screening using the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) in pediatrics by using a brief version of the check-list in a large sample representative of the full range of pediatric practice settings in the United States and Canada. We evaluated large-scale screening and the performance of the PSC in detecting psychosocial problems by (1) determining whether the prevalence of psychosocial dysfunction identified by the PSC was consistent with findings in previous, smaller samples; (2) assessing whether the prevalence of positive PSC screening scores varied by population subgroups; and (3) determining whether the PSC was completed by a significant proportion of parents from all subgroups and settings.

Patients and Methods

Twenty-one thousand sixty-five children between the ages of 4 and 15 years were seen in 2 large primary care networks: the Ambulatory Sentinel Practice Network and the Pediatric Research in Office Settings network, involving 395 pediatric and family practice clinicians in 44 states, Puerto Rico, and 4 Canadian provinces. Parents were asked to complete a brief questionnaire that included demographic information, history of mental health services, the 35-item PSC, and the number of pediatric visits within the past 6 months.

Results

The overall prevalence rates of psychosocial dys-function as measured by the PSC in school-aged and preschool-aged pediatric outpatients (13% and 10%, respectively) were nearly identical to the rates that had been reported in several smaller samples (12%–14% among school-aged children and 7%–14% among preschoolers). Consistent with previous findings, children from low-income families were twice as likely to be scored as dysfunctional on the PSC than were children from higher-income families. Similarly, children from single-parent as opposed to those from 2-parent families and children with a past history of mental health services showed an elevated risk of psychosocial impairment. The current study was the first to demonstrate a 50% increase in risk of impairment for male children. The overall rate of completed forms was 97%, well within an acceptable range, and at least 94% of the parents in each sociodemographic subgroup completed the PSC form.

Conclusions

Use of the PSC offers an approach to the recognition of psychosocial dysfunction that is sufficiently consistent across groups and locales to become part of comprehensive pediatric care in virtually all out-patient settings. In addition to its clinical utility, the consistency and widespread acceptability of the PSC make it well suited for the next generation of pediatric mental health services research, which can address whether earlier recognition of and intervention for psychosocial problems in pediatrics will lead to cost-effective outcomes.

Use of Writing with Symbols 2000 to Facilitate Emergent Literacy Development

Parette, H., Boeckmann, N & Hourcade, J. (2008)

This paper outlines the use of the Writing with Symbols 2000 software to facilitate emergent literacy development. The program's use of pictures incorporated with text has great potential to help young children with and without disabilities acquire fundamental literacy concepts about print, phonemic awareness, alphabetic principle, vocabulary development, and comprehension. The flexibility and features of the software allow early childhood professionals to create a variety of early literacy tools for the classroom, including worksheets, storybooks, and interactive activities.

Use of Writing with Symbols 2000 to Facilitate Emergent Literacy Development

Parette, H., Boeckmann, N & Hourcade, J. (2008)

This paper outlines the use of the Writing with Symbols 2000 software to facilitate emergent literacy development. The program's use of pictures incorporated with text has great potential to help young children with and without disabilities acquire fundamental literacy concepts about print, phonemic awareness, alphabetic principle, vocabulary development, and comprehension. The flexibility and features of the software allow early childhood professionals to create a variety of early literacy tools for the classroom, including worksheets, storybooks, and interactive activities.

Use of Writing with Symbols 2000 to Facilitate Emergent Literacy Development

Parette, H., Boeckmann, N & Hourcade, J. (2008)

This paper outlines the use of the Writing with Symbols 2000 software to facilitate emergent literacy development. The program's use of pictures incorporated with text has great potential to help young children with and without disabilities acquire fundamental literacy concepts about print, phonemic awareness, alphabetic principle, vocabulary development, and comprehension. The flexibility and features of the software allow early childhood professionals to create a variety of early literacy tools for the classroom, including worksheets, storybooks, and interactive activities.

User involvement in designing a web-based support system for young carers : inspiring views and systemic barriers

Elf, M. (2013)

The studies in this dissertation have their origin in the research project PS Young Support. This project aimed to develop and evaluate a web-based support system (WBSS) for young people living close to someone with mental illness. To make this support relevant, and to achieve legitimacy and trustworthiness it was found important to cooperate with prospective users in developing it through a participatory design (PD) process. The dissertation follows two lines of investigation. One of these relates to how PD can inspire new views on design, while the other is about barriers to involvement of users. Specifically, inspiring views aims at how a PD process with prospective users as co-designers has influenced the way we think about WBSSs. Moving on from the common idea of a WBSS as a stand-alone intervention, Studies I and II show that WBSSs can be used as a tool to reach real-life support. Earlier research suggests that online support is rarely the preferred support; the present research show that young carers viewed it as a starting point for reaching real-life contacts and real- life support. Furthermore, young people with poor mental health are more prone to seek support online compared with those with less poor mental health. Hence, a WBSS could serve as a means to capture the former group and offer them online support. At the same time it could serve as a tool for reaching real-life support and external services. In this way the WBSS could offer a help path to individuals in need of support. Study IV investigates meta design, i.e. how users have really used the WBSS and the conditions for redesign. The development WBSS and its implemented version are compared with respect to their intended use (thing design) and how they really were used (use design). The context of use was found to be critical, since data collected in an experimental setting may be misleading and not reflect real use. Consequently, natural settings are recommended for user feedback. The second line of investigation in this dissertation concerns systemic barriers including barriers to user influence. It is not common in PD to focus on the designers. However, Study II and III reveal two types of barriers, both of which are connected to the designers. They are "systemic" barriers as they are a part of the setting that constitutes design. They cannot really be avoided, just handled. The first barrier has to do with the fact that users and designers do not regularly share the same social conditions, and consequently that they have different assumptions, implying that they may have difficulties to understand each other. Assumptions of shared views and the fact that understanding is a process that takes time may increase the effect of this foundational difference. Study II reports crucial differences in the views of what the WBSS should support. The second barrier concerns the impact of deadlines on designers' attitudes to users' contributions. Study III reports that halfway through the design process, designers reorganized their work and put more effort into the act of producing an artefact. Along with this shift, designers' preferred type of knowledge seemed to change, from knowledge based on user experience to expert knowledge.

Using content analysis to link texts on assessment and intervention to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health - version for Children and Youth (ICF-CY).

Klang Ibragimova N, Pless M, Adolfsson M, Granlund M, Björck-Åkesson E. (2011)

OBJECTIVE:
To explore how content analysis can be used together with linking rules to link texts on assessment and intervention to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health - version for children and youth (ICF-CY).
METHODS:
Individual habilitation plans containing texts on assessment and intervention for children with disabilities and their families were linked to the ICF-CY using content ana-lysis. Texts were first divided into meaning units in order to extract meaningful concepts. Meaningful concepts that were difficult to link to ICF-CY codes were grouped, and coding schemes with critical attributes were developed. Meaningful concepts that could not be linked to the ICF-CY were assigned to the categories "not-definable" and "not-covered", using coding schemes with mutually exclusive categories.
RESULTS:
The size of the meaning units selected resulted in different numbers and contents of meaningful concepts. Coding schemes with critical attributes of ICF-CY codes facilitated the linking of meaningful concepts to the most appropriate ICF-CY codes. Coding schemes with mutually exclusive categories facilitated the classification of meaningful concepts that could or could not be linked to the ICF-CY.
CONCLUSION:
Content analysis techniques can be applied together with linking rules in order to link texts on assessment and intervention to the ICF-CY.

Using dynamic assessment with learners who communicate nonsymbolically

Snell, M. E. (2002)

Many individuals with severe disabilities converse primarily by prelinguistic or nonsymbolic communication, using an idiosyncratic repertoire of gestures, vocalizations, and other behaviors. These learners may or may not be intentional in their communication with others, are difficult to understand, may make requests by engaging in problem behavior, and communicate with few conventions other than those developed in their interactions with partners. Traditional static assessment methods often fail to describe accurately the communication abilities of these learners. In this article, the characteristics of dynamic assessment are reviewed and guidelines to assess the abilities of learners and to explore partner and environment factors are provided. In addition, the pilot outcomes of a process for conducting a dynamic assessment are presented.

Using Internet to provide cognitive behavior therapy

Andersson G. (2009)

A new treatment form has emerged that merges cognitive behaviour therapy with the Internet. By delivering treatment components, mainly in the form of texts presented via web pages, and provide ongoing support using e-mail promising outcomes can be achieved. The literature on this novel form of treatment has grown rapidly over recent years with several controlled trials in the field of anxiety disorders, mood disorders and behavioural medicine. For some of the conditions for which Internet-delivered CBT has been tested, independent replications have shown large effect sizes, for example in the treatment of social anxiety disorder. In some studies, Internet-delivered treatment can achieve similar outcomes as in face-to-face CBT, but the literature thus far is restricted mainly to efficacy trials. This article provides a brief summary of the evidence, comments on the role of the therapist and for which patient and therapist this is suitable. Areas of future research and exploration are identified.

Using Multimodal Annotation Tools in the Study of Multimodal Communication Involving Non speaking Persons

Rydeman, B. (2003)

The creation of large, richly annotated, multimodal corpora of human interactions is an expensive and time consuming task. Support from annotation tools that make the annotation process more efficient is required, especially if the annotation effort involves really large amounts of data. Therefore we investigated how different properties of specific annotation tasks can have an impact on the design of a tool focused on that general class of tasks. In this paper we present our view on the considerations that should drive the design of new tools geared to specific tasks. The main dimensions that we consider are: observation vs interpretation, explicit and implicit input layers, segmentation, feedback, constraints, relations and the content of the annotation elements.

Using research evidence to inform and evaluate early childhood intervention practices

Dunst, C. and C. Trivette (2009)

This article includes descriptions of a process used to conduct practice-based research syntheses and the manner in which synthesis findings are used to inform and evaluate early childhood intervention practices. The main focus of a practice-based research synthesis is the unbundling of an intervention practice to identify those practice characteristics that are associated with desired outcomes and benefits. Also described are how the characteristics identified as most important are used to develop evidence-based practices and how the characteristics can be used as benchmarks to assess the likelihood that an untested practice will be effective. The article concludes with a discussion of the tension between research and practice and how that tension might be mitigated.

Using shared stories and individual response modes to promote comprehension and engagement in literacy for students with multiple, severe disabilities

Browder DM, Lee A, Minis P. (2011)

This study investigated the effects of scripted task analytic lessons with systematic prompting on engagement and comprehension of students with a multiple, severe disability using a multiple probe single case design. Three teachers followed the scripts to include a target student in a story based lesson to increase comprehension and engagement. All three students had both a severe intellectual disability and either a severe physical or sensory impairment and relied primarily on nonsymblic communication prior to the study. Each student used a different response mode to participate in the story based lesson (i. e., eye gaze response for a student with inconsistent hand use, point response for a student who grabbed, and object response for a student with visual impairments). Results indicated increases in both comprehension and engagement for all three students. Limitations and implications for research and practice are discussed. © Division on Autism and Developmental Disabilities.

Using stroke to explore the Life Thread Model: An alternative approach to understanding rehabilitation following an acquired disability

Ellis-Hill CSL, Payne S, Ward C. (2007)

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Life Thread Model, which incorporates established psychological and social theory related to identity change following an acquired disability. It is supported by a growing body of empirical evidence and can be used to broaden our understanding of service provision in rehabilitation. We suggest that a limited appreciation of social and psychological processes underpinning rehabilitation has led to different agendas for patients and professionals, lack of recognition of power relationships, negative views of disability, and insufficient professional knowledge about the management of emotional responses. The Life Thread Model, based on narrative theory and focusing on interpersonal relationships, has been developed following ten years of empirical research. Using the model, the balance of power between professionals and patients can be recognized. We suggest that positive emotional responses can be supported through (a) endorsing a positive view of self, (b) 'being' with somebody as well as 'doing' things for them; and (c) seeing acquired disability as a time of transition rather than simply of loss. This model highlights the usually hidden social processes which underpin clinical practice in acquired disability. Recognition of the importance of discursive as well as physical strategies widens the possibilities for intervention and treatment.

Using the communication matrix to assess expressive skills in early communicators

Rowland, C. (2011)

Many children born with severe and multiple disabilities have complex communication needs and may use no speech or only minimal speech to communicate. Meaningful assessment of their expressive skills to identify communication strengths along a developmental trajectory is an essential first step toward appropriate intervention. This article describes the foundations, structure, properties, and use of the Communication Matrix, an assessment instrument developed specifically to address the challenges of describing the expressive communication skills of children with severe and multiple disabilities. The widely used online version of this assessment tool collects data in an associated database. Sample data on children with specific disabilities generated by this database are presented to illustrate the clinical and research potential of this free assessment service. © Hammill Institute on Disabilities 2011.

Using the Communication Matrix to Assess Expressive Skills in Early Communicators

Rowland, C. (2011)

Many children born with severe and multiple disabilities have complex communication needs and may use no speech or only minimal speech to communicate. Meaningful assessment of their expressive skills to identify communication strengths along a developmental trajectory is an essential first step toward appropriate intervention. This article describes the foundations, structure, properties, and use of the Communication Matrix, an assessment instrument developed specifically to address the challenges of describing the expressive communication skills of children with severe and multiple disabilities. The widely used online version of this assessment tool collects data in an associated database. Sample data on children with specific disabilities generated by this database are presented to illustrate the clinical and research potential of this free assessment service.

Using the Communication Matrix to Assess Expressive Skills in Early Communicators

Rowland, C. (2011)

Many children born with severe and multiple disabilities have complex communication needs and may use no speech or only minimal speech to communicate. Meaningful assessment of their expressive skills to identify communication strengths along a developmental trajectory is an essential first step toward appropriate intervention. This article describes the foundations, structure, properties, and use of the Communication Matrix, an assessment instrument developed specifically to address the challenges of describing the expressive communication skills of children with severe and multiple disabilities. The widely used online version of this assessment tool collects data in an associated database. Sample data on children with specific disabilities generated by this database are presented to illustrate the clinical and research potential of this free assessment service.

Using the ICF in goal setting: Clinical application using Talking Mats

Bornman J, Murphy J. (2006)

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to suggest how Talking Mats® can be used in accordance with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) proposed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) when setting intervention goals.
Method. A theoretical framework for using Talking Mats® when setting intervention goals in accordance with the ICF is provided.
Conclusions. An international system such as the ICF offers a conceptual framework that can be used to set appropriate goals for intervention. Talking Mats® on the other hand can be seen as the strategy through which individuals can be empowered to participate in this goal-setting activity.

Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) to Describe Children Referred to Special Care or Paediatric Dental Services.

Faulks D, Norderyd J, Molina G, Macgiolla Phadraig C, Scagnet G, Eschevins C, et al. (2013)

Children in dentistry are traditionally described in terms of medical diagnosis and prevalence of oral disease. This approach gives little information regarding a child's capacity to maintain oral health or regarding the social determinants of oral health. The biopsychosocial approach, embodied in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health - Child and Youth version (ICF-CY) (WHO), provides a wider picture of a child's real-life experience, but practical tools for the application of this model are lacking. This article describes the preliminary empirical study necessary for development of such a tool - an ICF-CY Core Set for Oral Health. An ICF-CY questionnaire was used to identify the medical, functional, social and environmental context of 218 children and adolescents referred to special care or paediatric dental services in France, Sweden, Argentina and Ireland (mean age 8 years ± 3.6 yrs). International Classification of Disease (ICD-10) diagnoses included disorders of the nervous system (26.1%), Down syndrome (22.0%), mental retardation (17.0%), autistic disorders (16.1%), and dental anxiety alone (11.0%). The most frequently impaired items in the ICF Body functions domain were 'Intellectual functions', 'High-level cognitive functions', and 'Attention functions'. In the Activities and Participation domain, participation restriction was frequently reported for 25 items including 'Handling stress', 'Caring for body parts', 'Looking after one's health' and 'Speaking'. In the Environment domain, facilitating items included 'Support of friends', 'Attitude of friends' and 'Support of immediate family'. One item was reported as an environmental barrier - 'Societal attitudes'. The ICF-CY can be used to highlight common profiles of functioning, activities, participation and environment shared by children in relation to oral health, despite widely differing medical, social and geographical contexts. The results of this empirical study might be used to develop an ICF-CY Core Set for Oral Health - a holistic but practical tool for clinical and epidemiological use.

Using the Internet to provide cognitive behaviour therapy

Andersson, G. (2009)

A new treatment form has emerged that merges cognitive behaviour therapy with the Internet. By delivering treatment components, mainly in the form of texts presented via web pages, and provide ongoing support using e-mail promising outcomes can be achieved. The literature on this novel form of treatment has grown rapidly over recent years with several controlled trials in the field of anxiety disorders, mood disorders and behavioural medicine. For some of the conditions for which Internet-delivered CBT has been tested, independent replications have shown large effect sizes, for example in the treatment of social anxiety disorder. In some studies, Internet-delivered treatment can achieve similar outcomes as in face-to-face CBT, but the literature thus far is restricted mainly to efficacy trials. This article provides a brief summary of the evidence, comments on the role of the therapist and for which patient and therapist this is suitable. Areas of future research and exploration are identified.

Utveckling av stödet till anhöriga i Strängnäs kommun – en samverkansstudie mellan åtta FoU-enheter, åtta kommuner och Nationellt kompetenscentrum anhöriga (Nka) under tre år. Slutrapport:

Beijer, U. (2015)

I landets kommuner har sedan slutet av 1990-talet ett omfattande arbete utförts för att
utveckla stödet till anhöriga. Staten har bidragit med cirka en miljard kronor i stimulansmedel
och den 1 juli 2009 infördes en förändring i Socialtjänstlagen som innebär att kommunerna är
skyldiga att erbjuda anhöriga stöd.
För att dra lärdom av det utvecklingsarbete som genomförts och fortfarande pågår har
Nationellt kompetenscentrum Anhöriga (NkA) tagit initiativ till denna undersökning för att i
samverkan med åtta av landets FoU-enheter kartlägga och följa utvecklingen av stödet till
anhöriga under tre år i åtta kommuner. I denna delrapport presenteras resultatet av den första
kartläggningen i Strängnäs kommun.
Kommunen ligger i norra delen av Södermanlands län och 1971 bildas nuvarande Strängnäs
kommun. Kommunen består av åtta kommundelar och tätorten heter Strängnäs. Antalet
innevånare var 32 419 personer år 2010. När det gäller stöd och omsorg är det politiskt
styrande organet Socialnämnden. Den verksamhet som bedriver det faktiska stödet är
socialkontoret där socialchefen är ytterst ansvarig och socialkontoret är indelat i tre olika
områden som var och en leds av en verksamhetschef.
Strängnäs kommun har en gemensam värdegrund som allt arbete skall utgå ifrån, så också
arbetet med anhörigstöd. Värdegrunden beskriver kommunens förhållningssätt och den
yttersta målsättningen är nöjda kommuninnevånare. År 2009 när den nya lagstiftningen kom
gjordes en kommunrevision angående anhörigstödet. Svaret på revisionen fastställer att varje
anställd inom kommunens socialtjänst har ett ansvar "att informera om vilka stödformer som
finns samt förmedla kontakt mellan stödbehövande och verksamheter som kan utgöra ett stöd
för varje anhörigas unika situation".
I Strängnäs kommun anställdes en anhörigkonsulent på 75 % i projektform den 1 mars 2007
och i september samma år invigdes Anhörigcentrum. Anhörigcentrum är en mötesplats för
människor som ger omsorg och stöd till någon anhörig eller vän. Här kan anhöriga träffa
andra i samma situation och delta i olika stödgrupper eller utbildningar och det finns också
möjlighet till enskilda samtal. Den anhörig som deltar i någon av Anhörigcentrums aktiviteter
kan få avgiftsfri avlösning till den närstående som är hemma
8
På Anhörigcentrum finns också en caféverksamhet och personalen på Anhörigcentrum
informerar om olika insatser som kommunen erbjuder. Därutöver finns en IT-portal på nätet
(Gapet) som är tillgängligt dygnet runt. Portalen riktar sig till alla åldrar och målgrupper och
ger den anhörige möjligheten att få kontakt med andra runt om i landet.
På anhörigcentrum finns även Resursteamet och den Uppsökande verksamheten.
Resursteamet arbetar med frågor som är kopplade till demenssjukdom eller annan kognitiv
svikt. Den uppsökande verksamhet vänder sig till personer som är 80 år och äldre och inte har
något bistånd från kommunen. På Strängnäs kommuns hemsida informerar man om det
anhörigstöd som finns i kommunen och det som lyfts fram som centralt är Anhörigcentrum.
Studien startar med en kartläggning av stödet till anhöriga i de utvalda kommunerna inom
områdena; äldreomsorg, verksamheter för personer med funktionsnedsättning samt individ
och familjeomsorg. Ytterligare en kartläggning genomförs år tre. Årligen genomförs
fokusgruppsintervjuer, en inom varje område. Första och sista året genomförs även en
enkätstudie och telefonintervjuer genomförs med ett slumpmässigt antal utvalda anhöriga i
kommunerna baserat på den enkät de fyllt i.
Inom de tre områdena i Strängnäs kommun samlades aktuell dokumentation in,
verksamhetscheferna intervjuades och en enkät skickades ut till enhetscheferna. Efter
kartläggningen utfördes fokusgruppsintervjuer där politiker, chefer, medarbetare, ideella
organisationer och anhöriga deltog. Namn på anhöriga samlades in och NkA har utifrån dessa
utfört en enkätundersökning med efterföljande telefonintervjuer.
Resultatet visar att Anhörigcentrum och dess personal gör ett gott arbete utifrån de resurser
som finns tillgängliga, men att verksamheterna måste ta ett mycket större ansvar och bidra till
att anhöriga får det stöd som de behöver och har rätt till. Den gemensamma värdegrunden i
Strängnäs kommun bör lyftas upp och diskuteras ytterligare och samverkan inom den egna
kommunen behöver utökas. Det behövs också mer information till anhöriga om vilket
anhörigstöd som finns. En strategi för hur anhörigstödet skall bedrivas, uttalade mål samt
handlingsplaner och stödplaner bör också utarbetas och anhörigstödet till de anhöriga som har
vuxna barn med funktionsnedsättning är i mycket stort behov av utveckling.

Utvecklingssamtalet och den skriftliga individuella utvecklingsplanen – för grundskolan, grundsärskolan, specialskolan och sameskolan

Skolverkets (2012)

Hösten 2013 ändrades bestämmelserna i skollagen om utvecklingssamtalet och den skriftliga individuella utvecklingsplanen. Ändringarna i skollagen innebär sammanfattningsvis att utvecklingssamtalet har fått en utvidgad roll och att kravet på skriftliga individuella utvecklingsplaner avskaffas i de årskurser betyg sätts. Skriftliga individuella utvecklingsplaner ska upprättas en gång per läsår för elever i årskurs 1-5 i grundskolan, grundsärskolan och sameskolan samt i årskurs 1-6 i specialskolan. De ska även upprättas en gång per läsår för elever i årskurs 6-9 i grundsärskolan i de fall betyg inte sätts. Motsvarande gäller för elever i årskurs 7-10 i specialskolan som läser enligt grundsärskolans kursplaner.

Utvärdering av anhörigstöd i Skåne län

Andersson, H., & Holmgren, A. (2009)

Ramböll Management Consulting har på uppdrag av Länsstyrelsen i Skåne län
utvärderat anhörigstödet i Skåne utifrån ett anhörigperspektiv. Tio stycken
representativt utvalda kommuner i Skåne län har ingått i utvärderingen. Följande
frågor har analyserats;
 Hur har anhörigstödet vidareutvecklats?
 Hur har kvaliteten på anhörigstödet som erbjuds förbättrats?
 Hur har tillgängligheten till anhörigstödet förbättrats?
 Hur har stöd som efterfrågas av anhörigvårdare utvecklats?
 Hur har anhörigvårdarnas livskvalitet förbättrats?
 Hur har samverkan med andra frivilliga/ideella krafter påverkat
anhörigstödets utveckling?
Datainsamlingen har genomförts med hjälp av; intervjuer, fokusgrupper och
dokumentstudier. Flera av utvärderingens frågeställningar har kunnat belysas med
hjälp av två eller flera datainsamlingsmetoder samtidigt. Härigenom åstadkommer
vi en stabil grund för analysen och våra slutsatser.
Rambölls bedömning är att anhörigstödet har vidareutvecklats som följd av de
statliga stimulansmedlen. Fler kommuner erbjuder idag träffpunkter jämfört med
tidigare och fler må-bra-aktiviteter erbjuds. Anhörigsamordnare har inrättats i
samtliga kommuner som ingått i vårt urval och det förekommer allt fler nätverk
och erfarenhetsutbyten mellan kommunerna.
Kvaliteten i anhörigstödet har förbättrats under de åren som staten betalat ut
stimulansmedel. Fokus i flera kommuner har varit att bygga en verksamhet av god
kvalitet som är hållbar. Med anledning av detta har utvecklingen och utformandet
av verksamheten varit relativt likartad mellan kommunerna. I samtliga kommuner
som varit föremål för utvärderingen finns anhörigsamordnare samt ett brett utbud
av aktiviteter för anhörigvårdare.
Vad gäller tillgängligheten så bedömer Ramböll att den delvis har förbättrats.
Samtliga kommuner erbjuder en träffpunkt och har en anhörigsamordnare.
Information om stödet finns tillgängligt via broschyrer på exempelvis apotek och
vårdcentraler. Flera av anhörigsamordnarna, liksom biståndshandläggarna,
informerar även om stödet. Däremot upplever både kommunala tjänstemän och
anhörigvårdare att stödet inte når ut till alla som kan tänkas ha behov av det. Till
exempel är uppslutningen på träffpunkterna inte så stor som man önskat och man
vet att det finns fler i kommunen som är i behov av stödet. Vad detta beror på
finns det olika teorier om. En återkommande förklaring är att de i målgruppen inte
5
själva identifierar sig som vårdare av en anhörig utan i första hand som
make/maka där det är en plikt att man tar hand om sin sjuka närstående. Flera
anhörigvårdare beskriver hur svårt det är att ta klivet till att se bortom sin
närståendes situation och även börja tänka på och ta hand om sig själv.
Anhörigvårdare får det stöd de efterfrågar, inom ramen för vad som är rimligt. Det
är vanligt att anhörigsamordnare ordnar träffar och fokusgrupper där
anhörigvårdare lämnar förslag på hur de vill att exempelvis aktiviteterna och
träffpunkterna ska utformas och vad de ska innehålla. Som exempel efterfrågar
vissa anhörigvårdare utbildningar och information om exempelvis lyftteknik eller
demenssjukdomens olika stadier som kan ske i samband med träffpunkterna. Det
är också vanligt att andra föreningar och kommunala verksamheter bjuds in för att
prata om vilket stöd de kan bidra med.
Vad gäller livskvaliteten menar anhörigvårdare som deltar i verksamheten att den
definitivt har ökat. Man upplever trygghet och gemenskap. Avlastningen gör att
man känner sig spontan och fri. Dessutom upplever man mindre stress och oro då
man vet att man har någonstans att vända sig när det känns jobbigt. De anhöriga är
överens om att kommunens åtgärder leder till ökad livskvalitet för dem.
Samverkan med andra organisationer och föreningar varierar från kommun till
kommun och har delvis ökat. Svenska kyrkan och Röda Korset är de vanligaste
samverkanspartnerna. Andra man samverkar med är exempelvis pensionärs-,
demens- och invandrarföreningar. Att samverkan inte har ökat i högre
utsträckning kan bero på att det finns en viss konkurrens mellan föreningarna då
varje förening bevakar sitt medlemsantal. Rambölls bedömning är alltså att en
bristande samverkan inte beror på att anhörigsamordnaren underlåtit att försöka
etablera en samverkan.
Avslutningsvis har det förts resonemang dels om framgångsfaktorerna sett ur ett
organisatoriskt och verksamhetsperspektiv, dels om kommunen hade genomfört
åtgärderna utan statligt stöd.
Sett ur ett organisatoriskt perspektiv har speciellt viktiga framgångsfaktorer varit
inrättandet av anhörigsamordnare vars uppdrag varit att initiera verksamheten för
de anhöriga. Rambölls bedömning är att anhörigvårdarna själva inte hade orkat
starta en liknande verksamhet. Förutom att anhörigsamordnare har bidragit till att
skapa ett socialt nätverk för anhörigvårdare har de även arbetat aktivt med att
förankra anhörigperspektivet i alla delar av organisationen för att anhörigstödet
ska vara hållbart.
Sett ur ett verksamhetsperspektiv har en viktig framgångsfaktor för anhörigstödet
varit att de anhöriga själva har kunnat påverka utformningen av stödet. Dock har
den önskade effekten av information och kartläggningar, att nå hela målgruppen,
uteblivit.
6
Rambölls bedömer även att flera av aktiviteterna inte hade kunnat genomföras
utan statligt stöd. Anhörigstödet har delvis finansierats av kommunala medel men
med hjälp av statliga stimulansmedel har stödet kunnat prioriteras och fokuseras.

Utvärdering av den avgiftsfria avlösningen inom äldreomsorgens Öppna och förebyggande verksamhet

Ericsson, U.-B., Henriksson, K., & With Broné, U. (2009)

Syftet med utvärderingen är att ta reda på om den avgiftsfria avlösningen har underlättat
situationen för anhöriga som hjälper eller vårdar någon närstående i hemmet, samt att inhämta
synpunkter och förslag på olika former av stöd kommunen bör vidareutveckla och satsa på.
En första utvärdering gjordes för perioden september 2005 t.o.m. februari 2006, den andra för
perioden mars 2006 t.o.m. december 2007.
Utvärderingen för perioden januari 2008 t.o.m. december 2008 genomfördes som tidigare i
enkätform och sändes till de 69 anhöriga i Uppsala kommun som erbjudits avgiftsfri
avlösning i hemmet eller i gruppverksamhet. De flesta anhöriga är maka/make men fyra är
barn samt ett syskon. Svar erhölls från 47 personer, varav 34 kvinnor och 13 män.
Den vanligaste orsaken till närståendes behov av hjälp är nedsatt fysisk och psykisk oförmåga
i kombination med annan sjukdom såsom demenssjukdom och stroke. Även hjärtkärlsjukdom
och nedsatt syn- och hörsel uppges som orsak till hjälpbehov.
Majoriteten av de anhöriga tycker att avlösningen har fungerat mycket bra. De är nöjda med
att få tid till att uträtta ärenden och att få ägna sig åt egna intressen. Samtidigt är den
närståendes välbefinnande och möjlighet till aktivitet och omväxling viktig. För dem som har
avlösning i hemmet skapar det trygghet att det är samma person som kommer.
När det gäller önskemål om stöd och hjälpinsatser handlar det främst om att få mer tid avsatt
för avlösning.

Vad förgår och vad består? En antologi om äldreomsorg, kvinnosyn och socialpolitik

Eliasson Lappalainen R, Szebehely M, (red). (1998)

Denna antologi innehåller en rad intressanta texter om äldreomsorg, kvinnosyn och socialpolitik. Boken diskuterar synen på åldrandet och var ansvaret ligger för omsorgen om de gamla -- något som skiftat över tid och från samhälle till samhälle. Den behandlar både frndringar på mycket lång sikt och de högst aktuella och mycket snabba förändringar i svensk och europeisk socialpolitik och omsorgspraktik som vi nu upplever. Utöver redaktörerna Rosmari Eliasson-Lappalainen och Marta Szebehely medverkar Birgitta Odén, Svein Olav Daatland, Annelie Anttonen och Clare Ungerson.

Cross-national Analysis of Legislation, Policy and Service Frameworks for Adolescent Young Carers in Europe

Leu, A. Guggiari, E. Phelps, D. Magnusson, L. Nap, H.H. Hoefman, R. Lewis, F. Santini, S. Socci, M. Boccaletti, L. Hlebec, V. Rakar, T. Hudobivnik, T. Hanson, E. (2022)

Despite some national examinations of policy responses for young carers (YCs), this study provides a first comprehensive cross-national comparison of the different legislation, policy and service frameworks that exist to protect and support adolescent young carers (AYCs) in six European countries (Italy, Netherlands, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom) and how these are enacted. Until now, research has focused on estimating numbers of AYCs and the impact of caring tasks. A preliminary examination of policy responses to YCs was followed by expert interviews. Case study analysis of 25 interviews and a cross-national synthesis were undertaken before incorporating feedback from former YCs. Different responses to YCs were found, ranging from protection and support in policy and legislation and a definition for YCs, to a total lack of recognition and support. Findings highlight the potential to extend existing legislation, policy and service frameworks to include AYCs, and the importance of recognising and raising awareness of YCs. Awareness should be raised at all levels of society for example with professionals in health, social and education sectors and the general public. A definition for YCs is needed, so AYCs can self-identify and AYCs should be recognised as an important target group for policy makers.

Exploring the knowledge contributions of carers involved in a group process aimed at co-creating a targeted support intervention

Malm, C. Jönson, H. Andersson, S. Hanson, E. (2022)

Patient and public involvement is a way of ensuring that research and practices are more responsive to their target groups. This study, inspired by discourse psychology, explores the knowledge contributions of informal carers who participated in group meetings to co-create a support intervention. Findings highlight that carers’ knowledge is complex, including more than practical caring experiences. Acknowledging carers’ knowledge contributions and involving a heterogeneous sample of carers are key considerations for patient and public involvement in research; otherwise, there is a danger of establishing risks of injustice. Accepting the multifaceted knowledge of carers could increase the validity of research and the relevance of interventions developed.

Visibility as a Key Dimension to Better Health-Related Quality of Life and Mental Health: Results of the European Union Funded “ME-WE” Online Survey Study on Adolescent Young Carers in Switzerland

Guggiari, E. Fatton, M. Becker, S. Lewis, F. Casu, G. Hoefman, R. Hanson, E. Santini, S. Boccaletti, L. Nap, H.H. Hlebec, V. Wirth, A. Leu, A. (2023)

Abstract: This paper examines the health-related quality of life (HRQL) and mental health of adolescent young carers (AYCs) aged 15–17 in Switzerland, based on data collected within the Horizon 2020 project ‘Psychosocial support for promoting mental health and well-being among AYCs in Europe’ (ME-WE). It addresses the following questions: (1) Which characteristics of AYCs are associated with lower HRQL and with higher level of mental health problems? (2) Do AYCs who are less visible and less supported report a lower HRQL and more mental health issues than other AYCs? A total of 2343 young people in Switzerland, amongst them 240 AYCs, completed an online survey. The results show that female AYCs and AYCs with Swiss nationality more often reported having mental health issues than their male and non-Swiss counterparts. Furthermore, the findings show a significant association between receiving support for themselves and visibility from their school or employer and the HRQL. Moreover, AYCs who reported that their school or employer knew about the situation also reported fewer mental health issues. These findings can inform recommendations for policy and practice to develop measures aimed at raising the visibility of AYCs, which is the first step for planning AYC tailored support.

Beroende : en bok om missbruk och vad det gör med oss och dem vi älskar

Nemo Hedén (2022)

Poddprofilen Nemo Hedén har skrivit den viktiga boken Beroende om sin väg ut ur missbruket. Kan du ha problem? Är en anhörig drabbad? Detta är en bok som kommer att göra skillnad. Beroendesjukdomen är en av våra stora dödliga folksjukdomar. Men trots att var tionde svensk är drabbad pratar vi nästan inte om den. Poddprofilen Nemo Hedén har gjort till sin livsuppgift att ändra på den saken.

Beroende är en djupt personlig fackbok med syftet att försöka hjälpa och inspirera människor. Nemo vill avliva alla tabun, missförstånd och fördomar som finns kring sjukdomen. En problematik som faktiskt dödar människor dagligen - helt i onödan. "Jag har skrivit en bok som jag hade behövt att läsa när jag var i missbrukets mörka klor. När jag kände mig ensammast och räddast i hela världen. När det kändes som att livet var slut och som att det inte fanns någon väg ut. Men boken är lika mycket för alla anhöriga. De får lida så otroligt mycket, trots att de är helt oskyldiga", skriver Nemo i förordet.

Boken är tematiskt upplagd och författaren berättar lyhört och kunnigt om alla aspekter av beroendesjukdomen. När är man i riskzonen? Vilken hjälp finns att få? Hur farligt är ett återfall? Vad innebär tolvstegsrörelsen? Hur återskapar man sanna och varaktiga relationer? Och kanske viktigast, hur förlåter man sig själv efteråt?

Boken tar inte bara upp drogberoende, utan även spel-, socker-, sex- och relationsmissbruk. Inte sällan visar det sig att det är samma bakomliggande mekanismer. Boken innehåller även ett antal intervjuer med några av Sveriges mest erfarna experter inom beroende- och medberoendeproblematik.

"Jag vill bidra till att folk lär sig lite mer och att vi skäms lite mindre", skriver Nemo.

 

Med hjärtat i handen och nerverna utanpå : orka livet som npf-förälder

Runnvik, Ann-Charlotte (2022)

Som förälder till ett barn med neuropsykiatrisk diagnos känner du dig ofta ensam, missförstådd och som en krigare för ditt barn. Den här boken, skriven av två föräldrar till barn med diagnoser, erbjuder såväl igenkänning som enkla råd så att du själv kan må bättre och orka med npf-familjelivets utmaningar.Hur du tar svåra samtal med skolan, enkla tekniker för återhämtning, hur ni klarar parrelationen eller parerar välmenta råd från personer i omgivningen. När det känns som att nerverna sitter utanpå behövs konkreta verktyg!Författarna bjuder på personliga berättelser ur vardagen, både gripande och igenkännande, blandat med tips från experter på områden som stress och utmattning, svåra samtal samt familjestöd. Här finns hjälp för att orka med att vara en bra förälder, kunna släppa skam- och skuldkänslor och ha kraft över till dig själv. Boken är också till dig som är vän, anhörig och till dig som möter npf-föräldrar i din yrkesvardag, så att du kan stötta och hjälpa på bästa sätt.

En sked för morbror Fred

Jejlid Jenny (2007)

'Jag tror fortfarande inte att jag riktigt vilat färdigt från barndomen. Jag undrar om jag någonsin kommer att göra det. Vila färdigt." Så skriver Jenny Jejlid när hon berättar historien om hur det är att växa upp med ett autistiskt och utvecklingsstört syskon. Idag är hon vuxen och arbetar inom omsorgsvärlden, och ser tillbaka på sin uppväxt som lillasyster till en äldre bror som inte var som andra. Hon berättar om när det onormala blir normalt, och när känslor av kärlek och hat blandas med skam och skuld. Men hon berättar också om vägen framåt, och om känslor av hopp.

Freds bok

Deckmar Maud (2019)

Jag ställde frågor till mitt gossebarn när vi var ensamma:
- Vilka hemligheter bär du på min son? Vilket ursprung har din gåtfullhet? Vad känner du? Vilket liv finns inom dig? Är det mörk ångest? Känner du glädje? Ser du samma verklighet som jag, eller blir allt kaos inom dig? Vad tycker du om?'

Några månader efter att Fred föddes börjar misstankar växa hos hans mamma Maud. Den lilla bebisen följer inte riktigt samma utveckling som andra barn i hans ålder, och han är svår att få kontakt med. Han är utvecklingsstörd, hon är säker på det. Både sjukvårdspersonal och familj försöker muntra upp henne, det är säkert inget fel på pojken, alla barn utvecklas olika.

Ju äldre Fred blir desto tydligare blir det dock att han är annorlunda från andra barn. I 'Freds bok' berättar Maud om sin egen upplevelse av att ha ett barn med en utvecklingsstörning och autism, men hon berättar också om samhällets och omvärldens reaktioner på hennes älskade son. Detta är en sann berättelse om förtvivlan, sorg och rädsla, men också om lycka och hopp. Men framför allt annat är det en berättelse om kärleken mellan mor och son.

Recruitment of Adolescent Young Carers to a Psychosocial Support Intervention Study in Six European Countries: Lessons Learned from the ME-WE Project

Barbabella, Francesco Magnusson, Lennart Boccaletti, Licia Casu, Giulia Hlebec, Valentina Bolko, Irena Lewis, Feylyn Hoefman, Renske Brolin, Rosita Santini, Sara Socci, Marco D’Amen, Barbara de Jong, Yvonne Bouwman, Tamara de Jong, Nynke Leu, Agnes Phelps, Daniel Guggiari, Elena Wirth, Alexandra Morgan, Vicky Becker, Saul Hanson, Elizabeth Hanson (2023)
Abstract [en]

Young carers provide a substantial amount of care to family members and support to friends, yet their situation has not been actively addressed in research and policy in many European countries or indeed globally. Awareness of their situation by professionals and among children and young carers themselves remains low overall. Thus, young carers remain a largely hidden group within society. This study reports and analyses the recruitment process in a multi-centre intervention study offering psychosocial support to adolescent young carers (AYCs) aged 15–17 years. A cluster-randomised controlled trial was designed, with recruitment taking place in Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom exploiting various channels, including partnerships with schools, health and social services and carers organisations. In total, 478 AYCs were recruited and, after screening failures, withdrawals and initial dropouts, 217 were enrolled and started the intervention. Challenges encountered in reaching, recruiting and retaining AYCs included low levels of awareness among AYCs, a low willingness to participate in study activities, uncertainty about the prevalence of AYCs, a limited school capacity to support the recruitment; COVID-19 spreading in 2020–2021 and related restrictions. Based on this experience, recommendations are put forward for how to better engage AYCs in research.

Exploring the knowledge contributions of carers involved in a group process aimed at co-creating a targeted support intervention

Malm Camilla, Jönson Håkan, Andersson Stefan, Hanson Elizabeth (2023)
Abstract [en]

Patient and public involvement is a way of ensuring that research and practices are more responsive to their target groups. This study, inspired by discourse psychology, explores the knowledge contributions of informal carers who participated in group meetings to co-create a support intervention. Findings highlight that carers’ knowledge is complex, including more than practical caring experiences. Acknowledging carers’ knowledge contributions and involving a heterogeneous sample of carers are key considerations for patient and public involvement in research; otherwise, there is a danger of establishing risks of injustice. Accepting the multifaceted knowledge of carers could increase the validity of research and the relevance of interventions developed.

A survey study of family members' encounters with healthcare services within the care of older people, psychiatric care, palliative care and diabetes care

Momeni, Pardis ; Årestedt, Kristofer ; Alvariza, Anette ; Winnberg, Elisabeth ; Goliath, Ida ; Kneck, Åsa ; Leksell, Janeth ; Ewertzon, Mats (2022)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to describe and compare family members' experiences of approach in encounters with healthcare professionals and possible feelings of alienation in the professional care within four care contexts: the care of older people, psychiatric care, palliative care and diabetes care. The design was an explorative cross-sectional survey study. Data were collected in Sweden using the Family Involvement and Alienation Questionnaire-Revised (FIAQ-R). It measures family members' experiences of the healthcare professionals' approach and the family members' feeling of alienation from the provision of professional care. A total of 1047 questionnaires were distributed to family members using convenient sampling method, of which 294 were included. Data were analysed using rank-based, non-parametric statistical methods. The results indicated that most respondents experienced a positive actual approach from the healthcare professionals. Many participants rated the importance of approach at a higher level than their actual experience. Participants in the context of diabetes care reported a more negative actual approach from the healthcare professionals than did participants in the other contexts and considered the healthcare professionals' approach towards them as being less important. The results for the entire group indicated that the participants felt a low level of alienation from the professional care. Participants in the context of the care of older people reported significantly lower level of feeling of being alienated than did participants in the contexts of psychiatric care and diabetes care. The differences between participants in diabetes care and other care contexts can possibly be explained by a more fully implemented self-care approach among the patients in diabetes care than in the other care contexts. Even though the results are quite positive, it is still important that nurses consider a family-centred approach to better adapt to the needs of both the family members and the patients.

Squeezed in Midlife. Studies of unpaid caregiving among working-age men and women across Europe

Labbas, Elisa (2022)

Across the globe, medical advances and knowledge about health behaviours have allowed remarkable improvements in life expectancy. Although the developments are largely positive, population ageing raises a new set of challenges for policymakers to tackle as the shares of the population in advanced ages are growing. As many men and women as possible are needed to participate in the labour market to widen the tax base that supports national economies. Alongside employment, increasingly many working-age people provide regular assistance to older (65+) family members and relatives who no longer get by in their daily lives without support. A new balance of paid work and unpaid care is thus forming across Europe and beyond, with implications
for both individuals and societies.

När Leos mamma blev sjuk

Elin Leask, Marie-Louise Söderberg (2022)

En bok för förskolebarn när en mamma får bröstcancer.

Boken är tänkt att användas som stöd och inspiration vid
samtal med ett litet barn när mamma eller närstående
drabbats av bröstcancer. Vi har lagt in frågor till barn som
stöd för samtal och igenkänning. Det finns också fakta,
råd och tips till vuxna i slutet av boken.

The Health of Older Family Caregivers - A 6-Year Follow-up.

Wranker LS, Elmståhl S, Cecilia F. (2021)

It is unclear whether caregiving has an impact on the physical, mental and functional health of older caregivers. This study aimed to describe physical, mental and functional health in relation to family caregiving in old age (60+) over a six-year period. The study comprised 2,294 randomly selected individuals (60-96 years) from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care, who answered the question on whether they were caregivers and who were followed up six years later. The prevalence of family caregivers was 13.1% and the incidence was 12.4%. Four tracks (T) were identified; T1) Family caregiver both at baseline and follow-up (n = 74), T2) Family caregiver at baseline but not at follow-up (n = 226), T3) non-caregiver at baseline but family caregiver at follow-up (n = 218), T4) non-caregiver both at baseline and follow-up (1,776). Only non-caregivers (T4) reported a decline in mental health, p < .036. Worries about health increased significantly in T2 and T4. The prevalence of caregivers was 13.1% with a high turnover. There are differences between family caregivers and non-caregivers in deterioration in physical and mental health as well as physical function over a six-year period.

Informal carers in Sweden - striving for partnership

Blanck E, Fors A, Ali L, Brännström M, Ekman I. (2021)

PURPOSE: Informal carers have an important role in society through their care and support of their long-term ill relatives. Providing informal care is challenging and can lead to caregiver burden; moreover, many support needs of the carers are not met, leading to confusion, disappointment and frustration. We conducted an interview study to clarify the meaning of support given and received by informal carers to relatives with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or chronic heart failure.
METHODS: We purposively selected and recruited informants via participants in another study, thereby conducting interviews over the phone from June 2016 to May 2017. In total, we conducted 14 interviews with 12 informants. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and the content was analysed using a phenomenological hermeneutical approach.
RESULT AND CONCLUSION: Our comprehensive understanding of the meaning of support for these carers is twofold: it is a self-evident struggle for the good life of their relatives and that they want to be carers in partnership. The healthcare system must recognize the efforts of carers and include them in the strategic planning and operational stages of care and treatment for people with long-term illness

Informal care and the impact on depression and anxiety among Swedish adults: a population-based cohort study

Stratmann M, Forsell Y, Möller J, Liang Y. (2021)

BACKGROUND: As the population is ageing, the need for informal caregivers increases, and thus we need to know more about the effects on caregivers. This study aims to determine both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between perceived limitation of informal caregiving and mental health of caregivers.
METHODS: This population-based cohort study was based on the Swedish Psykisk hälsa, Arbete och RelaTioner (PART) study, and 9346 individuals aged 18-65 were included. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews and Swedish registers. Informal care was defined as care given to a family member. Self-reported and diagnosed depression and anxiety were included as outcomes. Covariates included sex, age, social support and socio-economic position. Ordinal logistic regression and Cox regression were performed to determine the associations between caregiving and anxiety or depression.
RESULTS: Self-reported depression and anxiety was only increased among those experiencing limitations (adjusted odds ratios [aOR] 2.00, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.63-2.47 for depression; aOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.57-2.74 for anxiety)  compared to those not giving care, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) were increased for diagnosed depression (aHR 1.97, 95% CI 1.27-3.05) and for diagnosed anxiety (aHR 1.86, 95% CI 1.06-3.25) among those giving care and experiencing limitations, compared to those not giving care. No significant associations were found in caregivers without limitations. CONCLUSION: Caregivers experiencing limitations showed a significant association with short- and long-term anxiety and depression. This study implies the importance of exploring the degree to which informal caregiving can be provided without adding burden to caregivers.

Dying within dyads: Stress, sense of security and support during palliative home care

Liljeroos M, Milberg P, Krevers B, Milberg A (2021)

OBJECTIVES: To examine similarities and dissimilarities in patient and family caregiver dyads in their experience of stress, support, and sense of security. METHODS: 144 patients and their family caregivers participated. Patients were admitted to six Swedish specialist palliative home care units and diagnosed with a non-curable disease with an expected short survival. We analysed similarity patterns of answers within dyads (correlations) as well as dissimilarities, expressed as the difference between within-dyad responses. The latter were subjected to a model-building procedure using GLM, with 13 sociodemographic and clinical characteristics as independent variables. RESULTS: Within dyads, patients and family caregivers scored similar in their perception of support and sense of security with care. There was also dissimilarity within dyad responses in their perception of stress and support that could be attributed to sociodemographic or clinical characteristics. When patients scored higher levels of stress than family caregivers, the family caregiver was more likely to be male. Also family caregiver attachment style (attachment anxiety), patient age and the relationship of the family caregiver to the patient explained dissimilarities within the dyads. CONCLUSIONS: Patients and family caregivers within the dyads often, but not always, had similar scores. We suggest that it is important that the healthcare staff identify situations in which perceptions within the dyads regarding stress and perception of support differ, such that they can recognise patients' and family caregivers' unique needs in different situations, to be able to provide adequate support and facilitate dyadic coping.

Vad hjälper? Vägar till återhämtning från svåra psykiska problem

Topor, Alain (2004)

De flesta människor som drabbas av svåra psykiska problem återhämtar sig, helt eller delvis. Att återhämta sig betyder inte att man nödvändigtvis är fri från alla symtom utan kan även innebära att man kan hantera dem och leva ett acceptabelt liv. Bland läkare, vårdpersonal och även bland dem som själva har psykiska problem finns en utbredd pessimism om möjligheterna att återhämta sig. Men i dag har vi tillgång till forskningsresultat som motsäger föreställningar om de psykiska störningarna som varande livslånga, kroniska sjukdomar. Forskning visar att de flesta människor som exempelvis fått psykiatrins mest belastade diagnos – schizofreni – återhämtar sig. Vad hjälper människor med svåra psykiska problem att återhämta sig? Vad gör de själva, och vad kan andra – professionella, anhöriga, närstående – göra för att bidra till denna process? Boken resonerar kring professionalitet och vad ett återhämtningsinriktat professionellt arbete kan innebära. Återhämtning är en unik individuell process. Helt olika insatser kan bidra till återhämtningsprocessen för olika personer och för samma person i olika perioder. Den kan därför aldrig reduceras till en metod som kan tillämpas lika på flera patienter. Boken önskar förena individernas – brukarnas – erfarenhetsbaserade kunskap med kunskap från forskningen. Utgångspunkten är att människor återhämtar sig från svåra psykiska problem och att deras egna berättelser om återhämtningsarbetet erbjuder trovärdig kunskap. Boken vänder sig dels till brukare och närstående, dels till personal verksam inom psykiatri och socialtjänst. Den är också avsedd som kursbok för högskolestuderande inom områdena socialt arbete, psykologi, vård och medicin. Boken används dessutom som lärobok/komplement till cirkelmaterialet vid studiecirklar inom ramen för Återhämtningsprojektet (som drivs av Riksförbundet för Social och Mental Hälsa [RSMH], Forskningsstiftelsen Humlan och FoU-enheten vid SPO Psykiatrin Södra, Stockholms läns landsting) som i första hand löper under åren 2004 och 2005.Alain Topor är leg psykologi, fil dr och chef för FoU-enheten vid SPO Psykiatrin Södra inom Stockholms läns landsting. Han är även forskningschef på institutionen för socialt arbete, Stockholms universitet. Han har tidigare arbetat inom socialtjänst och psykiatri som familjebehandlare, behandlingsansvarig, handledare samt med forskning och utveckling inom socialtjänsten och psykiatrin. På Natur och Kultur har han tidigare utgivit Återhämtning från svåra psykiska störningar

Vad tänker anhöriga om fall och fallprevention? En kunskapsöversikt och samtal med anhöriga

Sennemark Eva, Magnusson Lennart, Hanson Elizabeth, Larsson Skoglund Annica (2019)

Sammanfattning
Fallskador hos äldre är ett ökande problem i Sverige som orsakar stort lidande, liksom stora kostnader för samhället. Socialstyrelsen har det övergripande ansvaret för att sprida information om fallrisker och fallprevention till äldre. Nationellt kompetenscenter anhöriga (Nka) har sökt och beviljats medel från Socialdepartementet för utvecklings av en verktygslåda gällande äldres fallprevention. Verktygslådan ska riktas till anhöriga som vårdar eller stöttar äldre i hemmet.
Som ett första steg har en så kallad scopingstudie (hädanefter kallad kunskapsöversikt) genomförts i syfte att få en överblick över tillgänglig forskning och annan litteratur på området anhöriga och äldres fall/fallrisk/fallprevention. Studien har utgått från den modell som utarbetades av Arksey och O'Malley (1) och som består av sex steg med en avslutande konsultation med målgruppen, i detta fall anhöriga.
Resultatet av kunskapsöversikten visar att det finns mycket lite forskning gällande anhöriga och deras syn på och upplevelse av närståendes fall, inte minst ur ett svenskt perspektiv. Totalt identifierades 49 relevanta källor, varav 42 vetenskapliga artiklar, en avhandling, ett dokument med tips och råd samt fem rapporter. Endast en svensk vetenskaplig artikel identifierades. Analys av källorna visade att dessa främst berörde fyra huvudteman; Konsekvenser för anhöriga av närståendes fall, Anhörigas förhållningssätt och strategier, Information, utbildning och stöd till anhöriga gällande fallprevention samt 4) Involvering av anhöriga i äldres fallprevention. De fyra huvudtemana kategoriserades i 15 underkategorier vilka beskrivs i kapitel 3. Ett tydligt resultat av kunskapsöversikten är att behovet av stöd och information till anhöriga, liksom behovet av att involvera dem betonas men att det finns få exempel på att så faktiskt har skett.
För att verifiera resultatet i en svensk kontext genomfördes steg 6 i Arkseys och O'Malleys modell (1) i form av fokusgrupper och intervjuer med totalt 30 anhöriga. De intervjuade bestod av makar och barn till äldre. Resultatet av konsultationen visade att det råder stor överensstämmelse med de internationella studierna. Dock tyder intervjuerna på vissa kulturella skillnader som vore intressant att studera vidare, exempelvis användandet av tvång och begränsningar som förefaller mindre vanligt bland de anhöriga som intervjuats. Istället betonas självständighet och den äldres möjlighet till delaktighet och livskvalitet. Anhöriga ger också några exempel på hur de har fått stöd från kommunen vilket i dessa fall har bidragit till deras egen kunskap och trygghet. Under fokusgrupper och intervjuer behandlades också behovet av information/stöd och den verktygslåda som Nka ska ta fram i samarbete med anhöriga. Exempel på kunskap/behov som anhöriga lyfter är:
- Information om fallrisker i hemmet och utomhus samt tips på vilka åtgärder anhöriga kan göra för att minimera riskerna.
- Information om vad anhöriga bör tänka på och vart de kan vända sig för att få
råd och stöd, exempelvis Apoteket, sjukgymnast, äldresjuksköterska, anhörigkonsulent etc.
- Nationellt nummer för fallpreventiva frågor, gärna kopplat till 1177.

Hur informationen ska förmedlas skiljer sig åt mellan intervjuade makar och barn till äldre, där de äldre anhöriga föredrar muntlig information i hemmet medan yngre är mer benägna att själva söka information på internet. Anhöriga lyfter också behovet av en utbildning om fallprevention för professionella samt material riktat till föreningarna att sprida till sina medlemmar.

Vad är normalt? Föräldraansvaret i assistansersättningar

Inspektionen för socialförsäkringen. (2014)

I bedömningen av barns rätt till assistansersättning ska Försäkringskassan
räkna bort det hjälpbehov som en vårdnadshavare normalt ska
tillgodose, det så kallade föräldraansvaret. Syftet med granskningen
är att undersöka hur Försäkringskassan tar hänsyn till föräldraansvaret
när den bedömer rätten till assistansersättning för personlig assistans.
Principen om normalt föräldraansvar finns i förarbetena till assistansreformen
år 1994, och fördes in i 51 kap. 6 § socialförsäkringsbalken
år 2011. Det framgår dock varken av bestämmelsen eller av
förarbetena till den hur föräldraansvaret ska avgränsas och bedömas.
Försäkringskassan beskriver inte i vägledningen när eller hur handläggare
ska göra avdrag för normalt föräldraansvar. Vid intervjuer
med handläggare vid lokala försäkringscenter (LFC) har det också
kommit fram att styrningen från huvudkontoret uppfattas som otillräcklig.
En granskning av Försäkringskassans akter för ärenden om assistansersättning
för barn visar dessutom att Försäkringskassans bedömningar
av föräldraansvaret varierar.
Av intervjuerna framgår vidare att det finns tydliga skillnader i utgångspunkten
av bedömningen av föräldraansvaret vid prövning av
barns rätt till personlig assistans, vilket också bekräftar resultaten
från aktstudien. Det förekommer till exempel att de intervjuade handläggarna
utgår från egna eller kollegors erfarenheter av vad barn i
en viss ålder klarar av, utöver den begränsade praxis som finns på
området.
Det har under åren i olika sammanhang konstaterats att Försäkringskassan
saknat verktyg för att säkerställa en enhetlig och rättsäker
tillämpning av principen om föräldraansvar i assistansersättningen.
Denna granskning visar att problemet kvarstår.
8
ISF föreslår att
 Försäkringskassan utvecklar sin styrning och stödet till handläggarna
genom att ta fram ett verktyg för att bedöma vad
som är normalt i omhändertagandet av barn i olika åldrar, till
exempel enligt ett beprövat klassifikationssystem av typen
ICF-CY1
,
 Försäkringskassan vidareutvecklar rutiner kring hur bedömningen
av föräldraansvaret dokumenteras i missiv och beslut
för att öka transparensen,
 regeringen låter utreda utformningen av den rättsliga regleringen
av föräldraansvaret.

Vad är normalt? Föräldraansvaret i assistansersättningar

Inspektionen för socialförsäkringen. (2014)

I bedömningen av barns rätt till assistansersättning ska Försäkringskassan
räkna bort det hjälpbehov som en vårdnadshavare normalt ska
tillgodose, det så kallade föräldraansvaret. Syftet med granskningen
är att undersöka hur Försäkringskassan tar hänsyn till föräldraansvaret
när den bedömer rätten till assistansersättning för personlig assistans.
Principen om normalt föräldraansvar finns i förarbetena till assistansreformen
år 1994, och fördes in i 51 kap. 6 § socialförsäkringsbalken
år 2011. Det framgår dock varken av bestämmelsen eller av
förarbetena till den hur föräldraansvaret ska avgränsas och bedömas.
Försäkringskassan beskriver inte i vägledningen när eller hur handläggare
ska göra avdrag för normalt föräldraansvar. Vid intervjuer
med handläggare vid lokala försäkringscenter (LFC) har det också
kommit fram att styrningen från huvudkontoret uppfattas som otillräcklig.
En granskning av Försäkringskassans akter för ärenden om assistansersättning
för barn visar dessutom att Försäkringskassans bedömningar
av föräldraansvaret varierar.
Av intervjuerna framgår vidare att det finns tydliga skillnader i utgångspunkten
av bedömningen av föräldraansvaret vid prövning av
barns rätt till personlig assistans, vilket också bekräftar resultaten
från aktstudien. Det förekommer till exempel att de intervjuade handläggarna
utgår från egna eller kollegors erfarenheter av vad barn i
en viss ålder klarar av, utöver den begränsade praxis som finns på
området.
Det har under åren i olika sammanhang konstaterats att Försäkringskassan
saknat verktyg för att säkerställa en enhetlig och rättsäker
tillämpning av principen om föräldraansvar i assistansersättningen.
Denna granskning visar att problemet kvarstår.
8
ISF föreslår att
 Försäkringskassan utvecklar sin styrning och stödet till handläggarna
genom att ta fram ett verktyg för att bedöma vad
som är normalt i omhändertagandet av barn i olika åldrar, till
exempel enligt ett beprövat klassifikationssystem av typen
ICF-CY1
,
 Försäkringskassan vidareutvecklar rutiner kring hur bedömningen
av föräldraansvaret dokumenteras i missiv och beslut
för att öka transparensen,
 regeringen låter utreda utformningen av den rättsliga regleringen
av föräldraansvaret.

Validation of an inventory of best practices in the provision of augmentative and alternative communication services to students with severe disabilities in general education classrooms

Calculator, S. N. and T. Black (2009)

Purpose: To compile and then validate a set of evidence-based best practices related to augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) and its role in fostering the inclusion of students with severe disabilities in general education classrooms and other inclusive settings. Method: A comprehensive review of the literature pertaining to AAC and inclusive education for students with severe disabilities in inclusive classrooms resulted in an inventory of possible best practices. Reliability testing was conducted to verify levels of evidence assigned to each source and corresponding practice. Practices were reviewed and validated by a panel of 8 experts. Statistical analysis revealed a high level of internal consistency across items composing the inventory. Results: An inventory of 91 practices, each assigned to 1 of 8 predetermined categories, was uncovered. Themes arising in experts' comments related to items in the inventory are discussed. Conclusions: Possible uses of the inventory are discussed along with suggestions for future research. © American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.

Vanvård i social barnavård, slutrapport

SOU (2011)

Den svenska Utredningen om vanvård i den sociala barnavården (i fortsättningen kallad Vanvårdsutredningen) initierades, i likhet med flera andra länder, först efter att människor berättat i media om sina erfarenheter av övergrepp och misshandel från sin tid i barnhem eller fosterhem.

Delrapport och Upprättelseutredning

I januari 2010 presenterade utredningen sin delrapport, "Vanvård i social barnavård under 1900-talet". En direkt följd blev att regeringen tillsatte Upprättelseutredningen som fick i uppdrag att föreslå hur upprättelse för dessa människor skulle kunna utformas.

Upprättelseutredningen överlämnade sitt betänkande till regeringen i februari 2011. Förslagen handlade om en process i tre delar; ett erkännande av det som hänt och en ursäkt, kompensation till dem som utsatts samt åtgärder för att förhindra upprepning.

Slutrapportens syfte

Syftet med slutrapporten är att presentera en fördjupad resultatredovisning där enskilda människor och deras berättelser, får en mer framskjuten placering än i delrapporten. Dessutom har ambitionen varit att diskutera hur det var möjligt att intervjupersonerna kunde råka så illa ut som barn och hur liknande missförhållanden för samhällsvårdade barn ska kunna undvikas i framtiden.

Slutrapportens struktur

Utredningens material omfattar redogörelser i olika former; intervjureferat, inspelade intervjuer, nedtecknade levnadsberättelser, arkivhandlingar, domar och tidningsartiklar. Detta varierande material ger inblick i sammanhang i vilken vanvården skedde och kunskap om den utsatthet som barn och ungdomar inom den sociala barnavården befann sig i.

Var - dags innehåll : en studie om hur boende och anhöriga upplever det sociala innehållet på ett boende för personer med demenssjukdom. Skrift 2011:3

Eriksson, Y. (2011)

Den här studiens syfte har varit att delge hur personer som bor på demensboende, och hur anhöriga som har närstående som bor på demensboende, upplever det sociala innehållet. Ett innehåll som utgår från faktorer som bemötande, social samvaro, aktiviteter, utevistelse, inflytande, boendemiljö, kan sammanfattas som ett meningsfullt socialt innehåll.

Vidare var syftet att delge några av de synpunkter och reflektioner som framkom från ett seminarium om Socialt innehåll i vardagen som hölls vid Blekinge kompetenscentrum i november 2009. De som deltog var från olika kommuner i Blekinge och hade i sina yrkesroller på olika sätt arbetat med det sociala innehållet för personer med demenssjukdom.

Var så god och sitt

Winnberg-Lindqvist, Pia & Holm, Sara (2000)

Vad drömmer barn med funktionshinder om att göra? Leka lekar som alla barn, trots att man inte kan klättra, rida eller gunga. Filmen som är gjord av Pia Winnberg-Lindqvist och Sara Holm är ett komplement till boken med samma namn.

Överförd till dvd 2011

Var så god och sitt!

Winnberg-Lindqvist, Pia (2000)

En bra sittställning för lek, utveckling och gemenskap är inte alltid så enkelt att uppnå. En sjukgymnast och en arbetsterapeut delar med sig av lång erfarenhet från sitt arbete med barn med funktionsnedsättningar. Boken är skriven på ett enkelt språk och är fylld av bilder och praktiska tips. Till boken finns en film med samma titel.

War trauma lingers on: Associations between maternal posttraumatic stress disorder, parent-child interaction, and child development

Van Ee, E., Kleber, R. J., & Mooren, T. T. M. (2012)

Maternal traumatization has been proposed as a risk factor for child development, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. This study analyzed the interrelations among maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms, parent–child interaction (emotional availability), and infants' psychosocial functioning and development among 49 asylum-seeker and refugee mothers and their children (18–42 months). Measures included assessment of mothers' trauma and comorbid symptoms (Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: R.F. Mollica et al., 1992; Hopkins Symptom Checklist: L. Derogatis, R. Lipman, K. Rickels, E. Uhlenhuth, & L. Covi, 1974), emotional availability within parent–child interaction (Emotional Availability Scales: Z. Biringen, 2008), and infants' psychosocial functioning (Child Behavior Checklist: T.M. Achenbach & L.A. Rescorla, 2000) and development (Bayley Scales of Infant Development: B.F. van der Meulen, S.A.J. Ruiter, H.C. Spelberg, & M. Smrkovsky, 2000). The results show that higher levels of maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms are associated with a higher level of psychosocial problems of infants, but not with delays in their mental or psychomotor development. The results also show that higher levels of maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms are associated with higher levels of insensitive, unstructuring, or hostile, but not intrusive, parent–child interactions. Infants show lower levels of responsiveness and involvement to their traumatized mothers. Parent–child interaction did not function as a mediator between maternal trauma symptoms and infants' psychosocial functioning. Results are discussed in relation to the dyad's regulation of emotions. Results implicate a need to reestablish attunement between traumatized mothers and their nontraumatized children.

War trauma lingers on: Associations between maternal posttraumatic stress disorder, parent-child interaction, and child development.

Van Ee, E., Kleber, R. J., & Mooren, T. T. M. (2012)

Maternal traumatization has been proposed as a risk factor for child development, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. This study analyzed the interrelations among maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms, parent–child interaction (emotional availability), and infants' psychosocial functioning and development among 49 asylum-seeker and refugee mothers and their children (18–42 months). Measures included assessment of mothers' trauma and comorbid symptoms (Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: R.F. Mollica et al., 1992; Hopkins Symptom Checklist: L. Derogatis, R. Lipman, K. Rickels, E. Uhlenhuth, & L. Covi, 1974), emotional availability within parent–child interaction (Emotional Availability Scales: Z. Biringen, 2008), and infants' psychosocial functioning (Child Behavior Checklist: T.M. Achenbach & L.A. Rescorla, 2000) and development (Bayley Scales of Infant Development: B.F. van der Meulen, S.A.J. Ruiter, H.C. Spelberg, & M. Smrkovsky, 2000). The results show that higher levels of maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms are associated with a higher level of psychosocial problems of infants, but not with delays in their mental or psychomotor development. The results also show that higher levels of maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms are associated with higher levels of insensitive, unstructuring, or hostile, but not intrusive, parent–child interactions. Infants show lower levels of responsiveness and involvement to their traumatized mothers. Parent–child interaction did not function as a mediator between maternal trauma symptoms and infants' psychosocial functioning. Results are discussed in relation to the dyad's regulation of emotions. Results implicate a need to reestablish attunement between traumatized mothers and their nontraumatized children.

Vara anhörig: bok för anhöriga till psykiskt sjuka

Moberg, Åsa (2005)

Hur är det att vara anhörig till en psykiskt sjuk människa? Var finner jag hjälp och stöd?

Det finns oändliga mängder kunskap, också hos behandlare och ansvariga myndigheter, om hur viktigt det är att lyssna till de anhöriga. Gång på gång betonas vikten av ett gott samarbete mellan psykiatrin och de sjukas sociala nätverk. Ändå fungerar detta samarbete sällan bra i praktiken.

I Vara anhörig beskriver Åsa Moberg, författare till den mycket uppmärksammade Adams bok, med utgångspunkt i enskilda fallbeskrivningar och lokala vårdformer, olika förhållningssätt för patienter, anhöriga och närstående. Här finns också berättelser om nytänkande och fungerande vårdformer.

Depression är den vanligaste psykiska sjukdomen i Sverige.Det är en sjukdom som i hög grad påverkar alla närstående. Förändringar i vården är nödvändiga och för det behövs gemensamma mål. Ändå glöms de anhöriga ofta bort.

Idag tycks de psykiatriska diagnosernas antal tillväxa i ungefär samma takt som mängden människor med psykiska lidanden. Sker allt detta diagnosticerande på bekostnad av det stöd, som behövs för att människor med psykiska funktionshinder och deras anhöriga ska klara vardagen? Det tror Åsa Moberg.

1900-talet var det århundrade när de sjukas, "brukarnas", röster började höras. 2000-talet måste bli den tid när de anhöriga äntligen tas på allvar.

Vardagens villkor för familjer med barn med funktionshinder – familjestöd

Bernehäll Claesson, I. (2004)

This report is based on three studies within the Family Support Project (FAS-project). The first study focused on respite care service from three perspectives. The second study focused on families with children with brittle bones (osteogenesis imperfecta) and the third study focused on families with children with muscular diseases. Study two and three surveyed the families' opportunities to exert influence on and participate in the decision process. The aim of this dissertation is to highlight how families with children with disabilities experience daily life, what is working well and what is not working as well as desired. The aim is also to find out what areas the families experience as problematic and within what areas they need a better support and to demonstrate what can be done in the municipalities in order to facilitate for the families. For many years I have been working with projects concerning family support. The different projects have applied to families with children with disabilities and among other things to families with children with brittle bones and muscular di-seases. These diagnoses are mentioned as small and less known disability groups. The results from the studies show that many families have difficulties in receiving the support they need and demand, that they have difficulties to communicate with authorities and administrators and that the knowledge about different kinds of disabilities are lacking. This is one reason why these families have not received the understanding and support for their daily lifes as they should.

Vardagens villkor för familjer med barn med funktionshinder – familjestöd. (Licentiatavhandling i pedagogik), Individ omvärld och lärande/Forskning nr.23.

Bernehäll Claesson, I. (2004)

This report is based on three studies within the Family Support Project (FAS-project). The first study focused on respite care service from three perspectives. The second study focused on families with children with brittle bones (osteogenesis imperfecta) and the third study focused on families with children with muscular diseases. Study two and three surveyed the families' opportunities to exert influence on and participate in the decision process. The aim of this dissertation is to highlight how families with children with disabilities experience daily life, what is working well and what is not working as well as desired. The aim is also to find out what areas the families experience as problematic and within what areas they need a better support and to demonstrate what can be done in the municipalities in order to facilitate for the families. For many years I have been working with projects concerning family support. The different projects have applied to families with children with disabilities and among other things to families with children with brittle bones and muscular di-seases. These diagnoses are mentioned as small and less known disability groups. The results from the studies show that many families have difficulties in receiving the support they need and demand, that they have difficulties to communicate with authorities and administrators and that the knowledge about different kinds of disabilities are lacking. This is one reason why these families have not received the understanding and support for their daily lifes as they should.

Varför söker inte anhörigvårdare stöd? Rapport från FoU-Jämt, 2005:1.

Göransson, S. (2005)

Trots att anhörigvården synliggjorts under senare år är det fortfarande många anhörigvårdare som inte är kända av kommunen och många som inte söker stöd. För att ta reda på orsaken till ovanstående förhållande har jag djupintervjuat sexton anhörigvårdare. Informationsbrist är en orsak, många vet inte att det finns hjälp att få, vadsom finns eller hurman ansöker. Att det är omständligt, att man inte orkar eller att den som vårdas inte vill ha hjälp från någon utomstående är annat som framkommit. Främst handlar det dock om att man vill klara sig själv. Anhörigvård handlar om två parter, den vårdbehövande och den friske parten – anhörigvårdaren – båda parter måste vara beredda att "öppna upp" hemmet för vårdpersonal för att hjälp i hemmet ska kunna påbörjas. Den personliga integriteten påverkas. Stöd utanför hemmet eller från den egna familjen är följaktligen det som anhörigvårdare främst önskar. Lojalitet mot den närstående gör många gånger att anhörigvårdaren utstår mer än vad som verkar vara rimligt att klara men... " – hur långt sträcker sig egentligen det äktenskapliga löftet? "Anhörigvårdare behöver sökas upp och motiveras till att söka avlösning. Givetvis bör också utbudet anpassas efter vad anhörigvårdarna verkligen efterfrågar." – Vad är då ett bra anhörigstöd? "Kanske inte bara det som erbjuds av det offentliga. När en make/maka drabbas av sjukdom kan den friske parten bli väldigt ensam om alltansvar i hemmet. Att då få hjälp med diverse praktiska vardagsgöromål kan vara ett stöd så gott som något annat. För att tillgodose detta är en utveckling av frivilligarbete liknande "Väntjänst" önskvärd.

Ways of understanding being a healthcare professional in the role of family member of a patient admitted to hospital. A phenomenographic study

Carlsson, E., Carlsson, A. A., Prenkert, M., & Svantesson, M. (2016)

Healthcare professionals' experience of being family member of a patient can contribute to knowledge development and organizational learning in further ways than the experiences of general family members. However, there is little research on healthcare professionals' experience being on 'the other side of the bed'.
OBJECTIVE:
To describe how healthcare professionals understand the role of being a healthcare professional and a family member of a patient admitted to hospital.
DESIGN:
Qualitative with a phenomenographic approach.
SETTING:
Three Swedish hospitals.
PARTICIPANTS:
All healthcare professionals in three hospitals were invited. Twenty-one volunteered for the study and 18 met the inclusion criteria; to have one year of professional experience and to have visited the family member in hospital daily during hospitalization. Family members in maternity or psychiatric care were excluded.
METHODS:
Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. Transcripts were analyzed with a phenomenographic method to describe variation and commonality in the ways of understanding the phenomenon under study.
RESULTS:
Four dominant ways of understanding the phenomenon were identified; the informed bystander, the supervisor, the advocate and the carer. The four ways of understanding were hierarchically related with "The informed bystander" being least involved in the care of the family member and "The carer" more or less taking over the patient's care because of inappropriate, unsafe or omitted care. Common for all ways of understanding the phenomenon, except "The informed bystander", was the difficult balance between their loyalty toward the family member and their colleagues among the staff. "The informed bystander" and "The supervisor" are ways of understanding the phenomenon under study that, to our knowledge, has not been described before.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study describes how being a family member of a patient can be understood in four different ways when the family member is a healthcare professional. The findings show similarities to previous studies on general family members as well as nurse-family members of patients in critical care. The need for professional communication, support and coordination will be substantially different if the family member understands his/her role as an informed bystander compared to if they perceive themselves as a carer. The role conflict and ambivalence toward building relationships described are aspects that need further exploration, as does the experience of being forced to care for a family member. Our findings contribute with new knowledge developing patient- and family-centered care.

Web-based brief interventions for young adolescent alcohol and drug abusers – a systematic review

Tönnesen, H., Ståhlbrandt, H., & Pedersen, B. (2013)

Abstract
Background Adolescents' use of alcohol, cannabis and other psychoactive substances has significantly increased in European
countries. Parallel to this web-based screening and brief intervention have been disseminated. An important question is if it is
based on evidence for effect? Therefore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the evidence for effect.
Method A systematic literature search was performed on randomised trials in the following databases: MEDLINE, the Cochrane
Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and EMBASE – supplemented by hand search. The target group of young adolescents
was defined as 16 to 18 years old.
Results Overall, 35 papers were identified as randomised trials on web-based screening and/or intervention concerning alcohol
and drug among young people; however the only identifiable randomised trial to evaluate the young adolescents was a published
protocol describing an ongoing study.
Conclusion Young adolescents might benefit from web-based screening and brief intervention on alcohol and drugs; however
an effects remains to be established in high quality studies.

Weekly hours of informal caregiving and paid work, and the risk of cardiovascular disease

Mortensen J., Dich N., Lange T., Ramlau-Hansen CH., Head J., Kivimäki M., Leineweber C., Hulvej Rod N. (2018)

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Little is known on the association between weekly hours of informal caregiving and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objective was to investigate the individual and joint effects of weekly hours of informal caregiving and paid work on the risk of CVD. METHODS:Pooled analysis with 1396 informal caregivers in gainful employment, from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health and the Whitehall II study. Informal caregiving was defined as care for an aged or disabled relative. The outcome was CVD during 10 years follow-up. Analyzes were adjusted for age, sex, children, marital status and occupational grade. RESULTS: There were 59 cases of CVD. Providing care >20 h weekly were associated with a higher risk of CVD compared to those providing care 1-8 h weekly (hazard ratio = 2.63, 95%CI: 1.20; 5.76), irrespectively of weekly work hours. In sensitivity analyzes, we found this risk to be markedly higher among long-term caregivers (6.17, 95%CI: 1.73; 22.1) compared to short-term caregivers (0.89, 95%CI: 0.10; 8.08). Caregivers working ≥55 h weekly were at higher risk of CVD (2.23, 95%CI: 1.14; 4.35) compared to those working 35-40 h weekly. Those providing care >8 h and working ≤40 h weekly had a higher risk of CVD compared to those providing care 1-8 h and working ≤40 h (3.23, 95%CI: 1.25; 8.37). CONCLUSION: A high number of weekly hours of informal caregiving as opposed to few weekly hours is associated with a higher risk of CVD, irrespectively of weekly work hours. The excess risk seemed to be driven by those providing care over long periods of time.

Welfare relationships : Voluntary organisations and local authorities supporting relatives of older people in sweden (Stockholm studies in politics).

Dahlberg, L. (2004)

Sweden is often described as a country with a strong welfare state and little voluntary work. This is as would be expected according to substitution theory, in which extensive welfare systems are assumed to crowd out voluntary activity and thereby limit the potential for voluntary work – there is an inverse relationship between voluntary and statutory activity. A second perspective is welfare pluralism, which is siginified by a purposive duplication of activity by different actors resulting in increased choice for service users. A third perspective is offered by complementarity theory. In this theory, different actors are assumed to have different characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses, which make them suitable for performing different tasks.The purpose of the thesis is to examine the variation in welfare service provision by voluntary organisations and local authorities in Sweden. This includes determining whether there is a statistical association between voluntary and statutory service provision. The thesis also explores the interaction between voluntary organisations and local authorities, that is how they are related in terms of collaboration, competition, support, and influence, and the actors' own views on roles, responsibilities, motives etc. The thesis is based on two national surveys and on in-depth interviews. Questionnaires were sent to 358 Swedish voluntary organisations in 1999, and 365 organisations in 2002. At the same time points, 80 local authorities were also surveyed. In 2001, 55 representatives of voluntary organisations and local authorities were interviewed.Analysis of the surveys showed no negative relationship between voluntary and statutory service provision cross-sectionally or over time. This was true for both the total amount of activity and when considering individual services. In other words, no evidence for substitution processes was found. Although there was an increase in support for relatives in the period studied and a positive relationship between voluntary and statutory activity in 2002, no positive correlation was found within individual support activities. This means that voluntary and statutory activities tended to be of different kinds at a local level. Only rarely could users choose between different service providers, and the situation could not be characterised as indicative of welfare pluralism. Voluntary organisations and local authorities were described in terms of different characteristics by interviewees, as would be expected by complementarity theory. Nevertheless, there were overlaps in service provision, questioning the validity of complementarity theory with its emphasis on matching of characteristics and tasks. However, at a local level voluntary organisations and local authorities rarely carried out similar tasks. There is thus extensive complementarity at a local level. It is argued that this complementarity is due to the strong ideology that voluntary organisations should complement local authorities, rather than due to the different characteristics of the actors.

Well Being, Depressive Symptoms, and Burden Among Parent and Sibling Caregivers of Persons With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness

Chen, W.-Y. and E. Lukens (2011)

Caregiving for a family member with severe and persistent mental illness places significant demands on the caregiver. Yet caregivers also report personal rewards from the experience. Multiple regression analyses were conducted for 137 parent and sibling caregivers to compare risk and protective factors for well being, subjective burden, and depressive symptoms among respondents. Sibling status predicted increased well-being. Grief and family stress functioned as risk factors for decreased well-being, more depressive symptoms, and increased subjective burden. Pride for the relative contributed to depressive symptoms but protected against burden, and both informal social support and formal support from providers offered a buffer against depressive symptoms for all caregivers. Intervention strategies to promote resilience and address challenges for caregivers are discussed.

Wellbeing among people with dementia and their next of kin over a period of 3 years

Holst, G., & Edberg, A. K. (2011)

Little is known about the dyadic experience over time of people with dementia and their next of kin. The aim of this study was to investigate the state of mind of people with dementia, their next of kin's experience of burden and satisfaction, and factors associated with these experiences over a 3-year period. The sample consisted of 32 people with dementia living at home with family caregivers in the south of Sweden. Data were collected during the period 2004–2007 and consisted of patients self reports (GDS), dementia nurse assessment (MMSE, Berger and ADL) and next-of-kin assessment (patient's state of mind and care provision). Data also consisted of next-of-kin's self reports concerning health, burden and satisfaction. The result showed that patients' state of mind was mainly positive at baseline but a deterioration was seen over time in the patient's mood and cognitive functioning together with an increase in ADL-dependency and suspected depression. Dependency in personal ADL entailed a higher risk of being in a negative state of mind. For next of kin the experience of burden increased while satisfaction decreased over the 3 years. The inter-relationship between the patients' mood and the caregiver's satisfaction and burden seems to get stronger over time. At baseline caregiver burden was mainly related to the next of kins' general health and to patient behaviours that were difficult to handle. During the progression of the disease caregiver satisfaction becomes increasingly related to patient state of mind and dependency. There is, however, a need for more research focusing on the specific inter-relational aspects as previous studies have mainly focused on either the situation for the person with dementia or on the caregiver.

Vem är bäst : En familjs verklighet i autismens gåtfulla liv

Madsen, Hans (2017)

Att få ett autistiskt barn är något av det mest omvälvande man kan uppleva. Livet som Autist skiljer sig så mycket från ett vanligt, vilket även kom att innebära dramatiska förändringar för oss som föräldrar. Det som var så självklart blev nu bergsliknande hinder som skulle ta all vår kraft och energi för att lösa och hitta vägar som fungerar. ?Boken beskriver hur det var att få ett autistisk barn till de utmaningar som ungdomsåren och vuxenlivet förde med sig. Det vi trodde var en manual i uppväxt visade sig vara något helt annat i autismens inneslutna värld. ?Vår son är idag vuxen och vi kan se tillbaka på ett liv full av överraskningar utmaningar och många misslyckanden. Men samtidigt många segrar. Vårt liv fick inte bli isolerad från all det vi ville uppnå tillsammans med våra barn. Autismen fick inte segra, det skulle vara vår tydliga mål, ja livsuppgift. Autism skulle inte vara vår son utan bara en del av honom. Bakom ögonen fann vi en riktig go, glad, kärleksfull och alldeles underbar kille, vi hittade vår son.??Berättelsen börjar en vårdag 1993. En vanlig dag kan det verka som, men denna lördag skulle våra liv förändras för alltid. Det liv vi hade hoppats på skulle nu för alltid vara borta. Vi visste det bara inte då.

Vem är den enskilde i ett gemensamt hem? : en studie av hur biståndshandläggare förhåller sig till anhörigas möjligheter till frivillighet, autonomi och personlig integritet

Takter Martina (2018)

Martina Takters syfte med avhandlingen är att utforska anhörigas möjligheter till frivilliga val, autonomi och personlig integritet. Detta i samband med en hjälpbehövandes funktionsnedsättning eller sjukdom för att kontextualisera utifrån vilket sammanhang dessa möjligheter ska förstås. Utgångspunkten för studien är biståndshandläggningens praxis i kommunal vård- och omsorg samt biståndshandläggares förhållningssätt till anhöriga. En slutsats är att biståndshandläggarna genom motivationsarbete lägger fokus på den enskilde som sökande part och mottagare för bistånd och att den anhöriges situation inte ges utrymme vid biståndshandläggningen. Det innebär att den enskildes rätt att avstå erbjudna insatser som t.ex. hemtjänst, oavsett behov och social kontext avgränsar den anhöriges möjligheter till frivilliga val, autonomi och personlig integritet. I förlängningen kan det innebära att den anhörige dels får ta ett ansvar för den enskildes situation utan att ha möjlighet att välja detta, och dels att den anhöriges behov osynliggörs. Genom att ansvaret görs till en privat angelägenhet legitimerar det ett tillbakadragande av det offentligas ansvar.

What are motives of family members to take responsibility in palliative cancer care?

Sand, L., Olsson, M., & Strang, P. (2010)

Background and aim. Some studies show that the family members willingly take great responsibility in palliative care. However, their motives for doing so have not been much explored and the aim of this study is to investigate that further.

Method. Twenty family members of patients enrolled in palliative care were interviewed in depth. The interviews were taped, transcribed and analysed using a qualitative, hermeneutic method.

Results. Love, attachment and outlook on life were the main reasons for shouldering responsibility. An increased consciousness about precious values deepened relations within the family and resulted in personal growth and constituted strong motivation. The process of responsibility was bi-directional with benefits as well as costs. The assumed responsibility brought with it the need to balance feelings about the impending death including such feelings as grief, fear and resignation with those associated with life. Examples of the latter were efforts to retain any remaining capacities within the dying person's body and mind, to hold onto daily routines and to maintain hope and dignity. An essential part of the responsibility was to preserve meaning and avoid the sense of meaninglessness.

Discussion. The results contribute to an understanding of complex desires, feelings and needs and provide staff with knowledge when supporting families.

What do we know about older former carers? Key issues and themes

Larkin, M and Milne, A. (2016)

Abstract
Despite a significant growth in the number older former family carers, they remain largely invisible in carer-related research and literature. To begin to address this deficit, a four-stage literature review was conducted to identify existing knowledge about older former carers. Narrative synthesis of the findings yielded five themes - the concept of 'older former carer', the legacies of caring, influences on the legacies of caring, conceptualising post-caring and support services for older former carers. Critical analysis of these findings suggests that existing evidence has a number of strengths. It highlights the terminological and conceptual confusion in the field, identifies the profound financial and health-related legacies older former carers' experience, the factors which shape these legacies and some of the complexities of bereavement older former carers face. The support needs of older former carers are also illuminated. However, the field is characterised by key weaknesses. The evidence base is fragmented and uneven. In part this reflects lack of definitional consensus and in part the fact that there is much more evidence about some sub-groups, such as carers of relatives admitted to a care home, than others. Methodology-related weaknesses include small sample sizes and a focus on a single, often condition-specific, group of older former carers. An overarching criticism relates to the narrow conceptual/theoretical purview. As post-caring tends to be viewed as one of the final temporal 'stages' of the carer's 'care-giving career', a bifurcatory model of carer/former carer is created, i.e. that a carer actively provides care and a former carer is no longer caring. This constructs being a former carer - namely formerality - as a single fixed state failing to capture its dynamic and shifting nature and constrains the potential of research to generate new knowledge and extend understanding.

What explains health in persons with visual impairment?

Leissner J, Coenen M, Froehlich S, Loyola D, Cieza A. (2014)

Background
Visual impairment is associated with important limitations in functioning. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) adopted by the World Health Organisation (WHO) relies on a globally accepted framework for classifying problems in functioning and the influence of contextual factors. Its comprehensive perspective, including biological, individual and social aspects of health, enables the ICF to describe the whole health experience of persons with visual impairment. The objectives of this study are (1) to analyze whether the ICF can be used to comprehensively describe the problems in functioning of persons with visual impairment and the environmental factors that influence their lives and (2) to select the ICF categories that best capture self-perceived health of persons with visual impairment.

Methods
Data from 105 persons with visual impairment were collected, including socio-demographic data, vision-related data, the Extended ICF Checklist and the visual analogue scale of the EuroQoL-5D, to assess self-perceived health. Descriptive statistics and a Group Lasso regression were performed. The main outcome measures were functioning defined as impairments in Body functions and Body structures, limitations in Activities and restrictions in Participation, influencing Environmental factors and self-perceived health.

Results
In total, 120 ICF categories covering a broad range of Body functions, Body structures, aspects of Activities and Participation and Environmental factors were identified. Thirteen ICF categories that best capture self-perceived health were selected based on the Group Lasso regression. While Activities-and-Participation categories were selected most frequently, the greatest impact on self-perceived health was found in Body-functions categories. The ICF can be used as a framework to comprehensively describe the problems of persons with visual impairment and the Environmental factors which influence their lives.

Conclusions
There are plenty of ICF categories, Environmental-factors categories in particular, which are relevant to persons with visual impairment, but have hardly ever been taken into consideration in literature and visual impairment-specific patient-reported outcome measures.

What I think and feel: a revised measure of children's manifest anxiety

Reynolds, C. R. and B. O. Richmond (1978)

The 1956 adaptation for children of Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, was revised to meet current psychometric standards. A 73-item revision draft was administered to 329 school children from grades 1 to 12. Based on item-analysis criteria for rbis greater than or equal to .4 and .30 less than or equal to p less than or equal to .70, 28 anxiety items were retained along with 9 of the original 11 Lie scale items. A cross-validation sample of 167 children from grades 2, 5, 9, 10, and 11 produced a KR20 reliability estimate of .85. Anxiety scores did not differ across grade or race. Females scored significantly higher than males. For the Lie scale, significant differences appeared by grade and race. No sex differences were obtained on the Lie scale. The resulting scale appears useful for children in grades 1 to 12 and may aid in future studies of anxiety as well as assisting the clinician in the understanding of individual children.

What imitation tells us about social cognition: a rapprochement between developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience

Meltzoff, A. N., & Decety, J. (2003)

Both developmental and neurophysiological research suggest a common coding between perceived and generated actions. This shared representational network is innately wired in humans. We review psychological evidence concerning the imitative behaviour of newborn human infants. We suggest that the mechanisms involved in infant imitation provide the foundation for understanding that others are 'like me' and underlie the development of theory of mind and empathy for others. We also analyse functional neuroimaging studies that explore the neurophysiological substrate of imitation in adults. We marshal evidence that imitation recruits not only shared neural representations between the self and the other but also cortical regions in the parietal cortex that are crucial for distinguishing between the perspective of self and other. Imitation is doubly revealing: it is used by infants to learn about adults, and by scientists to understand the organization and functioning of the brain.

What qualitative research can contribute to a randomized controlled trial of a complex community intervention.

Nelson G, Macnaughton E, Goering P. (2015)

Using the case of a large-scale, multi-site Canadian Housing First research demonstration project for homeless people with mental illness, At Home/Chez Soi, we illustrate the value of qualitative methods in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a complex community intervention. We argue that quantitative RCT research can neither capture the complexity nor tell the full story of a complex community intervention. We conceptualize complex community interventions as having multiple phases and dimensions that require both RCT and qualitative research components. Rather than assume that qualitative research and RCTs are incommensurate, a more pragmatic mixed methods approach was used, which included using both qualitative and quantitative methods to understand program implementation and outcomes. At the same time, qualitative research was used to examine aspects of the intervention that could not be understood through the RCT, such as its conception, planning, sustainability, and policy impacts. Through this example, we show how qualitative research can tell a more complete story about complex community interventions.

Being 'alone' striving for belonging and adaption in a new reality - The experiences of spouse carers of persons with dementia

Hammar LM, Williams CL, Meranius MS, McKee K (2021)

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Spouse carers of a person with dementia report feeling lonely and trapped in their role, lacking support and having no time to take care of their own health. In Sweden, the support available for family carers is not specialised to meet the needs of spouse carers of people with dementia. The aim of the study described in this paper was to explore spouse carers' experiences of caring for a partner with dementia, their everyday life as a couple and their support needs.

METHODS: Nine spouse carers of a partner with dementia living at home were recruited through a memory clinic and a dementia organisation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants, focusing on their experiences of providing care, their support needs in relation to their caring situation, their personal well-being and their marital relationship. The interviews were transcribed and underwent qualitative content analysis.

RESULTS: The analysis resulted in one overall theme Being 'alone' striving for belonging and adaption in a new reality, synthesized from four sub-themes: (1) Being in an unknown country; (2) Longing for a place for me and us; (3) Being a carer first and a person second; and (4) Being alone in a relationship.

CONCLUSIONS: The training of care professionals regarding the unique needs of spouse carers of people with dementia needs improvement, with education, in particular, focusing on their need to be considered as a person separate from being a carer and on the significance of the couple's relationship for their mutual well-being.

Negative Impact and Positive Value of Caregiving in Spouse Carers of Persons with Dementia in Sweden

Johansson MF, McKee KJ, Dahlberg L, Summer Meranius M, Williams (2022)

Background: Spouse carers of persons with dementia (PwD) are particularly vulnerable to negative outcomes of care, yet research rarely focuses on their caregiving situation. This study explores factors associated with the positive value and negative impact of caregiving in spouse carers of PwD in Sweden. (2)

Methods: The study was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey, with a convenience sample of spouse carers of PwD (n = 163). The questionnaire addressed: care situation, carer stress, health and social well-being, relationship quality and quality of support, and contained measures of positive value and negative impact of caregiving. (3) Results: Hierarchical regression models explained 63.4% variance in positive value and 63.2% variance in negative impact of caregiving. Three variables were significant in the model of positive value: mutuality, change in emotional closeness following dementia and quality of support. Six variables were significant in the model of negative impact: years in relationship, years as carer, behavioural stress, self-rated health, emotional loneliness and change in physical intimacy following dementia. (4)

Conclusions: Support to spouse carers of PwD should address the carer-care-recipient relationship quality, although different aspects of the relationship should be addressed if both the positive value of caregiving is to be enhanced and the negative impact reduced.

School Outcomes Among Children Following Death of a Parent

Liu C, Grotta A, Hiyoshi A, Berg L, Rostila M (2022)

IMPORTANCE: To better support children with the experience of parental death, it is crucial to understand whether parental death increases the risk of adverse school outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether parental death is associated with poorer school outcomes independent of factors unique to the family, and whether children of certain ages are particularly vulnerable to parental death.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This population-based sibling cohort study used Swedish national register-based longitudinal data with linkage between family members. Register data were collected from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2016. Data analyses were performed on July 14, 2021. The participants were all children born between 1991 and 2000 who lived in Sweden before turning age 17 years (N = 908 064).

EXPOSURE: Parental death before finishing compulsory school.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Mean school grades (year-specific z scores) and ineligibility for upper secondary education on finishing compulsory school at age 15 to 16 years. Population-based cohort analyses were conducted to examine the association between parental death and school outcomes using conventional linear and Poisson regression models, after adjustment for demographic and parental socioeconomic and health indicators measured before childbirth. Second, using fixed-effect linear and Poisson regression models, children who experienced parental death before finishing compulsory school were compared with their siblings who experienced the death after. Third, the study explored the age-specific associations between parental death and school outcomes.

RESULTS: In the conventional population-based analyses, bereaved children (N = 22 634; 11 553 boys [51.0%]; 11 081 girls [49.0%]; mean [SD] age, 21.0 [2.8] years) had lower mean school grade z scores (adjusted β coefficient, 0.19; 95% CI, -0.21 to -0.18; P < .001) and a higher risk of ineligibility for upper secondary education than the nonbereaved children (adjusted risk ratio, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.32-1.41; P < .001). Within-sibling comparisons using fixed-effects models showed that experiencing parental death before finishing ompulsory school was associated with lower mean school grade z scores (-0.06; 95% CI, -0.10 to -0.01; P = .02) but not with ineligibility for upper secondaryeducation (adjusted risk ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.93-1.23; P = .34). Independentof birth order, losing a parent at a younger age was associated with lower grades within a family.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cohort study, childhood parental death was  associated with lower school grades after adjustment for familial confounders  shared between siblings. Children who lost a parent may benefit from additional educational support that could reduce the risk of adverse socioeconomic trajectories later in life

Who cares for young carers?

Jenkins, S., & Wingate, C. (1994)

How much do we know of young carers - that is, children under 18 who provide primary care for sick, disabled, or elderly relatives in the home, usually their own parents?1 Meredith suggested that health professionals have failed to identify such children and have shown interest in them only when the possibility of psychological or physical disorders has been raised.2

Small studies have suggested that there are at least 10 000 young carers in Britain.3,4 Recent research has, however, rejected the usefulness of such data, concentrating instead on the qualitative impact that caring may have on a child's health, psychosocial development, and opportunities.*RF 5-7*

A substantial obstacle to addressing the needs and concerns of young carers has been a lack of awareness of their existence. Providers of services - whether health, education, or social services - have consistently failed to identify young carers. As one young carer said, "You can't picture a child picking up an adult, getting them on to the stair lift, taking them up, bathing them. If you can't picture it, it doesn't happen."8

Melles lillasyster har adhd

Pernilla Enbom (2022)

Melle duckar för en sko som kommer flygande. Det kokar i Moas huvud och då kastar hon saker. Trots att Melle är van vid Moas utbrott så tycker hon att det är jobbigt. Speciellt i skolan ...

Det är tur att Moa är rolig också, annars skulle Melle inte vilja vara Moas storasyster.

Hur är det egentligen att ha ett syskon med adhd? Det vet Melle. Det är som en bergodalbana. Ibland är det lite läskigt och man kan få ont i magen, men ofta är det väldigt roligt med mycket skratt. Vad händer en helt vanlig dag hemma hos Melle? Hur tänker och känner hon när hennes lillasyster blir arg eller hittar på hyss?

Whos life am I living? Relatives Living in the Shadow of Depression

Stjernswärd, Sigrid & Östman, Margareta (2008)

BACKGROUND:
Families living with mental illness experience added burden and need information and support.
AIM:
This aim of this study was to explore the experiences of families living close to a depressed individual.
METHODS:
Eighteen persons were interviewed individually or in focus groups. Data was analysed using a grounded theory-inspired methodology.
RESULTS:
Most participants expressed a feeling of not living their own life, struggling to balance relationships, adapting to and re-evaluating their life circumstances, and struggling to voice their ill relatives' and their own needs.
CONCLUSIONS:
More can be done to help and sustain hope in the relatives of persons with depression.

Whose empowerment and independence? A cross-national perspective on ‘cash for care’ schemes.

Ungerson C. (2004)

This paper uses qualitative data from a cross-national study of 'cash for care' schemes in five European countries (Austria, France, Italy, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom) to consider the concepts of empowerment and independence in relation to both care-users and care-givers. The paper locates the schemes along two axes, one of regulation/non-regulation, the other whether relatives can be paid or not. Each of the schemes has a different impact both on the care relationship and on the labour market for care. In The Netherlands where relatives can be paid, for example, a fully commodified form of informal care emerges; but in Austria and Italy with low regulation, a mix of informal and formal care-givers/workers has emerged with many international migrant workers. In the UK, direct payments allow care-users to employ local care-workers who deliver care for various lengths of time; while in France a credentialised system means that care-work is delivered by qualified workers but for very short intervals. The main conclusion is that none of these schemes have a simple outcome or advantage, and that the contexts in which they occur and the nature of their regulation has to be understood before drawing conclusions about their impact on empowerment and independence on both sides of the care relationship.

Whose life am I living? Relatives living in the shadow of depression

Stjernswärd, S., & Östman, M. (2008)

BACKGROUND:
Families living with mental illness experience added burden and need information and support.
AIM:
This aim of this study was to explore the experiences of families living close to a depressed individual.
METHODS:
Eighteen persons were interviewed individually or in focus groups. Data was analysed using a grounded theory-inspired methodology.
RESULTS:
Most participants expressed a feeling of not living their own life, struggling to balance relationships, adapting to and re-evaluating their life circumstances, and struggling to voice their ill relatives' and their own needs.
CONCLUSIONS:
More can be done to help and sustain hope in the relatives of persons with depression.

Widowhood and depression among older europeans-The role of gender, caregiving, marital quality, and regional context

Schaan, B. (2013)

Objectives. This study investigates the role of gender, caregiving, and marital quality in the correlation between widowhood and depression among older people within a European context by applying the theory of Social Production Functions as a theoretical framework.Method. Fixed-effects linear regression models are estimated using the first 2 waves (2004, 2006) of "The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe" (SHARE). A subsample of 7,844 respondents aged 50 and older in 11 countries, who were married at baseline and are either continuously married or widowed at follow-up, is analyzed.Results. Respondents who experienced widowhood between the 2 waves report significantly more depressive symptoms than those continuously married, with respondents living in Denmark and Sweden reporting a lower increase in depressive symptoms than those living in Greece, Spain, or Italy. There is no statistically significant interaction between gender and widowhood. Widowed persons who report higher marital quality at baseline show a larger increase in the number of symptoms of depression than those with low marital quality; widowed persons who report being a caregiver for their partner at baseline report smaller increase in the symptoms of depression compared with widowed noncaregivers.Discussion. The results support the results of previous studies using longitudinal data. Furthermore, the effect of widowhood varies among the 11 countries in the subsample although only a small amount of the variation in the increase of depressive symptoms after becoming widowed can be explained by such contextual factors.

Widowhood and depression among older europeans-The role of gender, caregiving, marital quality, and regional context

Schaan, B. (2013)

Objectives. This study investigates the role of gender, caregiving, and marital quality in the correlation between widowhood and depression among older people within a European context by applying the theory of Social Production Functions as a theoretical framework.Method. Fixed-effects linear regression models are estimated using the first 2 waves (2004, 2006) of "The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe" (SHARE). A subsample of 7,844 respondents aged 50 and older in 11 countries, who were married at baseline and are either continuously married or widowed at follow-up, is analyzed.Results. Respondents who experienced widowhood between the 2 waves report significantly more depressive symptoms than those continuously married, with respondents living in Denmark and Sweden reporting a lower increase in depressive symptoms than those living in Greece, Spain, or Italy. There is no statistically significant interaction between gender and widowhood. Widowed persons who report higher marital quality at baseline show a larger increase in the number of symptoms of depression than those with low marital quality; widowed persons who report being a caregiver for their partner at baseline report smaller increase in the symptoms of depression compared with widowed noncaregivers.Discussion. The results support the results of previous studies using longitudinal data. Furthermore, the effect of widowhood varies among the 11 countries in the subsample although only a small amount of the variation in the increase of depressive symptoms after becoming widowed can be explained by such contextual factors.

Widowhood and race

Elwert, F., & Christakis, N. A. (2006)

The health effects of marital status are frequently cited in the current debate on marriage promotion, but little is known about how marital health effects vary across groups. This article assembles the largest properly longitudinal and nationally representative dataset of elderly married couples in the United States (N = 410,272 couples) and provides strong evidence that the "widowhood effect"—how the death of a spouse increases the mortality of the survivor-varies substantially by race. The authors find that whites married to whites suffer a large and enduring widowhood effect. By contrast, blacks married to blacks do not suffer a detectable widowhood effect, possibly because they manage to extend the survival advantage of marriage into widowhood. For racially intermarried men, wife's race appears to dominate the size and presence of the widowhood effect entirely, regardless of husband's own race. These results likely arise from differences in the marital cultures and marital contexts of black and white couples. More generally, these results demonstrate that the health effects of social ties depend on the individual attributes of the actors they connect.

Viewpoints of working sandwich generation women and occupational therapists on role balance strategies

Evans KL., Girdler SJ., Falkmer T., Richmond JE., Wagman P., Millsteed J., Falkmer M (2017)

Abstract
Occupational therapists need to be cognizant of evidence-based role balance advice and strategies that women with multigenerational caring responsibilities can implement independently or with minimal assistance, as role balance may not be the primary goal during many encounters with this population. Hence, this study aimed to identify the viewpoints on the most helpful role balance strategies for working sandwich generation women, both from their own perspectives and from the perspective of occupational therapists. This was achieved through a Q methodology study, where 54 statements were based on findings from interviews, sandwich generation literature and occupational therapy literature. In total, 31 working sandwich generation women and 42 occupational therapists completed the Q sort through either online or paper administration. The data were analysed using factor analysis with varimax rotation and were interpreted through collaboration with experts in the field. The findings revealed similarities between working sandwich generation women and occupational therapists, particularly in terms of advocating strategies related to sleep, rest and seeking practical assistance from support networks. Differences were also present, with working sandwich generation women viewpoints tending to emphasize strategies related to coping with a busy lifestyle attending to multiple responsibilities. In contrast, occupational therapy viewpoints prioritized strategies related to the occupational therapy process, such as goal setting, activity focused interventions, monitoring progress and facilitating sustainable outcomes.

Violence against women in intimate relationships: Explanations and suggestions for interventions as perceived by healthcare workers, local leaders, and trusted community members in a northern district of Vietnam

Jonzon, R., Vung, N. D., Ringsberg, K. C., & Krantz, G. (2007)

Abstract
AIM:
This study explored professionals' and trusted community inhabitants' explanations of the violence between intimate partners and their suggestions for preventive activities. It was performed in a rural district in northern Vietnam.
METHODS:
A total of 20 men and 20 women were strategically selected for focus-group discussions and the analyses followed the procedure for qualitative thematic content analysis.
RESULTS:
It was pointed out that violence against women was not discussed openly in the community and women subjected to violence kept silent and avoided seeking help in order not to reveal what was happening in the family. The informants perceived the violence as an interplay between individual and family-related factors and sociocultural norms and practices where Confucian ideology exerted a strong influence. When it came to prevention, there was a strong belief in educating the people and in enforcing policy and law.
CONCLUSIONS:
As described by the informants, traditional attitudes to gender roles and women's power disadvantage are found to be behind most of the explanations for intimate partner violence. Collaboration between sectors at local level, between the health sector and other bodies, and with community leaders as spokesmen would help to improve openness and reduce society's tolerance of violence against women. The mass media also have an important role to play.

Fönstervy

Elliot Ellen Kellman (2022)

Fönstervy består av en samling tankekorn och dikter som har tillkommit under 25 års tid under en svår livsresa. Här och där har det glimtat ljust med dels galghumor och dels ren glädje. Livet, ja. Hemskt och härligt, inget att ta på för stort allvar men ändå enormt värdefullt - kontrasternas resa. 

Fönstervy är en samling av de kuriositeter man kan få syn på under en resa vidare någonstans. 

Vi barn i Underlandet

Ellen Kellman (2020)
Denna bok är en självbiografisk roman och handlar om Ellen Kellmans liv.

Redan som ett litet barn invaderas Anna till kropp och själ av en pappa som är psykopat och incestutövare. Ständigt lever hon med förtäckta hot och känslomässig utpressning. Med tiden blir övergreppen allt mer brutala. Till slut blir Anna så desperat och ångestfylld att hon vid tolv års ålder försöker ta sitt liv och på så vis hamnar hon i barnpsykatrins händer.

Efter att ha räddat sig undan pappans övergrepp vistades Anna på behandlingshemmet som hon senare kom att kalla Hell Hotell. Hon skildrar en del av samhället som sällan beskrivs - en psykvård som åter traumatiserar, med dysfunktion i vården som följer på dysfunktionen i hemmet.

I boken skildras också en nära men hårt prövad systerrelation, för hur smärtsamt är det inte för den anhöriga som måste stå bredvid, för syskonet, som själv är maktlös? I dysfunktionella konstellationer är alla drabbade, och alla har varit smärtfyllda barn som förtjänar att läka och bli fria. Denna bok handlar om alla oss - Vi barn i Underlandet!

Boken vill även bredde kunskapen om vad trauma och sexuella övergrepp gör mot en människa och samtidigt skildra de små och stora ting som gör livet värt att leva. Den vill också visa att minnena av övergreppen är svåra men att man kan läka. Denna bok vill ge hopp åt alla drabbade och insikt till de som arbetar med barn och ungdomar.

 

Margareta

Ellen Kellman (2017)
Margareta tar ingenting för givet. Föräldrar som bryr sig om sina barn och klasskamrater som är schyssta är något som andra har, men inte Margareta. Hon är van vid att se efter sig själv, och lillebror Konrad, som är en ganska bra lillebror. Livet går upp och ner för elvaåriga Margareta. Ibland är det svårt och då måste Margareta kämpa. Men flera trevliga överraskningar väntar. Och så när ingen ser... Margareta har en alldeles underbar hemlighet.
 

Working daughters: A blind spot in Swedish eldercare policy

Ulmanen, P. (2013)

Care services help women who are mothers or daughters to combine caregiving and gainful employment. While Swedish childcare policy expanded services to meet the needs of children and working mothers, this discourse analysis of Swedish eldercare policy shows that the expansion of eldercare services from the 1950s to the end of 1970s was justified solely on the basis of older people's needs. The lack of connection in policy documents between the needs of working daughters and the provision of eldercare services made it easier to cut services beginning in the 1980s, without considering the consequences for family members.

Working with parental substance misuse: dilemmas for practice

Taylor A, Kroll B. (2004)

The impact of parental substance misuse on child welfare is now being increasingly recognized. Drug and alcohol problems feature in a substantial proportion of families where there are child-care concerns and raise issues about engagement, confidentiality, assessment and inter-agency practice. This article explores some of the dilemmas faced by social welfare professionals who work with substance misusing parents. Based on a qualitative analysis of 40 semi-structured interviews with a wide range of practitioners from both adult focused and child and family settings, in both the voluntary and statutory sector, a variety of emerging themes will be discussed and linked to those from other studies. The problems of working with denial, the tensions created by different agency objectives and protocols and the way in which children can often fall through gaps in services will be highlighted, as will the way in which some professionals have sought to resolve the dilemmas they encounter. This will then be used as a basis for beginning to look at constructive ways forward in relation to training, interprofessional and inter-agency communication and service delivery.

Working with parental substance misuse: dilemmas for practice.

Taylor A, Kroll B. (2004)

The impact of parental substance misuse on child welfare is now being increasingly recognized. Drug and alcohol problems feature in a substantial proportion of families where there are child-care concerns and raise issues about engagement, confidentiality, assessment and inter-agency practice. This article explores some of the dilemmas faced by social welfare professionals who work with substance misusing parents. Based on a qualitative analysis of 40 semi-structured interviews with a wide range of practitioners from both adult focused and child and family settings, in both the voluntary and statutory sector, a variety of emerging themes will be discussed and linked to those from other studies. The problems of working with denial, the tensions created by different agency objectives and protocols and the way in which children can often fall through gaps in services will be highlighted, as will the way in which some professionals have sought to resolve the dilemmas they encounter. This will then be used as a basis for beginning to look at constructive ways forward in relation to training, interprofessional and inter-agency communication and service delivery.

Living an ordinary life – yet not: the everyday life of children and adolescents living with a parent with deafblindness

Karina Huus, Ann-Sofie Sundqvist, Agneta Anderzén-Carlsson, Moa Wahlqvist, Maria Björk (2022)

Introduction: The family life of people living with one family member with deafblindness has
been sparsely described.
Purpose: The aim of the study was to explore how children experience their everyday family
life when having a parent with deafblindness.
Methods: An explorative study in which data have been collected by qualitative interviews of
children. Qualitative content analysis has been used for analysing the data.
Results: Overall theme; Living an ordinary life—yet not, is based on four categories with
subcategories. A family like any other describes: Having the same family life as their friends,
Acting like other children and It is what it is. Different everyday life describes: Acknowledging
differences, Adjusting to the parent’s needs and Financial strain. Being there for the parent
describes: Helping the parent and Protecting the parent from harm. Being emotionally affected
describes: Feelings of frustration, Feelings of compassion and Need for support.
Conclusion: Children as relatives of parents with deafblindness have been given a voice. The
children live an ordinary life, but at the same time a different ordinary life. Professionals need
to take the child and their needs into account when support is given.

The precariousness of asylum-seekers’ care and support: informal care within and because of the immigration process

Marcus Herz, Jesper Andreasson, Frida Andréasson (2022)
Abstract [en]

Using ethnographic data, this article aims to analyse the provision of informal care by asylum-seekers in Sweden and how this intersects with the(ir) asylum process. The article argues that asylum-seekers are framed by the Swedish welfare system and immigration authorities as ungrievable and deportable, which not only impedes their access to formal care systems and values, but also creates a strong need for informal care. Further, it is suggested that the informal care provided by asylum-seekers should be included in current debate on informal care and its impact on people’s lives. 

Three caregiver profiles: who are they, what do they do, and who are their co-carers?

Jegermalm, Magnus, Torgé, Cristina Joy (2021)
Abstract [en]

In Sweden, a country with one of the highest public spending on long term care, there is also extensive informal care, i.e. unpaid care by family, friends, or neighbours. In this article, we explore the spectrum of informal caring using data from a nationally representative survey of caregivers in the Swedish population. We describe three different caregiver profiles and analyse them in relation to their panorama of care, i.e. the extent to which caring is shared with other formal- and informal co-carers. The first profile, the co-habitant family carer, consists of caregivers providing help for someone in the same household with special care needs, and were mostly alone in intensive caregiving. The second profile, persons in the care network, consists of caregivers providing help to someone with care needs in another household. They have a network of both informal and formal co-carers. Finally, the helpful fellowman consists of caregivers providing help for someone without special needs in another household. In developing relevant carer support, it is important to acknowledge that caregivers are not a homogenous group. Thus, to fulfil national ambitions to support carers across the board, policy and practice need to have a diverse group of carers in mind.

Former, förutsättningar och mål för anhörigstöd från anhörig- konsulenters och bistånds- handläggares perspektiv

Pia Nilsson, Cristina Joy Torgé, Bo Rolander, Magnus Jegermalm (2022)

Resultat från en webbaserad enkät i Jönköpings län och Stockholms län.

Den här rapporten är en resa genom anhörigkonsulenters och biståndshandläggares erfarenheter, uppfattningar och förutsättningar för att bedriva anhörigstöd och vilka former av stöd som erbjuds anhöriga.

Studien baseras på en webbenkät utskickad till anhörigkonsulenter och biståndshandläggare i Jönköpings län och Stockholms län och vill bidra till en fördjupad kunskap och förståelse för den komplexitet som yrkesrollerna hanterar i sitt dagliga arbete med anhörigstöd.

Få studier har hittills gjorts ur det här perspektivet. Att sätta fokus på anhörigkonsulenterna är givet, men biståndshandläggarna möter också många anhöriga i sin yrkesutövning. Tillsammans ger de oss en bredare bild av de förutsättningar man har för att bedriva arbetet med anhörigstöd, vilka stödformer man erbjuder och vilka arbetsformer man använt under covid-19-pandemin. Vi får också en bild av i vilken utsträckning man når de anhöriga och i vilken omfattning man samarbetar med andra aktörer kring anhörigstöd. I studien har vi också ställt frågorom synen på vad socialtjänstens anhörigstöd kan och bör leda till.

Resultaten i studien är många och ur dem har vi identifierat fem utvecklingsområden som synliggör möjliga riktningar för kommunerna i arbetet med att utveckla anhörigstödet. På så sätt önskar vi bidra till att stärka det viktiga arbete som anhörigkonsulenter och biståndshandläggare gör dagligen för att underlätta vardagen för alla anhöriga de möter.

Young Carers in the United Kingdom: A Profile

Dearden, C., & Becker, S. (1998)

Young Carers in the United Kingdom is the largest survey to date of children with caregiving
responsibilities. The book contains information on over 2,300 young people,
all aged 18 and under, who provide care and support for ill or disabled family
members and who are also in contact with a specialist young carers project. It
combines a statistical profile of these children with case studies of 22 young people,
half of whom have been assessed by social services, half who have not.
The book draws comparisons between the position of young carers now and in 1995
when a similar survey of a smaller number of young carers was conducted (see
notes below). While the situation shows some improvements, notably in a two per
cent reduction in the numbers providing intimate personal care, and a five per cent
reduction in those experiencing educational difficulties, young carers as a whole
remain a vulnerable group of children. Specialist support projects, of which there are
now over 100 in the UK, are greatly valued by young carers and their families. These
projects help young carers to achieve their rights and to access other avenues of
support which will both reduce the incidence of children as carers and ensure that ill
and disabled family members also receive the support to which they are entitled.
In the past young carers have been largely ignored in community care legislation,
but the Carers (Recognition and Services) Act of 1995 allows them to seek an
assessment in their own right when the person they support is being assessed. The
2
Children Act 1989 also protects children in need and many local authorities now
accept that young carers fall into this category and should be supported as such. The
book discusses the incidence of assessment under both Acts and case study material
provides an insight into how children and young people experience both the process
of assessment and its outcomes.

Young children of parents with substance use disorders (SUD): a review of the literature and implications for social work practice

Peleg-Oren N, Teichman M. (2006)

This article reviews the scientific literature that focuses on school-age children of parents with substance use disorder (SUD). The review examined the subjects, instruments, and results of 10 scientific studies published from 1985 to the present (2006). Generally, school-age children of parents with SUD demonstrated a variety of emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and social problems. Specifically, (a) children of drug users (CODs) were at higher risk than children of alcoholics (COAs) for psychopathology and functional impairments, and (b) Children of parents diagnosed as having SUDs (particularly alcohol), along with anti-social personality disorder (ASPD) showed more negative psychosocial outcomes than children whose parents did not have ASPD. Recommendations for future research and implications for social work practice are discussed.

Young children of parents with substance use disorders (SUD): a review of the literature and implications for social work practice.

Peleg-Oren N, Teichman M. (2006)

This article reviews the scientific literature that focuses on school-age children of parents with substance use disorder (SUD). The review examined the subjects, instruments, and results of 10 scientific studies published from 1985 to the present (2006). Generally, school-age children of parents with SUD demonstrated a variety of emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and social problems. Specifically, (a) children of drug users (CODs) were at higher risk than children of alcoholics (COAs) for psychopathology and functional impairments, and (b) Children of parents diagnosed as having SUDs (particularly alcohol), along with anti-social personality disorder (ASPD) showed more negative psychosocial outcomes than children whose parents did not have ASPD. Recommendations for future research and implications for social work practice are discussed.

Young children’s understanding of denial

Austin, K., Theakston, A., Lieven, E., & Tomasello, M. (2014)

Although a fair amount is known about young children's production of negation, little is known about their comprehension. Here, we focus on arguably the most complex basic form, denial, and how young children understand denial, when it is expressed in response to a question with gesture, single word, or sentence. One hundred twenty-six children in 3 age groups (Ms = 1 year 9 months, 2 years 0 months, and 2 years 4 months) witnessed an adult look into 1 of 2 buckets and then, in response to a question about whether the toy was in there, communicate either something positive (positive head nod, "yes," "it is in this bucket") or negative (negative head shake, "No," "It's not in this bucket"). The youngest children did not search differently in response to any of the communicative cues (nor in response to an additional cue using both gesture and single word). Children at 2 years 0 months searched at above-chance levels only in response to the negative word and negative sentence. Children at 2 years 4 months were successful with all 3 types of cues in both positive and negative modalities, with the exception of the positive sentence. Young children thus seem to understand the denial of a statement before they understand its affirmation, and they understand linguistic means of expressing denial before they understand gestural means.

Young children’s understanding of denial

Austin, K., Theakston, A., Lieven, E., & Tomasello, M. (2014)

Although a fair amount is known about young children's production of negation, little is known about their comprehension. Here, we focus on arguably the most complex basic form, denial, and how young children understand denial, when it is expressed in response to a question with gesture, single word, or sentence. One hundred twenty-six children in 3 age groups (Ms = 1 year 9 months, 2 years 0 months, and 2 years 4 months) witnessed an adult look into 1 of 2 buckets and then, in response to a question about whether the toy was in there, communicate either something positive (positive head nod, "yes," "it is in this bucket") or negative (negative head shake, "No," "It's not in this bucket"). The youngest children did not search differently in response to any of the communicative cues (nor in response to an additional cue using both gesture and single word). Children at 2 years 0 months searched at above-chance levels only in response to the negative word and negative sentence. Children at 2 years 4 months were successful with all 3 types of cues in both positive and negative modalities, with the exception of the positive sentence. Young children thus seem to understand the denial of a statement before they understand its affirmation, and they understand linguistic means of expressing denial before they understand gestural means. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)

Young people living with parental bereavement: insights from an ethnographic study of a UK childhood bereavement service

Brewer, J. & Sparkes, A. (2011)

The purpose of this two-year ethnographic study was to explore the experiences of parentally bereaved young people who sought support from the Rocky Centre (a pseudonym), a childhood bereavement service in the United Kingdom. Data were generated from extended periods of participant observation and semi-structured interviews with both staff and service users. In this article we focus specifically on the interviews with 13 young people to elucidate the factors that helped them to live with parental bereavement. Of these participants, four had been recently bereaved and nine had experienced the death of a parent over ten years ago. Seven key themes emerged from the analysis of the interview data: expressing emotion, physical activity, positive adult relationship(s), area of competence, friendships/social support, having fun/humour and transcendence. These themes are discussed in turn, and implications for research and practice are addressed.

Youth Victimization in Sweden: Prevalence, Characteristics and Relation to Mental Health and Behavioral Problems in Young Adulthood

Cater, Å. K., Andershed, A-K., & Andershed, H. (2014)

The present study examines multiple types of victimization simultaneously, their prevalence and characteristics in childhood and adolescence, and it examines the associations between victimization and poly-victimization on the one hand and single and multiple mental health and behavioral problems on the other. The sample consisted of 2,500 Swedish young adults (20-24 years) who provided detailed report of multiple types of lifetime victimization and current health and behaviors via an interview and a questionnaire. Results showed that it was more common to be victimized in adolescence than in childhood and more common to be victimized repeatedly rather than a single time, among both males and females. Males and females were victimized in noticeably different ways and partially at different places and by different perpetrators. With regard to mental health and behavioral problems, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, self-harm, and criminality were clearly overrepresented among both males and females who had experienced any type of victimization. Poly-victimization was related to single and multiple mental health and behavioral problems among both males and females. We conclude that professionals need to conduct thorough evaluations of victimization when completing mental health assessments among troubled youths, and that youth might benefit from the development of interventions for poly-victimized youth.

Youth with disabilities' perspectives of the environment and participation: a qualitative meta-synthesis

Kramer JM, Olsen S, Mermelstein M, Balcells A, Liljenquist K. (2012)

Meta-syntheses can enhance our knowledge regarding the impact of the environment on the participation of youth with disabilities and generate theoretical frameworks to inform policy and best practices. The purpose of this study was to describe school-aged youth with disabilities' perspectives regarding the impact of the environment and modifications on their participation. A meta-synthesis systematically integrates qualitative evidence from multiple studies. Six databases were searched and 1287 citations reviewed for inclusion by two independent raters; 15 qualitative articles were selected for inclusion. Two independent reviewers evaluated the quality of each study and coded the results section. Patterns between codes within and across articles were examined using a constant comparative approach. Environments may be more or less inclusive for youth with disabilities depending upon others' understanding of individual abilities and needs, youth involvement in decisions about accommodations, and quality of services and policies. Youth implemented strategies to negotiate environmental barriers and appraised the quality of their participation based on the extent to which they engaged alongside peers. This meta-synthesis generated a framework illustrating the relationship between the environment, modifications and participation, and provided a conceptualization of participation grounded in the lived experiences of youth with disabilities. Findings reveal gaps in current knowledge and highlight the importance of involving youth with disabilities in decision making.

Åldern har sin rätt – om att åldras med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning

Svenskt demenscentrum (2018)

Om åldrandet hos personer med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning finns inte mycket skrivet. Det är bakgrunden till att Riksförbundet FUB och Svenskt Demenscentrum ger ut denna bok. Att åldras med autism respektive Downs syndrom och När glömska blir ensjukdom är några teman. Vidare behandlas förändrade sociala villkor, när den dagliga verksamheten upphör, och hur våra egnaföreställningar av åldrandet kan påverka personerna. Boken tarockså upp vård i livets slutskede och hur personal och anhörigakan möta existentiella frågor kring döden.

Vid sidan av boken finns två avgiftsfria webbutbildningar om att åldras med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning. Boken och utbildningarna har finansierats av Allmänna arvsfonden.

Årsrapport för Svenska Palliativregistret verksamhetsåret 2015

Svenska Palliativregistret (2015)

2015 rapporterades 60 013 dödsfall vilket utgör 66 % av alla inträffade dödsfall. Antalet
rapporterade dödsfall är därmed i stort sett konstant 2013 – 2015 men andelen varierar
något då olika antal avlidit respektive år.
 Geografiskt har andelen rapporterade utifrån folkbokföringskommun stigit minst 10 % i 51
kommuner, ligger inom +- 10 % i 172 kommuner samt sjunkit mer än 10 % i 68 kommuner
2015 jämfört med 2013.
 I 84 % av rapporterade av vården väntade dödsfall 2015 anges att läkaren gjort en
dokumenterad medicinsk bedömning om att vården övergår i palliativ vård i livets slut. Det är
endast i 59 % av dessa fall som det också rapporteras att det finns ett dokumenterat
läkarsamtal om denna bedömning med patient eller om denne är oförmögen att delta med
närstående.
 Den rapporterade tillgången av specialiserad palliativ vård (hospice + slutenvård +
specialiserad hemsjukvård + palliativ konsult/rådgivningsteam) varierar kraftigt mellan länen
från 6,9 till 23,1 %.
 Medianvårdtiden inom den specialiserade palliativa slutenvården har sjunkit från 11 till 9
dagar och inom den specialiserade palliativa hemsjukvården ifrån 56 till 46 dagar. Detta går
emot grundprinciperna i det palliativa förhållningssättet där tidigt palliativt stöd har visat sig
vara av godo.
 Cancer fortsätter att dominera som diagnos inom den specialiserade palliativa vården i
Sverige (87%) trots att patienter med andra sjukdomar kan ha lika stora behov.
Vårdkvaliteten är hög, men till exempel inom smärt- och symtomskattning finns det utrymme
för förbättring.
 Resultatmässigt har för väntade dödsfall en sammanslagning av dokumenterade
brytpunktssamtal, ordination av inj-läkemedel mot ångest vid behov, smärtskattning samt
dokumenterad munhälsobedömning använts. Detta fortsätter att förbättras och var 2015
58,3 % - en förbättring med 2,5 % jämfört med 2014.
 Symtomet illamående förekommer hos 15 procent av patienterna under sista veckan i livet.
Över åren har vi blivit bättre på att lindra symtomet, det förekommer huvudsakligen hos
cancerpatienter och två tredjedelar av dessa patienter har tillgång till någon form av
specialiserad palliativ kompetens.
 Bland övriga viktiga indikatorer ses generellt ingen förändring mellan åren bland de väntade
dödsfallen beträffande andelen med trycksår eller andelen som haft dropp eller sondnäring
sista levnadsdygnet.
 Svenska palliativregistret har fått sin första medicine doktor som byggt sin avhandling
huvudsakligen på registrets data. Ytterligare 2 vetenskapliga artiklar baserade på registerdata
har publicerats under 2015 där man dels konstaterar att hög ålder bland cancerpatienter är
en riskfaktor för sämre kvalitet och dels konstateras att patienter med KOL inte erbjuds
samma vårdinnehåll som cancerpatienter. Vidare har 4 uppsatser baserade på registerdata
kommit till registrets kännedom vars innehåll förtjänar att spridas.

Återhämtning från svåra psykiska störningar

Topor, Alain (2001)

De flesta människor som drabbas av svåra psykiska problem återhämtar sig, helt eller delvis. Att återhämta sig betyder inte att man nödvändigtvis är fri från alla symtom utan kan även innebära att man kan hantera dem och leva ett acceptabelt liv. Bland läkare, vårdpersonal och även bland dem som själva har psykiska problem finns en utbredd pessimism om möjligheterna att återhämta sig. Men i dag har vi tillgång till forskningsresultat som motsäger föreställningar om de psykiska störningarna som varande livslånga, kroniska sjukdomar. Forskning visar att de flesta människor som exempelvis fått psykiatrins mest belastade diagnos – schizofreni – återhämtar sig.
Vad hjälper människor med svåra psykiska problem att återhämta sig? Vad gör de själva, och vad kan andra – professionella, anhöriga, närstående – göra för att bidra till denna process? Boken resonerar kring professionalitet och vad ett återhämtningsinriktat professionellt arbete kan innebära. Återhämtning är en unik individuell process. Helt olika insatser kan bidra till återhämtningsprocessen för olika personer och för samma person i olika perioder. Den kan därför aldrig reduceras till en metod som kan tillämpas lika på flera patienter. Boken önskar förena individernas – brukarnas – erfarenhetsbaserade kunskap med kunskap från forskningen. Utgångspunkten är att människor återhämtar sig från svåra psykiska problem och att deras egna berättelser om återhämtningsarbetet erbjuder trovärdig kunskap.

Boken vänder sig dels till brukare och närstående, dels till personal verksam inom psykiatri och socialtjänst. Den är också avsedd som kursbok för högskolestuderande inom områdena socialt arbete, psykologi, vård och medicin. Boken används dessutom som lärobok/komplement till cirkelmaterialet vid studiecirklar inom ramen för Återhämtningsprojektet (som drivs av Riksförbundet för Social och Mental Hälsa [RSMH], Forskningsstiftelsen Humlan och FoU-enheten vid SPO Psykiatrin Södra, Stockholms läns landsting) som i första hand löper under åren 2004 och 2005.
Alain Topor är leg psykologi, fil dr och chef för FoU-enheten vid SPO Psykiatrin Södra inom Stockholms läns landsting. Han är även forskningschef på institutionen för socialt arbete, Stockholms universitet. Han har tidigare arbetat inom socialtjänst och psykiatri som familjebehandlare, behandlingsansvarig, handledare samt med forskning och utveckling inom socialtjänsten och psykiatrin.

Åtgärder mot fusk och felaktigheter med assistansersättning. Betänkande av Utredningen om assistansersättningens kostnader

SOU (2012)

Utredningens uppdrag innebär dels att beskriva och analysera orsaker till fusk, oegentligheter och överutnyttjande inom assistansersättningen samt föreslå åtgärder för att förhindra detta och stärka möjligheterna till uppföljning och kontroll, dels att analysera grundorsakerna till kostnadsutvecklingen inom assistansersättningen bland annat vad gäller övervältring av kostnader mellan huvudmän samt föreslå åtgärder för att komma till rätta med denna utveckling.

Åtstramningens pris. Hur påverkas de medelålders barnen av äldreomsorgens minskning?

Szebehely, M., Ulmanen, P. (2012)

Professor Marta Szebehely och doktorand Petra Ulmanen står bakom en ny rapport om framtidens äldreomsorg. En utgångspunkt för deras rapport är att vi måste börja betrakta äldreomsorgen på ett liknande sätt som barnomsorgen. Båda dessa är viktiga för att uppnå de jämlikhets- och jämställdhetsambitioner som finns inskrivna i svensk välfärdspolitik. Bara om det finns välutbyggda och välfungerande omsorgstjänster kan både kvinnor och män i alla sociala skikt förvärvsarbeta över hela livscykeln.

I sin studie över hur den svenska äldreomsorgen har förändrats över tid har författarna analyserat SCB:s stora intervjustudier av befolkningens levnadsförhållanden samt sett på tidigare svensk och internationell forskning. Några av de viktigaste slutsatserna som författarna drar är:

Äldreomsorgen har minskat under de senaste tre decennierna. Även om hemtjänsten har ökat så har detta inte skett i en sådan grad att motsvarande minskning av äldreboenden har kompenserats.

Bortfallet av offentlig omsorg har i huvudsak ersatts av anhörigas insatser. Även om privat köpt hjälp i viss mån har ersatt den offentliga omsorgen är det i första hand de anhöriga, framförallt de medelålders döttrarna, som kompenserar för den minskade offentliga omsorgen. Detta gäller i synnerhet bland kvinnor med lägre utbildning.

Det finns ett tydligt internationellt samband mellan hur välutbyggd den offentliga äldreomsorgen är och hur många medelålders kvinnor som förvärvsarbetar. En försämrad äldreomsorg riskerar därmed att få konsekvenser för de medelålders barnen, framförallt döttrarnas, arbetsutbud.

Äldre personers sista tid i livet : livskvalitet, vård, omsorg och närståendes situation

Andersson, M. (2007)

The aim of this thesis was to investigate old people's care and quality of life during the last period of life, but also to investigate their own and next-of-kin's experience of this phase. The thesis is based on four studies using separate samples. The sample (n=1198) in study I was drawn from the care and services part of the sub-study ?Good Aging in Skåne? (GAS). The criteria for inclusion in study I were: being 75 years and older having died during the years 2001?2004 and having received public care and services at home or in special accommodation. The study sample in study II comprised 411 people being 75 years and older of whom fifty of the respondents (the study group) had died one year after data collection, the 361 survivors were considered a comparison group. In study III, 17 people aged 75 years or older, who received municipal help and/or care and had a life-threatening disease and/or received palliative care, were interviewed. In study IV 17 next-of-kin's of people aged 75 years and older who had recently died and had received help and/or care from the municipality in the last phase of life, were interviewed. Quantitative descriptive statistics, comparative statistics and logistic regression analysis, but also qualitative content analysis, were used when analysing the data. The results showed that in the last year of life, 82% of those living at home and 50% of those living in special accommodation were hospitalised. The results also showed that those living at home and those with several hospital stays more often died in hospital than those living in special accommodation and those with fewer hospitals stay. More visits to physicians in outpatient care predicted death in hospital, while living in special accommodation and PADL dependency predicted death outside hospital (Paper I). The results in paper II showed that the study group had a lower QoL than the comparison group. Factors that effected the quality of life negatively were more admissions to hospital and a larger number of health complaints. The analysis showed that factors predicting mortality were older age and more health complaints. The older persons? experience of their situation could be understood as Turning inwards to come to peace with the past, the present and approaching death while being trapped by health complaints. Six categories embraced the experience of aspects that constitute a good life in the last phase of life; Maintaining dignity, Enjoying small things, Feelings of ?being at home?, Being in the hands of others, trying to adjust, Still being important for other people and Completing life while facing death (Paper III). The next of kin's experience of this situation could be understood as Being a companion in the transition towards an inevitable death feeling of having the major responsibility and needing to be acknowledged by professionals, which included the categories: Being a companion on the path to death; Focusing on the needs of the dying person, and making adjustments to everyday life; Feeling the major responsibility, and Gaining strength from support. The results showed that older peoples? last phase of life is coloured by health complaints and frequent visits to hospital, which in turn affects their quality of life. Their own experience of this situation was being in the hands of several care providers, and trying to adjust to the situation. To provide high quality care in this phase it is important to increase the co-operation between various care providers. It also seems important for older people to have the possibility to enjoy the small things in life, being able to still be involved in the world around, and to be supported to complete life in order to achieve peace of mind. As the next-of-kin are involved in the care and are emotionally affected by the situation, their needs for support should also be acknowledged. This means they need to be seen by the professionals as well as by others around in order to retain their sense of participation, even when professional care providers are involved.

Äldreomsorg och åldrande : från anhörigskap till krisberedskap

Magnússon F. (Red.) (2018)

Att världens befolkning är i åldrande är känt sedan länge. Att denna ökning av äldre kommer att få konsekvenser för vård och omsorg anses vara självklart. Denna bok har som utgångspunkt att konkretisera några av de teman som ryms inom detta fält. Läsaren får inblick i arbetslivsrelaterade teman inom äldreomsorgens organisation och rekryteringsbas, anhörigskap, krisberedskap,internationella jämförelser inom äldreomsorgen, samt omsorg och etnicitet. Boken ger även insyn i hur äldre förhåller sig till samhälleliga normer och föreställningar om åldrandet. Till detta kommer till slut frågan om utvecklandet av nya professioner inom äldreområdet, vilket ska ses mot bakgrund av de delvis annorlunda behov som framtidens äldre förväntas ha.

Äldrepsykiatri- kliniska riktlinjer för utredning och behandling.

Sparring-Björkstén, K. (Red.). (2013)

De äldsta och de svårast sjuka faller ansvarsmässigt lätt mellan stolarna när det handlar om tillstånd med psykiska symtom och många får i dag inte den hjälp de behöver. Det finns ett stort behov såväl av ökad kunskap om äldrepsykiatri i all sjukvård för äldre, som av äldrepsykiatrisk spetskompetens och högspecialiserad vård. Därför finns den här boken.

Äldrepsykiatri omfattar alla tillstånd med psykiska symtom hos äldre – demenssjukdomar, affektiva sjukdomar, ångest, psykoser, personlighetsstörningar, kriser med flera. Tillstånden är ofta sammanflätade med varandra eller med somatiska sjukdomar.

Skriften vänder sig till psykiatrer och blivande psykiatrer samt andra läkare med ansvar för äldre, främst inom geriatrik och allmänmedicin. Den kan användas som lärobok för det äldrepsykiatriska delmålet i ST-utbildningen. Då äldrepsykiatrin till sin natur är multidisciplinär, kan hela eller delar av boken även läsas av annan sjukvårdspersonal.

Författare:
Karin Sparring (huvudredaktör)
Ingar Karlsson
Margda Wärn
Maria Eriksdotter
Per Allard
Johan Lökk

Svenska Psykiatriska Föreningen har sedan 1996 utformat kliniska riktlinjer för en rad psykiatriska områden. Äldrepsykiatri – kliniska riktlinjer för utredning och behandling är den elfte skriften i serien Svensk Psykiatri.

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Äldres psykiska ohälsa -en fördjupad lägesrapport om förekomst, verksamheter och insatser. Artikelnr 2008-131-20

Socialstyrelsen (2008)

I dag lider cirka 20 procent av alla äldre personer av psykisk ohälsa. Inom en snar framtid är 25 procent av alla svenskar 65 år och äldre, vilket gör psykisk ohälsa till en av våra största folksjukdomar.

Rapporten Ökat stöd till äldres med psykisk ohälsa redovisar Socialstyrelsens aktiviteter för att stödja arbetet med att uppmärksamma och arbeta med äldres psykiska ohälsa. Rapporten ger också förslag på fortsatta åtgärder för att stödja arbetet. Som bilagor finns tre vägledningdokument för olika professioner:

Vägledning för verksamhetsansvariga inom socialtjänst, kommunal hälso- och sjukvård samt primärvård'
Vägledning till att uppmärksamma äldre med psykisk ohälsa inom primärvården
Vägledning för att uppmärksamma äldre med psykisk ohälsa inom socialtjänst och kommunal hälso- och sjukvård
Grundläggande kunskaper hos personal

Socialstyrelsen har även tagit fram allmänna råd som ska visa vilka kunskaper personal som arbetar med äldre bör ha.

Nationell satsning på baskompetens

Under 2011 – 2014 pågick en satsning, det så kallade Omvårdnadslyftet, för att stärka personalens baskunskaper om bland annat äldres psykiska ohälsa.

Socialstyrelsen publicerade även en vägledning om kunskapsområden för specialiserade arbetsuppgifter inom äldreomsorgen som bland annat behandlar kunskaper som kan krävas för att arbeta med äldre med psykisk sjukdom.

Video Conferencing With Residents and Families for Care Planning During COVID-19: Experiences in Canadian Long-Term Care

Connelly D, Hay M, Garnett A, Hung L, Yous ML, Furlan-Craievich C, Snelgrove S, Babcock M, Ripley J, Snobelen N, Gao H, Zhuang R, Hamilton P, Sturdy-Smith C, O'Connell M (2023)

Background and objectives: Government-mandated health and safety restrictions to mitigate the effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) intensified challenges in caring for older adults in long-term care (LTC) without family/care partners. This article describes the experiences of a multidisciplinary research team in implementing an evidence-based intervention for family-centered, team-based, virtual care planning-PIECESTM approach-into clinical practice. We highlight challenges and considerations for implementation science to support care practices for older adults in LTC, their families, and the workforce.

Research design and methods: A qualitative descriptive design was used. Data included meetings with LTC directors and Registered Practical Nurses (i.e., licensed nurse who graduated with a 2-year diploma program that allows them to provide basic nursing care); one-on-one interviews with family/care partners, residents, Registered Practical Nurses, and PIECES mentors; and reflections of the academic team. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research provided sensitizing constructs for deductive coding, while an inductive approach also allowed themes to emerge.

Results: Findings highlighted how aspects related to planning, engagement, execution, reflection, and evaluation influenced the implementation process from the perspectives of stakeholders. Involving expert partners on the research team to bridge research and practice, developing relationships from a distance, empowering frontline champions, and adapting to challenging circumstances led to shared commitments for intervention success.

Discussion and implications: Lessons learned include the significance of stakeholder involvement throughout all research activities, the importance of clarity around expectations of all team members, and the consequence of readiness for implementation with respect to circumstances (e.g., COVID-19) and capacity for change.

Does informal care delay nursing home entry? Evidence from Dutch linked survey and administrative data

Julien Bergeot, Marianne Tenand (2023)

We assess whether informal care receipt affects the probability of transitioning to a nursing home. Available evidence derives from the US, where nursing home stays are often temporary. Exploiting linked survey and administrative data from the Netherlands, we use the gender mix of children to retrieve exogenous variation in informal care receipt. We find that informal care increases the chance of an admission within a three-year period for individuals with severe functional limitations, and increases the costs incurred on formal home care. For individuals with mild limitations, informal care substantially decreases total care costs, whereas its effect on nursing home admission is unclear. Further, informal care results in lower post-acute care use and hospital care costs, and does not increase mortality. Promoting informal care cannot be expected to systematically result in lower institutionalization rate and care costs, but it may nonetheless induce health benefits for its recipients

Always on alert: How relatives of family members with dementia experience the transition from home to permanent nursing home placement

Heidi Bjørge, Liv Halvorsrud, Alka Rani Goyal (2023)

Aim: Our aim was to gain insight into how the relatives of family members with dementia have experienced their family members' transition from home to permanent nursing home placement.

Design: Our research was a qualitative case study.

Methods: Inspired by Kvale and Brinkmann's phenomenological-hermeneutic approach, we performed the thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews describing how the relatives of family members with dementia have experienced the dementia trajectory.

Results: Twelve relatives of family members with dementia living in nursing homes agreed to participate. The descriptions of relatives' experiences indicated four primary themes: mismatches between healthcare services and the family members' needs, witnessing the family members' cognitive decline, the effects of the experiences on the relatives' health and well-being and what matters to the relatives during their family members' transition to nursing home. Mismatches between available resources in the municipalities and the family members' healthcare needs were the most distressing experiences, along with the family members' gradual cognitive decline. In response, the relatives stressed individualized support, continuity in follow-up care and regular information-sharing between them and staff members caring for their family members. They also highlighted the importance of facilitating seamless transitions from home to nursing homes.

Barn med frihetsberövade föräldrar - En kunskapsöversikt

Stina Michelsson (2017)

Syftet med översikten är att samla och systematisera aktuell och relevant forskning kring barn
medfrihetsberövade föräldrar för att därigenom bidra till ökad kunskap om och förståelse av deras
situation, reaktioner och behov.


Tre frågor har formulerats:
• Vad innebär det konkret för ett barn att ha en frihetsberövad förälder?
• Vilka konsekvenser och potentiella risker innebär det för ett barn att ha en frihetsberövad
förälder?
• Vilka behov har barnet och vilka hinder och möjligheter finns för barnet att hantera sin situation
på ett konstruktivt sätt utifrån omständigheterna?

Man måste få veta Barns röster om att ha en frihetsberövad familjemedlem

Erikshjälpen, Räddningsmissionen, Bufff Sverige (2021)

I den här rapporten får du en inblick i hur situationen kan se ut för barn och unga som har en förälder eller annan familjemedlem som är eller har varit frihetsberövad. Du får ta del av barn och ungas röster avseende deras rätt till information, stöd och kontakt med frihetsberövad familjemedlem samt deras önskningar och framtidstankar. Utifrån barnens röster, samlad forskning och vår egen kunskap och erfarenhet redogör vi avslutningsvis för rekommendationer för att stärka dessa barns rättigheter.

Experiences of cultural clashes at home and ethnic victimization in school: "I live between two cultures, and neither of them understands me

S Bayram Özdemir, M Özdemir, N Kharel (2021)

The present study aims to examine the extent to which adolescents of immigrant background experience acculturative stress (i.e., cultural clashes with parents and ethnic victimization in school) in multiple contexts, and the reasons why such stress takes a toll on their psychological functioning and views of themselves. The analytic sample includes adolescents of immigrant background residing in Sweden (N = 423, Mage = 13.19, SD = 0.51). Cluster analysis revealed five distinct groups of adolescents, based on their reports of cultural clashes with parents and ethnic victimization in school: (1) low on both acculturative stressors, (2) average on both acculturative stressors, (3) high on cultural clashes only, (4) high on ethnic victimization only, and (5) high on both acculturative stressors. Mediation analysis showed that adolescents who experienced cultural clashes at home and who were also victimized by their peers in school reported higher levels of feeling in between cultures than adolescents in all the other clusters (except those high on cultural clashes only), and in turn reported higher levels of depressive symptoms and lower levels of self-esteem. The present study highlights the importance of understanding immigrant youth's experiences across multiple contexts simultaneously in order to develop a holistic perspective on their adjustment and integration processes.

Parental post-traumatic stress and psychiatric care utilisation among refugee adolescents

Lisa Berg, Edith de Montgomery, Monica Brendler-Lindqui, Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz, Anders Hjern (2022)

Parental psychiatric morbidity related to experiences of war and trauma has been associated with adverse psychological outcomes for children. The aim of this study was to investigate parental post-traumatic stress in relation to psychiatric care utilization among children of refugees with particular attention on the child's own refugee status, sex of both child and parents, and specific psychiatric diagnoses. This was a register study in a population of 16 143 adolescents from refugee families in Stockholm County born 1995-2000 and followed between 2011 and 2017 (11-18 years old). Parental post-traumatic stress, identified in three levels of care, was analysed in relation to child and adolescent psychiatric care use. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for duration of residence and demographic and socioeconomic variables. Having a mother with post-traumatic stress was associated with higher psychiatric care utilization, with adjusted HR 2.44 (95% CI 1.90-3.14) among foreign-born refugee children and HR 1.77 (1.33-2.36) among Swedish-born children with refugee parents, with particularly high risks for children with less than five years of residence (HR 4.03; 2.29-7.10) and for diagnoses of anxiety and depression (HR 2.71; 2.11-3.48). Having a father with post-traumatic stress was not associated with increased HRs of psychiatric care utilization. Similar results were seen for boys and girls. Treatment for post-traumatic stress should be made available in refugee reception programmes. These programmes should use a family approach that targets both parents and children.

Har mamma det bra? : Introduktion till äldreboendet

Erland Olsson (2023)

Introduktion för vikarier och underlag för kvalitetsutveckling i äldreomsorgen.

Boken tar ett samlat grepp om äldreboendet och fungerar utmärkt som en introduktion för vikarier och som underlag för kvalitetsutveckling för chef, legitimerad personal och övriga medarbetare.

Författaren Erland Olsson, specialistsjuksköterska i psykiatri och egen företagare, beskriver på ett enkelt sätt flertalet av de processer som behöver ingå för att den praktiska vården och omsorgen ska fungera. Han lyfter också frågor som värdegrund, bemötande och förhållningssätt i olika situationer.

Med reflektionsfrågor i varje kapitel får du som läser möjlighet att fundera över hur verksamheten fungerar på det egna äldreboendet. Reflektionsfrågorna lämpar sig också väl som underlag för diskussion i en studiecirkel eller i samband med era personalmöten på äldreboendet.

De flesta av oss kommer någon gång i livet i kontakt med äldreomsorgen, antingen utifrån våra egna behov eller som närstående. Ett äldreboende är en komplex verksamhet. Men när engagerade och kunniga medarbetare arbetar i team runt den boende på äldreboendet kan det göra underverk för den boende. Delaktiga boende och närstående kan också bidra till kvaliteten i omsorgen.

Erland Olsson är specialistsjuksköterska i psykiatri och egen företagare som tillhandahåller tjänsten som Medicinskt Ansvarig Sjuksköterska samt kvalitetsutveckling i vården, till kommuner och privata vårdgivare såväl genom stöd och handledning som via digitala produkter.

"Till skillnad från en vara där kvalitet finns i produkten, är kvaliteten i äldreomsorgen en färskvara. Den skapas i nuet, i mötet med den boende och närstående.”

Families with parental mental illness: supporting children in psychiatric and social services

Afzelius, Maria (2017)

Children living with a parent with a mental illness can face difficulties. Parentalmental illness may influence the parents’ ability to cope with family life, where theparents’ awareness of their illness plays an important role. Family interventionsprovided by psychiatric and children’s social care services can be a way to supportthese children, making them feel less burdened, and improving the relationshipswithin the family. The aim of this thesis was to illuminate how children infamilies with a parent with a mental illness are supported in psychiatric and socialservices, especially by means of family interventions, and how families experiencethe support. Study I explored how professionals in adult psychiatric outpatient servicesdeal with children and families when a parent has a mental illness. The findingsshowed that professionals balanced between establishing, and maintaining,a relationship with the patient and fulfilling the legal obligations towards thepatient’s children. Asking the patient about their children could be experiencedas intrusive, and involving the patient’s family in the treatment could be seen asa dilemma, in relation to the patient. Efforts were made to enhance the familyperspective, and when the patient’s family and children joined the treatment thisrequired flexibility from the professional. Study II examined how professionals in children’s social care services experienceworking with children and families when a parent has a mental illness. The socialworkers’ objective was to identify the needs of the children. No specific attentionwas paid to families with parental mental illness; they were supported in thesame way as other families. When the parental mental illness became difficult tohandle both for the parent and the social worker, the latter had to set the child’sneeds aside in order to support the parent. Interagency collaboration seemed likea successful way to support these families, but difficult to achieve. Study III investigated if patients in psychiatric services that are also parentsof underage children, are provided with child-focused interventions or involvedin interagency collaboration between psychiatric and social services and childand adolescent psychiatry. The findings showed that only 12.9% of the patientsregistered as parents in Psykiatri Skåne had registered children under the ageof 18 years. One fourth of these patients had been provided with child-focusedinterventions in psychiatric service, and 13% of them were involved in interagencycollaboration. If a patient received child-focused interventions from the psychiatricservices, the likelihood of being involved in interagency collaboration was fivetimes greater as compared to patients receiving no child-focused intervention.Study IV explored how parents and their underage children who were supportedwith family interventions experienced these interventions. The results showedthat parents experiencing mental illness were eager to find support in explainingto and talking with their children about their mental illness, although the supportfrom the psychiatric service varied. Both children and other family membersappreciated being invited to family interventions. After such an intervention, theyexperienced the atmosphere in the family as less strained and found it easier tocommunicate with each other about difficulties. Unfortunately, the participatingpartners felt that they were left without support specifically targeted at them. The thesis showed that there is a gap between how professionals deal withquestions concerning these families and their support, and the parents’ and thefamilies’ needs to receive support in handling the parental mental illness in thefamily. The psychiatric and social services need to expand their approach andwork with the whole family, in order to meet the needs of the child and otherfamily members involved.

Trygghet och delaktighet: vård- och omsorgspersonalens syn på närståendes behov av stöd vid palliativ vård av äldre

Farzana Alam, Annika Nilsson, Pia Petersson (2019)

När äldre inte klarar av att bo hemma längre flyttar de ofta till ett vård-och omsorgs-boende, lever den sista tiden där och är i behov av palliativ vård. Palliativ vård är ett förhållningssätt som kännetecknas av en helhetssyn på människan utifrån individens behov. De som arbetar nära den äldre och den närstående är vård- och omsorgsperso-nalen och det är distriktssköterskan som har det övergripande ansvaret för omvårdna-den. Stöd till den närstående är av största vikt inom den palliativa vården. Syftet med studien var att beskriva vård- och omsorgspersonalens erfarenheter av att uppmärk-samma och stödja närstående till den äldre på vård- och omsorgsboende utifrån ett palliativt förhållningssätt. Datainsamlingarna gjordes i två omgångar, en fokusgrupp-sintervju 2017 och genomförda diskussionsgrupper 2010, analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys och tolkades med hjälp av Dosseys "Theory of integral nur-sing". I resultatet framkom kategorierna att skapa trygghet för den närstående, önskan att göra den närstående delaktig och att få kunskap om palliativ vård. Kategorierna utmynnade i temat: I ett palliativt förhållningssätt stöds närstående genom att de får känna trygghet och delaktighet. Slutsatsen är att vård- och omsorgspersonalens in-tention är att stödja de närstående men behöver arbeta mer i ett partnerskap med de närstående för att de ska känna en helhet och därmed trygghet och delaktighet.

Närståendes upplevelser på ett vård- och omsorgsboende: en kvalitativ intervjustudie

Johanna Eriksson, Annika Strömblad, Magdalena Andersson, Ingela Beck (2018)

Det blir allt fler äldre personer i samhället idag eftersom vi lever längre. Ett större antaläldre personer kan innebära att fler närstående blir involverade i den äldre personenslivssituation och vård. Den personcentrerade omvårdnadsmodellen visar att närståendeär en viktig resurs för den äldre och för den äldres välbefinnande. Idag ska närståendekunna vara ett naturligt inslag i vården av den äldre personen. Sedan år 2009när nya bestämmelsen i Socialtjänstlagen kom, har vården ett ansvar att ge närståendestöd och vägledning. Detta leder till att en dialog mellan vårdpersonal och närståendeär betydande för att främja den äldres hälsa, men också för att främja närståendes delaktighetoch välbefinnande. Syftet med studien var att undersöka närståendes upplevelserav att ha en äldre person vid ett vård- och omsorgsboende. Studien har en kvalitativstudiedesign. Tre fokusgruppsintervjuer och två enskilda intervjuer genomfördesmed sammanlagt 26 närstående till en äldre person på ett vård- och omsorgsboende.Intervjuerna analyserades med en konventionell innehållsanalys. Ett gott bemötandeoch en öppen kommunikation med vårdpersonalen gjorde att de närstående kände sigvälkomna och sedda som en viktig del i vården. Närstående upplevde trygghet då desjälva och den äldre personen kände sig hemmastadda på vård- och omsorgsboendet.Slutsats: Personalen har en betydelsefull roll för närståendes välbefinnande och delaktigheti vården på ett vård- och omsorgsboende.

Ett halvt århundrade svensk äldreomsorg – var står stat och familj?

Lennarth Johansson, Gerdt Sundström, Bo Malmberg (2018)

Den svenska offentliga äldreomsorgen växte starkt från 1950-talet, och nådde sin högsta nivå på 1980-talet, för att därefter minska under 2000-talet. Med hjälp av riksrepresentativa befolkningsundersökningar från 1954 och fram till 2009 studerar vi mönster i äldres hjälpbehov och insatser från familj och offentlig omsorg. Ansvarsförhållandet mellan stat och familj har skiftat över tid, men omsorg från anhöriga och det offentliga överlappar allt mer. De offentliga insatserna minskar samtidigt som allt fler på sikt får hjälp, men mindre och senare i livet. Allt fler äldre har anhöriga, som ger mer omsorg.

Family caregivers experiences of formal care when caring for persons with dementia through the process of the disease

Lethin C, Hallberg IR, Karlsson S, Janlöv (2016)

Background: Family caregivers' experiences of formal care when caring for persons with dementia through the process of the disease is sparsely investigated.

Aims: To investigate family caregivers' experiences of formal care when caring for a person with dementia, through the stages of the disease.

Design: A qualitative approach with focus group interviews.

Methods: Four focus group interviews were conducted in October 2011 with 23 spouses and adult children of persons with dementia and analysed with content analysis.

Results: The participants' experiences of formal care when caring for a person with dementia were captured in the theme 'Family caregiving requires collaboration with formal care to get support adjusted to needs specific to the stages of dementia'. This can be broken down into the categories 'The dementia diagnosis - entry into formal care as a novice family caregiver', 'Needing expanded collaboration with formal care to continue care at home' and 'Being dependent on a nursing home and trying to maintain involvement'.

Conclusion: Family caregiving requires collaboration with formal care to get support adjusted to the individual's needs, specific to the stages of dementia. Caregivers experience a transition process with three main turning points: the dementia diagnosis; when they realise increased need for formal care to continue caring at home; and when the person with dementia is moved into a nursing home. The interviewed caregivers experience formal care reactive to their needs and this often promoted unhealthy transitions. Formal care needs to be proactive and deliver available care and support early on in the dementia trajectory. Interventions should focus on facilitating a healthy transition for family caregivers through the trajectory of the dementia disease to ensure their well-being.

Until death do us part Adult children's perspective of their parents' transition from living at home to moving into a nursing home and the time after death.

Christina Bökberg, Jonas Sandberg (2021)

Background: Adult children are often key carers of frail older parents providing care for a long period of time in different care contexts. However, research concerning adult children's caregiving experiences, from providing home-based care to facing the death of a parent in a nursing home is sparse. Thus, the aim was to explore the transition from living at home to moving into and living in a nursing home and the time after death from the perspective of next of kin to an older person.

Methods: A qualitative design using individual interviews with 15 adult children of older persons. The text was analysed using inductive content analysis.

Results: One main category was identified, until death do us part. With three generic categories, living at home, living at a nursing home and time after death, and eight sub-categories. The results describe the transition when an older person lives at home and moves into and lives in a nursing home and the time after death from the perspective of next of kin.

Conclusion: This study highlights many examples of tasks that adult children provide over a long period of time and in different care contexts since they felt that professional care was unable to provide safe and secure care for their older parents. It also highlights the importance for staff to recognize the support that next of kin provide. Furthermore, the study reveal that staff do not offer the relief that they are obligated to provide, to enable next of kin coping with this strenuous transition in life. First after the parent died, there was time for relief since the worrying and the doing of practical things for the parent had stopped.

Family caregivers' experiences of discussing their needs with a nurse during specialised home care utilizing the carer support needs assessment tool intervention

Maria Norinder, Lena Axelsson, Kristofer Årestedt, Gunn Grande, Gail Ewing, Anette Alvariza (2023)

Purpose: The Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention (CSNAT-I) was designed to help family caregivers identify, reflect upon, and express their support needs in a conversation with a health care professional and gain tailored support. The CSNAT-I has shown positive effects for both nurses and family caregivers but for more comprehensive understanding this study aims to examine family caregivers' experiences of discussing their needs with a nurse during specialised home care, utilizing the CSNAT-I.

Methods: The study used an inductive qualitative descriptive design based on framework analysis. Data was collected using individual semi-structured telephone interviews with 10 family caregivers, with a median age of 66, from four specialised home care services.

Results: Family caregivers appreciated having scheduled meetings with nurses utilizing the CSNAT-I which gave them an opportunity to focus on what was important to them. Family caregivers experienced that the conversations were co-created with a flexible dialogue. The conversations provided new perspectives and insights which helped in finding possible solutions. Family caregivers felt empowered by the co-created conversation and took on a more active role in involving the rest of their family to find support to themselves and the patients.

Conclusion: The CSNAT-I can facilitate communication between family caregivers and nurses leading to adequate supportive inputs. The intervention gives family caregivers an increased opportunity to be involved in their own support, which may enhance their sense of security. According to family caregivers' experiences, CSNAT-I may be an adequate way to support family caregivers to reflect and discuss their needs.

Interventions to enhance access to and utilization of formal community care services for home dwelling persons with dementia and their informal carers. A scoping review

Janne Røsvik, Mona Michelet, Knut Engedal, Anja Bieber, Anja Broda, Manuel Gonçalves-Pereira, Louise Hopper, Kate Irving, Hannah Jelley, Liselot Kerpershoek, Gabriele Meyer, Maria J. Marques, Elisa Portolani, Britt-Marie Sjölund, Anders Sköldunger, Astrid Stephan, Frans Verhey, Marjolein de Vugt, Bob Woods, Claire Wolfs, Orazio Zanetti, Geir Selbaek (2020)

Objectives: Home dwelling people with dementia and their informal carers often do not receive the formal care services they need. This study examined and mapped the research regarding interventions to improve access and use of formal community care services.Method: This is a scoping review with searches in PubMed, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Social Science Citation index and searches of grey literature in international and national databases. Studies were categorized according to the measure used to enhance access or use.Results: From international databases, 2833 studies were retrieved, 11 were included. Five studies were included from other sources. In total, 16 studies published between 1989 and 2018 were examined; seven randomized controlled trials, six pretest-posttest studies and three non-randomized controlled studies. Sample sizes varied from 29 to 2682 participants, follow-up from four weeks to four years. Five types of interventions were identified: Case management, monetary support, referral enhancing, awareness & information focused and inpatient focused. Only two studies had access or use of community services as the primary outcome. Fourteen studies, representing all five types of interventions, had positive effects on one or more relevant outcomes. Two interventions had no effect on relevant outcomes.Conclusion: The included studies varied widely regarding design, type of intervention and outcomes. Based on this, the evidence base for interventions to enhance access to and use of formal community services is judged to be limited. The most studied type of intervention was case management. More research is recommended in this field.

Next of kin participation in the care of older persons in nursing homes: A pre-post non-randomised educational evaluation, using within-group and individual person-level comparisons

Albert Westergren, Gerd Ahlström, Magnus Persson, Lina Behm (2021)

Background: Next of kin participation in care is a cornerstone of palliative care and is thus important in nursing homes, and outcomes following interventions need to be evaluated using robust methods.

Objective: To use within-group and within-individual analytical approaches to evaluate the participation of next of kin in care following an intervention and to compare the outcome between the intervention and control groups.

Methods: A pre-post intervention/control group study design was used. The educational intervention, directed towards staff members, focused on palliative care. The Next of Kin Participation in Care scale comprises the Communication and Trust subscale and the Collaboration in Care subscale, with nine items each. In total, 203 persons (intervention group: n = 95; control group: n = 108) were included. Three different analytical approaches were used: 1) traditional within-group comparison of raw ordinal scores and linearly transformed interval scores; 2) modern within-individual (person-level) interval score comparisons; 3) comparisons between the intervention group and control group based on individual person-level outcomes.

Results: Within-group comparisons of change revealed no change in any of the groups, whether based on raw or transformed scores. Despite this, significant improvements at the individual level were found in 32.9% of the intervention group and 11.6% of the control group for the total scale (p = 0.0024), in 25% of the intervention group and 10.5% of the control group for the Communication and Trust subscale (p = 0.0018), and in 31.2% of the intervention group and 10.5% of the control group for the Collaboration in Care subscale (p = 0.0016). However, a significant worsening at the individual level in Collaboration in Care was found in 35.1% of the intervention group but only among 8.4% of the control group (p < 0.0005).

Conclusion: The intervention seems to have a positive impact on next of kin participation in care in nursing homes, especially for communication and trust. However, some next of kin reported decreased participation in care after the intervention. Modern individual person-level approaches for the analysis of intervention outcomes revealed individual significant changes beyond traditional group-level comparisons that would otherwise be hidden. The findings are relevant for future outcome studies and may also necessitate a re-evaluation of previous studies that have not used individual person-level comparisons.

DET BLIR DYRARE ATT LEVA JU SJUKARE JAG ÄR

NSPH Nationell Samverkan för psykisk hälsa (2024)

En rapport från NSPH om livsvillkoren för personer med psykisk ohälsa och deras anhöriga och om brukarinflytande

NSPH Har tagit fram den här rapporten för att lyfta två viktiga områden för oss och våra medlemsorganisationer – om livsvillkoren för personer med psykisk ohälsa och deras anhöriga, samt arbetet med brukarinflytande.
För att få en överblick över dessa två områden har NSPH under 2024 genomfört två större undersökningar. Resultaten från undersökningarna presenteras i varsin del i denna rapport. En del med fokus på livsvillkor för personer med psykisk ohälsa och en del med fokus på arbetet med brukarinflytande. Målsättningen med undersökningarna har varit att kartlägga hur det ser ut idag inom dessa två områden och peka på utvecklingsområden framåt.

Cancer specialist nurses' experiences of supporting family members of persons diagnosed with colorectal cancer: A qualitative study

Maria Samuelsson, Jenny Jakobsson, Anne Wennick, Marie-Louise Lydrup, Mariette Bengtsson (2022)

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to explore cancer specialist nurses' experiences of supporting family members of persons diagnosed with colorectal cancer.

Method: The study was designed as a qualitative study. Data was collected using individual semi-structured telephone interviews with 21 cancer specialist nurses. The interviews were transcribed and analysed with reflexive thematic analysis.

Results: The analysis generated one overarching theme, In the shadow of the person diagnosed with colorectal cancer, and four themes: striving for confidence, searching for ways to support, seeking individualization, and balancing between needs. Swedish colorectal cancer care is organized with the persons diagnosed with colorectal cancer as the centre of care and lacks both structure and allocated resources for supportive care for family members. Thus, support for family members has to be provided within the existing colorectal cancer care. The support provided focuses mainly on strengthening the family members' ability in the caregiving role and is offered primarily at the time of diagnosis.

Conclusion: There is an apparent need for developing supportive care plans for family members, involving repeated assessments of multidimensional needs, a tailored support, and follow-ups. Accordingly, a re-evaluation of the cancer specialist nurse's role is needed so that key nursing responsibilities are not ranked second to administrative tasks.

Keywords: Cancer specialist nurse; Colorectal cancer; Family members; Needs assessment; Nursing; Oncology; Qualitative research; Supportive care; Thematic analysis.

Family members' conceptions of their supportive care needs across the colorectal cancer trajectory - A phenomenographic study

Maria Samuelsson, Jenny Jakobsson, Mariette Bengtsson, Marie-Louise Lydrup, Anne Wennick (2025)

Aim: To describe the variations of family members' conceptions of their supportive care needs (SCN) across the colorectal cancer (CRC) trajectory.

Design: A descriptive qualitative study with a phenomenographic approach.

Method: Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted from May 2022 to October 2022 with 23 family members of persons diagnosed with colorectal cancer. The interviews were analysed using phenomenographic analysis following the Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) checklist.

Results: The phenomenographic analysis resulted in five categories. Not of importance describes family members' needs as unimportant due to the good prognosis and the organization of care and in relation to the needs of others. Only satisfiable by professionals describes information possessed by the healthcare professionals as key, as well as the need for professional counselling for the family members to process their emotions. Managed by themselves describes family members preferring to manage their SCN themselves by turning to the appropriate social support and/or by using coping skills. Understood retrospectively describes SCN as only understandable when things have calmed down and as requiring one's own experience to understand. Left unmet describes SCN as unnoticed by the healthcare professionals or not brought to light by the family members, or family members not knowing where to turn for support.

Conclusion: Supportive care should involve individualized information, proactive and repeated assessments of needs across the trajectory, as well as encouragement of family members to reflect on their needs and to accept support when needed.

Impact: There is a gap in the literature regarding family members' SCN across the CRC trajectory which this study addresses. Findings show five categories of family members' conceptions of their SCN. Those findings could serve as a basis for the development of clinical colorectal supportive care across the cancer trajectory.

Implications for the profession and/or patient care: Findings show that to offer family members of persons diagnosed with colorectal cancer support only at the time of diagnosis is insufficient. Instead, the healthcare team is recommended to proactively and repeatedly try to identify those in need and the characteristics of their needs. In addition, it is important to offer individualized information and strive to encourage family members to reflect on their situation and to not suppress their own needs if emerging.

A Vicious Circle of Hope and Despair: Stigma Experienced by Relatives of Persons with Severe Mental Illness

Bente Weimand, Anita Johansson ,Nils Sjöström, Margda Waern & Mats Ewertzon (2024)

Not only people suffering from severe mental illness (SMI) but also their family members experience stigma. Relatives are met with negative attitudes from healthcare professionals, which adds to the problem. This Swedish study employed a qualitative inductive explorative design in the analysis of written free-text responses from 65 persons who completed a questionnaire for relatives of persons with SMI. The overarching theme, “A vicious circle of hope and despair”, was elaborated by four categories which formed a vicious circle: “Wanting openness, understanding and acknowledgement”; “Facing a lack of understanding from others”; “Seeking understanding from mental healthcare professionals but experiencing the opposite”; and “Keeping family experiences private.” If this vicious circle of family stigma is to be broken, measures are needed for both relatives and health care professionals.

Psychometric Properties of the Parental Stress Scale in Swedish Parents of Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Conditions

Therese Lindström, Tiina Holmberg Bergman, Mathilde Annerstedt, Martin Forster, Sven Bölte, Tatja Hirvikoski (2024)

Background: Parents of children with neurodevelopmental conditions (NDC) are at risk of experiencing elevated levels of parental stress. Access to robust instruments to assess parental stress is important in both clinical and research contexts. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the Parental Stress Scale (PSS), completed by parents of 3- to 17-year-old children, with and without NDCs.

Method: Main analyses were conducted on data from three independent samples: a community sample (n=1018), a treatment-seeking sample of parents of children with various disabilities (n=653), and a sample of parents of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) who themselves reported varying ADHD symptom severities (n=562). Additional analyses were enabled by the use of data from a complementary test-retest sample (n=337).

Results: The internal consistency of the PSS was good (Cronbach's alpha, α=.87) and its test-retest reliability moderate (ICC=.66). The scale correlated in the expected direction with related constructs (r=.50-.56 in the community sample). An exploratory factor analysis found its internal structure to reflect two aspects of parental stress: Lack of Parental Rewards and Role Satisfaction (factor 1, α=.90) and Parental Stressors and Distress (factor 2, α=.85). The treatment-seeking parents of children with disabilities reported higher parental stress than community reference parents (p<.001; Cohen's d=1.17). Moreover, we found that parents with high ADHD symptom severity reported higher parental stress than parents with low ADHD symptom severity (p<.001; d=0.39).

Conclusion: In summary, we found evidence in support of the reliability and validity of the PSS, which overall was judged to be useful as a measure of parental stress in a Swedish context. In addition, our results underline the importance of considering parental stress and related needs in assessments and intervention planning involving families of children with NDCs.

Needs of Grandparents of Preschool-Aged Children with ASD in Sweden

Zakirova Engstrand Rano, Roll-Pettersson Lise, Westling Allodi Mara, Hirvikoski Tatja (2020)

Little is known about needs of grandparents of young children with autism in family and community settings. This study investigated perceived needs of grandparents of preschool-aged children diagnosed with ASD in the cultural context of Sweden. Participants were 120 grandparents of children enrolled into autism intervention programs provided by the public disability services in Stockholm. The Grandparents' Needs Survey and the SDQ Impact supplement were used to collect data. Grandparents expressed most needs in topic areas of information and childcare. No significant relations were found between grandparents' demographics and perceptions of needs; grandparents' needs were predicted by their perceived burden. The findings provide insight into understanding of grandparents' needs essential for planning and provision of quality family-centered early intervention services.

The use of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to assess mental health in adolescents with parents diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Stefan Nilsson, Nina Malmström, Ingela Nygren, Joakim Öhlén, Birgitta Jakobsson Larsson & Anneli Ozanne (2025)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) presents significant challenges for affected families. The aim for this study was to assess the feasibility of using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) with adolescents and parents with and without ALS. The method involved repeatedly distributing the questionnaire to evaluate its content and structure within this group. The SDQ Prosocial Behaviour subscale and total difficulties score was calculated, along with median values and standard deviations. Parent-adolescent agreement was assessed using intraclass correlations. Data were collected from 11 Swedish families, including 14 adolescents (aged 8–25), 9 parents with ALS, and 8 co-parents. The findings revealed differences between parent and adolescent SDQ scores, emphasizing the need for adolescents’ self-assessments. Their SDQ scores did not indicate significant difficulties, suggesting that most were coping well with everyday life. However, there is significant heterogeneity in the experiences and needs of adolescents. A larger study is needed to confirm its usability

Living with a parent with ALS - adolescents’ need for professional support from the adolescents’ and the parents’ perspectives

Nina Malmström, Birgitta Jakobsson Larsson, Stefan Nilsson, Joakim Öhlén, Ingela Nygren, Peter M. Andersen & Anneli Ozanne (2023)

Aim: The aim of the study was to qualitatively investigate the adolescents’ need for professional support when a parenthas amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) – from the adolescents’ and the parents’ perspectives. Methods: A total of 37 indi-vidual semi-structured single interviews with 18 families were conducted, including 11 adolescents aged 8-25 and 26parents, 13 with ALS and 13 co-parents. Data was analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Both adolescentsand parents described the adolescents as needing professional support but found it difficult to articulate this need.However, the results indicate that the adolescents needed help in bringing manageability into their lives due to theuncertainty of living with the illness in the family. It was therefore essential to ensure that the adolescents were not for-gotten in the disease context and that their needs for being involved as well as for obtaining information and understand-ing, was addressed. The importance of offering the adolescents support early was emphasized, but also of activelyhelping the families to master challenges in their everyday life. Support adapted to each family’s unique situation andpreferences was desired, as the adolescents’ need for support seemed to be individual, disease-dependent and varied dur-ing different phases. Conclusion: Given the adolescents’ need for information and understanding, healthcare professionalsmust actively work to reach the adolescents as early as possible. It is crucial to ensure that the adolescents are given theopportunity to be involved based on their own conditions, as well as to support the families to strengthen theircommunication.

The risks of job flexibility: an analysis of reconciling paid work and informal care across organisations using the capabilities approach

Marcel Hoogenboom, Mara A. Yerkes, Wilco Kruijswijk (2024)

While welfare states and work organisations often provide policies to facilitate a reconciliation of paid work and informal care, the literature pays little attention to employees’ actual capabilities to engage with such policies. In this article, we apply the capabilities approach to interview data from managers and employees in the Netherlands to understand employees’ use or non-use of the policies. We found that job flexibility may help workers reconcile work and care in the short run but that respondents with greater job flexibility reported more health problems than respondents with less flexibility, which calls into question the sustainability of these policies.

Seeking a care–life balance: family carers’ perspectives on how quality of life can improve when caring for an older person living with dementia

Kristin Häikiö, Jorun Rugkåsa (2024)

Many family carers of older people living with dementia report reduced quality of life, but limited research has investigated what they believe could improve it. Our thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with 23 family carers questions the standardisation of carer support and the appropriateness of the current scope of services, and suggests strengthening carers’ independent right to support. We propose the notion of a ‘care–life balance’, which also draws attention to the different logics inherent in informal and formal care that future service development should seek to reconcile to better support families affected by dementia.

Dignity for Deeply Forgetful People How Caregivers Can Meet the Challenges of Alzheimer's Disease

Stephen G. Post (2022)

For caregivers of deeply forgetful people: a book that combines new ethics guidelines with an innovative program on how to communicate and connect with people with Alzheimer's.

How do we approach a "deeply forgetful" loved one so as to notice and affirm their continuing self-identity? For three decades, Stephen G. Post has worked around the world encouraging caregivers to become more aware of―and find renewed hope in―surprising expressions of selfhood despite the challenges of cognitive decline.

In this book, Post offers new perspectives on the worth and dignity of people with Alzheimer's and related disorders despite the negative influence of "hypercognitive" values that place an ethically unacceptable emphasis on human dignity as based on linear rationality and strength of memory. This bias, Post argues, is responsible for the abusive exclusion of this population from our shared humanity. With vignettes and narratives, he argues for a deeper dignity grounded in consciousness, emotional presence, creativity, interdependence, music, and a self that is not "gone" but "differently abled." Post covers key practical topics such as:

• understanding the experience of dementia
• noticing subtle expressions of continuing selfhood, including "paradoxical lucidity"
• perspectives on ethical quandaries from diagnosis to terminal care and everything in between, as gleaned from the voices of caregivers
• how to communicate optimally and use language effectively
• the value of art, poetry, symbols, personalized music, and nature in revealing self-identity
• the value of trained "dementia companion" dogs

At a time when medical advances to cure these conditions are still out of reach and the most recent drugs have shown limited effectiveness, Post argues that focusing discussion and resources on the relational dignity of these individuals and the respite needs of their caregivers is vital. Grounding ethics on the equal worth of all conscious human beings, he provides a cautionary perspective on preemptive assisted suicide based on cases that he has witnessed. He affirms vulnerability and interdependence as the core of the human condition and celebrates caregivers as advocates seeking social and economic justice in an American system where they and their loved ones receive only leftover scraps. Racially inclusive and grounded in diversity, Dignity for Deeply Forgetful People also includes a workshop appendix focused on communication and connection, "A Caregiver Resilience Program," by Rev. Dr. Jade C. Angelica.

The relevance of the workplace for combining employment and informal care for older adults: results of a systematic literature review

Thomas Geisen, Karl Krajic, Sibylle Nideröst, Ingrid Mairhuber, Charlotte Dötig, Andrin Altherr, Salome Schenk, Reka Schweighoffer (2024)

The significance of formal and informal supports and barriers on the company level for combining employment and informal care for older adults has rarely been investigated. This is one of the main findings of a systematic literature review. This systematic literature review elucidates what can be learned from research on practices that have been developed to maintain a sustainable work–care balance. Research indicates that firms have rarely actively addressed the topic and many seem unaware of the challenges employees are facing and the support they need. If firms offer support, they often favour individual, case-based solutions, whereas systematic approaches seem less likely to be put in place. In general, the findings show that better support for companies and for carers would seem important, even urgent, but the knowledge base for offering this support is not well developed.

Developing a Framework for the Support of Informal Caregivers: Experiences from Sweden, Ireland, and the United States

Cahill, Suzanne ; Bielsten, Therése ; Zarit, Steven H. (2023)

Abstract

Policies and services to support informal caregivers vary considerably across countries. This paper examines the role of caregivers and how perspectives on that role may influence the availability of benefits and services in three countries that differ considerably in their care systems - Sweden, Ireland and the United States. We developed a nine-dimensional framework for examining differences, including policies and how the role of caregiver is conceptualized. We found differences in the three countries in how services are organized, which reflected assumptions about the caregiver role. There were also similarities in the three countries. Caregivers held an ambiguous position within each social system and there was little concern for equity in the delivery of support services. Increased clarity about the role of caregivers may facilitate development of policies that more effectively meet their varied needs.

The Help-Seeking Experiences of Family and Friends Who Support Young People With Mental Health Issues: A Qualitative Study

Christine Migliorini, Nicholas Barrington, Brendan O’Hanlon, Gretel O’Loughlin, Carol Harvey1 (2023)

Abstract

Little has been documented of the journey that family and friends (F&F) undertake when supporting a young person aged 12–25 years struggling with mental illness. The experiences of family and friends were explored using an online qualitative survey (N = 58) and semi-structured interviews (n = 15). Recruitment was through a national youth mental health service Facebook page and website. An experiential thematic analysis was conducted focusing on participants’ experiences and sense of their world.
Strong feelings and challenging life circumstances made the context of help-seeking complicated. Despite following usual avenues for advice or support, F&F still came across professionals and a health/mental health system that compounded their distress. It was the simpler things that some professionals did that made their journey more bearable. Useful insights derived from the narratives allow service improvement recommendations such as reminding professionals of the multiplicity of stressors commonplace to families and the value of validation and acknowledgement.

“... vi som anhörigkonsulenter måste bli bättre på att formulera vad vi gör för något…” - En kvalitativ studie om anhörigkonsulenters upplevelse av arbetet med anhöriga

Mathilda Lindberg (2023)

Sammanfattning
Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka anhörigkonsulenters erfarenheter av arbetet med
anhörigstöd samt upplevelsen av samverkansprocesser med andra aktörer. Studien gjordes med en kvalitativ ansats där empirin samlades in genom sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med
anhörigkonsulenter i olika kommuner i Sverige. Empirin analyserades och sammanställdes genom
en tematisk analys. Vidare analyserades resultatet i relation till studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter
vilka var det salutogena perspektivet och tillhörande känslan av sammanhang [KASAM] samt
strukturella aspekter av samverkan. Resultatet visar att anhörigkonsulenterna upplever anhörigas
behov som varierande utifrån deras skilda situationer. Tre övergripande behov uppfattas av
anhörigkonsulenterna vilka är ett informationsbehov, behov av nya perspektiv och behov av att
sätta sig själv i fokus. Resultatet visar att anhörigkonsulenterna upplever att de arbetar med ett
individuellt utformat stöd för att möta anhörigas stödbehov men att arbetet görs inom vissa
fastställda ramar. Det finns generellt tre insatser som erbjuds anhöriga vilka är individuella samtal,
gruppsamtal och aktiviteter av olika slag. Några kommuner erbjuder även andra insatser vilket
tyder på att stödet till anhöriga varierar mellan olika kommuner. Anhörigkonsulenterna upplever
samverkan som individberoende men som en stor och viktig del av arbetet, dels för att nå ut till
anhöriga, dels för att implementera anhörigperspektivet internt inom kommunerna.

Inclusion and Participation in a Support Programme for Bereaved Adolescents – Relational Perspectives From an Ethnographic Field Study in a Swedish Context

Hakima Karidar, Pia Lundqvist, Stinne Glasdam (2023)

Abstract

The death of a parent is a life-changing event, and different programmes are developed to support children. This study explored how parental bereaved adolescents were included and (inter)acted in a Swedish support programme. The conducted ethnographic field study included six adolescents, their parents, and eight volunteers. The empirical material was thematically analysed through a theoretical lens inspired by Bourdieu. Three themes emerged: 'Different strategies for adolescents' inclusion in the programme,' 'Medico-psychological understanding of grief and suffering,' and 'Reproduction of the logic of the school.' Adolescents were included in the programme through different strategies, where adults functioned as gatekeepers. The programme reproduced the school logic and was based on a medico-psychological grief/bereavement understanding. Volunteers had pedagogic authority and concomitant symbolic power, ruling adolescents to do what they must do in the meetings, silently socialising them into the medical logic. The adolescents only interacted and communicated with each other during breaks.

Adolescent Young Carers Who Provide Care to Siblings

Brolin Rosita, Hanson Elizabeth, Magnusson Lennart, Lewis Feylyn, Parkhouse Tom, Hlebec Valentina, Santini Sara, Hoefman Renske, Leu Agnes, Becker Saul (2024)

Abstract

A child's disability, long-term illness, or mental ill-health is known to affect siblings' health, social life, school engagement, and quality of life. This article addresses a research gap by its focus on young sibling carers and the impact of providing care to a sibling. A cross-national survey study was conducted in 2018-2019 (Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK) to examine the incidence of adolescent sibling carers, the extent of care they provide, and their self-reported health, well-being, and school situation. The survey was completed by 7146 adolescents, aged 15-17, and 1444 of them provided care to family members with health-related conditions. Out of these, 286 were identified as Sibling Carers and 668 as Parent Carers, while 181 had both sibling(s) and parent(s) with health-related conditions, and thus were identified as Sibling-Parent Carers. Sibling Carers and Sibling-Parent Carers carried out higher levels of caring activities compared to Parent Carers. They reported both positive aspects of caring, such as increased maturity, and negative aspects, such as mental ill-health, impact on schooling and a lack of support. To reduce the negative aspects of a sibling carer role, it is important to recognise them and to implement early preventive measures and formal support.

Vakengångare : att leva med psykossjukdom

Helena Westerberg (2023)
Hur upplevs en psykos inifrån? Hur kan man hantera olika symptom? Och vilka neurologiska orsaker ligger bakom, det vill säga vad händer i hjärnan?

Vi har bara våra sinnen att lita till. Ser och hör man saker som inte andra förnimmer känner man sig misstrodd. Den frustrationen kan var och en tänka sig, då man klart och tydligt hör att någon talar till en men anhöriga försöker övertyga en om motsatsen. Man upplever att andra är emot en och riskerar att bli paranoid.

Sjukdomsinsikt, att inse och acceptera sin diagnos, är centralt för att den drabbade ska kunna hantera sin psykossjukdom. Med insikt blir prognosen bättre, när man i stället för att förneka sjukdomen tar den på allvar, bemöter den och tar emot hjälp (som t. ex. medicin).

Nyckeln till insikt är kunskap. Därför handlar den här boken bland annat om hur hjärnan fungerar och hur man så att säga kan lura sig själv.

Helena Westerberg, som skrivit denna bok tillsammans med sin livskamrat Stefan Berglund, kan berätta från två håll, som hjärnforskare och som patient.

Hon säger:
Kunskapen om hjärnan har givit mig möjlighet att genomskåda hallucinationer och paranoia samt förstå att den objektiva sanningen övertrumfar den subjektiva. Och lärt mig lita på den insikten.

Ändlös omsorg och utmätt hälsa – föräldraskapets paradoxer när ett vuxet barn har långvarig psykisk sjukdom. Akad. avh.

Johansson, Anita (2014)

Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att fördjupa kunskapen om att vara förälder till vuxet barn med långvarig psykisk sjukdom. Delstudiernas speciella syften är:

Att beskriva hur mammor till vuxet barn med långvarig psykisk sjukdom upplever sin vardag.
Att beskriva hur pappor till vuxet barn med långvarig psykisk sjukdom upplever sin vardag
Att beskriva hur förälder till vuxet barn med psykisk sjukdom uppfattar den psykiatriska vården.
Att undersöka en grupp mammor och pappor till vuxet barn med långvarig psykisk sjukdom i Sverige och deras hälsorelaterade lisvkvalitet i förhållande till en normalpopulation, deras självskattade symptom på ångest, depression och belastning samt erfarenheter av möten med den psykiatriska vården.

Är du full? Nej jag har haft stroke. Om vikten av fullgod rehabilitering.

Edner, Magnus (2012)

Bokens författare och huvudperson, Dr Magnus Edner, berättar här utifrån patientens egenupplevda perspektiv om sin komplicerade rehabilitering och långa väg tillbaka efter en stroke med komplicerad symtombild. Läsningen är både nedslående och upplyftande på samma gång.

Nedslående på grund av att vårdens brister och tillkorta-kommanden så tydligt blottläggs, särskilt i relation till oförmågan (oviljan?) att ta ett helhetsansvar kring en rehabiliteringsprocess av ett svårbehandlat tillstånd.

Upplyftande genom att huvudpersonen genom envishet, kunskap och stort stöd från sin familj visar att det går att gradvis förbättras om rätt förutsättningar ges, även lång tid efter en hjärnskadas uppkomst.

Ätstörningar och ADHD kan ha samband : Hetsätning kan lindra ADHD-symtom, centralstimulantia ger god hjälp

Ersson, G., A. R. Klanger, et al. (2007)

[Possible connection between eating disorders and ADHD. Bulimia can relieve ADHD symptoms, central nervous stimulants are of good help]In Sweden the risk for female Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa is estimated to 1%. Females have ten times higher prevalence than males. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the contrary has a male 2-3 times dominante. Among adults aprox. 3% has ADHD. ADHD is complex with at least one major associated psychiatric diagnosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether clinical findings, not just related to Eating Disorder (ED), could match ADHD as a co-existing diagnosis, as well as to follow the patients the first months after treatment with Methylfenidate had been induced. Five patients, one male and four females, age 18-43, with a history of Eating Disorder (ED) of 5-35 years, were clinically described with DSM-IV diagnoses, treatment regimen and therapeutic outcome. They suffered from disability in normal social functioning, i.e. education, professional career and family life. All of them had symptoms matching ADHD. In this case report the assumtion is made that treatment with Methylfenidate lead to an decrease of ADHD-symptoms as well as typical ED-symptoms, better social functioning and increased quality of life.

Tidigare forskning har visat på en koppling mellan bulimia nervosa och uppmärksamhets- och hyperaktivitetsstörningar (ADHD). Det har föreslagits att ätstörningspatienter med långvarig psykosocial ohälsa och flera samtidigt förekommande psykiatriska tillstånd bör utredas för att utesluta/bekräfta samexisterande, tidigare odiagnostiserad ADHD.Under de senaste åren har studier redovisats där sambandet mellan bulimia nervosa och ADHD diskuteras. Positiv effekt på såväl ätstörningsrelaterade som ADHD-relaterade symtom vid behandling med centralstimulantia har kunnat konstateras.De fall som beskrivs här ger ytterligare stöd för betydelsen av att låta patienter med bulimia nervosa och andra svåra psykiatriska problem genomgå neuropsykiatrisk utredning och i förekommande fall av ADHD få behandling med centralstimulantia.

Ögonblickets pedagogik: yrkesgrupper i samtal om specialpedagogisk kompetens vid barn-och ungdomshabiliteringen

Åman, K. (2006)

Avhandlingen gäller specialpedagogisk kompetens hos pedagoger som arbetar i tvärprofessionella team inom barn och ungdomshabiliteringen. Ögonblickets pedagogik står för de reflektioner som görs i mötet med barnet, i dess olika miljöer, och som leder till åtgärder. Dessa avgöranden om specialpedagogisk intervention baseras på teoretiska och praktiska kunskaper, liksom erfarenheter som utvecklats genom det samverkande teamarbetet.Den empiriska studiens syfte var att studera hur pedagogisk kompetens kommuniceras, reflekteras och konstrueras av och mellan medlemmar i yrkesgrupper inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen. Det har studerats genom fokusgrupper som efteråt utvärderats med ett skattningsformulär där deltagarna också givit information om utbildning och arbetsuppgifter. Informanter är pedagoger i fem yrkesgrupper samt i en tvärgrupp, och tre grupper med andra yrkeskategorier verksamma i team inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringar. Analysarbetet genererade en kodnyckel för turtagningsanalys.

Resultatet visar att pedagoger inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen inte har utvecklat specifika professionsstrategier. De har snarast anpassat sig till ett föränderligt uppdrag. Kompetensen hos habiliteringens pedagoger baseras på kunskaper och erfarenheter från tre verksamhetsfält. Den grundläggande kompetensen ligger inom förskolefältet med teoretiska och erfarenhetsbaserade kunskaper om barns utveckling och lek- och lärande. Det var förskollärare som införde lekpedagogiskt arbete i och med lekoteken under 1970-talet. Under 1980-talet utvecklades den samordnade barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen där pedagogik tillsammans med medicinsk-, social- och psykologisk kompetens utgör hörnstenar i det professionella teamarbetet. Det är i det familjeorienterade teamarbetet som den specialpedagogiska kompetensen för barn med funktionshinder utvecklas. Det specialpedagogiska fältet har pedagogerna inom habiliteringen med påbyggnadsutbildningen. Utbildningen är i första hand riktad mot skolan och informanterna efterfrågar forskning och kunskapsbildning som gäller barn-och ungdomshabilteringens problemområden. Pedagogernas yrkesspråk karaktäriseras av en vardagsspråklig terminologi som är väl anpassad till uppdraget. Pedagogerna och deras kollegor i teamen framhåller att pedagogen fungerar, genom sitt yrkesspråk och barnfokus, som överbryggare mellan det medicinska fältet och det pedagogiska sammanhanget i barnets vardagliga miljöer i förskola och i hemmet.

Pedagogernas yrkesgruppssamtal visar sig vara en talgenre där pedagoger huvudsakligen förstärker varandras utsagor, använder metaforer i konstruktionen av den gemensamma förståelsen och i mycket begränsad utsträckning ifrågasätter varandras uppfattningar inom gruppen. Kompetensen är baserad på kunskap om och erfarenheter av barns normala och avvikande utveckling liksom av barns lek och lärande. Pedagogerna i studien lyfter huvudsakligen fram det pedagogiska mötet med vuxna omkring barnet, främst föräldrar och personal i förskolan, då de exemplifierar sin kompetens. Det specifika specialpedagogiska arbetet med barn i grupper och det lekpedagogiska interventionsarbetet är mer sällan omnämnt i yrkesgruppssamtalen.

Nyckelord: Specialpedagogik, pedagogisk kompetens, barn- och ungdomshabilitering, kunskapsområden, verksamhetsfält, yrkesspråk, talgenrer, fokusgrupper, metaforer, tidig intervention, anpassat vardagligt språk, fronesis.

Ögonblickets pedagogik: yrkesgrupper i samtal om specialpedagogisk kompetens vid barn-och ungdomshabiliteringen

Åman, K. (2006)

Doktorsavhandling i pedagogik

Avhandlingen gäller specialpedagogisk kompetens hos pedagoger som arbetar i tvärprofessionella team inom barn och ungdomshabiliteringen. Ögonblickets pedagogik står för de reflektioner som görs i mötet med barnet, i dess olika miljöer, och som leder till åtgärder. Dessa avgöranden om specialpedagogisk intervention baseras på teoretiska och praktiska kunskaper, liksom erfarenheter som utvecklats genom det samverkande teamarbetet.Den empiriska studiens syfte var att studera hur pedagogisk kompetens kommuniceras, reflekteras och konstrueras av och mellan medlemmar i yrkesgrupper inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen. Det har studerats genom fokusgrupper som efteråt utvärderats med ett skattningsformulär där deltagarna också givit information om utbildning och arbetsuppgifter. Informanter är pedagoger i fem yrkesgrupper samt i en tvärgrupp, och tre grupper med andra yrkeskategorier verksamma i team inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringar. Analysarbetet genererade en kodnyckel för turtagningsanalys.

Resultatet visar att pedagoger inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen inte har utvecklat specifika professionsstrategier. De har snarast anpassat sig till ett föränderligt uppdrag. Kompetensen hos habiliteringens pedagoger baseras på kunskaper och erfarenheter från tre verksamhetsfält. Den grundläggande kompetensen ligger inom förskolefältet med teoretiska och erfarenhetsbaserade kunskaper om barns utveckling och lek- och lärande. Det var förskollärare som införde lekpedagogiskt arbete i och med lekoteken under 1970-talet. Under 1980-talet utvecklades den samordnade barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen där pedagogik tillsammans med medicinsk-, social- och psykologisk kompetens utgör hörnstenar i det professionella teamarbetet. Det är i det familjeorienterade teamarbetet som den specialpedagogiska kompetensen för barn med funktionshinder utvecklas. Det specialpedagogiska fältet har pedagogerna inom habiliteringen med påbyggnadsutbildningen. Utbildningen är i första hand riktad mot skolan och informanterna efterfrågar forskning och kunskapsbildning som gäller barn-och ungdomshabilteringens problemområden. Pedagogernas yrkesspråk karaktäriseras av en vardagsspråklig terminologi som är väl anpassad till uppdraget. Pedagogerna och deras kollegor i teamen framhåller att pedagogen fungerar, genom sitt yrkesspråk och barnfokus, som överbryggare mellan det medicinska fältet och det pedagogiska sammanhanget i barnets vardagliga miljöer i förskola och i hemmet.

Pedagogernas yrkesgruppssamtal visar sig vara en talgenre där pedagoger huvudsakligen förstärker varandras utsagor, använder metaforer i konstruktionen av den gemensamma förståelsen och i mycket begränsad utsträckning ifrågasätter varandras uppfattningar inom gruppen. Kompetensen är baserad på kunskap om och erfarenheter av barns normala och avvikande utveckling liksom av barns lek och lärande. Pedagogerna i studien lyfter huvudsakligen fram det pedagogiska mötet med vuxna omkring barnet, främst föräldrar och personal i förskolan, då de exemplifierar sin kompetens. Det specifika specialpedagogiska arbetet med barn i grupper och det lekpedagogiska interventionsarbetet är mer sällan omnämnt i yrkesgruppssamtalen.

- See more at: http://www.skolporten.se/forskning/avhandling/ogonblickets-pedagogik-yrkesgrupper-i-samtal-om-specialpedagogisk-kompetens-vid-barn-och-ungdomshabiliteringen/#sthash.JQdaHFR7.dpuf

Öppna samtal: från monolog till levande dialog i sociala nätverk

Seikkula, Jaakko (1996)

"Det här är en ovanlig bok skriven av en ovanlig man. Boken är ovanlig eftersom den vänder upp och ner på mycket av det vi vanligtvis tänker. Vi är så vana att tänka att problemen kommer inifrån och att förändringarna måste ske inne i den person som har problem. I den här boken sägs att framgångar och misslyckanden kommer utifrån och att förändringar sker först och främst genom det som omger oss - nämligen nätverket, språket, samtalen"

Översyn av anhörigstödet i Nacka

Lindstrand, A. (2013)

En översyn har gjorts av anhörigstödet i Nacka. Syftet är att ge ett förslag till inriktningsbeslut och att utreda tillhörigheten för anhörigkonsulentfunktionen. Översynen har främst genomförts med hjälp av intervjuer och samråd med berörda tjänstemän och intresseorganisationer. Av översynen framgår att det har skett en positiv utveckling av anhörigstödet, men den pekar också på behov av fortsatt utveckling inom några områden. Bland annat framhåller intresseorganisationerna att det finns behov av större förståelse för anhörigas situation, mer vägledning och personligt stöd till anhöriga, mer individuellt anpassad avlösning och mer uppsökande verksamhet. Behov finns av en organisation som möjliggör utveckling av såväl det strategiska arbetet med anhörigstöd, som direkta stödinsatser och anhörigperspektiv i handläggningen. Slutsatsen blir att föreslå att anhörigstödet samordnas med det förebyggande arbetet. Det innebär att det strategiska arbetet med anhörigstöd samordnas av Sociala kvalitetsenheten och att Verksamheten Sociala Stödresurser föreslås få ett samlat uppdrag att arbeta med enskilda kontakter, gruppverksamhet, föreläsningar och informationsinsatser

Stora anhörigboken

Gunilla Klingberg, Ulrika Hallberg (2023)

Antologi

Stora anhörigboken samlar insikter från en bredd av ledande experter inom området anhörigomsorg. Den belyser anhörigas betydelsefulla roll och den belastning de upplever i sina strävanden att tillhanda hålla omsorg, kontinuitet och kärlek när samhällets resurser inte räcker till. Boken lyfter fram riskerna för anhörigas egen hälsa, deras ekonomiska utsatthet och sociala stigmatisering samt den betydande överrepresentationen av kvinnor som vårdare. Genom att belysa vikten av ett mer organiserat samhällsstöd för anhöriga och erkänna deras plats som samhällsbärande grupp, erbjuder boken en djup gående diskussion om en oundviklig aspekt av livet - att vara anhörig.

Stora anhörigboken vänder sig till alla som i sitt nuvarande eller framtida yrke möter personer som är just anhöriga oavsett orsak till anhörigskapet.

Barriers and facilitators to physical activity among informal carers: a systematic review of international literature

Lindsay, Rosie K. Vseteckova, Jitka, Horne Joanna, Smith Lee, Trott Mike, De Lappe Joseph, Soysal Pinar, Pizzol Damiano, Kentzer Nichola (2023)

Physical activity is beneficial for overall health; however, informal carers may have lower levels of physical activity than non-carers. The primary aim of this systematic review was to identify barriers and facilitators to physical activity from the perspective of carers internationally, excluding the UK. The study found that barriers to physical activity include lack of time, fatigue, lack of motivation and lack of support. Facilitators of physical activity include health and well-being as a motivator, using physical activity as a coping mechanism, and social support. Participating with the care recipient and care duties were both barriers and facilitators depending on the study or participant

Depends on whom you ask: Discordance in reporting spousal care between older women and men across European welfare states

Ricardo Rodrigues, Cassandra Simmons, Eszter Zólyomi, Afshin Vafaei, Johan Rehnberg, Selma Kadi, Marco Socci, Stefan Fors, Susan P. Phillips (2024)

Purpose: We aim to investigate systematic differences in reporting spousal care between caregivers and cared-for persons and their possible effects for the analysis of care regimes and correlation of care with health.

Materials and methods: Using information on care provided/received from the Survey on Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we estimate the prevalence of spousal care and discordance between caregivers and cared-for persons in the reporting of care among caregiving dyads. Multinomial regressions are used to estimate systematic differences in reporting spousal care. We then use multivariable logistic regressions to assess the association between discordance in reporting informal care and carer's self-rated health (SRH) and depression using the EURO-D scale.

Results: Only 53.9 % of dyads report care that is confirmed by both spouses. Multinomial regressions show that agreement on care being provided/received is more common when women are caregivers, while men are likely to underreport when providing or receiving personal care. Prevalence of spousal care across care regimes is sensitive to who reports care. There is no effect on the association of care with SRH regardless of who identifies the carer, while the magnitude and statistical significance of the association between depression symptoms and care varies according to the choice of respondent.

Conclusions: Informal care may be understated across Europe when relying solely on carer self-identification through description of tasks in surveys. From a policy standpoint, relying on self-identification of carers to access support or social benefits may potentially reduce the take-up of such benefits or support.

Informal care for people with dementia in Europe

Ron Handels, Somboon Hataiyusuk, Anders Wimo, Anders Sköldunger, Christian Bakker, Anja Bieber, Alfonso Ciccone, Carlo Alberto Defanti, Andrea Fabbo, Sara Fascendin, Lutz Frölich, Chloé Gervès-Pinquié, Manuel Gonçalves-Pereira, Kate Irving, Raymond Koopmans, Patrizia Mecocci, Paola Merlo, Bernhard Michalowsky, Oliver Peters, Yolande Pijnenburg, Óscar Ribeiro, Geir Salbaek, Larissa Schwarzkopf, Hilde Verbeek, Marjolein de Vugt, Bob Woods, Orazio Zanetti, Bengt Winblad, Linus Jönsson (2025)

Introduction: Informal care estimates for use in health-economic models are lacking. We aimed to estimate the association between informal care time and dementia symptoms across Europe.

Methods: A secondary analysis was performed on 13,529 observations in 5,369 persons from 9 European pooled cohort or trial studies in community-dwelling persons with dementia. A mixed regression model was fitted to time spent on instrumental or basic activities of daily living using disease severity and demographic characteristics.

Results: Daily informal care time was 0.5 hours higher in moderate compared to mild and 1.3h higher in severe compared to mild cognitive impairment. Likewise, this was 1.2h and 2.7h for functional disability and 0.3h and 0.6h for behavioral symptoms in the same directions.

Discussion: Estimates can be used in both single- and multi-domain health-economic models for dementia in European settings.

Keywords: Dementia; costs; health-economic evaluation; informal care; resource use.

Att bemöta familjer till barn med särskilda behov

Gunilla Klingberg, Ulrika Hallberg (2024)

Antalet familjer som har barn med särskilda behov ökar både i Sverige och internationellt. Forskning visar att familjemedlemmarna ofta löper stor risk för både psykisk och fysisk ohälsa på grund av den utsatta situation som de lever i. Men vad kan professionella inom vård och omsorg göra för att hjälpa dem?

Den här boken utgår från forskning och förmedlar både familjernas utsatthet och på vilket sätt de vill bli bemötta. Hur mår de anhöriga? Vilket stöd efterfrågar de? Och vilket stöd har de rätt att få, från såväl vård och omsorg som från socialtjänsten? I det avslutande kapitlet ger författarna konkreta råd och tips om kommunikation och bemötande till den yrkesverksamme som möter anhöriga till barn med särskilda behov.

Boken vänder sig till studerande vid utbildningar med fokus på barn och funktionsnedsättningar, till exempel inom socialt arbete och vård. Den kan även användas som ett diskussionsunderlag för vårdpersonal som i sitt dagliga arbete möter och arbetar med barn med särskilda behov och deras anhöriga

Om barn och sorg: en handbok

Atle Dyregrov, Martin Lytje (2022)

För ett barn som tvingas uppleva ett dödsfall eller livshotande sjukdom hos en nära anhörig, förändras livet för alltid. Avgörande för barnets fortsatta psykiska hälsa är att det finns vuxna i närheten som förmår att ge rätt stöd. Syftet med denna bok är att den ska fungera som en handbok för professionella och anhöriga runt barnet.

I Att möta barns sorg – en handbok beskrivs hur skilda typer av förluster ger olika konsekvenser, både på kort och längre sikt. Vanliga sorge­reaktioner och hanteringsstilar skildras, och hur sorgen förändras över tid. Boken tar också upp hur ett barns utvecklingsnivå påverkar dennes förståelse av sorg. I egna kapitel behandlas

• katastrofer, terror och barns sorg
• komplicerad sorg av rigid art som varar under lång tid
• att arbeta med familjer i sorg
• skolans stöd i sorgearbetet
• terapeutiskt arbete med barn i komplicerad sorg.

I boken ges konkreta råd om hur du som professionell eller anhörig kan stödja barnet; i hemmet, i skolan och i barnets andra relationer.

Att möta familjer inom vård och omsorg En samtalsmodell på systemisk grund rev. uppl.

Eva Benzein, Margaretha Hagberg, Carina Persson, Britt-Inger Saveman, Susanne Syrén (2023)

När en familjemedlem insjuknar eller drabbas av ohälsa påverkas övriga familjemedlemmar individuellt, men även familjen som enhet. Genom att använda modellen Hälsostödjande familjesamtal kan samtalsledare och familj tillsammans identifiera upplevda problem och de styrkor och resurser som finns tillgängliga för att hantera situationer med ohälsa och sjukdom. Modellen är därför en viktig del i omvårdnadsarbetet.

I denna reviderade och uppdaterade upplaga är vissa kapitel omarbetade, vissa är borttagna och två kapitel har tillkommit. Dessa behandlar centrala utgångspunkter relaterat till att lära familjecentrerad omvårdnad och för att implementera modellen i kliniskt arbete. Boken vänder sig till studenter inom vård och omsorg på grundläggande och avancerad nivå.

Boken kan med fördel även användas av samtliga yrkesgrupper inom vård och omsorg.

Leva som andra och vara delaktiga i samhället: Information om LSS

Socialstyrelsen (2024)

Delaktighet, tillgänglighet, inflytande, självbestämmande, att få leva som
andra. Det är grundläggande principer i både svensk funktionshinderspolitik
och i lagen (1993:387) om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade,
LSS. Som beslutsfattare har du både ett stort ansvar och möjligheter att
förvalta dessa principer och omsätta dem i praktiken. Det är när insatser
beslutas och planeras och i mötet med den enskilde individen som
målsättningarna i funktionshinderpolitiken och i LSS kan förverkligas.

Publikationen finns som pdf på Socialstyrelsens webbplats.

Ensamhet bland äldre partnervårdare: En översikt över aktuell kvantitativ och kvalitativ forskning

Lena Dahlberg, Mariam Kirvalidze (2024)

En stor del av den informella omsorgen ges av en partner till omsorgstagaren, som kan behöva stöd på grund av åldersrelaterade sjukdomar eller funktionsnedsättningar. Partnervårdare är ofta äldre själva och omsorgen kan ha negativa effekter på deras hälsa och välbefinnande. Samtidigt har ensamhet fått mer uppmärksamhet i forskningen som en viktig faktor för hälsa och välbefinnande, och ensamhet har även lyfts på den politiska agendan. I den här rapporten undersöks sambandet mellan partnervård och ensamhet hos personer i åldern 65 år och äldre, vilka faktorer som ökar risken för ensamhet i denna grupp, konsekvenser av ensamhet, och hur de själva upplever ensamhet.

Caring and Health of Close Family Members of Frail Older Persons Recently Discharged from Acute Hospital Care: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Christina Bökberg , Tove Lindhardt, Eva Björkman, Gerd Ahlström (2024)

Abstract

Multimorbidity in older people is strongly linked to the need for acute hospital care, and caregiving activities usually become more complex after patients are discharged from hospital. This may negatively impact the health of close family members, although this has not been comprehensively investigated. This study aimed to explore the general and mental health of close family members caring for frail older (>65) persons recently discharged from acute hospital care, making assessments in terms of gender, relationship to the older person, and aspects of caring. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted involving 360 close family members caring for frail older persons recently discharged from hospital. The statistical analyses included subgroup comparisons and associations to caring were examined. Half of the family members reported that their general and mental health was poor, with spouses reporting the poorest health. Female participants had significantly more severe anxiety, while males had significantly more severe depression. Providing care for more than six hours per week was associated with poor general health (OR 2.31) and depression (OR 2.59). Feelings of powerless were associated with poor general health (OR 2.63), anxiety (6.95), and depression (3.29). This knowledge may provide healthcare professionals with better tools in order to individualise support, preventing family members from exceeding their resources during these demanding periods.

Vem hjälper den som hjälper? : att vara anhörig till någon med psykisk ohälsa

Nelson Martina (2024)

Att leva nära någon med psykisk ohälsa kan vara förknippat med oro, smärta och maktlöshet. Är det möjligt att själv må bra om ens förälder, syskon, barn eller partner mår dåligt? Som anhörig är det lätt att ta på sig andras smärta och lägga allt ansvar på sig själv. Men den som är anhörig behöver också få utrymme att hantera sina känslor och reaktioner. Hur ska man veta när har man gjort tillräckligt och när behöver man släppa taget?

Ungefär var fjärde svensk lider någon gång i livet av psykisk ohälsa vilket betyder många drabbade anhöriga. I den här boken varvas aktuell forskning med strategier för att minska stress, oro och hantera känslor av skuld och skam. Kom ihåg att du behöver ta hand om dig själv för att orka vara stöd åt någon annan.

Vägledning i existentiella samtal

Kerstin Dillmar, Johan Sundelöf (2025)

Existentiella frågor finns alltid närvarande hos patienter och närstående vid alla former av sjukdom, i all vård och omsorg. Medicinska frågeställningar och fysiska behov är en central del av det som vårdpersonal hanterar och ansvarar för, men hur möter vi de behov som inte är fysiska, men som också påverkar personen som är sjuk? Hur kan vi förmedla öppenhet för dessa frågor? Hur frågar vi? Och vad gör vi med svaren?
Vi vill med den här boken framhålla vikten av existentiella frågor i vården och ge konkreta verktyg för hur man kan fråga, samtala och möta patienter och närstående. Det handlar inte bara om det enskilda vårdmötet utan även om frågor som rör livskvalitet på ett djupare plan, alltifrån att vilja genomgå rehabilitering, att hitta ny mening efter trafikolyckan eller att leva med en långvarig neurologisk sjukdom – men också om hur livets slut kan bli. I allt detta behövs det kunnig vårdpersonal som med sitt arbete bidrar till att skapa välbefinnande och mening. Boken vänder sig till studenter i alla hälso- och sjukvårds­utbildningar oavsett nivå, men även redan utbildad vårdpersonal har nytta av att läsa boken.

Symptoms of prolonged grief and self-reported health among bereaved family members of persons who died in sudden cardiac arrest

Carlsson Nina, Alvariza Anette, Bremer Anders, Axelsson Lena (2023)

Sudden cardiac arrest is common and is one of the leading causes of death in the western world, and the sudden loss following cardiac arrest may have a significant impact on bereaved family members’ health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe symptoms of prolonged grief and self-reported health among bereaved family members of persons who died from sudden cardiac arrest, with comparisons between spouses and non-spouses. This was a cross-sectional observation study with 108 adult family members who completed a questionnaire. A fifth of the family members reported prolonged grief, and problems with self-reported health were common, especially regarding anxiety. Spouses reported more problems with prolonged grief and self-reported health compared with non-spouses. The risk of these family members developing prolonged grief and health problems should be recognized, and professional support should be offered.

Grief reactions in relation to professional and social support among family members of persons who died from sudden cardiac arrest: A longitudinal survey study

Carlsson Nina, Alvariza Anette, Axelsson Lena, Bremer Anders (2022)
Abstract [en]

Background: The loss of a close person from sudden cardiac arrest (CA) leaves family members at risk of developing grief reactions such as symp- toms of prolonged grief, anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress. The aim was to describe longitudinal variations in grief reactions and its asso- ciation with professional and social support among bereaved family members after a close person’s death from sudden CA.

Methods: This longitudinal multimethod survey included 69 bereaved family members who completed a questionnaire 6 and 12-months after the CA, including the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Qualitative data were collected by open-ended questions. Quantitative data was analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and linear regression analysis while written comments were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Results: The median age was 62 years, 67 % were women, and 38 % had been present during the resuscitation attempts. Using the cut-off scores at the 6- and 12-month assessments respectively, 14 % and 17 % reported symptoms of prolonged grief, 32 % and 26 % symptoms of anxiety, 14 % and 9 % depression, and 4 % and 1 % posttraumatic stress. Professional and social support at the 6-month assessment were significantly associ- ated with symptoms of prolonged grief, anxiety, depression, and/or posttraumatic stress at the 12-month assessments but could not predict any changes in the grief reactions.

The use and application of intensive care unit diaries: An instrumental multiple case study

Maria Johansson, Ingrid Wåhlin, Lennart Magnusson, Elizabeth Hanson (2024)

Abstract
Aims and objectives
The study aim was to explore the use of an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) diary within four different ICUs units in Sweden and thereby contribute to practice guidelines regarding the structure, content and use of an ICU diary.
Background
ICU diaries are used to aid psychological recovery among critical care patients, but differences remain in diary writing both within and across countries. Few studies have focused on the combined views and experiences of ICU patients, family members and nursing staff about the use of ICU diaries.
Design
An instrumental multiple case study design was employed.
Methods
Three focus groups interviews were carried out with 8 former patients and their family members (n = 5) from the research settings. Individual interviews were carried out with 2 patients, a family member and a nurse respectively. Observations, field notes, documentary analysis and conversations with nursing staff were also conducted. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) was followed.
Results
The qualitative findings firstly consisted of a matrix and descriptive text of the four ICU contexts
and current practices. This highlighted that there were similarities regarding the aims and objectives of the diaries. However, differences existed across the case study sites about how the ICU diary was developed and implemented. Namely, the use of photographs and when to commence a diary. Second, a thematic analysis of the qualitative data regarding patients’ and family members’ use of the ICU diary, resulted in four themes: i) the diary was used to take in and fully understand the situation; ii) the diary was an opportunity to assimilate warm, personalised and human care; iii) the diary was used to manage existential issues; and iv) the diary was a tool in daily activities.
Conclusions
Analysis of the instrumental case study data led to the identification of core areas for inclusion in ICU diary practice guidelines. Introduction

Uppföljning av anhörigperspektivet och stöd till anhöriga Ett förslag på uppföljningsområden och mått

Socialstyrelsen (2023)

Socialstyrelsen har regeringens uppdrag att presentera ett förslag som möjliggör en kontinuerlig nationell uppföljning av anhörigperspektivet inom hälso- och sjukvården och omsorgen samt av det stöd som kommuner och regioner erbjuder anhöriga. Uppdraget handlar om att analysera möjligheterna att inhämta resultat på nationell nivå i syfte att följa anhörigperspektivet och stödet till anhöriga samt att ge förslag på mått anpassade för att kunna följa dessa områden. I denna rapport presenteras förslag på uppföljningsområden hämtade ur den nationella anhörigstrategin samt förslag på mått, nyckeltal och indikatorer.

Anhörigas erfarenheter av anhörigperspektivet i mötet med anhörigkonsulenter och andra professionella

Pia Nilsson, Cristina Joy Torgé, Magnus Jegermalm (2024)
 
År 2022 antog regeringen Sveriges första nationella anhörigstrategi, där sägs att vården och omsorgen som ges till den närstående ska ske med ett anhörigperspektiv. Anhörigas insatser till den närstående ska beaktas, och uppmärksammas, deras kunskaper, behov av delaktighet och information ska tillvaratas. Syftet i den här artikeln var att beskriva och analysera anhörigas egna erfarenheter av ett anhörigperspektiv i mötet med professionen och vad som bidrar till att göra anhörigskapet hanterbart. Datainsamlingen skedde genom en kvalitativ design med 18 semistrukturella intervjuer med anhöriga till personer med långvarig sjukdom eller funktionsnedsättning. Fem teman framkom som handlar om i vilken utsträckning anhörigas möte med professionella kan bidra till ett mer hanterbart anhörigskap; professionens bemötande av anhöriga, mötet med anhörigkonsulenten, anhörigas delaktighet, få hjälp genom systemet och lättillgänglig och kontinuerlig kontakt och information. Slutsatsen är att ju mindre anhöriga blir bemötta enligt de nämnda temana desto större är risken för att en krissituation och ett svårhanterbart anhörigskap ska uppstå. Omvänt gäller om anhöriga upplever att de blir väl bemötta utifrån temana så blir anhörigskapet mer begripligt och hanterbart. Anhörigperspektivet är en process av kognitivt och kommunikativt arbete som i anhörigas möte med professionen skapar begriplighet och som kan bidra till eller motverka ett hanterbart anhörigskap.

Anhörigas vardag och möte med anhörigstöd

Lina Palmqvist, Margareta Carlén (2022)

Denna rapport har tillkommit för att få en förståelse för hur anhörigstöd bedrivs i
Sjuhäradskommunerna och hur anhörigas situation ser ut. Vi har tagit del av både anhörigasoch anhörigkonsulenternas perspektiv för att belysa anhörigfrågan. Studien är finansierad av
FoU Sjuhärad Välfärd som är ett kompetenscentrum för forskning och utveckling inom
kommunernas välfärdsområden. Ägarparter är Högskolan i Borås, Borås Stad samt
kommunerna Bollebygd, Herrljunga, Mark, Svenljunga, Tranemo, Ulricehamn och Vårgårda.
FoU Sjuhärad vill bidra med kunskap som skapar värde för de som bor i Sjuhäradskommunerna och för de som arbetar inom välfärdsområdet. Vår förhoppning är att rapporten
ger ett sådant bidrag men också att kunskapen sprids och är till nytta för policyskapare,
politiker och tjänstemän med intresse för anhörigas situation och anhörigstöd, i andra
kommuner och/eller på andra myndigheter.

Föräldrarkraften : med kraft att finnas för ditt barn med neuropsykiatrisk funktionsvariation

Nathalie Hult (2023)

Föräldrarkraften är en informativ bok som är oumbärlig för föräldrar till barn med neuropsykiatriska funktionsvariationer. Författaren förklarar olika diagnoser, vad de innebär och vilka problem som är relaterade till dem.Boken är ett stöd för dig som är förälder och som tvivlar på om du som förälder räcker till och gör rätt. Den kommer hjälpa dig förstå varför du handlar och agerar som du gör samt öka förståelsen för ditt barn.Boken innehåller olika fallbeskrivningar där barn och föräldrar kommer till tals och berättar om sina erfarenheter. Du får också råd och verktyg kring hur du som förälder kan agera och tänka för att stödja ditt barn. Nathalie Hult är legitimerad psykolog och har flerårig erfarenhet inom barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin.

Sociala uppväxtvillkor för barn som är anhöriga till föräldrar med cancer eller psykisk sjukdom/missbruk. Barn som anhöriga 2023:2

Anders Hjern (2023)

Rapport 9 från projektet ”Barn som anhöriga”, CHESS,
Institutionen för Medicin Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Lnu, Nka

Detta är den nionde rapporten i projektet ”Barn som anhöriga”, som genomförs av CHESS och Institutionen för Medicin Solna, Karolinska Institutet, i samarbete med Nationellt kompetenscentrum anhöriga (Nka) och Linnéuniversitetet i Kalmar. Rapportens syfte är att belysa de sociala livsvillkoren avseende ekonomi och familj för barn som växer upp med föräldrar som drabbas av fysisk eller psykisk sjukdom eller har missbruksproblem.

Preventive interventions for children of parents with depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder: A quasi-experimental clinical trial

Wirehag Nordh, E.-L., Grip, K., Thorvaldsson, V., Priebe, G., Afzelius, M., Axberg, U. (2023)

Aim

To investigate the effectiveness of preventive interventions for 8–17-year-old children of patients diagnosed with depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder.

Methods

Sixty-two families including 89 children received either the more extensive Family Talk Intervention (FTI; n = 35), the brief Let's Talk about Children (LTC; n = 16), or Interventions as Usual (IAU; n = 38) in routine care in adult psychiatry. Parent-rated questionnaire data were collected at baseline, after 6 and 12 months. We used growth curve models to investigate the effect of intervention on child mental health problems (SDQ-P Total Difficulties) and perceived parental control of child behaviour (PLOC-PPC).

Results

Parents in the FTI and LTC groups, versus the IAU group, reported more favourable development in terms of preventing increase in child mental health problems with standardised intervention effects of d = −0.86 and −0.88 respectively, by study end, and reported improved perceived parental control, d = 1.08 and 0.71, respectively, by study end. No significant differences in effect were found when FTI and LTC were compared.

Conclusions

The results support continued use of FTI and LTC in adult psychiatry, and since LTC is a brief intervention, it might be useful as a minimum-level preventive intervention.

Mental health in children of parents being treated by specialised psychiatric services

Nordh, E.-L. Wirehag., Priebe, G., Grip, K., Afzelius, M., & Axberg (2022)

Background:

One in ten children have a parent diagnosed with a mental illness by specialised psychiatric services. Severe parental mental illness is a well-established risk factor for children’s mental health problems, making the identification and support of these children a public health concern. This study investigated the mental health and family context of children of parents diagnosed with depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder in this clinical setting.

Methods:

Parental reports on 87 children aged 8–17 years were analysed. The children’s mental health was compared with that of a Swedish population-based sample. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate associations between child mental health and child gender, child age, parent symptoms and social status, family functioning, and perceived parental control. Furthermore, a cumulative risk index explored the effect of multiple risk factors on child mental health.

Results:

The children reportedly had significantly more mental health problems than did the population-based sample and about one-third had scores above the clinical cut-off. A significant multiple linear regression explained 49% of the variance in child mental health, with lower perceived parental control and younger child age being associated with more child mental health problems. With more reported risk factors, children reportedly had more mental health problems.

Conclusions:

The results underline the importance of identifying a patient’s children and assessing multiple relevant risk factors in the child’s life. Furthermore, the results indicate that the needs of younger children and of patients in their parenting role are important to address.

Mamma, kommer du att glömma oss nu?

Ulrika Harmsen, Sofia Edgren (2023)

Ulrika Harmsen var strax över 40, hade man och tre barn och arbetade som speciallärare när hon ramlade olyckligt på jobbet. Fallskadan orsakade en hjärntrötthet som inte ville gå över. Läkarna var förbryllade och utredning efter utredning gjordes utan att man förstod vad det var för fel. Under tiden var Ulrika sjukskriven och tvingades inreda ett tyst rum hemma där hon kunde återhämta sig efter aktiviteter som tidigare hört till vardagen, som att åka och handla eller hämta barnen i skolan. Men den 15 april 2020 kom beskedet hon aldrig hade väntat sig att få höra: Du har drabbats av Alzheimers sjukdom.

Allt blev svart den dagen och Ulrika sögs in i ett mörker av depression. Fanns det ens någon mening att leva vidare när hon ändå skulle dö, förr snarare än senare? Och samtidigt hade hon en familj och tre fina döttrar som älskade och behövde henne. För dem ville hon kämpa vidare. Men hur får man tillbaka livsglädjen när man vet att sjukdomen bryter ner en och gradvis gör en sämre för varje dag?

 

Ulrika Harmsen berättar öppet och ärligt om hur det är att få diagnosen alzheimer i ung ålder, om att tvingas berätta det värsta för sina barn och om att hitta redskap i vardagen för att hantera sjukdomen. Det här är historien om att få en dödsdom, men också om att hitta lusten att leva igen.

Möten med anhöriga – ett samtalsstöd i särskilt boende

Svenskt Demenscentrum (2023)
 
Text: Ann-Christin Kärrman, Svenskt Demenscentrum
 
Att flytta in på ett särskilt boende är ofta omvälvande, även för de anhöriga. De behöver därför få känna sig delaktiga i vården i sin närståendes nya hem. På så sätt kan anhöriga även bli en resurs i den personcentrerade omsorgen.
 
Mötet med anhöriga – ett samtalsstöd i särskilt boende beskriver hur en god kommunikation med anhöriga kan se ut, från att deras närstående flyttar in till dess att de avlider. Skriften fungerar som ett samtalsstöd och vänder sig främst till kontaktmän, sjuksköterskor och chefer i särskilt boende.

Adolescent Young Carers Who Provide Help and Support to Friends

Brolin, R. Hanson, E. Magnusson, L. Lewis, F. Parkhouse, T. Hlebec, V. Santini, S. Hoefman, R. Leu, A. Becker, S. (2023)

Prior studies emphasize the value of friends' support for children/adolescents who have a disability or suffer from mental ill-health or a long-term illness. However, few studies have explored how a caring role affects those young friend carers themselves. This paper addresses a gap in the research by focusing on this hitherto neglected group of young carers to explore the impact of providing care to friends. An online survey was employed for a cross-national study conducted in 2018-2019 in Sweden, Italy, Slovenia, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom to examine the incidence of adolescent young friend carers, the extent of care they provide, and their self-reported health, well-being, and school situation. The survey was completed by 7146 adolescents, aged 15-17, and 1121 of them provided care to a friend with a health-related condition, most frequently mental ill-health. They carried out high levels of caring activities, and a quarter of them also provided care to a family member. They experienced both positive and negative aspects of caring. Nevertheless, in comparison with adolescents who provided care to family members, they reported more health problems, with a dominance of mental ill-health, and they received lower levels of support. Since adolescent friends play a valuable role for young people with health-related conditions, especially mental ill-health, it is important to find ways of optimizing their caring experiences in order that those adolescents who choose to care for a friend can do so without it having a negative impact on their own mental health, well-being, and life situation.

Undocumented adult migrants in Sweden: mental health and associated factors

Andersson Lena M. C, Hjern Anders, Ascher Henry (2018)

Abstract

Background: Undocumented migrants (UMs) in Europe constitute a heterogeneous group. They are typically in a vulnerable and marginalised situation, since most of them have exhausted their options for gaining asylum and protection from war and persecution, many are traumatised and fear disclosure and deportation, and they typically lack basic social security. The present study investigates living conditions, access to human rights and mental health of UMs living in Sweden.

Methods: A cross-sectional study with adult UMs was performed in the three largest cities in Sweden in 2014-2016. Sampling was done via informal networks. A socioeconomic questionnaire was constructed, and psychiatric symptoms were screened for using Beck's Depression Inventory II, Beck's Anxiety Inventory and the PTSD Checklist (PCL) for civilians. Trained field workers conducted the interviews. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and logistic regression models were used.

Results: A total number of 104 individuals participated. Preliminary findings show that 68% of respondents were suffering from either moderate or severe anxiety, 71% from either moderate or severe depression and 58% from PTSD. No statistically significant gender differences occurred, but age was statistically significant in relation to anxiety and depression. The majority feared returning to their country of origin, for political reasons, due to war in progress there and/or because they belonged to a minority and feared harassment. Almost all had an unstable housing situation and were often forced to move. Fifty-seven percent experienced food insecurity.

Conclusion: The psychosocial situation among UMs in Sweden, in addition to insecure living conditions without a guarantee of basic needs being met is stressful, and many UMs live in constant fear of disclosure and deportation, all of which has a detrimental effect of the mental health. It is important to understand both associated risk factors for ill-health and coping strategies in this vulnerable population in order try to reduce ongoing stress.

Risk of childhood psychiatric disorders in children of refugee parents with post-traumatic stress disorder: a nationwide, register-based, cohort study

Maj Back Nielsen, Jessica Carlsson, Martin Køster Rimvall, Jørgen Holm Petersen, Marie Norredam (2019)

Background Children of refugees are often exposed to the consequences of parental post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), potentially leaving them vulnerable to intergenerational transmission of psychopathology. The present study aimed to determine whether parental PTSD is associated with childhood psychiatric morbidity among children of refugees.
Methods This study is a two-generation nationwide cohort study using the Danish Immigration Services database. We followed up children younger than 18 years with at least one refugee parent until psychiatric contact, end of the study, their 18th birthday, emigration, or death. We excluded children if their parents were diagnosed only with psychiatric diagnoses other than PTSD or if they had received a psychiatric contact before parental PTSD diagnosis.
Information on parental PTSD and offspring psychiatric morbidity was obtained from the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to assess the risk of psychiatric contacts among children of refugees with PTSD compared with children of refugees with no psychiatric diagnosis.
Findings Between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec 31, 2015, 102010 refugees obtained residency permission in Denmark and 62 239 biological children of refugees were born in Denmark before Dec 31, 2015. 51793 were eligible and included in the study (median follow-up 7·15 years [IQR 3·37–11·78]); of these, 1307 (2·5%) children had a psychiatric contact. 7486 (14·5%) children of refugees were exposed to parental PTSD. Parental PTSD significantly increased the risk of
psychiatric contact in offspring (hazard ratio 1·49 [95% CI 1·17–1·89] for paternal PTSD, p=0·0011; 1·55 [1·20–2·01] for maternal PTSD, p=0·00084) after adjustment for sociodemographic variables.

Whether Disabled Parents Receive Personal Assistance for Parenting and the Consequences for Children-An Interview Study

Ulrika Järkestig Berggren, Ann-Sofie Bergman (2022)

Personal assistance, since its implementation in 1993, has been shown to provide support for persons with severe functional disabilities in their everyday life, ensuring inclusion in societal roles such as working life. Personal assistance (PA) may also provide support in parenting; however, with the right to PA becoming increasingly questioned in Sweden, parents with disabilities have varying experiences of receiving support for their role as parents. Experiences also differ in regard to how access to a personal assistant is important to their child's daily life. The aim of this article is to shed light on the meaning of PA for parents and children in everyday life, especially when PA is reduced or even withdrawn. Eleven parents who have had or presently have PA were interviewed. The results show that parents describe that PA help them to fullfil their parental roles although the support could be more flexible to the needs of parents and their children. In situations when PA has been denied, children are negatively impacted and some children act by taking on responsibilities for the care of their parent. In conclusion; childrens' perspective of their family life needs to be taken in consideration when assessing the rights to PA.

Children´s experiences of the role of the other parent when one parent has addiction problems

Karin Alexanderson, Elisabet Näsman (2017)

This paper concerns children's and young people's accounts about the situation when one parent is misusing substances but the other parent is not. Earlier research on the other parent is scarce and fragmented. The aim of the paper is to discuss the role of the other parent from a child perspective. The results are based on qualitative analysis of interviews with 23 children who had one parent who misused substances while the other parent, according to public knowledge, did not. The main finding is that the other parent is a source of support, help and protection to some children, but difficulties may reduce the other parent's ability to protect the children. Moreover, the challenges differ in the situations before and after the parents' separation. The conclusion underlines the importance of taking a family perspective, working with the whole family and seeking solutions that take into account all persons of importance to the children's welfare. It cannot be taken for granted that the other parent is able to protect the children. A careful assessment of the children's living conditions is warranted and that assessment should include listening to the children.

Saknar dig! – Till dig som har förlorat ett syskon i cancer

Barncancerfonden (2024)

Detta informationsmaterial uppdaterades i maj 2024.
Materialet är framtaget i samarbete med Malin Lövgren

 

Den här skriften ingår i Barncancerfondens skriftserie där vi tar upp olika typer av barncancer, behandlingar och annat som berör barn med cancer och deras familjer. Tanken med skriften är att ge stöd till dig som förlorat en bror eller syster i cancer.

Children and adolescents with parental mental illness (CAPRI): Prevalence, physical health, and social outcomes

Nevriana, Alicia (2022)

Children and adolescents whose parents have mental illness (CAPRI) are a potentially vulnerable group. Previous studies showed that they are more likely to experience adverse mental health and social outcomes. However, studies investigating their physical health outcomes are scarce. Additionally, reliable estimates on the size of this group and their living conditions in contemporary Sweden is lacking. My thesis aimed to establish the prevalence of CAPRI in Sweden and to deepen our understanding of their physical health and living conditions. Five individual studies were conducted using linkage from various Swedish national registers. One of the studies was also conducted using data from English registers

Children and Adolescents with Parental Mental Illness (CAPRI) – Prevalence, Physical Health, and Social Outcomes

Alicia Nevriana (2022)

Children and adolescents whose parents have mental illness (CAPRI) are a potentially vulnerable group. Previous studies showed that they are more likely to experience adverse mental health and social outcomes. However, studies investigating their physical health outcomes are scarce. Additionally, reliable estimates on the size of this group and their living conditions in contemporary Sweden is lacking. My thesis aimed to establish the prevalence of CAPRI in Sweden and to deepen our understanding of their physical health and living conditions. Five individual studies were conducted using linkage from various Swedish national registers. One of the studies was also conducted using data from English registers.

To mourn and resist stigma: Narration, meaning-making and self-formation after a parent’s suicide

Silvén Hagström, Anneli (2016)

Grief following a parent’s suicide has been called ‘the silent grief’: due to a prevailing stigma connected to suicide as a mode of death, the parent cannot be talked about. This silenced or distorted communication complicates grieving youths’ meaning reconstruction centred on the question of why the parent committed suicide – a question inevitably linked to queries of who the deceased parent was, and that ultimately triggers thoughts about who oneself has become in the light of this experience. Previous research has emphasized how vulnerable parentally suicide-bereaved youths are by categorizing them as ‘at risk group’ of social and psychological problems and even suicide. However, there is scant knowledge about how these young mourners perceive and manage their own grief and need for social support – knowledge that is essential from a professional perspective. The aim of this thesis is to use a narrative research approach to investigate what and how young mourners tell of their experiences in a variety of social contexts: research interviews, a theatre play and two chat contexts on the Internet. Since they actively seek to achieve something through their communication with others, mourning youths are seen as storytellers and social actors, rather than passive victims of circumstance. This thesis shows how these young mourners search for a context outside of their immediate daily networks where they can normalize and liberate themselves and their deceased parent from stigmatizing discourses. The possibility of narrating experiences in a de-stigmatizing context supports a renegotiation of how to make sense of the suicide – from a voluntary and selfish act, to an involuntary and desperate act caused by adverse life situations or ‘unbearable pain’ and depression. This knowledge is applicable to encounters with parentally suicide-bereaved youths in a professional context, such as social work practice.

Willingness-to-pay for reductions in care need: estimating the value of informal care in Alzheimer's disease.

Gustavsson, A., Jönsson, L., McShane, R., Boada, M., Wimo, A., & Zbrozek, A. S. (2010)

OBJECTIVE:
To estimate the value of informal care in Alzheimer's disease using contingent valuation.
METHODS:
A questionnaire was administered to 517 primary carers in four countries (UK, Spain, Sweden, and US). Dichotomous choice and bidding game methods were used to elicit their willingness to pay for a reduction in care burden by 1 h per day, or a total elimination of care needs. Further, the relationship between carer willingness to pay and carer and patient characteristics including disease severity and income was examined.
RESULTS:
Carers spend on average about 7-9 h per day on giving care to their patient, of which 4-5 h constituted basic and instrumental ADL tasks. For a 1 h reduction in need for care per day, carers in the UK, Spain, Sweden, and US said that they were willing to pay pound105, pound121, pound59, and pound144 per month respectively. The willingness to pay was higher for carers with higher disposable income while the influence of other determinants varied across countries. About one-third of carers were not willing to pay anything for a reduction in care.
CONCLUSIONS:
Carers' stated willingness to pay for reductions in care giving time is substantial and comparable to the prices currently paid for treatments that achieve this benefit. Its determinants seem more directly related to carer status than directly to patient status and may vary by region and by cultural and sociologic factors.

Villkor och förutsättningar för delaktighet, kommunikation och lärande i gymnasieskolan

Ahlberg A, Möllås G, Nordevall E. (2010)

I det svenska samhället går de flesta barn och ungdomar i skolan under hela
sin uppväxttid och så gott som alla grundskolans elever (ca 99%) påbörjar
studier i gymnasieskolan. Detta leder till att den frivilliga skolformen, i likhet
med det obligatoriska skolväsendet, ställs inför uppgiften att möta hela
variationen av elevers behov och förutsättningar. Alltför många gymnasieelever
når idag inte fram till ett slutbetyg och grundläggande behörighet för
vidare studier (Skolverket, 2009). Elever byter program eller hoppar av från
utbildningen (Skolverket, 2008b; 2009). Gymnasieskolan har således en rad
hinder att forcera för att nå målet om att vara en skola som inkluderar alla
elever. Utvecklingsarbete och forskning om särskilt stöd i gymnasieskolan
är eftersatt (Skolverket, 2008a). Det saknas kunskap om orsakerna till de
otillfredsställande resultaten, såväl som kunskap om det stöd som ger resultat.
Det är samhällets angelägenhet att gymnasieskolan fungerar som en
skolform för alla ungdomar. Inte enbart med tanke på elevernas skolsituation,
utan också för att skolmiljön kan vara avgörande för deras kommande
livssituation.

Vingklippt ängel

Berny Pålsson (2005)

I denna sjävbiografiska boken berättar Berny om sin uppväxt med en alkoholiserad pappa och de psykiska problem hon själv drabbades av. Man får följa hennes liv på olika behandlingshem och sjukhus och hennes kamp för att bli frisk.

Vissa psykiatrifrågor m.m.

Regeringens proposition 2008/09:193 (2008)

I propositionen föreslås ändringar i hälso- och sjukvårdslagen (1982:763,
HSL), i lagen (1998:531) om yrkesverksamhet på hälso- och sjukvårdens
område (LYHS) och i socialtjänstlagen (2001:453, SoL). Hälso- och
sjukvården och dess personal får genom ändringarna i HSL och LYHS en
skyldighet att särskilt beakta barns behov av information, råd och stöd,
bl.a. om barnets förälder eller någon annan vuxen som barnet varaktigt
bor tillsammans med har t.ex. en psykisk sjukdom eller en allvarlig
fysisk sjukdom. Vidare föreslås att kommuners och landstings skyldigheter
i fråga om gemensam individuell planering och gemensamma
överenskommelser om samarbete regleras i såväl SoL som HSL. Lagförslagen
föreslås träda i kraft den 1 januari 2010.

Women's views of caring for family members

Salin, S. and P. Åstedt-Kurki (2007)

The purpose of this study was to describe the life situation of informal caregivers who regularly use respite services when caring for their older relative. The sample consisted of 17 wife and daughter caregivers who frequently relied on respite care to support coping at home. Data were analyzed by inductive content analysis. Spousal caregivers in a warm, loving relationship or who longed for their lost relationship with a husband experiencing a memory disorder did not identify themselves as informal caregivers, but principally as wives. Periods of respite invoked feelings of emptiness; on the other hand, they offered an opportunity for these caregivers to take care of their own health. The younger spouses also felt it was a relief to have time for their own interests. Caregivers who felt that being with the care recipient was an obligation described their relationship as mainly caregiving. In relationships focusing on organizing the daily routines, caregivers welcomed respite as a relief but experienced unexpected feelings of guilt. Those who felt imprisoned by the care recipient relied on respite to help them cope with a burdensome relationship, while waiting for their loved one's transfer into permanent institutional care. The results of the study challenge health care professionals to commit themselves to family-centered work, in which knowing the family's history and current life situation is key to providing high-quality services.

Words and gestures: infants’ interpretations of different forms of symbolic reference

Namy, L. L., & Waxman, S. R. (1998)

In 3 experiments, we examine the relation between language acquisition and other symbolic abilities in the
early stages of language acquisition. We introduce 18- and 26-month-olds to object categories (eg, fruit, vehicles)
using a novel word or a novel symbolic gesture to name the objects. We compare the influence of these
two symbolic forms on infants' object categorization. Children at both ages interpreted novel words as names
for object categories. However, infants' interpretations of gestures changed over development. At 18 months,
infants spontaneously interpreted gestures, like words, as names for object categories; at 26 months, infants
spontaneously interpreted words but not gestures as names. The older infants succeeded in interpreting novel
gestures as names only when given additional practice with the gestural medium. This clear developmental
pattern supports the prediction that an initial general ability to learn symbols (both words and gestures) develops
into a more focused tendency to use words as the predominant symbolic form.

Informal care provision among male and female working carers: Findings from a Swedish national survey

Vicente Joana, McKee Kevin J., Magnusson Lennart, Johansson Pauline (2022)
Abstract 

Introduction

Informal carers in paid employment–working carers (WKCs)—have complex support needs. However, little is known about WKCs’ pattern of informal care provision, the support they receive, the impact providing care has on their employment, and how these vary between male and female WKCs. This study describes the pattern of informal care provision and received support among Swedish WKCs.

Research method/Design

The study was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of a stratified random sample of the Swedish population aged 18 or over. The questionnaire addressed the type and extent of informal care provided, support received and the impact of care provision on employment. Of the 30,009 people who received the questionnaire, 11,168 (37.3%) responded, providing an analytic sample of 818 (7.32% of respondents) employed or self-employed informal carers.

Findings

A typical Swedish WKC was a middle-aged female, providing weekly or daily care to a non-cohabitant parent, who experiences care as sometimes demanding and receives no formal support as a carer. Female WKCs were more likely than males to care alone and with higher intensity, to report a need for help in meeting their care-recipient’s needs, and to experience care as demanding. Approximately 17% of WKCs reported their employment had been affected due to caring, 40% their ability to work, and 31% their career development opportunities. Female WKCs’ ability to work was affected more than males’, and they were more commonly prevented from applying for work.

Conclusion

Swedish female WKCs compared to males provide more hours of informal care, across more care domains, more often alone. This places them in a challenging situation when combining paid work and care. Greater recognition of the challenges faced by WKCs is required in Sweden and other countries, as are policies to reduce gender inequalities in informal care provision in this group.

Positive and Negative Impacts of Caring among Adolescents Caring for Grandparents. Results from an Online Survey in Six European Countries and Implications for Future Research, Policy and Practice

Sara Santini, Marco Socci, Barbara D’Amen, ....Rosita Brolin, Lennart Magnusson, Elizabeth Hanson (2020)

Abstract: Although up to 8% of European youngsters carry out high-intensity care for a family member, adolescent young carers (AYCs), especially those caring for their grandparents (GrPs), remain an under-researched group. This study aimed at addressing the current knowledge gap by carrying out an online survey in Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The analysis included a final sample of 817 AYCs aged 15–17 years old. AYCs of grandparents (GrPs) were compared to AYCs of other care recipients (OCRs), in order to identify any di erence in positive and negative caregiving outcomes and exposure factors between the two groups. Linear or logistic regression models were built, and multivariate analyses were repeated, including a fixed e ect on the country variable. AYCs of GrPs experienced more positive caregiving outcomes than AYCs of OCRs across all six countries. Being female or non-binary, and having a migration background, were associated with more negative outcomes, regardless of the relationship with the care recipient.Further research on intergenerational caregiving outcomes is recommended for shaping measures and policies, which preserve the intergenerational emotional bonds, whilst protecting AYCs from inappropriate responsibilities, undermining their mental health and well-being.

The awareness, visibility and support for young carers across Europe: a Delphi study

Henk Herman Nap, Renske Hoefman , Nynke de Jong, Lieke Lovink, Ludo Glimmerveen, Feylyn Lewis, Sara Santini, Barbara D’Amen, Marco Socci, Licia Boccaletti, Giulia Casu, Alessandra Manattini, Rosita Brolin, Karina Sirk, Valentina Hlebec, Tatjana Rakar, Tjasa Hudobivnik, Agnes Leu, Fabian Berger, Lennart Magnusson, Elizabeth Hanson (2020)

Abstract
Background: Across Europe, young carers (YCs) and their need for support receive limited attention in the media, policy and empirical research, even though, similar to adult carers, they also provide care to ill family members. The Delphi study, a qualitative research methodology, which provides the focus for this article, had the overall aim of exploring existing successful strategies to support YCs. Compared to YCs, even less is known about adolescent young carers (AYCs), a group that is in a critical life transition phase. The study forms part of an EU Horizon 2020 funded research project on AYCs aged 15–17 years old.
Methods: A two-round Delphi study was conducted with 66 experts on YCs from 10 European countries. Topics included: (i) visibility and awareness-raising of YCs at local, regional, and national levels, (ii) current interventions tosupport YCs, and (iii) future strategies to support YCs.
Results: Experts reported a lack of visibility and awareness about YCs in general, and AYCs in particular. Although awareness is slowly increasing in most countries, with the UK ranked highest, experts acknowledged that it remainschallenging to identify YCs in many countries. Furthermore, the level and type of support available for YCs differs, with most countries mainly offering support on a local level. Diverse views were expressed regarding future strategies to support YCs. Experts highlighted the importance of specific legislation to formalise the rights of YCs, and the issue of whether young people should be safeguarded from caregiving or if this should be considered part of regular family life. They also emphasised the relevance of available integrated support services for YCs, including schools, family, health and social care.
Conclusions: In most European countries, there is a lack of awareness and visibility on YCs. Identification of YCs is a crucial first step and there is need for a common definition of YCs, together with greater opportunities for young adults to identify themselves as YCs.

I den bästa av världar

Lena Nylander, Mats Jansson (2022)

Boken vänder sig huvudsakligen till personal inom gruppbostäder för vuxna med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning och autism; till enhetschefer, stöd- och omsorgspedagoger, LSS-handläggare och politiker, men jag tror att flera av delarna i boken också kan läsas med stor behållning av anhöriga. 

Promoting Mental Health and Well-Being Among Adolescent Young Carers in Europe: A Cross-National Randomized Controlled Trial Study

Valentina Hlebec, Irena Bolko, Giulia Casu, Lennart Magnusson, Licia Boccaletti, Renske Hoefman, Alice De Boer, Feylyn Lewis, Agnes Leu, Francesco Barbabella, Rosita Brolin, Sara Santini, Marco Socci, Barbara D’Amen, Daniel Phelps, Tamara Bouwman, Nynke de Jong, Elena Alder, Vicky Morgan, Tatjana Rakar, Saul Becker, Elizabeth Hanson (2024)

Background/Objectives: This cross-national study focuses on adolescents who provide care and support to family members or significant others. Current evidence regarding their mental health and solutions to strengthen it is limited and mostly available in a few countries. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of a primary prevention intervention for improving the mental health and well-being of adolescent young carers (AYCs) aged 15–17 years in six European countries. The intervention was based on a psychoeducational program and tools adapted from the Discoverer, Noticer, Advisor, and Values (DNA-V) model. Methods: We designed a randomized controlled trial with 217 AYCs participating in the study, either in the intervention or control group. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected via questionnaires at baseline, post-intervention, and a 3-month follow up. Results: The results were mixed, as positive improvements in primary (i.e., psychological well-being and skills) and secondary (school/training/work functioning) outcomes were shown by the experimental group but, in most cases, they were not statistically significant. The qualitative data supported positive claims about the intervention and its appropriateness for AYCs. Conclusions: The study implementation during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic forced the consortium to adapt the design and may have influenced the results. More long-term studies are needed to assess similar mental health programs with this hard-to-reach target group.

Keeping the older population and their informal carers healthy and independent using digital technology: a discourse analysis of local policy

Nilsson Maria, Andersson Stefan, Magnusson Lennart, Hanson Elizabeth (2024)

The general discourse in health and social care policy purports digital technology as necessary to meet growing demands for long-term care and health care as a result of an ageing population. This needs critical investigation since public policy influences people's health and wellbeing. This study aims to interrogate critically what we call the ‘digital technology solution’ discourse in local Swedish health and social care policies. The main concern of our analysis is the discursive constructions of older people and their informal carers and how the concept of health is constructed. A discourse analysis was conducted of 61 local policy documents using the ‘What's the Problem Represented to Be’ method. Our analysis revealed that so-called ‘e-health strategies’ were rarely concerned with health. Health was often referred to as an activity and seen as a means to achieve independence among older people. The norm advocated independence, with the responsibility placed upon the older person, supported by digital technology. Informal carers were constructed as a resource within an older person's environment and largely taken for granted. We argue that the digital solution discourse ignores older people's agency and capacities as contributors to society, not least with regards to being providers of informal care

Sweden

Aldman Linnéa, Sennemark Eva, Hanson Elizabeth (2024)

Informal carers are an integral part of care provision in Sweden, with approximately one in five people providing regular help to a family member or friend. Indeed, carers provide most of the care for people with health and/or care needs living at home. However, they are also relatively neglected in policy terms, with large variation in the type and extent of support offered across the country. This chapter outlines the carer leave policies available, highlighting that the current policy landscape does not sufficiently address the needs and preferences of working carers. Nevertheless, there is a growing political will to recognise the situation of carers in Sweden, marked by the launch of the first national carers strategy by the previous government in April 2022.

Vuxna med förvärvad traumatisk hjärnskada – omställningsprocesser och konsekvenser i vardagslivet. En studie av femton personers upplevelser och erfarenheter av att leva med förvärvad traumatisk hjärnskada

Strandberg, Thomas (2006)

The overall purpose of this study is to illuminate the changeover process experienced by individuals who as adults acquired a traumatic brain injury (TBI), to increase the knowledge and the understanding of this process, and describe the meaning of support in every day life.Persons who acquired a TBI as adults were administered a semi-structured interview covering six areas: consequences of TBI, family and social networks, working life and occupation, life-changes, support from society and everyday life. The interviews were qualitative and in-depth. A total of 15 informants participated, aged between 19-53 years when injured. Data were structured and underwent two phases of analysis. In the first phase, data underwent latent content analysis, underpinned by a hermeneutic approach, and in the subsequent phase, reanalysed within a framework derived from the theory of social recognition.Findings from the first phase of inductive analysis elicited key themes: (i) the meaning of care, a question of formal and/or informal support; (ii) the meaning of action, a question of activity versus inactivity; (iii) autonomy, a question of dependence versus independence; (iv) social interaction, a question of encounter and/or treatment; (v) the theme of changes, a question of process versus stagnation; and (vi) emotions, an oscillation between hope versus hopelessness. After the construction of the six themes each of them were, through a discursive analysis, connected with theories, earlier studies in the field of brain injuries and important interview quotations from the empirical material. During this phase, an interest developed to study the material from a new theoretical point of view. The second phase of analysis therefore involved the development of a framework derived from Honneth's (1995) theory of social recognition. The central construct of 'recognition' was analysed from three different dimensions proposed by Honneth: the individual dimension, the legal dimension, the value dimension. Using this framework, the data were reanalysed. The scientific term for this process of re-contextualisation and re-description of data is abduction inference.Reported consequences were negative as well as positive. Significant others (e.g. next of kin) had an important function as a driving force for training and preparation for life-situation after injury. A majority of the informants were satisfied with support from society, such as hospital-care, rehabilitation and community support. Such support, initially, proceeded without problems but as time passed, the responsibility shifted to the person with TBI to take the initiative in arranging longer-term services. Long-term support which addresses physical, cognitive as well as psychosocial consequences of the TBI is important for outcomes. The majority of the informants had difficulties in returning to working life after the injury. The outcomes and recovery seemed to be a prolonged process, probably never ending, but which gradually over time becomes integrated as a part of life. The informants gave varying accounts of the extent to which they experienced social recognition.

Våld i hemmet – barns strategier

Överlien, C. (2012)

Genom barnens berättelser får läsaren en bättre förståelse av hur barn upplever våld, liksom av hur barn agerar på olika sätt före, under och efter våldsepisoderna. Deras handlingar har som syfte att påverka situationen, de har ett tydligt mål, och kan därmed förstås som strategier och motstånd.

Läsaren får även ta del av hur barnen upplever skolans, polisens och socialtjänstens sätt att bemöta deras utsatthet.

Fram träder bilden av aktiva och ansvarstagande barn, men också av rädda och ensamma barn som inte känner att samhällets hjälpinstanser finns där för dem och som i brist på vuxna hellre vänder sig till jämnåriga vänner för stöd.

Våld i särskilda boenden för äldre : språk och sociala interaktioner

Sandvide, Å. (2008)

The present thesis aims to study the relationship between the violence that occurs in institutional care for older people and the language employed when this violence and the involved parties are talked and narrated. The thesis has been guided by social constructionism, and violence, victims and perpetrators have been considered as social phenomena constructed in discursive processes.Narrative interviews were conducted with 57 care providers who had been involved in social interactions in which violence occurred. The thesis comprises four studies. Study I is a qualitative description of the interactions. In study II, narrative analysis and positioning theory were used to explore the involved parties' positions. Discourse analysis was employed to investigate discursively created identities (Study III), discursive constructions and how problems related to violence are framed (Study IV).When the care providers described the interactions, they talked about mutual misunderstandings, mutual invasions of personal space and an acceptance of violence in their work. It seemed more reasonable to consider the involved parties as both victims and perpetrators as opposed to one party being exposed and the other perpetrating the violence (I). When the positions of victim and perpetrator were questioned in one care provider's narrative, they appeared to alter from perpetrator to victim to protector throughout the account by use of available discourses. The way of narrating, taking up or resisting the positions offered by the available discourses made it possible to create a preferred identity (II). These discursively created identities can be viewed as a way of defining an undesirable situation, thereby legitimizing the actions taken. The various identities led to consequences and effects such as loss of autonomy, the use of force, humiliation and exclusion. The construction of identities was connected to various beliefs about older persons (III). Beliefs define what actions are possible and legitimate in a certain context as well as forming the basis for the articulation of problems, thus studying such expressions made it possible to explore beliefs. The articulated problems were viewed as a way to create boundaries, indicating certain possible and relevant solutions. When the care providers talked about the interactions, they presented them as being due to a difficult and unavoidable problem related to the illness, caring for the body, competence and profession as well as social order (IV).The discursive struggle, competence, power, powerlessness, resistance, identity constructions, justification and quality of care are reflected upon and discussed. The analysis of the care providers' narratives has made it possible to disclose how discourses concur and compete in order to give meaning to concrete social interactions involving violence. It has also been possible to show how to describe, understand and resist as well as to legitimize and justify the actions performed in relation to such interactions. The narratives opened up possibilities to study practices that are talked about as natural. The things that the care providers narrated about have been regarded as manifestations of discourses. Discourses produce certain versions of the interactions, victims and perpetrators, but it must be borne in mind that these are just a few among many possible versions, which are constantly changing.

Våld mot personer med funktionshinder

Nilsson, Lotta & Westlund, Olle (2007)

Kunskapen om våld mot personer med funktionshinder i Sverige är i dag otillräcklig. Området är relativt outforskat och det saknas en samlad bild av våldet. Brå fick därför regeringens uppdrag att undersöka problemet.

Vår son har schizofreni : familjeröster

Ahnlund M., Rosén I., Lundin L. (1999)

Information till patienter och anhöriga om schizofreni. Boken bygger på personliga intervjuer med 17 föräldrar ur 10 familjer. Den består huvudsakligen av citat ur dessa intervjuer, med våra kommentarer som sammanbindande länkar.

Vårdbidrag och framtida inkomster – De långsiktiga ekonomiska konsekvenserna av att få barn med särskilda behov

Inpektionen för Socialförsäkringen (ISF) (2013)

Studien undersöker hur kvinnor och mäns arbetsutbud, sjukskrivning och ekonomiska situation i övrigt påverkas när de får ett barn med särskilda behov. I undersökningen identifieras dessa barn genom att föräldrarna får vårdbidrag för barnet. Vårdbidraget är ett ekonomiskt stöd till föräldrar vars barn har en funktionsnedsättning eller är långvarigt sjuka och behöver särskild tillsyn och vård i minst sex månader. Antalet mottagare av vårdbidrag har i det närmaste fördubblats sedan mitten av 1990-talet. År 2012 mottog 46 000 föräldrar vårdbidrag.

Vårdmiljö eller lärandemiljö? Om personer med autism inom vuxenpsykiatrin

Mandre, Eve (2002)

Denna avhandling har den tillämpade psykiatrin som sitt forskningsfält och fokuserar på de problem som har samband med vård och behandling av vuxna patienter med autismspektrumstörning.

Avhandlingens syfte är att medverka till att personal inom vuxenpsykiatrin får ökade kunskaper om de svårigheter med kontakt, kommunikation och tänkande som hänger samman med en autismdiagnos. Genom att personalen får en utbildning om patienternas annorlunda psykologiska utveckling kan kunskapen användas för att skapa en individuellt inriktad behandling.

Teorier om barns tidiga sociala inlärning används för att förklara vuxna patienters svårigheter med kontakt, kommunikation och tänkande. Patienter med autism som behandlas inom psykiatrin möta ofta av många förgivet-taganden om vad en vuxen person bör veta och kunna om sociala sammanhang och hur man kommunicerar med sin omgivning och blir ofta missförstådda.

Genom en längre fallbeskrivning visar jag hur en långtidsvårdad rättspsykiatrisk patient blir mer begriplig för sin personal genom att man förstår att han inte haft förmågan att lära sig genom samspel med andra människor och därför varken kunnat tillägna sig accepterade kommunikationssätt eller tankemönster.

Metodiskt använder jag en narrativ kontextuell analys för att sätta in läsaren i de sammanhang där jag genomför en utbildning för psykiatripersonal. I utbildningen, som genomförs på åtta vuxenpsykiatriska avdelningar, använder jag mig av teorier om barns tidiga sociala lärande för att förklara de vuxna patienternas beteenden. Teorier om vuxnas lärande i arbetslivet ligger till grund för utformandet av utbildningarna. Sedan varvas teoretisk kunskap med egen praktisk erfarenhet och reflexion för att beskriva och analysera skeenden på de olika nivåer som leder till att en personalutbildning ger en grupp patienter nya behandlingsmöjligheter.

Den omorientering hos personalen som sker genom utbildningen har i de flesta fallen lett till stora förändringar för patienterna. Flera patienter har fått nya utredningar och diagnoser. Några av dem har kunnat skrivas ut från sluten psykiatrisk vård till kommunala boendeformer - en av dem efter 25 års rättspsykiatrisk vård.

Vårdnad och umgänge m.m.

Proposition (1981/82:168). (1981)

I propositionen föreslås ändringar i de nuvarande reglerna om vårdnad och umgänge. Ett syfte med de nya reglerna är att stärka barnens rättsliga ställning.
Enligt propositionen bör man på olika sätt främja en ökad användning av gemensam vårdnad. Sålunda skall makar efter en skilsmässa kunna fortsätta att gemensamt utöva vårdnaden om sina barn, ulan att domstolen behöver fatta något beslut. En nyhet är också att ogifta föräldrar som bor tillsammans med sina barn skall kunna få gemensam vårdnad genom en enkel anmälan liU pastorsämbetet.
De nya reglerna innebär vidare att föräldrar kan fråntas vårdnaden om ett barn när de gör sig skyldiga till missbruk eller försummelse vid utövandet av vårdnaden eller i övrigt brister i omsorgen om barnet på ett sätt som medför en beslående fara för barnets hälsa eller utveckling. Föräldrarna kan också i undantagsfall fråntas vårdnaden om ett barn som har rotat sig i ett fosterhem, om det är uppenbart bäst för barnet att vårdnaden flyttas över till fosterföräldrarna.
En utgångspunkt för de nya reglerna om umgänge är att barn har behov av goda kontakter även med en förälder som inte är vårdnadshavare. Ansvaret för alt detta umgängesbehov tillgodoses ligger i första hand på vårdnadsha­varen. En nyhet är att barnet har rätt till umgänge även med andra som står barnet särskilt nära.
De nya reglerna föreslås träda i kraft den 1 januari 1983.

Vägar till förbättrad samordning av insatser för barn med funktionsnedsättning

Socialstyrelsen (2017)

Kunskapsstödet presenterar en modell för hur samordning av insatser för barn med funktionsnedsättning kan förbättras av kommuner och landsting. Modellen förväntas öka barns tillgång till fungerande stöd och minska föräldrars arbetsbelastning. Här ges organisatoriska och praktiska framgångsfaktorer i arbetet med att utveckla samordning.

Vägen mot implementering av familjecentrerad omvårdnad

Pusa, Susanna (2019)

Avhandling

Bakgrund. När människor är inkluderade i varandras liv påverkar en förändring av livssituationen hos en person även de övriga personerna som står den nära. Det innebär att när en person drabbas av ohälsa eller sjukdom påverkas även personens familj. Familjens upplevelse av den situation som uppstår i samband med ohälsa kan dessutom negativt påverka familjemedlemmarnas medvetenhet om familjens tillgängliga styrkor och resurser, vilket i sin tur kan påverka familjers kamp för att återfå och bibehålla hälsa. Traditionellt sett har vården fokuserat på att erbjuda stöd på personnivå, och främst då till patienter. De senaste decennierna har dock en tendens uppmärksammats till ökad förståelse för att hela familjen behöver inkluderas i omvårdnaden. Att anamma ett familjecentrerat förhållningssätt – det vill säga, att se och möta familjen som en enhet och som ett system – har visat sig ha flera fördelar utifrån såväl patient- och familje- som sjuksköterskeperspektiv. Detta har medfört en efterfrågan på forskning om hur familjecentrerad omvårdnad kan läras ut och implementeras i den kliniska hälso- och sjukvården. Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen är att belysa erfarenheter av stöd från distriktssköterskor/sjuksköterskor till familjer i ordinärt boende, samt att utvärdera implementering av familjecentrerade samtal.

Vägledning - AKK

Ärnström Ulf, Hanson Elizabeth, Magnusson Lennart, Wilder Jenny, Ljungqvist Anette, Hermansson Marianne, Svensson Paul (2014)

Detta material är en vägledning för samtalsledare i lärande nätverk och i
olika utbildningssituationer om AKK - Alternativ och Kompletterande
Kommunikation för barn och personer med kommunikativa funktionsnedsättningar.
Vägledningen är tänkt att fungera tillsammans med två andra dokument. Det ena är ett inspirationsmaterial benämnt Röster om kommunikation. Det andra dokumentet är en kunskapsöversikt inom området AKK.

Webbupplaga

Välfärd, vård och omsorg

Szebehely, Marta (2000)

Rubriken för denna forskarantologi är Välfärd, vård och omsorg. De åtta uppsatser som ingår i volymen berör alla de offentligt finansierade välfärdstjänsterna inom socialtjänstens och sjukvårdens områden, och de förändringar som dessa system har genomgått under 1990-talet.

Välfärdspolitik och funktionshinder

Sjöberg, Malena (2010)

Den här boken handlar om svensk handikappolitik, som sedan tidigt sjuttiotal är en del av den generella välfärdspolitiken. Det är ganska tyst om handikappfrågorna i dag. De är politiska, men möter inte något stort politiskt eller medialt intresse.
Boken bygger till stora delar på intervjuer med Birgitta Andersson, Barbro Carlsson, Folke Carlsson, Vilhelm Ekensteen, Bengt Lindqvist och Lennart Nolte. De har alla haft ledande positioner i handikapprörelsen och varit med och banat väg för den handikappolitik vi har i dag. Här blickar de tillbaka på det skeende de själva varit med om att utforma och ger sina tankar om varför det blev som det blev. Dessutom invervjuas några forskare om välfärdspolitik och funktionshinder.
Varför har vissa av handikapprörelsens kamper lyckats och andra inte? Varför har samhället gjort ett bra jobb på en del områden, men inte på and ra? Varför står så många fortfarande utanför arbetslivet, fast det har varit en av rörelsens viktigaste frågor i mer än ett halvt sekel? Varför är det så mycket mer intressant att diskutera vad tillgänglighet skulle kosta än att fundera på otillgänglighetens pris i ett modernt samhälle? Och varför ifrågasätts den personliga assistansen ständigt och jämt?

Välkommen till helvetet

Nanna Helsén, Stina Helsén (2020)

Det hade gått så snabbt, så oerhört snabbt. Innan jag ens hade hunnit reflektera över det hade jag tappat de där första kilona. Och all kontroll. Och plötsligt rasade allt.?

Förloppet är hastigt när 15-åriga Nanna insjuknar i anorexi, på bara några veckor rasar hon i vikt och läggs in för akut vård. Hennes tillstånd är livshotande och livet vänds uppochner för hennes familj, föräldrarna ständigt vid hennes sida. Nanna plågas av grav ångest och är helt i sjukdomens våld. Hennes enda fokus är att låta bli att äta, sluta existera.

Hemma är 13-åriga lillasystern Stina ledsen och arg. Det som tidigare var en nära syskonrelation upphör tvärt. Hon får plötsligt mer frihet än hon önskar och kämpar för att ha en vardag när allt handlar om sjukdom. Stina har heller ingen lust att spela den lättsamma dottern precis när det råkar passa föräldrarna.

Nanna och Stina, idag vuxna, berättar öppet och rättframt om ett år med anorexin och ångesten ur sina olika perspektiv. Sjukdomen påverkar i hög grad anhöriga. Välkommen till helvetet är en drabbande skildring av just anorexi, men mycket är aktuellt även för andra typer av psykisk sjukdom.

Systrarna Nanna Helsén, född 1989, och Stina Helsén, född 1991, är uppvuxna i Stockholm. Välkommen till helvetet är deras första bok. Till vardags arbetar Nanna med affärsutveckling och Stina är lärare.

Vänd dig hit! Guide för kommuner och landsting att kartlägga och utveckla sin första linjeverksamhet för psykisk hälsa hos barn och unga

Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting (2012)

På många platser i Sverige saknas en tydlig första linje, den nivå som har i uppgift att
först ta emot barn och ungdomar som mår psykiskt dåligt eller deras familjer – oavsett
om problemet har psykologiska, medicinska, sociala eller pedagogiska orsaker.1
Bland
annat inom ramen för Psynk – psykisk hälsa barn och unga pågår såväl lokalt som nationellt
utvecklingsarbete för att förbättra situationen för barn som söker hjälp för någon
form av psykisk ohälsa eller relaterade problem.
Denna guide ska vara ett stöd för beslutsfattare i kommuner och landsting som vill
kartlägga sin första linje och hitta utvecklingsmöjligheter.
Guiden är indelad i två sektioner. Den första sektionen, Kapitel 1–4, beskriver vad
en första linje är och vad som karakteriserar en bra första linje, samt möjliga sätt att
organisera första linjen. Den andra sektionen, Praktisk del 1 och 2, innehåller praktiskt
stöd som kan hjälpa kommuner och landsting att beskriva sin modell och ger vägledning
kring möjliga sätt att organisera arbetet i framtiden.
Denna guide ingår i en serie publikationer som tas fram inom Psynk. Den kan läsas
fristående, men läses med fördel tillsammans med skrifterna "Rätt insatser på rätt nivå
för barn och ungdomar med psykisk ohälsa – en kunskapssammanställning" 2, "Värdet
av en god uppväxt – Sociala investeringar för framtidens välfärd" 3 samt "Slutrapport
från Modellområdesprojektet 2009–2011" 1. Vidare handledning, inspiration och material
återfinns på projektets hemsida www.skl.se/psynk eller kan fås genom kontakt med
det centrala projektkansliet på Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting i Stockholm.

Variability in perceived burden and health trajectories among older caregivers: a population-based study in Sweden

Mariam Kirvalidze, Giorgi Beridze, Anders Wimo, Lucas Morin, Amaia Calderón-Larrañaga (2023)

Background: The negative effects of informal caregiving are determined by the characteristics of the caregiver-care receiver dyad and the context of care. In this study, we aimed to identify which subgroups of older informal caregivers (1) experience the greatest subjective burden and (2) incur a faster decline in objective health status.

Methods: From a total of 3363 older participants in the Swedish National study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K), we identified 629 informal caregivers (19.2%, mean age 69.9 years). Limitations to life and perceived burden were self-reported, and objective health status was quantified using the comprehensive clinical and functional Health Assessment Tool (HAT) score (range: 0-10). Ordered logistic regressions and linear mixed models were used to estimate the associations between caregiving-related exposures and subjective outcomes (cross-sectionally) and objective health trajectories (over 12 years), respectively.

Results: Having a dual role (providing and receiving care simultaneously), caring for a spouse, living in the same household as the care receiver and spending more hours on caregiving were associated with more limitations and burden. In addition, having a dual role (β=-0.12, 95% CI -0.23 to -0.02) and caring for a spouse (β=-0.08, 95% CI -0.14 to -0.02) were associated with a faster HAT score decline. Being female and having a poor social network were associated with an exacerbation of the health decline.

Conclusions: Both the heterogeneity among caregivers and the related contextual factors should be accounted for by policymakers as well as in future research investigating the health impact of informal caregiving.

Socialt och kurativt arbete med personer med funktionsnedsättning

Thomas Strandberg, Marie Matérne, Camilla Udo (2024)

Socialt arbete med personer med funktionsnedsättning förekommer i form av insatser inom socialtjänst, omsorg, skola, hälso- och sjukvård, habilitering och många verksamheter i civilsamhället.

Socialt och kurativt arbete med personer med funktionsnedsättning innehåller en bredd samtidigt som den bidrar med ett djup för att spegla den komplexitet som professionella möter i socialt arbete. Boken syftar till att ge ett brett perspektiv på det sociala och kurativa arbetet med personer med funktionsnedsättning utifrån ett livsloppsperspektiv.

Boken består av tre delar där den första delen utgår från ett samhällsperspektiv, där etiska och rättsliga aspekter lyfts fram, liksom hälsoaspekter för personer med funktionsnedsättning. Den andra delen utgår från ett individ- och familjeperspektiv med fokus på barnaåren fram till ungdomsåren. Den sista delen berör ung vuxenperiod till åldrandet.

Målgruppen är studenter på socionom-, hälso- och sjukvårdskuratorsprogrammet och på vård- och omsorgsutbildningar, samt yrkesverksamma inom socialt arbete för personer med funktionsnedsättning, till exempel biståndshandläggare, personliga assistenter, skolkuratorer, stödpedagoger, arbetsterapeuter och motsvarande.

Lovis Ansjovis och glömskan

Maria Estling Vannestål, Sanna Hellberg (2017)

Beskriver demens på ett sätt som ett litet barn kan förstå. Lovis Anjovis passar för barn 3-6 år.

Lovis Ansjovis farfar bor på en liten ö i skärgården och har ett hjärta lika stort som havet. Men när han fyller år och hela släkten tar båten ut till ön förstår Lovis att något inte är som vanligt.

De vuxna tycker att farfar har blivit vimsig och på kalaset går det mesta fel. Han säger konstiga saker, tårtan blir en katastrof och både farfar och hans glasögon försvinner.

Vad är det egentligen som har hänt?

Lovis Ansjovis och glömskan är den andra boken om sexåriga Lovis. Böckerna är skrivna av Maria Estling Vannestål och Sanna Hellberg, som också har ritat bilderna.

Försvinner och stannar kvar

Jenny Eriksson (2017)

Jenny Eriksson var 10 år när hennes pappa fick en demenssjukdom. Det här är hennes berättelse om hur livet kan bli när hjärnan inte fungerar. Om ångest, utmattningssyndrom och Alzheimers sjukdom. En dag går det inte att äta själv längre men själen fortsätter ändå att dansa disco. Försvinner och stannar kvar är Jennys självbiografiska debutroman.

Unga anhöriga berättar

Svenskt Demenscentrum (2021)

För dig som har en förälder med demenssjukdom
Intervjuer · Tips · Fakta

Har du en förälder med demenssjukdom och känner dig ensam i din situation? Då är den här boken för dig. Du kommer att inse att du faktiskt inte är så ensam som du kanske tror. I själva verket finns det tusentals tonåringar och unga vuxna som går igenom precis samma sak som du – som inte alltid får rätt hjälp, lätt blir missförstådda av omgivningen och som kanske mår ganska dåligt. Att vara ung och anhörig till någon som har alzheimer eller någon annan typ av demenssjukdom innebär påfrestningar i vardagen som många utomstående inte riktigt förstår, så förmodligen kommer du att känna igen dig i några av bokens berättelser. Andra unga anhöriga, som varit där du är nu, ger värdefulla tips. Många unga anhöriga vittnar om hur svårt de tycker det är att hitta rätt inom vården och omsorgen. Den här boken hjälper dig förhoppningsvis en bit på vägen. Du kan bland annat läsa om vilket stöd du som anhörig kan få, viktiga dokument att ordna med, lagar och regler samt inte minst fakta om de olika demenssjukdomarna. Kunskap är nyckeln till att förstå det som händer din förälder. Dessutom svarar en expertpanel på några vanliga frågor som kan dyka upp. Den här boken kan med fördel också läsas av vård- och omsorgspersonal, skolkuratorer, lärare, tjänstemän, makthavare och andra med inflytande över de förutsättningar som ges en utsatt grupp unga människor. Så här uppfattar de sin situation.
Detta är den verklighet de lever i.

Cohort profile: The ENTWINE iCohort study, a multinational longitudinal web-based study of informal care

Saif Elayan, Eva Bei,Giulia Ferraris, Oliver Fisher, Mikołaj Zarzycki, Viola Angelini, Lena Ansmann, Erik Buskens, Mariët Hagedoorn, Milena von Kutzleben, Giovanni Lamura, Anne Looijmans, Robbert Sanderman, Noa Vilchinsky, Val Morrison (2021)

Informal care is a key pillar of long-term care provision across Europe and will likely play an
even greater role in the future. Thus, research that enhances our understanding of caregiving experiences becomes increasingly relevant. The ENTWINE iCohort Study examines the
personal, psychological, social, economic, and geographic factors that shape caregiving
experiences. Here, we present the baseline cohort of the study and describe its design,
recruitment methods, data collection procedures, measures, and early baseline findings.
The study was conducted in nine countries: Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, the
Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The study comprised a web-based
longitudinal survey (baseline + 6-month follow-up) and optional weekly diary assessments
conducted separately with caregivers and care recipients. From 14 August 2020 to 31
August 2021, 1872 caregivers and 402 care recipients were enrolled at baseline. Participants were recruited via Facebook and, to a lesser extent, via the study website or caregiver/patient organisations. Caregiver participants were predominantly female (87%) and
primary caregivers (82%), with a median age of 55 years. A large proportion (80%) held at
least post-secondary education, and two-thirds were married/partnered. Over half of the
caregivers were employed (53%) and caring for a person with multiple chronic conditions
(56%), and nearly three-quarters were caring for either a parent (42%) or a spouse/partner
(32%). About three-quarters of care recipient participants were female (77%), not employed
(74%), and had at least post-secondary education (77%), with a median age of 55 years.
Over half of the care recipients were married/partnered (59%), receiving care primarily from their spouses/partners (61%), and diagnosed with multiple chronic conditions (57%). This
study examining numerous potential influences on caregiving experiences provides an
opportunity to better understand the multidimensional nature of these experiences. Such
data could have implications for developing caregiving services and policies, and for future
informal care research.

Quality of Life among Next of Kin of Frail Older People in Nursing Homes: An Interview Study after an Educational Intervention concerning Palliative Care

Gerd Ahlström, Helena Rosén, Eva I Persson (2022)

One cornerstone of palliative care is improving the family's quality of life (QoL). The principles of palliative care have not been sufficiently applied in nursing homes. The aim of this study was to investigate the experiences of QoL of next of kin of frail older persons in nursing homes after an educational intervention concerning palliative care. This qualitative interview study with 37 next of kin used an abductive design with deductive and inductive content analysis. The deductive analysis confirmed the three themes of QoL from the study before the implementation: (1) orientation to the new life-situation, (2) challenges in the relationship, and (3) the significance of the quality of care in the nursing home. The inductive analysis resulted in the sub-theme "Unspoken palliative care". Being the next of kin of an older person living in a nursing home can be distressing despite round-the-clock care, so staff need to apply a more explicitly palliative care perspective. Future research needs to evaluate the influence of meaning-focused coping on next of kin's QoL and integrate this knowledge in psychosocial interventions. 

Socially connected while apart: the use of technology to increase social connection between nursing home residents and their relatives

Akhtar, Sehrish Andleeb (2024)

Introduction: This study examines whether the use of a communication technology can enhance social connectedness among nursing home residents in Norway. The concept of social connectedness suggest that positive and significant interpersonal relationships can help reduce the risk of loneliness and social isolation among older adults and can be beneficial for both their health and overall well-being. In recent years, technology has been increasingly utilized as a method to overcome physical distances and to keep families connected. Although the use of digital solutions among older people has increased in recent years, few studies have addressed the use and impact of such technologies within a nursing home context.
Methods: A total of 225 residents participated in the study, making it one of the few quantitative studies that examine the use of communication technologies in nursing homes at such a large scale. The study combines two sources of data: (1) survey data collected over a 14-month period, in three different waves, at all public nursing homes in Oslo municipality and (2) a highly detailed weekly datastream from each Komp-device, which provides an objective measure of the frequency of contact between the residents and their families. The two sources of data were combined and analyzed using multiple regression analysis.
Results: The regression analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between Komp use and increased social satisfaction among the residents. The results indicate that Komp is a feasible communication tool to help nursing home residents maintain relations with their families.
Discussion: The positive response to Komp among the residents suggests that when designed with the user's needs in mind, technology can indeed facilitate meaningful social interactions, even for those with limited technological experience. Such interventions can thus be crucial in bridging the gap between older residents and the outside world, effectively addressing their unique challenges of social isolation and disconnection from the broader community

Health Provider Experiences in Supporting Social Connectedness Between Families and Older Adults Living in Long-Term Care Homes

Anna Garnett, Hannah Pollock, Kristin Prentice, Natalie Floriancic, Lorie Donelle, Carri Hand, Abe Oudshoorn, Yolanda Babenko-Mould, Cheryl Forchuk (2024)

Introduction: Many people, often older adults, living in long-term care homes (OA-LTCH) became socially isolated during the COVID-19 pandemic due to variable restrictions on in-person visits and challenges associated with using technology for social connectivity. Health providers were key to supporting these OA by providing additional care and facilitating their connections with family using technology such as smartphones and iPads. It is important to learn from these experiences to move forwards from the COVID-19 pandemic with evidence-informed strategies that will better position health providers to foster social engagement for OA-LTCH across a range of contextual situations.

Objective: This exploratory qualitative description study sought to explore health provider experiences in supporting social connectedness between family members and OA-LTCH within the COVID-19 context.

Methods: Qualitative, in-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 health providers.

Results: Using inductive qualitative content analysis study findings were represented by the following themes: (a) changes in provider roles and responsibilities while challenging for health providers did not impact their commitment to supporting OA-LTCH social and emotional health, (b) a predominant focus on OA-LTCH physical well-being with resultant neglect for emotional well-being resulted in collective trauma, and (c) health providers faced multiple challenges in using technology to support social connectivity.

Conclusion: Study findings suggest the need for increased funding for LTC to support activities and initiatives that promote the well-being of health providers and OA living in LTC, the need to prioritize social well-being during outbreak contexts, and more formalized approaches to guide the appropriate use of technology within LTC.

Barn som anhöriga till flykting- föräldrar med post-traumatisk stress – en systematisk litteraturstudie Rapport 6 från projektet ”Barn som anhöriga” från CHESS, Stockholms universitet/Karolinska Institutet

Hjern Anders & Klöfvermark Josefin (2017)

Detta är den sjätte rapporten i projektet "Barn som anhöriga", som genomförs av CHESS vid Stockholms universitet/Karolinska Institutet i samarbete med Nationellt kompetenscentrum anhöriga (Nka) på uppdrag av Socialstyrelsen. Inledningsvis ger rapporten en teoretisk översikt om barn som anhöriga till föräldrar med posttraumatisk stress. Därefter görs en systematisk granskning av den empiriska litteraturen om betydelsen av post-traumatisk stress hos flyktingföräldrar i exil för deras barns hälsa och välbefinnande.

Barn som anhöriga till patienter i vården – hur många är de? Nka Linnéuniversitetet Chess, Barn som anhöriga 2013:1.

Hjern A, Manhica H. (2013)

Den 1 januari 2010 infördes en ny lagstiftning angående hälso- och sjukvården ansvar att
ge information, råd och stöd till barn vars föräldrar har en allvarig psykisk eller fysisk
sjukdom inklusive missbruk, eller oväntat avlider. Den här rapporten syftar till att ge
övergripande bild av hur många barn som direkt berörs av denna nya lag.
Rapporten baseras i första hand på anonymiserade analyser av data om sluten vård på
sjukhus från Patientregistret under 1987–2008, och dödsfall i Dödsorsaksregistret under
1973–2008. Registerdata från Statistiska Centralbyrån har använts för att koppla föräldrar
till sina biologiska barn och definiera familjers sociala karaktäristika.
Av de barn som föddes 1987–89 hade 7,8 procent minst en förälder som vårdats inneliggande
på sjukhus på grund av psykisk sjukdom och/eller missbruk av alkohol eller
narkotika under barndomen, d v s innan de hade fyllt arton år. Psykisk sjukdom hos för-
äldern var den vanligaste orsaken som berörde 5,7 procent av barnen, medan alkoholmissbruk
berörde 2,5 procent och narkotikamissbruk 1,5 procent. Under ett enskilt år
handlar det om ca 26 000 barn som har minst en förälder som vårdas på sjukhus grund
av psykisk sjukdom eller missbruk.
Betydligt fler föräldrar har indikatorer på problem med alkohol och narkotika av mildare
grad. Om man också räknar in föräldrar som haft vårdkontakter i öppen vård på
sjukhus på grund av missbruk, eller har dömts i domstol på grund av rattfylleri eller narkotikabrott,
var det totalt 17,0 procent av barnen som berördes. Psykisk ohälsa hos föräldrar
som inte är så allvarlig att den leder till sjukhusvård är också relativt vanlig. I undersökningen
av levnadsförhållanden (ULF) 2007–11 svarade t ex 18,1 procent av föräldrar
till barn i åldern 10–18 år att de led av ängslan, ångest eller oro. Psykofarmakamedicinering
är en annan indikator på psykisk ohälsa hos föräldrar. Under ett enskilt genomsnittligt
år under perioden 2006–8 använde 10,7 procent av mödrar och 5,5 procent av fäder
till barn i åldern 1–18 år ett antidepressivt läkemedel.
Något riktigt bra mått på somatisk (=fysisk) sjukdom hos förälder som är så svår att
deras barn behöver information och/eller stöd finns inte i svenska register. I denna rapport
användes definitionen somatisk sjukdom utan missbruk hos föräldrar som var så
svår att den föranledde minst en veckas inneliggande vård på sjukhus, vilket 12,6 procent
av alla barn födda 1987–89 upplevde före sin artonårsdag. Många fler föräldrar har någon
form av kronisk sjukdom, 28,4 procent av föräldrar till barn i åldern 10–18 år i ULFundersökningen
2007–11 rapporterade t ex minst en kronisk sjukdom.
3,4 procent av alla barn födda 1973–89 hade minst en förälder som avlidit innan deras
artonårsdag. Under ett enskilt år är under perioden 2006–08 berördes ca 3 500 barn. 22
procent av de avlidna fäderna och 12 procent av de avlidna mödrarna hade indikatorer på
alkohol- och/eller narkotikamissbruk. Plötslig oväntad död hos en förälder orsakad av
självmord, våld eller olycka drabbade 600–650 barn varje år. Barn som drabbas av dödsfall
på grund av olyckor och våld hos föräldrar är ofta förskolebarn, medan andra typer av
dödsfall hos föräldrar framför allt drabbar barn i tonåren.
Missbruk och psykisk sjukdom är inte sällan en bidragande orsak till separation mellan
föräldrar. En konsekvens av detta är att många föräldrar som vårdas på sjukhus på grund
av dessa problem inte bor tillsammans med sina barn och att den förälder som bor tillsammans
med barnet ofta är ensamstående. Endast ungefär en tredjedel av fäder som
vårdas på sjukhus på grund av missbruk bor tillsammans med sina barn, mot ungefär
dubbelt så många mödrar.
6
Missbruk, sjukdom och dödsfall hos föräldrar drabbar framför allt barn som befinner
sig i en utsatt social position i det svenska samhället. Det är ungefär tre gånger så vanligt
att föräldrar i barnfamiljer med låg socio-ekonomisk position vårdas på sjukhus för någon
av dessa orsaker jämfört med föräldrar i barnfamiljer med hög socio-ekonomisk position
En social gradient finns också för dödsfall hos föräldrar, där den är större för dödsfall för
fäder än för mödrar, och särskilt stor för plötsliga oväntade dödsfall som orsakas av
självmord, våld och olyckor, dödsfall som framför allt drabbar fäder.
Föräldrar födda utanför Europa vårdas betydligt mer sällan på sjukhus grund av såväl
alkohol som narkotikamissbruk jämfört med föräldrar med svenskt ursprung, men något
oftare än andra på grund av psykisk sjukdom. Föräldrar med annat nordiskt ursprung än
svenskt vårdas oftare för såväl missbruk som psykisk sjukdom, och har och har också en
högre dödlighet än barn till föräldrar med annat svenskt eller utländskt ursprung.
Föräldrars missbruk eller psykiska sjukdom är vanliga orsaker till att barn omhändertas
för samhällsvård i Sverige. För barn som vårdats mer än fem år i samhällsvård har 61
procent åtminstone en förälder som vårdats inneliggande på grund av missbruk eller psykisk
sjukdom, och 23 procent har en förälder som har avlidit före barnen fyllt arton år.
Det stora antalet barn som potentiellt berörs av den nya lagen om information och stöd
till barn som anhöriga i hälso- och sjukvården gör det angeläget med en diskussion om
prioriteringar, och ett utvecklingsarbete kring insatser med olika grad av intensitet som
kan matchas till barn med olika nivåer av behov. Här krävs ett nära samarbete mellan
hälso- och sjukvården och socialtjänsten, och särskilt viktigt är detta för att utveckla insatser
som är ändamålsenliga för de stora behov av information och stöd kring föräldrars
psykiska sjukdom, missbruk och död som rör barn i samhällsvård. Barn till föräldrar med
kroniska fysiska sjukdomar framstår som ett område där fördjupade analyser i andra
datakällor än register är särskilt viktiga för att skapa underlag för det fortsatta utvecklingsarbetet.

Barn som anhöriga: hur går det i skolan?

Hjern, A., Berg, L., Rostila, M., Vinnerljung. (2013)

Rapport 2 från projektet "Barn som anhöriga" från CHESS, Stockholms universitet/Karolinska Institutet i samarbete med Institutionen för socialt arbete vid Stockholms universitet.

Denna kartläggning av hur det går i skolan för barn som berörs av allvarliga svårigheter hos förälder eller annan vuxen i familjen, har gjorts inom ramen för ett regeringsuppdrag.

Barn som anhöriga: hur går det i skolan? Nka, Linnéuniversitetet, Chess, Barn som anhöriga 2013:3.

Hjern A, Berg L, Rostila M, Vinnerljung B. (2013)

Detta är den andra rapporten av tre i projektet "Barn som anhöriga", som genomförs
av CHESS och institutionen för socialt arbete vid Stockholms universitet i samarbete
med Nationellt kompetenscentrum anhöriga (Nka) och Linnéuniversitetet i Kalmar.
Rapportens syfte är att belysa skolprestationer i grundskolan för barn som är anhö-
riga. Vi har analyserat meritvärde och gymnasiebehörighet från årskurs 9 för 655 000
barn under 2003–2008, med fokus på barn som är anhöriga, det vill säga barn med
föräldrar som har vårdats på sjukhus på grund av missbruk, psykisk eller fysisk sjukdom
eller som har avlidit – då barnen var i åldern 0–15 år.
Bland alla barn i undersökningen var det 10,3 procent av flickorna och 13,0 procent
av pojkarna som lämnade grundskolan utan att ha uppnått gymnasiebehörighet.
Barn till föräldrar med missbruk och/eller psykisk sjukdom utgjorde tillsammans sju
procent av studiepopulationen, och framstod som den grupp bland barn som anhö-
riga som hade de minst tillfredställande skolresultaten. Av pojkar som har en förälder
som missbrukar var det 27 procent (far missbrukar) respektive 30 procent (mor
missbrukar) som lämnade grundskolan utan gymnasiebehörighet, liksom 22 respektive
23 procent av pojkar som har en förälder med psykisk sjukdom, jämfört med enbart
12 procent av pojkar från familjer utan missbruk eller psykisk sjukdom. Något
fler flickor än pojkar uppnådde gymnasiebehörighet även i dessa familjer, men
mönstret i förhållande till föräldrars missbruk och psykiska sjukdom var detsamma
som för pojkar.
Det maximala meritvärdet för en elev som går ut årskurs 9 är 320 och medianvärdet
i denna undersökning var 210. Genomsnittligt var meritvärdet, i jämförelse med
barn i familjer utan känt missbruk eller psykisk sjukdom, 45 meritpoäng lägre hos
barn till missbrukande mödrar, 39 meritpoäng lägre hos barn till missbrukande fäder
och 22 meritpoäng lägre hos barn till någon förälder med psykisk sjukdom.
Missbruk hos föräldrar, men också i viss mån psykisk sjukdom, var vanligare i familjer
som fått försörjningsstöd det år barnet avslutade årskurs 9, där föräldrarna
hade kort skolgång bakom sig och familjer där föräldrarna hade separerat. För att
undersöka betydelsen av detta för barnens skolresultat gjorde vi en analys där vi på
matematisk väg vägde in dessa faktorer tillsammans med föräldrarnas missbruk och
psykiska sjukdom. Det visade sig att så mycket som 85 procent av den ökade risken
för barn till föräldrar med missbruk och 75 procent av den ökade risken för barn till
föräldrar med psykisk sjukdom att inte uppnå gymnasiebehörighet var förknippad
med dessa tre sociala faktorer. Vår analys pekar på att det både handlar om sociala
faktorer som kan ha bidragit till uppkomsten av missbruket respektive den psykiska
sjukdomen (utbildningsbakgrund) och faktorer som troligen oftare är en konsekvens
(försörjningsstöd respektive föräldraseparation) av dessa föräldrafaktorer.
Av barnen i studiepopulationen bodde 63 procent i samma hushåll som bägge sina
biologiska föräldrar det år som de avslutade årskurs 9. Av övriga barn hade 35 procent
föräldrar som separerat och 2,1 procent en förälder som avlidit. Ungefär dubbelt
så många barn till separerade föräldrar och barn i familjer där någon förälder avlidit
lämnade grundskolan utan gymnasiebehörighet, jämfört med barn i kärnfamiljer, där
andelen var drygt åtta procent. Skillnaderna mellan barn till separerade föräldrar och
barn i familjer där någon förälder avlidit var små. Det fanns en viss skillnad mellan
könen när det gällde konsekvenserna av att ha förlorat sin mor i dödsfall, där konse-
6
kvenserna var större för flickor än för pojkar. För bägge könen var dock konsekvenserna
större av att ha förlorat en far än en mor. Sociala faktorer som föräldrars utbildningsbakgrund
och försörjningsstöd bidrog något till skillnaderna i skolresultat
mellan barn i kärnfamiljer och barn i enföräldrahushåll.
Fysisk sjukdom hos föräldrar representerades i denna studie av inflammatorisk
tarmsjukdom, multipel skleros och leukemi. Barn vars mödrar hade inflammatorisk
tarmsjukdom eller multipel skleros hade något lägre meritvärde än genomsnittet,
efter att analysen har justerats för den friska förälderns skolbakgrund, medan någon
negativ effekt av fäders sjukdom på barnens skolprestationer inte noterades. Leukemi
fick exemplifiera cancersjukdom hos föräldrar i undersökningen. Barn till föräldrar
med leukemi med dödlig utgång hade klart sämre skolprestationer än andra barn i
undersökningen, medan några skillnader från genomsnittet överhuvudtaget inte
kunde identifieras hos barn till förälder som överlevde leukemi. Det behövs dock fler
studier av barn till föräldrar som drabbas av cancersjukdom för att bekräfta dessa
resultats relevans för cancer hos föräldrar i allmänhet.
Ett genomgående mönster för samtliga grupper av barn som anhöriga var att för-
äldrars egen utbildningsbakgrund hade större betydelse för barnets skolprestationer
än förälderns sjukdom eller död, och att en lång utbildning hos föräldrar hade en viss
skyddande effekt på skolprestationerna av förälderns sjukdom eller död. Vi ser också
att barn i familjer med försörjningsstöd generellt har ett lågt meritvärde, oavsett om
föräldrarna har indikation på missbruk/psykisk sjukdom eller ej.
Resultaten från denna studie visar att föräldrars missbruk, sjukdom och död inte
sällan påverkar deras barns skolresultat på ett negativt sätt. Yrkesgrupper som möter
dessa barn bör således tänka på att hjälp med skolarbete och läxläsning kan vara en
viktig komponent i ett psykosocialt stöd. När det gäller förebyggande insatser i skolan
pekar studien i första hand på behovet av generella insatser för barn som har svårt att
få stöd i hemmet i skolarbetet oavsett orsak. Där det kan handla om barn som är anhöriga,
men likväl om barn med t ex separerade föräldrar eller föräldrar med kort
egen utbildning.
Studien pekar också på särskilt bristfälliga skolresultat hos barn där föräldrars
sjukdom och död drabbar familjer som har kontakt med socialtjänsten, antingen i
form av försörjningsstöd eller genom att barnen placerats i samhällsvård. De bristfälliga
skolprestationerna hos dessa gör socialtjänsten till en naturlig plattform för interventioner
i syfte att stödja skolarbetet hos barn i familjer med social sårbarhet,
inklusive sjukdom och död hos förälder. Både svensk och internationell forskning
pekar på att det är realistiskt att förvänta sig positiva resultat från denna typ av interventioner.
Det är därför angeläget att metoder för att stödja skolarbetet hos elever i
socialt sårbara familjer får en större spridning bland Sveriges kommuner.

Barn som flyttas i offentlig regi. En studie av förekomst och upplevelser av instabil samhällsvård för barn

Skoog, V. (2013)

Avhandling

Bristande stabilitet för barn i familjehem och på institutioner är vanligt och innebär svåra känslor för barnen. Viktoria Skoog har studerat instabilitet i samhällsvård för barn i form av sammanbrott, vilket betyder att ett barns placering avbryts plötsligt och oplanerat samt planerade byten av vårdmiljöer, vilket betyder att socialtjänsten utifrån planering låter ett barn flytta till ett nytt familjehem eller en ny institution

Barn som flyttas i offentlig regi. En studie av förekomst och upplevelser av instabil samhällsvård för barn

Skoog, V. (2013)

Avhandling

Bristande stabilitet för barn i familjehem och på institutioner är vanligt och innebär svåra känslor för barnen. Viktoria Skoog har studerat instabilitet i samhällsvård för barn i form av sammanbrott, vilket betyder att ett barns placering avbryts plötsligt och oplanerat samt planerade byten av vårdmiljöer, vilket betyder att socialtjänsten utifrån planering låter ett barn flytta till ett nytt familjehem eller en ny institution

Barn som har föräldrar med utvecklingsstörning

Socialstyrelsen (2007)

Rapporten vill bidra med kunskap och idéer för yrkesverksamma och bilda underlag när stöd och insatser formas och samverkan utvecklas. Publikationen bygger på forskning som kompletterats med andra studier samt med erfarenheter från yrkesverksamma.

Barn som pårörende

Storm Mowatt Haugland B, Ytterhus B, Dyregrov K, editors (2012)

Sykdom, ulykker og kriser har alltid et familieperspektiv. Det minner forfatterne av denne kunnskapsrike boken om på hver side. De stiller det viktigste av alle spørsmål: Er det barn der?
Hvor du enn befinner deg i kretsen rundt en sorg- og kriserammet familie, midt i sentrum der hjemme, som den som tar imot barnet i barnehage eller skole, eller som ansvarlig for behandling og oppfølging av den syke, trenger du denne boken. Aldri før har noen så grundig og rørende oppsummert teoretisk og praksisbasert kunnskap om pårørende barns behov. Det kan ikke sies for ofte, og det står med store bokstaver i boken: Best hjelper det barnet at mamma eller pappa får all den støtte de trenger. Når du har lest denne boken, er du i besittelse av noe helt unikt – en oppdatert empati!

Barn som är anhöriga till föräldrar med allvarlig fysisk sjukdom eller skada. En kunskapsöversikt om metoder för att ge stöd till barn

Järkestig Berggren, U., & Hanson, E. (2013)

Denna kunskapsöversikt tar upp metoder för att ge information, råd och stöd till barn när deras förälder är fysiskt sjuk. Syftet är att den ska vara ett stöd för professionella i hälso- och sjukvård samt socialtjänst som möter barn och ungdomar i sin yrkesutövning. I kunskapsöversikten presenteras de metoder som kunskapsöversikten identifierat, deras vetenskapliga underlag och effekter. Dessutom beskrivs de svårigheter som barn möter när en förälder blir fysiskt allvarligt sjuk.

Barn som är anhöriga till föräldrar med allvarlig fysisk sjukdom eller skada: En kunskapsöversikt om metoder för att ge stöd till barn

Järkestig Berggren Ulrika, Hanson Elizabeth (2013)

Denna kunskapsöversikt tar upp metoder för att ge information, råd och stöd till barn när deras förälder är fysiskt sjuk. Syftet är att den ska vara ett stöd för professionella i hälso- och sjukvård samt socialtjänst som möter barn och ungdomar i sin yrkesutövning. I kunskapsöversikten presenteras de metoder som kunskapsöversikten identifierat, deras vetenskapliga underlag och effekter. Dessutom beskrivs de svårigheter som barn möter när en blir förälder fysiskt allvarligt sjuk

Barn till föräldrar med cancer – hur många berörs och vilka är konsekvenserna i ett livsloppsperspektiv? Nka Barn som anhöriga 2016:1

Berg Lisa, Hjern Anders (2016)

Rapport nr 5 i projektet "Barn som anhöriga", som genomförs av CHESS och institutionen för socialt arbete vid Stockholms universitet i samarbete med Nationellt kompetenscentrum anhöriga (Nka) och Linnéuniversitetet i Kalmar. Rapportens syfte är att belysa hur vanligt det är att barn upplever att en förälder drabbas av en cancersjukdom, vilka konsekvenser detta har för skolprestationer i årskurs 9 samt för hälsa och social situation för unga vuxna i åldern 18–40 år.

Barn utan hem. Olika perspektiv

Andersson, G. & Swärd, H (2007)

Hur kan man förklara att det finns familjer som befinner sig i välfärdens utkant? Vad vet vi egentligen om de barn och familjer som lever mitt ibland oss, men utan tillgång till ett tryggt boende? Hur upplever de drabbade barnen situationen?

Barn utan hem belyser frågan om barn och familjer i hemlöshet ur olika perspektiv. Författarna lyfter fram de grupper som ställts utanför såväl arbetsmarknaden som socialförsäkringssystemet och den reguljära bostadsmarknaden. Fokus ligger på de drabbade barnens och deras familjers liv i utanförskap. Barnens situation belyses i ett helhetsperspektiv som inkluderar såväl aktörer som strukturer.

Boken vänder sig till universitets- och högskolestuderande inom socionom- och lärarutbildningarna och andra utbildningar inom de sociala och pedagogiska fälten samt till yrkesverksamma som kommer i kontakt med barn och familjer i svåra livssituationer.

Barn vi bekymrar oss om

Druggli, May Britt (2003)

Författaren belyser i boken sambandet mellan de vuxnas förhållningssätt, pedagogens handlande och de avvikande beteendena som barn kan uppvisa i förskolan eller i skolan. I ett nyskrivet avsnitt för den svenska utgåvan behandlar Hans Bengtsson samarbetet med socialtjänsten och de ansvars- och sekretessregler som gäller.

Barnavårdsutredningar. En kunskapsöversikt

Sundell, K., Egelund, T., André Löfholm, C., & Kaunitz, C. (2007)

I denna grundligt reviderade upplaga av Barnavårdsutredningar - en kunskapsöversikt presenteras aktuell svensk och internationell forskning inom det viktiga område som barnavårdsutred­ningar och social barnavård utgör.

Frågeställningar som berörs är bland andra:

- Vilka barn och familjer utreds?
- Hur blir de aktuella hos socialtjänsten?
- Hur genomförs barnavårdsutredningarna?
- Vilka faktorer styr socialarbetarnas riskbedömning och beslutsfattande?
- Leder barnavårdsutredningarna till att barnen får det bättre?

Boken vänder sig till socialarbetare samt till studenter på utbildningar som rör social barnavård. Den kan stimulera till diskussion och kritisk reflektion om dessa för socialtjänsten och samhället så viktiga frågor och kan även användas som utgångspunkt för fortsatt forskning.

Barndom och föräldraskap i missbrukets skugga. Barn, ungdomar och föräldrar berättar om vardagsliv och behov av stöd när föräldern har missbruksproblem

Alexanderson K, Näsman E. (2015)

Barn som växer upp i en familj där en vuxen har missbruksproblem utsätts för svåra
påfrestningar. Hur kan stödet till barnen stärkas? Regionförbundet Uppsala län och
Uppsala universitet har i ett samarbetsprojekt sökt ta fram fördjupad kunskap om
hur barn och ungdomar i den situationen ser på sitt behov av stöd och att med detta
och tidigare forskning som grund utveckla stödet till barnen och deras föräldrar.
Barn, ungdomar och föräldrar intervjuades och ett utvecklingsarbete genomfördes
tillsammans med fem kommuner. Projektet finansierades av Folkhälsomyndigheten
under 2012–2015. I den här rapporten ger vi en kort sammanfattning av huvuddragen
i det som projektet kom fram till. För ytterligare information se kommande
publikationer av Alexanderson och Näsman.

Barndom och föräldraskap i missbrukets skugga. Barn, ungdomar och föräldrar berättar om vardagsliv och behov av stöd när föräldern har missbruksproblem

Alexanderson K, Näsman E. (2015)

Barn i missbruksmiljöer (BIM) är ett forsknings- och utvecklingsprojekt som genomförts i samverkan mellan Regionförbundet Uppsala län och Uppsala universitet under 2012–2015.

I projektet har barn, ungdomar och föräldrar intervjuats och socialtjänsten i länets kommuner involverats i ett utvecklingsarbete för att utveckla stödinsatser till barn och vuxna i familjer där en förälder har problem med missbruk. Resultat från projektet redovisas i denna skrift.

Barndomen varar i generationer. Om förebyggande arbete med utsatta familjer. Andra upplagan

Killén, Kari (2009)

Barndomen varar inte bara livet ut. Den varar i generationer. Det är viktigt att stärka föräldraskapet och ge föräldrar hjälp innan de får problem. Barn som inte får hjälp att bearbeta smärtsamma upplevelser kan komma att omedvetet vidareförmedla dessa till sina egna barn. Denna bok handlar om att förebygga nästa generations omsorgssvikt och psykiska störningar.
Barndomen varar i generationer baserar sig på en referensram där anknytningsteori och anknytningsforskning är centrala inslag. Kari Killén är både kliniker, pedagog och forskare, och i denna bok knyter hon ihop teori och praktik för att förebygga problem i föräldra-barnrelationer. Denna andra upplaga är uppdaterad och bearbetad med avseende på den forskning och erfarenhet som tillkommit sedan förra upplagan från år 2000.
Boken vänder sig till alla som arbetar med barn och ungdomar i skola, hälso- och sjukvård och inom socialtjänsten, samt till studenter inom dessa områden.

Barnens rätt till information – Redovisning av vårdpersonalens svar på öppna frågor i projektet ”Barns rätt som närstående i palliativ vård”

Emme-Li Vingare, Ulla Beijer (2016)

Sammanfattning
Under hela 2014 och första delen av 2015 har ett utvecklingsprojekt som gällt Barns rätt som närstående i palliativ vård för vuxna pågått i de fyra palliativa enheterna i Landstinget Sörmland. Projektet innebar att två av enheterna var interventionsenheter (i rapporten nämnd som Grupp A) som skulle utveckla och implementera lokala handlingsplaner för barns rätt som närstående, medan de övriga två enheterna (Grupp B) skulle inte utveckla handlingsplaner under projekttiden.
Forskare från FoU i Sörmland (FoUiS) och från Mälardalens högskola involverades för att följa och dokumentera projektet. Denna FoU-rapport är en redovisning från FoUiS och omfattar personalens svar (från Grupp A och Grupp B) på de öppna/halvstrukturerade enkätfrågor som ställdes i samband med projektstarten (enkät nr 1) och efter projektets slut (enkät nr 2). I denna rapport redovisas de båda grupperna (Grupp A och B) i huvudsak tillsammans då det ger en värdefull sammantagen bild av personalens syn på och erfarenhet av barn som närstående i palliativ vård för vuxna, men vissa skillnader mellan grupperna redovisas också. Svaren berör fyra teman: miljön, verksamheten, interpersonella, samt personella faktorer.
Sammanfattningsvis kan sägas att när det gällde barnens möjligheter att ställa frågor till personalen inom palliativ vård, förekom i båda grupperna (Grupp A och B) i enkät 1 ospecificerade och lite vaga svar, som att barnen har "alla möjligheter", eller har "goda möjligheter" att göra detta. När det gällde att specificera vilka i personalgruppen som ger råd, stöd och information till barnen, hänvisade man till personer med specialfunktioner, såsom kurator eller barnrättspilot. Det fanns en tendens i första enkäten att se barns möjligheter att ställa frågor som något personbundet och icke-organiserat. Det fanns även funderingar om att det kan vara svårt att prata med barn om cancer, vilket skulle kunna tolkas som ett visst personbundet motstånd att möta barn. Här fanns dock, i uppföljningsenkäten för
interventionsenheterna (Grupp A), en tendens till att, efter arbetet med handlingsplanerna, ha fått ett mer gemensamt ansvar för att möta och informera barnen, en uppgift som gällde för alla personal, samt en ökad användning av ordet "vi".

Personalens medvetenhet om barnens rätt till information och delaktighet framkom i svaren från båda grupperna, även om den sjuke anhörige eller föräldrarna ofta hamnar i fokus. I båda grupperna fanns en uppfattning om att förbättring av den fysiska miljön, till en mer anpassad miljö för barn, lekplats/-hörna, samtalsrum, där barnen kunde slappna av och bra möten skulle kunna komma till stånd, skulle gagna kontakten med de närstående barnen. När det gällde den psykiska miljön i patientens hem fanns en tendens till perspektivförändring i interventionsgruppen (Grupp A), från den egna osäkerheten på vad föräldrarna vill att deras barn ska veta, till större säkerhet att se och möta barnen. Förutom kommentarer om praktiska hinder, angavs i både första och andra enkäten för båda
grupperna (Grupp A och B) tidsbrist som en av orsakerna till att personalen inte informerade och mötte barnen. I uppföljningsenkäten av interventionsgruppen (Grupp A) fanns dock de som inte hittade några praktiska svårigheter att tala med barn. Detta skulle kunna betyda att barn som närstående kommit mer i fokus för de interventionsenheter som ingått i projektet, att personal blivit mer medvetna, och därför i viss grad övervunnit tidsmässiga och praktiska svårigheter. I båda grupperna (Grupp A och B) fanns en efterfrågan om mer information, utbildning, stöd, handledning och specialiserade personella resurser, såsom ökad kuratorstid. En önskan fanns (särskilt från Grupp B) om att perspektivet behöver ändras i hela organisationen, mot ett mer familje- och barnorienterat synsätt. Sannolikt har de interventionsenheter (Grupp A) som ingått i projektet fått en del av detta tillgodosett. Dock fanns en oro (från Grupp A, i enkät 2) att det arbete som nu genomförts inte fullt ut skulle bevaras och utvecklas.

Barnfattigdom: om bemötande och metoder ur ett barnperspektiv

Näsman, E., Ponton von Gerber, C. & Fernqvist, S. (2012)

Drygt vart tionde barn i Sverige lever i fattigdom – det vill säga i familjer med så låg inkomst att den inte täcker ens de nödvändigaste levnadskostnaderna. För barnen kan det betyda att de inte kan följa med på skolutflykter, ta bussen till stan med sina kompisar eller köpa en glass.

På vilket sätt påverkas barn som lever länge under ekonomisk utsatthet? Hur ser barnen själva på sitt liv och på relationen till sina föräldrar? Hur bemöts de av andra barn och vuxna i skolan? Hur hanterar föräldrarna barnens situation? Och hur agerar professionella vuxna när de möter ekonomiskt utsatta barnfamiljer i skolan, inom socialtjänsten och rätten? Dessa är några av de frågor som behandlas i den här boken.

Boken bygger på intervjuer med barn och föräldrar som berättar om hur det är att leva i ekonomisk utsatthet. Personal inom skolan, socialtjänsten och förvaltningsrätten berättar i sin tur om hur de i sin professionella roll bemöter dessa familjer. Läsaren får konkreta råd om hur barn perspektivet kan tillämpas i arbetet med barnfattigdom och om hur samarbete över myndighetsgränser kan underlätta för de utsatta barnen.

Boken vänder sig till alla som möter ekonomiskt utsatta barn inom socialtjänsten, skolan och rättsväsendet, samt till universitets- och högskolestudenter och politiskt engagerade.

Barnperspektiv i LSS-handläggningen

Socialstyrelsen (2009)

Under 2008/2009 gjorde Socialstyrelsen en förstudie för att ta reda på vilka problem och möjligheter som finns kring att se till barns och ungdomars behov i utredningssammanhang utifrån lagen om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade, LSS. De övergripande frågeställningarna var:
Hur utreder LSS-handläggarna idag barns och ungdomars behov av insatser, och hur följs dessa insatser upp?
Vad skulle handläggarna behöva för typ av utredningsstöd för att bättre kunna bedöma barns och ungdomars behov?
Förstudien genomfördes i Jönköpings län, genom enskilda intervjuer, en webbenkät samt fokusgruppssamtal med LSS-handläggare.
Det visade sig att handläggarna inte hade något särskilt utformat stöd för att få in barnperspektiv i sina utredningar. Barns behov bedömdes på olika sätt mellan handläggare inom och mellan olika kommuner. Resultaten av enkät och intervjuer visar att det fanns ett önskemål om att öka likvärdigheten kring handläggningen i olika kommuner och därmed öka rättsäkerheten. För detta krävs en struktur som betonar barnperspektiv och som gör att LSS-handläggare får ett mer likartat arbetssätt.
I fokusgrupperna presenterades två olika modeller för att ringa in behovsområden i utredningsförfarandet, Barns behov i centrum (BBIC) respektive International Classification of Functioning, Disability and health – for Children and Youth Version, (ICF-CY) Handläggarna fick sedan diskutera vad som kunde vara användbart i deras arbete.
Resultatet av fokusgrupperna visar att handläggarna ansåg att de kunde inspireras av det barnfokus som finns inbyggt i BBIC samt av modellens processtruktur. BBIC saknar dock innehåll om hur en funktionsnedsättning ger upphov till funktionshinder och hur insatsen kan underlätta för individen att fungera i sin vardag.
När det gällde ICF så uppfattade handläggarna ICF-CY som relativt svårtillgänglig i sin struktur och de hade svårt att se hur de skulle kunna använda klassifikationen i praktiken. Handläggarna tyckte att begreppen i ICF-CY kändes bekanta då innehållet i klassifikationen handlade om funktionshinder, vardagligt fungerande och delaktighet. Handläggarna kände igen sitt eget synsätt i ICF-CY eftersom ICF-CY utgår från individer som möter funktionshinder utifrån sitt vardagsfungerande, och inte ser till social problematik eller går in djupt på föräldraförmåga. Handläggarna uppfattade att angreppssättet av funktionsprofil var tilltalande då det öppnar för ett annat sätt att tänka om funktionsnedsättningar och diagnoser.

Barnperspektiv som ideologiskt eller metodologiskt begrepp

Halldén, Gunilla (2003)

Begreppet barnperspektiv är mångtydigt. Det används som ett ideologiskt begrepp med stor retorisk kapacitet och det används i vetenskapliga sammanhang som ett metodologiskt begrepp. Artikeln diskuterar olika innebörder som kan ges åt begreppet barnperspektiv och sätter det i relation till aktuell barndomsforskning. En diskussion förs också om hur barnperspektiv kan diskuteras i relation till ett empiriskt material med barns texter som ställer frågor om hur man ska transkribera och citera ur texten. Det väcker också frågor om vilken kontext som ska utgöra bakgrund för analysen. Sättet att hantera dessa frågor är beroende av etiska ställningstaganden och av de frågeställningar och det teoretiska perspektiv som styr analysen. Artikeln argumenterar för vad som utgör ett barnperspektiv i just denna studie nämligen att utgå från barns utsagor, men i tolkningen ställa dessa utsagor i relation till diskurser om barndom. Barnperspektiv blir då både att fånga barns röster och att tolka dem som uttryck för ett diskursivt sammanhang. Barnperspektiv handlar om vilken plats barn ges i vårt samhälle, vilka generella erfarenheter som det ger barn och på vilket sätt barnen uttrycker dessa erfarenheter. Barnperspektiv blir då något utöver att återge barns perspektiv på olika fenomen.

Barns erfarenheter av ”the Family Talk Intervention”: Att leva med en svårt sjuk förälder som vårdas inom specialiserad palliativ hemsjukvård

Eklund, Rakel (2020)

Avhandling

Abstract [sv]
När en förälder i en barnfamilj får en livshotande sjukdom förändras livet för allai familjen. Barn som lever i denna situation rapporterar att de upplever oro och skuld relaterat till förälderns sjukdom. Dessutom har barnen en ökad risk för psykisk ohälsa. Brist på kommunikation inom familjen om sjukdomen och ämnen relaterade till den, har visat sig ha en negativ påverkan på hälsan. Trots detta finns endast ett fåtal stödinterventioner utvärderade för barnfamiljer i palliativ vård, och ännu färre utvärderade utifrån barns erfarenheter. The Family Talk Intervention (FTI) är en familjecentrerad intervention, med barnen i fokus, som visat på positiva effekter gällande sjukdomsrelaterad information och ökad kommunikation för barnfamiljer inom psykiatrisk och somatisk vård. Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att utforska barns erfarenheter av FTI och att leva med en svårt sjuk förälder som vårdas inom specialiserad palliativ hemsjukvård. Avhandlingen påvisar att de flesta barnen ville veta mer om sin förälders sjukdom. De yngre barnen rapporterade svårigheter både med att berätta om, och med att visa hur de själva mådde för någon i sin familj. De barn som deltog i FTI uppskattade strukturen och innehållet, de kände sig sedda, hörda och uppmärksammade under FTI, vilket skapade en känsla av tillit och trygghet.Alla barn blev lyssnade till och fick stöd att uttrycka både svårigheter och faktorer som kunde underlätta för dem. Under interventionen var det dock endast för ett fåtal barn som deras synpunkter och åsikter togs i beaktan, i enlighet med artikel 12 i barnkonventionen. De flesta barn rapporterade dock att FTI ökade kunskaperna om förälderns sjukdom och att det blev lättare att kommunicera med sina föräldrar. Genom sitt deltagande i FTI kunde barnen förbereda sig inför framtida sjukdomsrelaterade händelser, och hantering av konflikter underlättades.Resultatet visar att de behov barnen hade innan deltagande i FTI till stor del tillgodosågs under deltagandet. FTI innehar dock en struktur som ger föräldrarnas perspektiv större utrymme än barnens. Barnens perspektiv behöver således tas i beaktan i större utsträckning i syfte att det stöd som ges till dessa barn verkligen är till för dem. FTI tycks trots detta vara genomförbart och betydelsefullt för de barn som deltagit.

Barns och ungas hälsa, vård och omsorg 2013

Socialstyrelsen (2013)

Barns och ungas hälsa och sociala förhållanden i Sverige är goda, även jämfört med andra välfärdsländer. Detta gäller i synnerhet spädbarn och skolbarn. Exempelvis är barnadödligheten i dessa åldrar bland de absolut lägsta i världen. Barns och ungas fysiska miljö är god ur ett internationellt perspektiv, med låg förekomst av miljörelaterad sjuklighet, till exempel orsakad av luftföroreningar. Sverige ligger dock inte lika mycket i framkant när det gäller de lite äldre barnen. Symtom på ett nedsatt psykiskt välbefinnande (ledsenhet, sömnsvårigheter, huvudvärk med mera) är vanligare bland svenska 15-åringar än i andra länder. Narkotikabruk är mindre vanligt bland svenska unga medan alkoholkonsumtionen är på en genomsnittlig europeisk nivå.

I vårt land har hälsoutvecklingen bland unga inte sett likadan ut som för andra åldersgrupper. Exempelvis har risken att avlida i åldersspannet 15–29 år varit oförändrad de sista 15 åren, när dödligheten har minskat i alla andra åldrar. Självmorden minskar inte bland ungdomar, vilket de gör för andra åldersgrupper. Dödligheten i olycksfall har också varit oförändrad, men minskat de allra senaste åren. Trots det är dödligheten hos unga bland de lägsta i Europa, men för ungdomsgruppen ligger flera länder bättre till.

Sverige – tillsammans med andra skandinaviska länder och Nederländerna – tillhör de länder där ekonomisk utsatthet bland barnfamiljer är minst omfattande. Det är också mycket ovanligt att svenska barn saknar grundläggande nödvändigheter som nya kläder, passande skor, tre mål mat om dagen, böcker eller leksaker med mera. Några förklaringar till detta är att svenska barnfamiljer ofta har två familjeförsörjare, att ensamstående föräldrar arbetar i högre grad och på transfereringar till stöd för barnfamiljer. Av betydelse är också att många välfärdstjänster är avgiftsfria för barn, som exempelvis sjukvård, tandvård, skola och skollunch.

Barriers and contributors to minority older adults' access to mental health treatment: perceptions of geriatric mental health clinicians

Choi, N. G. and J. M. Gonzalez (2005)

This exploratory study examined geriatric mental health clinicians' experiences and perceptions of the circumstances in which African American and Mexican American older adults access outpatient specialty mental health treatment and the factors that impede or facilitate such access. Eighteen mental health clinicians from three outpatient geriatric mental health clinics in one urban and two rural areas in central Texas discussed their perceptions in three focus groups and/or individual interviews conducted by the authors. The clinicians identified the common circumstances in which minority older adults' access to mental health treatment involves loss and grief in later life coupled with lack of informal social support. Although clinicians confirmed existence of the access barriers identified by previous studies (lack of understanding about mental disorders, shame and stigma, cultural differences, fear and distrust of the treatment system, primary care physicians' knowledge deficit about mental disorders, and financial and transportation barriers), they also identified minority older adults' lack of information on referral processes as a serious barrier. As access contributors, physician referral; support and encouragement from family, especially adult children; availability of bilingual/bicultural clinicians; and transportation were identified. Implications of the findings are also discussed.

Barriers to Treatment Participation Scale: evaluation and validation in the context of child outpatient treatment

Kazdin, A., Holland, L., Crowley, M., & Breton, S. (1997)

This study examined barriers that families experience during treatment and the role these barriers play in participation and completion of therapy. We developed the Barriers to Treatment Participation Scale and evaluated performance among children (N = 260, ages 3-13) and families referred for outpatient treatment. The results indicated that: (a) the scale yielded high levels of internal consistency; (b) the experience of barriers to participation, whether rated by parents or therapists, predicted higher rates of dropping out of treatment, fewer weeks in treatment, and higher rates of cancelled appointments and not showing up for sessions; (c) the perception of barriers was distinguishable from several family, parent, and child characteristics assessed at intake and the experience of critical life events during treatment; and (d) perceived barriers added significant information in predicting participation in treatment, over and above other characteristics that are already known to predict poor participation in treatment. Barriers associated with treatment participation can help identify cases at risk for dropping out and suggest targets for intervention to improve retention of families in treatment.

Beardslees preventiva familjeintervention för barn med föräldrar med psykisk sjukdom-Svenska familjers erfarenheter

Pihkala, H. (2011)

Det har varit känt sedan länge att barn till föräldrar med psykisk sjukdom löper en hög risk att drabbas av psykiska och andra problem både under uppväxten och senare i livet. Ändå har vuxenpsykiatrin alltför ofta försummat att möta patienters barn och erbjuda stöd. I flera nordiska länder har lagstiftningen nyligen kompletterats med bestämmelser som förpliktigar hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen att uppmärksamma barnens och familjernas behov av information och stöd när föräldern lider av en allvarlig sjukdom. Beardslees preventiva familjeintervention (FI) är den första familjefokuserade och strukturerade metoden som har använts i Sverige. Den har viss evidens för positiva långtidseffekter för barn och familjer när föräldern har depression. Avhandlingens syfte var att studera FI:s säkerhet och genomförbarhet i Sverige (studie I), dess upplevda effekter för familjer (studie I, III och IV) och familjeinterventionsprocessen ur alla familjemedlemmars perspektiv (studie II, III och IV). Studierna genomfördes i en naturalistisk kontext. Data i studie I samlades med en enkät som gavs till föräldrar och barn (117 föräldrar och 89 barn svarade) en månad efter en FI. I studie II intervjuades tio föräldrar med depressionsdiagnos om deras beslutsprocess fram till deltagande i en FI. I studie III och IV presenteras data från 25 intervjuer med föräldrar och 14 intervjuer med barn om deras erfarenheter av FI. Sjuttiofem behandlare från 29 psykiatriska enheter hade genomfört familjeinterventionerna för familjerna som deltog i studierna. Data analyserades med deskriptiv statistik och chi2 (I), Grounded theory (II och III) och kvalitativ innehållsanalys (IV). Resultaten från studie I visade, att den allmänna tillfredsställelsen med FI var hög både hos föräldrar och hos barn. Nittiotre procent av svaren från föräldrarna och 71 % från barnen var positiva gällande frågor om tillfredsställelse med och allmänna erfarenheter av FI. De rapporterade upplevda effekterna av FI var också övervägande positiva. Skuldkänslor minskade för 89 % av barnen som hade haft skuldkänslor gentemot föräldern innan FI. Kunskap om förälderns sjukdom upplevdes öka för 74 % av barnen. Barnen rapporterade några negativa effekter; fem barn upplevde ökad oro för föräldern och tre barn sämre mående efter FI.
I studie II intervjuades föräldrar med depressionsdiagnos vilket visade en ambivalens i beslutet att delta i en FI. Föräldrarna längtade efter att få veta hur deras barn mådde, hur de tänkte om sjukdomen och om de hade farit illa. Å andra sidan var föräldrarna oroliga inför att få svaren på dessa frågor iv
på grund att en hel del skuld- och skamkänslor var kopplade till frågan om barnens mående. Att utsättas för insyn i familjen var både en lättnad och skrämmande. Föräldrarnas erfarenheter undersöktes också i studie III. Att öppna upp en dialog med barnen om den psykiska sjukdomen var krävande. Att lyssna på barnens erfarenheter, att hitta lämpliga ord och slutligen börja prata om sjudomen i familjeträffen krävde att det fanns en grund av trygghet och förtroende både för behandlarna och för metoden. FI som metod verkade ge goda förutsättningar för att behandlarna skulle kunna etablera en allians med föräldrarna. Barnens erfarenheter presenteras i studie IV. De flesta barn beskrev en känsla av lättnad på grund av mer kunskap om förälderns sjukdom och öppnare kommunikation i familjen, därmed kände de också befrielse från en del av oron för föräldern. Barnen berättade att de kunde vara mer med sina vänner och inte längre behövde ta lika mycket ansvar hemma. Föräldrar och barn från samma familjer beskrev förändringarna på ett likartat sätt, tydande på att det fanns en ömsesidig förståelse i familjerna. Föräldrarna upplevde sig själva stärkta i sitt föräldraskap och deras skamkänslor hade minskat. Sammanfattningsvis är familjerna nöjda med sitt deltagande i FI, de rapporterar positiva effekter och andelen upplevda negativa effekter är låg. Barnen beskriver en känsla av lättnad och en befrielse från oron över förälderns sjukdom.

Bearing witness to life narratives: Iranian immigrant experiences of taking care of a family member with dementia

Mazaheri M, Sunvisson H, Nikbakht AN, Maddah MS, Emami A. (2011)

Caring for a person with dementia is one of the most devastating and challenging experiences that caregivers have to face. Many studies indicate that the experience of care giving reflects cultural care values and beliefs. Even though dementia care giving is the most frequently studied type of care as reflected in the literature, few studies have focused on dementia caregivers from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. The purpose of this study was to explore Iranian immigrant experiences of taking care of a family member with dementia.An interpretive phenomenological approach was employed to investigate the experiences of ten Iranian family caregivers, each caring for a family member with dementia and living in Sweden. Caregivers were recruited through purposeful sampling and took part in semi-structured interviews. All of the individuals who were contacted participated in the study. The participants included seven women and three men, ranging in age from 40 to 65 years, from different cities. They had all lived in Sweden for at least 20 years. Two caregivers were married to people with dementia, and eight were caring for parents with dementia. Data analysis was guided by Benner's interpretive phenomenology and revealed three key themes, namely caring as an experience of fulfillment, admitting the diagnosis of dementia, and the shock of not being recognized by their family members with dementia. Positive aspects of care giving should be recognized and supported in order to facilitate the maintaining of caregivers' involvement. The positive experiences of care giving could help to alleviate the problems that are experienced by the caregivers of people with dementi

Beck Depression Inventory: Second Edition Manual

Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. (1996)

The BDI-II represents a highly successful revision of an acknowledged standard in the measurement of depressed mood. The revision has improved upon the original by updating the items to reflect contemporary diagnostic criteria for depression and utilizing state-of-the-art psychometric techniques to improve the discriminative properties of the instrument. This degree of improvement is no small feat and the BDI-II deserves to replace the BDI as the single most widely used clinically administered instrument for the assessment of depression.
[출처] Beck depression inventory -II|작성자 Mirr

Becoming a client of the Danish social service system increases stress in parents of disabled infants

Graungaard, A. H., Skov, L., & Andersen, J. S. (2011)

INTRODUCTION:
Parents of a young child with severe disabilities are facing a large range of new challenges; furthermore, most of these families have extended social needs regarding information, financial support, day care facilities, disability aids, etc. Many parents with disabled children have been found to be dissatisfied with social services. This study explores parents' experiences with Danish social services during their transition to a new daily life after the birth of a severely disabled child.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Repeated qualitative interviews were performed individually with 16 parents of a severely disabled young child during the first two years after the diagnosis of the child's disabilities. Data were analysed using grounded theory.
RESULTS:
We found that the encounter with the social services increased stress in the families. Parental expectations were not met, especially regarding information; parents felt clientized, and obtaining social support was very resource consuming. Parents' needs regarding practical support and empathic case-working were not met and they spent much time and effort due to lacking continuity between sectors.
CONCLUSION:
Parents have specific needs when becoming clients in the social service system whose organisation of social services needs improvement. Health care professionals are advised to identify problems and support cooperation between the parents and the social service system, as well as to report the health-related consequences of prolonged and inefficient case-working for the child and its parents.
FUNDING:
was received from Socialministeriet, Landsforeningen LEV, Ronald McDonalds Børnefond, Susie og Peter Robinsohns fond, Rosalie Petersens fond, PLU-fonden, Ville Heises fond, Sygesikringens forskningsfond, Helsefonden, Elsass fonden.

Behavior therapy for drug abuse: a controlled treatment outcome study

Azrin N, McMahon P, Donohue B, Besalel V, Lapinski K, Kogan E, et al. (1994)

82 Ss were studied in a comparative evaluation of a behavioral vs supportive treatment for illegal drug use. Behavioral treatment included stimulus control, urge, control, contracting/family support and competing response procedures for an average of 19 sessions. 37% of Ss in the behavioral condition were drug-free at 2 months, 54% at 6 months, and 65% at 12 months vs 20 +/- 6% for the alternative treatment during all 12 months. The behavioral treatment was more effective across sex, age, educational level, marital status and type of drug (hard-drugs, cocaine, and marijuana). Greater improvement for this condition was also noted on measures of employment/school attendance, family relationships, depression, institutionalization and alcohol use.

Behavioral parent training as an adjunct to routine care in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: moderators of treatment response

van den Hoofdakker, B. J., Nauta, M. H., van der Veen-Mulders, L., Sytema, S., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Minderaa, R. B., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2010)

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate predictors and moderators of outcome of behavioral parent training (BPT) as adjunct to ongoing routine clinical care (RCC), versus RCC alone.

METHODS:
We randomly assigned 94 referred children (4-12 years) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to BPT plus RCC or RCC alone. Outcome was based on parent-reported behavioral problems and ADHD symptoms. Predictor/moderator variables included children's IQ, age, and comorbidity profile, and maternal ADHD, depression, and parenting self-efficacy.

RESULTS:
Superior BPT treatment effects on behavioral problems and ADHD symptoms were present in children with no or single-type comorbidity-anxiety/depression or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)/conduct disorder (CD)-and when mothers had high parenting self-efficacy, but absent in children with broad comorbidity (anxiety/depression and ODD/CD) and when mothers had low parenting self-efficacy. In older children ADHD symptoms tended to decrease more through BPT than in younger children.

CONCLUSIONS:
Adjunctive BPT is most useful when mothers have high parenting self-efficacy and in children with no or single-type comorbidity.

Behaviour style and interaction between seven children with multiple disabilities and their caregivers

Wilder, J. and M. Granlund (2003)

Introduction. Recent studies show that the existing interaction patterns of children with multiple disabilities should be taken into consideration when planning communication interventions. For children with disabilities, it is especially important that the partner in interaction is sensitive and well aware of the importance of a qualitatively successful interaction. Wilder (unpublished report) found that the behaviour style of 30 children with multiple disabilities was more related to the caregiver-perceived interaction than the communicative skills and functional abilities of the children. This study inductively explored the caregivers' perceptions of interaction within seven caregiver-child dyads. The research questions were: How do the caregivers perceive the interaction? How do the caregivers perceive the children's behaviour style to be related to the interaction with the caregivers? Method. The children were selected individually from the participants in Wilder (unpublished report) depending upon the responses the caregivers had given about the children's self-regulation and reactivity in the Carolina Record of Individual Behaviour questionnaire. The study was undertaken by means of home visits where the caregivers participated in an interview asking about their strategies for interaction, how they perceived the roles of the children and their own roles in interaction, the caregivers' opinion of what an interaction constituted of and the caregivers' aims and aspiration for interaction. The data analysis was performed by meaning concentration and categorization through a pendulum between the parts and the entirety of the interviews. In this way, hermeneutics and thematic analysis were both being practised. Results. The results of the interviews are presented as a model with categorizations as a network. The categorizations reflect the system of themes that permeate how the caregivers perceived interaction in the dyad. The themes are: sharing of experience, successful interaction, role of the child, role of the caregiver, interaction methods, obstacles and facilitators and aims and aspirations. Discussion. The caregivers perceived their own role in interaction to be of a sensitive leading kind. The caregivers lead the interaction by using their knowledge about the children's usual way of interacting, the children's behaviour styles, functional abilities, the children's current mood and situation as well as the whole context. They monitored the interaction such that, throughout an interaction sequence, the caregivers always tried to optimize the interaction between the parties in the dyad. The behaviour style was a background factor that the caregivers had knowledge of and scanned in their everyday turn taking. Although there were differences in the children's behaviour styles, the caregivers discussed the same themes in the interviews. The behaviour style became a facilitator for the whole interaction, forced the interaction in certain directions and made the interaction more complete with turn taking of different kinds from both parties. The findings show that it is imperative to see caregivers as experts on their children and to make them assertive in this in relation to professionals. Furthermore, as a successful interaction can boost the development of children, it is essential to direct interventions to the everyday interaction in caregiver-child dyads.

Being a parent of an adult son or daughter with severe mental illness receiving professional care: parent`s narratives

Pejlert A. (2001)

The aim of this study was to illuminate the meaning of parental care-giving with reference to having an adult son or daughter with severe mental illness living in a care setting. The parents were asked to narrate their relationship to offspring in the past, in the present, and their thoughts and feelings concerning the future. The study was guided by a phenomenological hermeneutic perspective. The meaning of parental care was illuminated in the themes 'living with sorrow, anguish and constant worry', 'living with guilt and shame', 'relating with carer/care; comfort and hardships' 'coming to terms with difficulties' and 'hoping for a better life for the adult child'. Parental care-giving emerged as a life-long effort. The narratives revealed ongoing grief, sorrow and losses interpreted as chronic sorrow. The narratives disclosed a cultural conflict between the family system and the care system, which was interpreted as a threat to the parental role, but also experiences of receiving comfort and having confidence in the care given. Experiences of stigma were interpreted from the way of labelling illness, narrated experiences of shame and relations with the public and mental health professionals. Parents' persisting in the care-giving role, striving to look after themselves and expressing hopes for the future were interpreted as a process of coming to terms with difficulties. Results suggest that mental health professionals need to be aware of their own attitudes and treatment of families, improve their cooperation with, and support to families, and provide opportunities for family members to meet one another.

Being a parent of an adult son or daughter with severe mental illness receiving professional care: parents’ narratives

Pejlert, Anita (2001)

The aim of this study was to illuminate the meaning of parental care-giving with reference to having an adult son or daughter with severe mental illness living in a care setting. The parents were asked to narrate their relationship to offspring in the past, in the present, and their thoughts and feelings concerning the future. The study was guided by a phenomenological hermeneutic perspective. The meaning of parental care was illuminated in the themes 'living with sorrow, anguish and constant worry', 'living with guilt and shame', 'relating with carer/care; comfort and hardships''coming to terms with difficulties' and 'hoping for a better life for the adult child'. Parental care-giving emerged as a life-long effort. The narratives revealed ongoing grief, sorrow and losses interpreted as chronic sorrow. The narratives disclosed a cultural conflict between the family system and the care system, which was interpreted as a threat to the parental role, but also experiences of receiving comfort and having confidence in the care given. Experiences of stigma were interpreted from the way of labelling illness, narrated experiences of shame and relations with the public and mental health professionals. Parents' persisting in the care-giving role, striving to look after themselves and expressing hopes for the future were interpreted as a process of coming to terms with difficulties. Results suggest that mental health professionals need to be aware of their own attitudes and treatment of families, improve their cooperation with, and support to families, and provide opportunities for family members to meet one another.

'Being appropriately unusual': a challenge for nurses in health-promoting conversations with families.

Benzein, E., Hagberg, M., & Saveman, B. (2008)

This study describes the theoretical assumptions and the application for health-promoting conversations, as a communication tool for nurses when talking to patients and their families. The conversations can be used on a promotional, preventive and healing level when working with family-focused nursing. They are based on a multiverse, salutogenetic, relational and reflecting approach, and acknowledge each person's experience as equally valid, and focus on families' resources, and the relationship between the family and its environment. By posing reflective questions, reflection is made possible for both the family and the nurses. Family members are invited to tell their story, and they can listen to and learn from each other. Nurses are challenged to build a co-creating partnership with families in order to acknowledge them as experts on how to lead their lives and to use their own expert knowledge in order to facilitate new meanings to surface. In this way, family health can be enhanced.

Being in the light or in the shade: persons with Parkinson's disease and their partners' experience of support

Birgersson, A. M. and A. K. Edberg (2004)

Interviews with six couples, persons with Parkinson's disease and their partners, were tape-recorded, transcribed and analysed using manifest and latent content analysis. The couples' experiences could be interpreted as Being in the light and Being in the shade of support, with internal variations for the patients and their partners. The narratives also revealed that the disease meant a transition of roles in their relation seen in different patterns: From unity towards unity, From unity towards distance and From distance towards unity. The results indicate that there is a need for more specialised and individually adjusted support.

Being perceived as a 'visitor' in the nursing staff's working arena - the involvement of relatives in daily caring activities in nursing homes in an urban community in Sweden

Holmgren J, Emami A, Eriksson LE, Eriksson H. (2012)

Background: It is both complex and difficult for relatives when a loved one moves into a nursing home and many relatives are not prepared for the realities these new situations entail. Little attention has been paid to scrutinising the involvement of relatives in patient care, particularly in relation to the structures and routines of nursing homes or to the staff's reasoning concerning their involvement. Aim: To describe, from a gender perspective, how nursing staff's routines and reasoning act to condition the involvement of relatives in nursing homes. Methods: Focused ethnographic fieldwork was conducted in a medium-sized urban community in central Sweden in three different nursing homes. Results: The nursing staff assigns a certain code of conduct to all relatives they perceived as 'visitors' in their working arena. This code of conduct was related to the routines and subcultures existing among the nursing staff and stemmed from a division of labour; the underlying concept of 'visitor' predetermined the potential for relatives' involvement. This involvement is explicitly related to the general gendered characteristics that exist in the nursing staff's perception of the relatives. Discussion: The study's limitations are primarily concerned with shortcomings associated with a research presence during the fieldwork. The discussion focuses on the dimensions of power structures observed in the nursing home routines and the staff's reasoning based on their gendered assumptions. We argue that it is important to develop mechanisms that provide opportunities for nursing staff in elderly care to reflect on these structures without downplaying the excellent care they provide. We stress the importance of further exploring these issues concerning relatives and their involvement in nursing homes to facilitate the transition from informal caregiver to 'visitor'

Being the next of kin of an adult person with muscular dystrophy

Boström K, Ahlström G, Sunvisson H. (2006)

A chronic disorder affects all members of the family in various ways. The aim of this study is to elucidate the next of kin's (N= 36) experiences when an adult family member has muscular dystrophy. The relationships were partner (36%, n= 14), parent (18%, n= 7), child (21%, n= 8), sibling (15%, n= 6), and other relative (3%, n= 1). Latent content analysis is employed and involves an interpretation of the interviewtext. The results showthe meaning of being close to a person with muscular dystrophy through the themes that emerged: exposure of the family; the span between obligation and love; being vigilant, protective, and supportive; and striving for an ordinary life. This study reveals a need for healthcare staff to understand the next of kin's narrated meaning of changes when a family member has a progressive disease.

Being the next of kin of an adult person with muscular dystrophy

Boström, K., Ahlström, G., & Sunvisson, H. (2006)

A chronic disorder affects all members of the family in various ways. The aim of this study is to elucidate the next of kin's (N= 36) experiences when an adult family member has muscular dystrophy. The relationships were partner (36%, n= 14), parent (18%, n= 7), child (21%, n= 8), sibling (15%, n= 6), and other relative (3%, n= 1). Latent content analysis is employed and involves an interpretation of the interviewtext. The results showthe meaning of being close to a person with muscular dystrophy through the themes that emerged: exposure of the family; the span between obligation and love; being vigilant, protective, and supportive; and striving for an ordinary life. This study reveals a need for healthcare staff to understand the next of kin's narrated meaning of changes when a family member has a progressive disease.

Benjamin-Min mamma är speciell

Lazai Stefanie, Phol Stephan (2006)

En bok för barn som handlar om att leva med en förälder som har MS. Boken Benjamin ger föräldrar och barn möjlighet att läsa och diskutera tillsammans. Den berättar om hur det är att leva med en mamma som har MS och tar upp de många oförutsägbara sidorna av sjukdomen. Boken förklarar på ett enkelt sätt vad som händer med mamman och stöttar Benjamin känslomässigt. Detta skapar insikt och trygghet för Benjamin och han blir stolt över hur hans mamma övervinner de svårigheter hon ställs inför.

 

Bereaved children – family intervention

Black, D. & Urbanovicz, M. (1985)

This book contains a selection of papers presented at the 10th International Congress of the International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions, held in Dublin in 1982. Developments currently taking place in child psychiatry and clinical child psychology are represented, and in particular, the two themes of processes within families and evaluation of intervention reflect important aspects of research activities that have emerged recently.

Bereaved groups for inner-city children

Schilling, R.F., Koh, N., Abramovitz, R. & Gilbert, L. (1992)

Guided by theory, empirical research, and clinical experience, this demonstration tested a 12-session group intervention for 38 inner-city children who had lost a caregiver. The design of the group intervention was guided by the psychodynamic tradition of the sponsoring agency, themes from the bereavement literature, and findings from intervention research on bereaved children and adults. Attendance for the group intervention was high among those 29 children who completed posttests. The loss of the parent figure often had an impact on caregiving and living arrangements. Children rated themselves as significantly more depressed at pretest than their caregivers rated them, but at posttest this difference diminished. However, the majority of children remained depressed throughout the study. Pretest and posttest comparisons suggest that the treatment intervention may have enabled children to develop a more mature concept of death. Mixed outcomes and the methodological limitations of the study allow for multiple interpretations. Nevertheless, modest results reported here may encourage other clinical researchers to build on this early effort. Better understanding of how to treat bereaved children must await controlled, longitudinal research.

Bereavement stressors and psychosocial well-being of young adults following the loss of a parent - A cross-sectional survey

Lundberg T., Forinder U., Olsson M., Fürst CJ., Årestedt K., Alvariza A. (2018)

Abstract
PURPOSE:
The knowledge about young adults who have lost a parent to cancer is limited, and to reach a broader understanding about this group, this study used the Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement (Stroebe and Schut, 1999) as a theoretical framework. The purpose of this study was to describe loss- and restoration-oriented bereavement stressors and psychosocial wellbeing of young adultsfollowing the loss of a parent to cancer. METHOD: This survey used baseline data from a longitudinal study. Young adults, aged 16-28 years, who lost a parent to cancer more than two months earlier and agreed to participate in support groups held at three palliative care services in Sweden, responded to a comprehensive theory-based study-specific questionnaire. RESULTS: Altogether, 77 young adults (64 women and 13 men) answered the questionnaire an average of five-to-eight months after the loss. Twenty percent (n = 15) had not been aware of their parent's impending death at all or only knew a few hours before the death, and 65% (n = 50) did not expect the death when it occurred. The young adults reported low self-esteem (n = 58, 76%), mild to severe anxiety (n = 55, 74%), mild to severe depression (n = 23, 31%) and low life satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Young adults reported overall poor psychosocial wellbeing following bereavement. The unexpectedness and unawareness of the parent's imminent death, i.e., loss-oriented bereavement stressors, might influence psychosocial wellbeing. Despite these reports, restoration-oriented stressors, such as support from family and friends, helped them to cope with the loss

Berättelser om att vara anhörig till barn och unga med flerfunktionsnedsättning

Anna Pella (2018)

Sammanfattning
Den här skriften handlar om hur anhöriga till barn och unga med flerfunktionsnedsättning har gjort för att ta vara på livets möjligheter. Du möter Ellen, 8 månader, Elvira, 3 år, Miles, 5 år, Diamanda, 6 år, Hannes, 13 år, Liv, 14 år och Kim, 21 år. Deras anhöriga berättar bland annat om vikten av att träffa andra i liknande situation, att våga skaffa syskon och att ta vara på sig själv som förälder för att förebygga psykisk och fysisk ohälsa. Men de berättar också om barnets behov av att förebygga andningsproblem och att som förälder behöva möta okunskap och fördomar om barnets livskvalitet. Vi får också veta hur de gått till väga för att skapa ett bra liv för hela familjen med hjälp av personlig assistans och särskilt boende.

Foto: Anna Pella

Between 'Choice' and 'Active Citizenship': Competing Agendas for Home Care in the Netherlands

Grootegoed, E. (2013)

Choice over home care has become an important pillar in the provision of publicly financed long-term care for people of all ages. In many European welfare states, cash-for-care schemes give care recipients greater choice over home care arrangements by allowing them to pay for care provided by acquaintances, friends and even family members. Paying for such informal care, however, is increasingly contested due to growing care needs, rising costs and the perceived need to tighten access to publicly funded care. Citizens in paid care-giving roles are thus pressured to continue their care unpaid or re-divide their care-giving responsibilities with lay 'citizen-carers'. On the basis of a Dutch case study, this article examines how paid family care-givers experience this call for greater self-sufficiency in providing care. An analysis of 25 interviews and 21 letters of complaint revealed that care-givers felt trapped between their desire to derive social status from paid work and their inability to reject or re-divide previously paid care responsibilities. In a society where all citizens are expected to work, care-givers feel that their previously paid care-giving is devalued from a public to a private matter, despite the government's attempts to reframe care as an act of good citizenship.

Between elderly parents and grandchildren : Geographic proximity and trends in four-generation families

Lundholm, E., & Malmberg, G. (2010)

In an ageing society, families may have an important role in the caretaking and well-being of the elderly. Demographic changes have an impact on the size and structure of families; one aspect is how intergenerational support is distributed when there is a need for support to both older and younger generations at the same time. Another vital aspect of the provision of care for the elderly is geographic proximity. This study is oriented towards the potential "both-end carers" i.e. persons who have grandchildren in potential need of care while still having living ageing parents. The incidence of having grandchildren and having living parents at age 55 and the proximity between generations is described using Swedish register data. The results show that the share of 55-year-olds who are grandparents decreased dramatically from 70% to 35% between 1990 and 2005. As expected, more 55-year-olds have living parents—a proportion that increased from 37% to 47% during this period. As a result of delayed childbearing among the children of these cohorts, the likelihood of belonging to a four-generation family among 55-year-olds has not increased, despite increased longevity. Furthermore, most individuals live within daily reach of their kin and no evidence was found of a trend of increasing geographic distances between generations.

Beyond stroke: Description and evaluation of an effective intervention to support family caregivers of stroke patients.

Schure LM, van den Heuvel ETP, Stewart RE, Sanderman R, de Witte LP, Meyboom-de Jong B. (2006)

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a group support program and a home visiting program for family caregivers of stroke patients. It also examined the best fit between intervention variant and family caregiver and patient characteristics. van den Heuvel's previous effect study showed positive effects of the same intervention program, but unlike our present study differences between the two support variants could not be measured.
METHODS:
Of 257 family caregivers who were included and randomly assigned to an intervention variant or a control group, 127 family caregivers completed the intervention in either the group program or the home visiting program.
RESULTS:
Evaluation data showed that both intervention variants had been helpful and feasible, but home visit participants missed peer contact and follow-up contacts were missed in both intervention programs. In comparison to the home visiting program, the group program participants showed more benefit especially with respect to informational and emotional components. Caregivers' preference for type of intervention revealed that both types of intervention had its supporters. Those that preferred the group program could be clearly characterised: they were burdened, lived with a more psychologically handicapped relative, were using active coping strategies more frequently or lived in a region which is considered to be more sociable.
CONCLUSION:
The present study adds extensively to van den Heuvel's effect study with respect to discriminative aspects of group and home intervention programs and their respective benefits for specific family caregiver groups.
PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS:
In order to suitably match an intervention type with specific caregiver characteristics the intervention provider should utilize caregiver self-selection or undertake professional screening of caregiver burden. Telephone contacts should be offered in addition to the interventions.

Beyond the definition of formal care: Informal care arrangements among older swedes who are not family

Siira, Elin; Rolandsson, Bertil; Wijk, Helle; Wolf, Axel (2020)

Despite the well‐known associations between local environment and health, few studies have focused on environment and healthcare utilisation, for instance healthcare seeking behaviour or adherence. This study was aimed at analysing housing type, behaviour based on perceived local outdoor safety, social support, informal caregiving, demographics, socioeconomics, and long‐term illness, and associations with health‐seeking and adherence behaviours at a population level. This study used data from the Swedish National Public Health Survey 2004–2014, an annually repeated, large sample, cross‐sectional, population‐based survey study. In all, questionnaires from 100,433 individuals were returned by post, making the response rate 52.9% (100,433/190,000). Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regressions were used to investigate associations between explanatory variables and the outcomes of refraining from seeking care and non‐adherence behaviour. Living in rented apartment, lodger, a dorm or other was associated with reporting refraining from seeking care (adjusted OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00–1.22), and non‐adherence (adjusted OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.13–1.31). Refraining from going out due to a perceived unsafe neighbourhood was associated with refraining from seeking care (adjusted OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.51–1.67) and non‐adherence (adjusted OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.17–1.36). Social support and status as an informal caregiver was associated with higher odds of refraining from seeking medical care and non‐adherence. This study suggests that living in rental housing, refraining from going out due to neighbourhood safety concerns, lack of social support or informal caregiver status are associated with lower health‐seeking behaviour and non‐adherence to prescribed medication.

Beyond the definition of formal care: Informal care arrangements among older swedes who are not family

Siira, Elin; Rolandsson, Bertil; Wijk, Helle; Wolf, Axel (2020)

Abstract
This study explores care practices of older people outside formal care and without appealing to predefined relationships. We conducted interviews with 30 independent‐living men and women aged 67–93 in three municipalities in Sweden. The interviews explored how they cared for themselves and other older people who were not family. Interviews were conducted between December 2017 and May 2018 and later transcribed and analysed using grounded theory. Our paper presents one of the first studies on informal care practices among older people that looks beyond the definition of formal care to understand how such care complements formal care services. The findings show that older people participate in several care arrangements to care for themselves as well as for others. The arrangements feature different types of mutuality and include distant relations to other older people and larger more or less formalised groups. The findings highlight the importance of looking beyond conceptualisations of care based on understandings of formal care and specific relationships as a frame for understanding informal care. To promote older people's health by cultivating and supporting older people's care for themselves and others, research and healthcare practitioners need to explore and acknowledge the significance and complexity of older people's everyday care practices.

Bibliotherapy: An intervention designed for siblings of children with autism [Thesis UMI nr 3457982].

Strobel D. (2012)

This mixed-method study investigated the use of a bibliotherapy intervention that was designed specifically for preteen siblings of children with autism. Bibliotherapy is a facilitated method in which books related to participants' issues are used in order to help develop their insight about circumstances they share. Approximately one million siblings of children with autism have unique life circumstances that only those with similar lives can understand. Siblings, an intricate part of the dynamic family system, are often excluded from social services that are available to parents and children with autism. Siblings of children with autism can benefit from support, too; however, intervention research that investigates the effectiveness of supporting siblings of children with autism is limited.

The purposes of this study were to measure the effectiveness of a bibliotherapy intervention and to examine whether participants progressed through the three stages of bibliotherapy, increased their knowledge of autism, and whether interactions with their family members changed as a result of engaging in bibliotherapy sessions. Six participants, male and female, attended six bibliotherapy sessions. The book Rules (Lord, 2006) was the catalyst for the sibling discussion and activities that were a part of each bibliotherapy session. Pre and post surveys, sibling comments expressed during the bibliotherapy sessions, and sibling journal entries were used to collect data. The data were then analyzed using the Page Test for Ordered Alternatives and the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks test (WSR). Results indicated statistically significant outcomes for increasing autism knowledge and nonstatistically significant results for progressing through the three stages of bibliotherapy and changes in family interactions. However, parents reported that the participant siblings demonstrated an increase in understanding and patience for their brothers with autism, and the siblings reported overall satisfaction with the bibliotherapy intervention. Results, implications, and recommendations for future research are provided.

Bildens yta och djup. Grunder för en bildsemiotik

Sonesson, G. (2001)

Man kan urskilja två ursprung till bildsemiotiken, dels ur försöker att avleda en modell ur studiet av enskilda bilder, som växer fram ur kritiken av Barthes första, enligt allakompetenta bedömare ganska misslyckade försök med utgångspunkt i en reklambild; och dels ur kritiken av Peirces ikonicitetsbegrepp hos Bierman, Lindekens och Eco och av det vardagliga bildbegreppet grundat på likhet hos Goodman, som också bygger påmånga missförstånd. I denna artikel diskuteras i viss mån den första traditionen, men huvuddelen ägnas åt den andra. En ny teori på fenomenologisk grundval angående den speciella form av ikonicitet som förekommer i bilder lägges fram, och denna ikonicitetkontrasteras med andra typer. En allmän indelning i primär och sekundär ikonicitet föreslages.

Bildens yta och djup. Grunder för en bildsemiotik

Sonesson, G. (2001)

Man kan urskilja två ursprung till bildsemiotiken, dels ur försöker att avleda en modell ur studiet av enskilda bilder, som växer fram ur kritiken av Barthes första, enligt allakompetenta bedömare ganska misslyckade försök med utgångspunkt i en reklambild; och dels ur kritiken av Peirces ikonicitetsbegrepp hos Bierman, Lindekens och Eco och av det vardagliga bildbegreppet grundat på likhet hos Goodman, som också bygger påmånga missförstånd. I denna artikel diskuteras i viss mån den första traditionen, men huvuddelen ägnas åt den andra. En ny teori på fenomenologisk grundval angående den speciella form av ikonicitet som förekommer i bilder lägges fram, och denna ikonicitetkontrasteras med andra typer. En allmän indelning i primär och sekundär ikonicitet föreslages.

Bipolär sjukdom – ur ett existensiellt perspektiv [Akademisk avhandling].

Rusner M. (2012)

Aim: The overall aim was to create knowledge about what it means to live with bipolar
disorder from an existential perspective, both for individuals with the diagnosis and for
their close relatives.
Method: An existential perspective in this context entails that it is explored and
described from a lifeworld perspective of individuals who in various ways experience
that which is termed as bipolar disorder. The lifeworld phenomenological approach
Reflective Lifeworld Research (RLR) was used in the four empirical studies. Meaningoriented
interviews and analysis were conducted following the leading methodological
principles of the chosen scientific approach. A synthesis, based on lifeworld
hermeneutic existential philosophy, then presents how it is possible to understand the
perspective of individuals with bipolar disorder and their close relatives as a coherent
whole.
Findings and conclusions: A magnitude and complexity of experiencing, which means
that life with bipolar disorder is characterized by extra dimensions, specific tension and
contradictions, has been elucidated. Knowledge of the meaning of these aspects
enables for the persons with the illness and for their close relatives to understand, to
put words to, and to communicate how their life is and what they need, which in turn
enhances their ability to influence their lives. It also increases the opportunities for
professional caregivers to develop care, both in content and organization, so that it can
meet the actual needs of those concerned in an adequate way.
Living with bipolar disorder means so much more than the usual description with
changes between episodes of depression and mania. The diagnosis "bipolar disorder"
thus appears to be an inadequate label that only reflects the more obvious and visible
dimensions of the illness, while those that characterize life in its entirety remain
hidden.
The thesis also shows that the importance of the common everyday life of persons with
bipolar disorder and their close relatives should be highlighted as the most important
factor in a liveable existence. A change in the view of mental health care is thus
needed; a change that is characterized by consensus, collaboration and transparent
communication between the person with the illness, their close relatives and mental
health care. The common goal should be about meeting actual needs, and to
strengthen a profound connectedness in order to make everyday life more liveable.

Blended learning networks supported by information and communication technology: An intervention for knowledge transformation within family care of older people

Hanson E, Magnusson L, Sennemark E. (2011)

Purpose: This article describes an innovative practice called Blended Learning Networks (BLNs) whose aim is to enable older people, their families, and care providers to exchange knowledge, learn together, and support each other in local development work so that care is improved for older people. BLNs were established in 31 municipalities, headed up by a local facilitator. They were supported by a national themed network consisting of virtual meetings between local facilitators and national facilitators at the Swedish National Family Care Competence Centre. Design and Methods: An evaluation was conducted to explore the utility of the BLNs so that any improvements to the model could be instigated. Focus group interviews were conducted with members of 9 BLNs, and self-evaluation questions were discussed in 16 BLNs. Limitations are that not all BLN members participated in the evaluation, and local facilitators conducting self-evaluations were not trained in focus group dynamics. Virtual focus groups were carried out with 26 of the 31 local facilitators and with the national facilitators. Results: Participants reported an increased understanding of caregiver issues and of each group's roles. Of particular value were the stories shared by caregivers and the potential for change locally due to the involvement of decision makers. The practice demanded considerable skills of the local facilitators. An initial education for new local facilitators was deemed necessary. Implications: BLNs is a unique practice of community communications and knowledge transfer as it creates partnerships among all key stakeholder groups that act as a catalyst for improving care for older people.

Blended learning networks supported by information and communication technology: An intervention for knowledge transformation within family care of older people

Hanson E, Magnusson L, Sennemark E. (2011)

Purpose: This article describes an innovative practice called Blended Learning Networks (BLNs) whose aim is to enable older people, their families, and care providers to exchange knowledge, learn together, and support each other in local development work so that care is improved for older people. BLNs were established in 31 municipalities, headed up by a local facilitator. They were supported by a national themed network consisting of virtual meetings between local facilitators and national facilitators at the Swedish National Family Care Competence Centre. Design and Methods: An evaluation was conducted to explore the utility of the BLNs so that any improvements to the model could be instigated. Focus group interviews were conducted with members of 9 BLNs, and self-evaluation questions were discussed in 16 BLNs. Limitations are that not all BLN members participated in the evaluation, and local facilitators conducting self-evaluations were not trained in focus group dynamics. Virtual focus groups were carried out with 26 of the 31 local facilitators and with the national facilitators. Results: Participants reported an increased understanding of caregiver issues and of each group's roles. Of particular value were the stories shared by caregivers and the potential for change locally due to the involvement of decision makers. The practice demanded considerable skills of the local facilitators. An initial education for new local facilitators was deemed necessary. Implications: BLNs is a unique practice of community communications and knowledge transfer as it creates partnerships among all key stakeholder groups that act as a catalyst for improving care for older people.

Bloodlines: from ethnic pride to ethnic terrorism

Volkan, V. (1997)

In the wake of recent conflicts in Russia and the former Yugoslavia, ethnic terrorism and ethnic cleansing have become household words. Yet we are at a loss to find solutions to such struggles. In Bloodlines, Vamik Volkan, a world-renowned psychiatrist specializing in international relations, explores ethnic violence by examining history and diplomacy through a psycho-analytic lens.Dr. Volkan leads the reader on investigative tours of battlegrounds in the Middle East, Russia, Turkey, Cyprus, the Baltics, and the Balkans. In Serbia, he discovers that the Battle of Kosovo, fought in 1389, is the rallying cry for modern nationalists, who view the past as prophecy. In Turkey, PKK terrorist leader Apo reveals that he still considers himself an unloved child and orders his army of Kurdish women to remain virgins because of his own disgust with "unclean" adult behavior. In Latvia, after the dissolution of the USSR, Dr. Volkan learns that ethnic Latvians plan to disinter corpses and segregate cemeteries in an attempt to establish a national identity separate from that of Russia. Drawing on a variety of disciplines, Dr. Volkan analyzes these issues of identity formation, perceived versus real threats, the persistence of past traumas, and the desire for revenge.The result is a work that lays the foundation for understanding the differences between ethnic groups as well as the common ground they share. Timely, brilliant, and gripping, Bloodlines gives fascinating insights into how personal identity intertwines with nationality, and why hatred of others becomes a part of our sense of self.

Blunda och räkna till hundra

Pernilla Soland (2021)

Sammanfattning:
Boken berör ämnen som är högaktuella 2021, inte minst i relation till den ökning av postvirala sjukdomar vi lär få se i covids kölvatten. Berättelsen tar sin start i den pandemi som nu rasar kring oss.
Redan innan vår nya samtid drabbade oss fick dottern Linnea ett virus som inte släppte sitt grepp. Snart fick hon nya märkliga symtom. Ändå slog hennes läkare lugnt fast att barn kunde råka ut för postviral trötthet, något som skulle gå över med tiden. Men Linnea blev bara sämre. Likt en inkräktare trängde sig en okänd sjukdom in i familjens trygga liv på Gotland. Sjukdomen visade sig vara lika svår att göra sig av med som att lära känna - mardrömmen blev verklighet.

I boken får vi följa föräldrarnas kamp för att rädda dottern. Samtidigt faller de som anhörigvårdare genom revorna i välfärdens redan grovmaskiga nät. Med ett särpräglat språk som når ända in i själen skildras utmaningar och sorger vi alla kan drabbas av när någon vi älskar blir allvarligt sjuk.

Boende utanför det egna hemmet-placeringsformer för barn och unga. Delbetänkande av Utredningen om tvångsvård för barn och unga

SOU (2014)

Regeringen beslutade den 12 juli 2012 att tillkalla en särskild utredare med uppdrag att göra en översyn av lagen (1990:52) med särskilda bestämmelser om vård av unga (LVU). Av direktiven framgår att även vissa frågor som rör socialtjänstlagen (2001:453, SoL) ingår i uppdraget (dir. 2012:79). Syftet är att ytterligare stärka barnrättsperspektivet och rättssäkerheten för barn och unga.

Genom tilläggsdirektiv, beslutade den 19 juni 2013, har utredningen dessutom fått uppdraget att se över olika placeringsalternativ för barns och ungas boende, vård och fostran enligt SoL och LVU och att lämna förslag till flera alternativ än vad som finns i dag.

Detta delbetänkande innehåller förslag i enlighet med tilläggsdirektiven. Därutöver behandlas vissa frågor som ingår i utredningens ursprungliga direktiv.

Caregiver Confidence: Does It Predict Changes in Disability Among Elderly Home Care Recipients?

Li, L. W. and S. J. McLaughlin (2012)

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The primary aim of this investigation was to determine whether caregiver confidence in their care recipients' functional capabilities predicts changes in the performance of activities of daily living (ADL) among elderly home care recipients. A secondary aim was to explore how caregiver confidence and care recipient functional self-efficacy jointly influence changes in ADL performance over time. DESIGN AND METHODS: The sample included 5,138 elderly recipients of home and community-based long-term care in Michigan. ADL performance was assessed multiple times over a 2-year period. Caregiver confidence was measured at baseline with a single item. Multilevel modeling was used to estimate the effect of caregiver confidence on changes in ADL performance over time, controlling for baseline self-efficacy, ADL performance, and other factors that might confound the relationship. Based on caregiver confidence and elder self-efficacy, we created 4 groups of elder caregiver dyads to explore the combined effect of caregiver and elder confidence on change in ADL performance. RESULTS: Elders whose caregivers were confident in their capacity for greater functional independence experienced greater improvement in ADL performance than those whose caregivers were not confident. Elders in dyads in which both members expressed confidence experienced more improvement in ADL performance than those in dyads in which either one or both members lacked confidence. IMPLICATIONS: Interventions to strengthen caregivers' confidence in their care recipients' functional capabilities may slow functional losses among home care elders. Additional research is needed to confirm these findings and identify the factors that influence caregiver confidence.

Caregiver Participation in Hospice Interdisciplinary Team Meetings via Videophone Technology: A Pilot Study to Improve Pain Management

Parker Oliver, D., Demiris, G., Wittenberg-Lyles, E., Porock, D., Collier, J., & Arthur, A. (2010)

Abstract

This article discusses a pilot study testing a videophone intervention enabling hospice patients and caregivers to remotely participate in interdisciplinary team meetings, with the goal of improving pain management. The aim of this study was to test potential outcome measures and combine the data with qualitative observations to assess the overall feasibility and promise of the intervention. The outcomes evaluated included hospice patient quality of life, caregiver perceptions of pain medications, caregiver quality of life, and caregiver anxiety related to team participation. The pilot study showed that caregiver participation in the care planning process is feasible and may change caregiver perceptions of pain medication, potentially improving pain management for hospice patients.

Caregiver responsiveness to the Family Bereavement Program: what predicts responsiveness? What does responsiveness predict?

Schoenfelder, E.N., Sandler, I.N., Millsap, R.E., Wolchik, C.B., Berkel, C., & Ayers, T.S. (2013)

Abstract
The study developed a multidimensional measure to assess participant responsiveness to a preventive intervention and applied this measure to study how participant baseline characteristics predict responsiveness and how responsiveness predicts program outcomes. The study was conducted with caregivers who participated in the parenting-focused component of the Family Bereavement Program (FBP), a prevention program for families that have experienced parental death. The sample consisted of 89 caregivers assigned to the intervention condition in the efficacy trial of the FBP. Positive parenting, caregiver depression, and child externalizing problems at baseline were found to predict caregivers' use of program skills outside the group, and more child internalizing problems predicted more positive perceptions of the group environment. Higher levels of skill use during the program predicted increased positive parenting at the 11-month follow-up, whereas positive perceptions of the group environment predicted decreased caregiver depressive symptoms at follow-up. Caregiver skill use mediated the relation between baseline positive parenting and improvements in positive parenting at 11-month follow-up, and skill use and perceived group environment mediated changes in caregiver depression from baseline to 11-month follow-up.

Caregiver strain in Parkinson's disease and the impact of disease duration

Lökk ,J. (2008)

Abstract
AIM:
The task of managing care for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) often falls upon a family member taking on the role as a caregiver (CG) implying a burden on these CGs. The aim of this study was to evaluate CG strain of PD patients with regarding different psychosocial domains and the influence of PD/CG duration of PD.
METHODS:
A cross-sectional telephone interview survey of 451 CGs randomly selected from the registry of the Swedish Parkinson's Disease Association. A structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic, psychosocial, and general CG factors, sleep and depression of the CG as well as issues of the patient's disease was used by 4 independent interviewers blinded to the study objective.
RESULTS:
Four hundred and four of 451 (90%) CGs responded with a mean age of 68.5 years with 62% females. The results were stratified in 3 groups with regard to disease duration of the PD patient, 0-4, 5-10, and >11 years, respectively. General health condition of the CGs was regarded satisfactory independent of disease duration. Insufficient sleep and disease related stress were considered to be prominent in 36% and 61%, respectively, being significantly more prominent in the group with the longest disease duration. Decreased mood was reported in 31% with no difference between groups. More than 30% of CGs also experienced daily problems with tiredness and sleep disturbance; 27% hypertension; 17% muscle strain, headache and fatigue; and 14% gastro-intestinal problems most items regardless of disease duration. The most troublesome symptoms of the patients to the CGs were reported to be the motor dysfunction (58%). More than half experienced little or no understanding of their situation.
CONCLUSION:
CGs are afflicted with strain and burden in many psychosocial and somatic domains despite satisfactory general wellbeing independent of disease duration. The longer disease duration, and, accordingly CG duration, the more impact on certain domains of CG burden, however, with little understanding of their situation. These findings should be given greater consideration when organizing and planning for PD care in the health care system and the community.

Caregivers dealing with stroke pull together and feel connected

Pierce LL, Steiner V, Govoni AL, Hicks B, Thompson TL, Friedemann ML. (2004)

Changes that can accompany stroke may create considerable stress for individuals caring for the affected person. This study explored the coping process for nine rural-dwelling caregivers of persons with stroke and the responses of these caregivers to a Web-based support program. The qualitative data management program QSR N 5 was used to analyze quotes from telephone interviews and computer entries. Stories of how caregivers came together and supported one another emerged from the data collected as part of a larger study that examined the experience of caring. Friedemann's framework of systemic organization guided data analysis and interpretation. Actions demonstrated by the caregivers illustrated the process of crisis resolution through family togetherness in which nurses were included. The findings of this study aided in understanding this process and gave direction for nurses working with such clients.

Caregivers of relatives with dementia: experiences encompassing social support and bereavement

Almberg BE, Grafström M, Winblad B. (2000)

Caregivers who suffer grief after the death of a family member with dementia have received little attention in research. In this Swedish study, 30 caregivers were interviewed less than 6 months after the death of a family member with dementia. The study explored the caregivers' experiences of bereavement and social support in two stages: during the caregiving period and following death, and examined any links between the two stages. Findings showed that a central dynamic in caregiver bereavement seemed to be the support experienced, as well as the possibility of having continued support from family and/or friends. Caregivers who reported more positive appraisals during the caregiver period were likely to feel relieved after the death of a relative. They also tended to be more satisfied with their social support. (AKM).

Caregivers´ experiences of caring for an elderly next of kin in Sweden

Wester, A., Larsson, L., & Pennbrant, S. (2013)

Background: Care of elderly changed in the 1990s in Sweden; treatment sessions were shortened in particular. Consequently, patients have a greater need for care when returning home from hospital. This task may seem overwhelming and caregivers can feel lonely, worn out and resigned in their situation.
Aim: Explore how caregivers experience caring for an elderly next of kin in ordinary living.
Method: Qualitative content analysis of semi-structured interviews with eleven Swedish caregivers.
Findings: Caregivers experienced their situation as something to be endured. In particular, they felt a need for belonging, a need for controlling everyday life, and a need for support.
Conclusion: Home care nurses, health centres and home support workers should be aware of and respect caregivers' needs in terms of support.

Caregiving and cognitive function in older women

Bertrand, R. M., Saczynski, J. S., Mezzacappa, C., Hulse, M., Ensrud, K., & Fredman, L. (2012)

Objectives: Recent findings of better health outcomes in older caregivers than noncaregivers suggest a healthy caregiver hypothesis (HCH) model may be more appropriate than the stress process model for evaluating the health effects of caregiving. In a cross-sectional study, we tested the HCH on two cognitive domains: verbal memory and processing speed. Method: Participants from the Caregiver Study of Osteoporotic Fractures who had a 2-year follow-up interview were categorized as continuous caregivers (n = 194), former caregivers (n = 148), or continuous noncaregivers (n = 574). The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT; memory) and Digit Symbol Substitution Task (DSST; processing speed) were administered at the follow-up interview. Results: Continuous caregivers had better memory performance and processing speed than continuous noncaregivers: adjusted mean scores for HVLT were 18.38 versus 15.80 (p < .0001), and for DSST were 35.91 versus 34.38 (p = .09). Discussion: Results support the HCH model for cognitive outcomes in older women caregivers; however, the relationship may be domain specific.

Caregiving and volunteering among older people in Sweden - prevalences and profiles

Jegermalm, M., & Jeppsson Grassman, E. (2009)

This study examines the role of older people in Swedish society by exploring the prevalence of their informal caregiving and volunteering and by analyzing the profiles of these contributors of unpaid work. Data were collected by means of telephone interviews in a Swedish representative survey conducted in 2005. Our analysis reveals three distinct profiles of people involved in unpaid activities. One of these consists of those involved both in informal help giving and volunteering, a group that has been labeled "super helpers" or "doers" in earlier research. It is important for social policy planners to recognize these groups of older people and better understand the dynamics of their unpaid work in order to ascertain whether they might need support as providers and to enhance their well-being. There does not seem to be any simple contradiction between the parallel existence of a universal welfare model of the Swedish kind and an extensive civil society in which older people play important roles as active citizens.

Caregiving and Volunteering among Older People in Sweden − Prevalence and Profiles

Jegermalm, M. and E. Jeppsson Grassman (2009)

This study examines the role of older people in Swedish society by exploring the prevalence of their informal caregiving and volunteering and by analyzing the profiles of these contributors of unpaid work. Data were collected by means of telephone interviews in a Swedish representative survey conducted in 2005. Our analysis reveals three distinct profiles of people involved in unpaid activities. One of these consists of those involved both in informal help giving and volunteering, a group that has been labeled "super helpers" or "doers" in earlier research. It is important for social policy planners to recognize these groups of older people and better understand the dynamics of their unpaid work in order to ascertain whether they might need support as providers and to enhance their well-being. There does not seem to be any simple contradiction between the parallel existence of a universal welfare model of the Swedish kind and an extensive civil society in which older people play important roles as active citizens

Intimate partner violence and birth outcomes: A systematic review

Boy, A., & Salihu, H. M. (2004)

Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
There is a lack of comprehensive information on the relationship between domestic physical and emotional violence and pregnancy outcomes. Accordingly, we undertook this systematic review of the literature to examine the evidence on the association between physical and emotional abuse and pregnancy outcomes.
STUDY DESIGN AND METHOD:
A comprehensive literature search was carried out using pertinent key words that would retrieve any research article pertaining to the topic. This was supplemented by cross-referencing of the articles. A total of 296 articles were found; case reports and articles that failed to satisfy the study inclusion criteria were removed and 30 articles were included in the review.
RESULTS:
Overall, adverse pregnancy outcomes, including low birth weight, maternal mortality and infant mortality are significantly more likely among abused than nonabused mothers. Abused pregnant mothers present more often than nonabused mothers with kidney infections, gain less weight during pregnancy, and are more likely to undergo operative delivery. Fetal morbidity, such as low birth weight, preterm delivery, and small size for gestational age are more frequent among abused than nonabused gravidas. The risk for maternal mortality is three times as high for abused mothers. Black abused mothers are 3-4 times as likely to die as their white counterparts. Unmarried victims are also three times as likely to die as married abused mothers. Intimate partner violence is also responsible for increased fetal deaths in affected pregnancies (about 16.0 per 1000).
CONCLUSION:
Intimate partner violence is often a life-threatening event to both the mother and the fetus. This, in addition to the heightened level of feto-maternal morbidity and mortality, represents clear-cut justification for routine systematic screening for the presence of abuse during pregnancy.

Flickan och kajorna

Riita Jalonen, Kriistina Louhi (2005)

En flicka står under ett träd utanför tågstationen. Hennes mamma är inne och köper biljetter för att de ska resa bort. Flicka tittar på kajorna i trädet hon står under, tänker på saknad och minnen av pappa som är död. Hon tänker på vad de gjorde, vad hon minns av honom och hur det känns inuti att ha en pappa som är död. Hennes tankar vindlar över sidorna, från det ena till det andra, men saknade efter pappa går som en röd tråd genom boken. Stora mättade bilder illustrerar boken. Boken passar barn från 5 år.

IQ, scholastic performance and behaviour in sibs raised in contrasting environments.

Dumaret A (1985)

Medium- and long-term effects of types of placement of the offspring of lower class families have been studied. The progeny of 28 mothers was reconstituted. The subjects were divided into three groups: 35 children abandoned and adopted early in privileged environments (A), 46 'biological mother-reared' children remaining in their disadvantaged social environments (B) and 21 children raised in institutions or foster homes (C). Analyses focused on IQ, scholastic performance and behaviour. Results show that the social environment has important effects: the differences between the three groups are very significant. For A and B groups tested in the schools, comparisons were made with the classmates. For the C group the effects of long-term emotional deprivation are superimposed on the effects of the social environment.

Is disclosure therapeutic for children following exposure to traumatic violence?

Graham-Bermann, S. A., Kulkarni, M. R., & Kanukollu, S. N. (2011)

Trauma theory suggests that to recover from exposure to traumatic events, such as exposure to violence, therapeutic interventions should include opportunities to disclose and to process the fearful and stressful events. Yet little is known about the circumstances that foster disclosure of such information in therapeutic environments by children and related mental health outcomes for those children. In this study, the process of disclosure was examined among children ages 6 to 12 years (N = 121) in a community-based intervention program for children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). Therapists documented children's spontaneous disclosure in their group. Mothers and children completed demographic and standardized attitudinal and mental health questionnaires. Fifty-two percent of children spontaneously disclosed during therapy. Child ethnicity, harm to the child, internalizing behavioral adjustment problems, and engagement in therapy predicted disclosure. Disclosure within the group was associated with gains for individual children in internalizing behavioral adjustment problems and improvement in attitudes and beliefs concerning the acceptability of violence.

Is there intergenerational transmission of trauma? The case of combat veterans' children

Dekel, R., & Goldblatt, H (2008)

This article is a review of the literature on intergenerational transmission of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from fathers to sons in families of war veterans. The review addresses several questions: (1) Which fathers have a greater tendency to transmit their distress to their offspring? (2) What is transmitted from father to child? (3) How is the distress transmitted and through which mechanisms? And finally, (4) Which children are more vulnerable to the transmission of PTSD distress in the family? Whereas the existing literature deals mainly with fathers' PTSD as a risk for increased emotional and behavior problems among the children, this review also highlights the current paucity of knowledge regarding family members and extrafamilial systems that may contribute to intergenerational transmission of PTSD or to its moderation. Little is also known about resilience and strengths that may mitigate or prevent the risk of intergenerational transmission of trauma.

For better or worse: Factors predicting outcomes of family care of older people over a one-year period. A six-country European study.

Lüdecke D., Bien B., McKee K., Krevers B., Mestheneos E., Di Rosa M. (2018)

OBJECTIVES: Demographic change has led to an increase of older people in need of long-term care in nearly all European countries. Informal carers primarily provide the care and support needed by dependent people. The supply and willingness of individuals to act as carers are critical to sustain informal care resources as part of the home health care provision. This paper describes a longitudinal study of informal care in six European countries and reports analyses that determine those factors predicting the outcomes of family care over a one-year period. METHODS: Analyses are based on data from the EUROFAMCARE project, a longitudinal survey study of family carers of older people with baseline data collection in 2004 and follow-up data collection a year later in six European countries
(Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom), N = 3,348. Descriptive statistics of the sample characteristics are reported. Binary logistic random-intercept regressions were computed, predicting the outcome of change of the care dyad's status at follow-up. RESULTS: Where care is provided by a more distant family member or by a friend or neighbour, the care-recipient is significantly more likely to be cared for by someone else (OR 1.62) or to be in residential care (OR 3.37) after one year. The same holds true if the care-recipient has memory problems with a dementia
diagnosis (OR 1.79/OR 1.84). Higher dependency (OR 1.22) and behavioural problems
(OR 1.76) in the care-recipient also lead to a change of care dyad status. Country of residence explained a relatively small amount of variance (8%) in whether a care-recipient was cared for by someone else after one year, but explained a substantial amount of variance (52%) in whether a care-recipient was in residential care. Particularly in Sweden, care-recipients are much more likely
to be cared for by another family or professional carer or to be in residential care, whereas in Greece the status of the care dyad is much less likely to change. DISCUSSION: The majority of family carers continued to provide care to their respective older relatives over a one-year period, despite often high levels of functional, cognitive and behavioural problems in the care-recipient. Those family carers could benefit most from appropriate support. The carer/care-recipient relationship plays an important role in whether or not a family care dyad remains intact over a one-year period. The support of health and social care services should be particularly targeted toward those care dyads where there is no partner or spouse acting as carer, or no extended family network that might absorb the caring role when required. Distant relatives, friends or acquaintances who are acting as carers might need substantial intervention if their caregiving role is to be maintained.

Forensic care for victims of violence and their family members in the emergency department

Rahmqvist Linnarsson, Josefin (2018)

Doktorsavhandling

Aim: To explore forensic care in EDs for victims of violence and their family members from the perspectives of ED department heads, ED nurses, and a family member of a victim of violence. Methods: Study I consisted of a questionnaire to all heads of EDs in Sweden, data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Study II consisted of a similar questionnaire which also included the instrument Families' Importance in Nursing Care-Nurses' Attitudes. It was sent to all nurses at 28 EDs and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear and ordinal regression analysis. Study III comprised of individual interviews with twelve nurses from seven EDs and data were analyzed with content analysis. Study IV was a single case study with two interviews with a family member of a victim of violence. Data were analyzed with a Gadamer-inspired hermeneutic approach. Results: ED preparedness for forensic care varied and was often limited to women and children. Nurses played a key role, but most of them had no training for this task and felt uncertain (I, II, III). Creating a caring encounter was the main challenge for providing forensic care and nurses perceived hindering factors to overcome this challenge (III). Family members were rarely included in forensic care and nurses perceived that family members were offered little help (I-III). Having ED documents that included family members, was associated with a more positive attitude to family members, which in turn was associated with involving them in care (II). For the family member, perfunctory encounters and caring alliances had a major impact and the experience reframed life (IV). Conclusion: Lack of preparedness in EDs to care for all types of victims of violence and differences between individual nurses may prohibit the provision of equal care. Hindering factors for a caring encounter can result in forensic care being unaddressed, which may limit possibilities for alleviated suffering and legal justice. Family members were rarely included in forensic care, but caring encounters can be crucial for the family member in the aftermath of violence

Formal support for informal caregivers to older persons with dementia through the course of the disease: an exploratory, cross-sectional study

Lethin C, Leino-Kilpi H, Roe B, Soto MM, Saks K, Stephan A, Zwakhalen S, Zabalegui A, Karlsson S; (2016)

BACKGROUND: In European countries, knowledge about availability and utilization
of support for informal caregivers caring for older persons (≥65 years) with
dementia (PwD) is lacking. To be able to evaluate and develop the dementia
support system for informal caregivers to PwD, a survey of European support
systems and professionals involved is needed. The aim of this study was to
explore support for informal caregivers to PwD in European countries. We
investigated the availability and utilization of support in each of the
participating countries, and the professional care providers involved, through
the dementia disease.
METHODS: A mapping system was used in 2010-2011 to gather information about
estimations of availability, utilization, and professional providers of support
to informal caregivers caring for PwD. Data collected was representing each
country as a whole.
RESULTS: There was high availability of counselling, caregiver support, and
education from the diagnosis to the intermediate stage, with a decrease in the
late to end of life stage. Utilization was low, although there was a small
increase in the intermediate stage. Day care and respite care were highly
available in the diagnosis to the intermediate stage, with a decrease in the late
to end of life stage, but both types of care were utilized by few or no
caregivers through any of the disease stages. Professionals specialized in
dementia (Bachelor to Master's degree) provided counselling and education,
whereas caregiver support for informal caregivers and day care, respite care, and
respite care at home were provided by professionals with education ranging from
upper secondary schooling to a Master's degree.
CONCLUSIONS: Counselling, caregiver support, and education were highly available
in European countries from diagnosis to the intermediate stage of the dementia
disease, decreasing in the late/end of life stages but were rarely utilized.
Countries with care systems based on national guidelines for dementia care seem
to be more aware of the importance of professionals specialized in dementia care
when providing support to informal caregivers. Mapping the systems of support for
informal caregivers of PwD is a valuable tool for evaluating existing systems,
internationally, nationally and locally for policy making.

Foster children: a longitudinal study of placements and family relationships

Andersson, G. (2009)

Foster children's family relationships have been one of the themes in a longitudinal study, starting with a disadvantaged group of children, 0–4 years of age when taken into care and placed in a children's home in Sweden. Seven rounds of data collection were carried out; the last two when the children were young adults. This article is about those 20 children in the study group who, in addition to temporary residential care at an early age, have experiences from foster care, either for the remainder of their childhood or before or after a period of reunion. Placement history is put in relation to family relationships, i.e. relationships to birth family and foster family. The categorisation in secure and insecure relationships or attachment patterns is based on interviews with the young adults, with a retrospect of previous relationships. The connection between placement history and family relationship is not obvious in this high-risk group. However, inclusive attitudes from the foster family towards the child's family promote continuity and a sense of security, also in periods of reunion or re-placement, and facilitate foster children's hard work in coming to terms with their family background and finding their own way.

Framgångsrika preventionsprogram för barn och unga : en forskningsöversikt

Ferrer-Wreder L, Andershed A-K. (2012)

Den här boken handlar om framgångsrika amerikanska och europeiska preventionsprogram. De har i utvärderingar visat sig minska ungdomars problembeteenden och främja barns sociala utveckling. I boken ges många exempel på välfungerande preventionsprogram som involverar familj, skola och närsamhälle. En bok för socialarbetare, psykologer och folkhälsoplanerare och andra med intresse för förebyggande arbete. Boken har tillkommit på initiativ av IMS, Institutet för utveckling av metoder i socialt arbete.

Framgångsrika preventionsprogram för barn och unga. En forskningsöversikt

Ferrer-Wreder, L.; Stattin, H.; Cass Lorente, C.; Tubman, J.G. & Adamson, L. (2005)

Den här boken handlar om framgångsrika amerikanska och europeiska preventionsprogram. De har i utvärderingar visat sig minska ungdomars problembeteenden och främja barns sociala utveckling. I boken ges många exempel på välfungerande preventionsprogram som involverar familj, skola och närsamhälle. En bok för socialarbetare, psykologer och folkhälsoplanerare och andra med intresse för förebyggande arbete. Boken har tillkommit på initiativ av IMS, Institutet för utveckling av metoder i socialt arbete.

Framgångsrika preventionsprogram för barn- och unga. En forskningsöversikt.

Ferrer-Wreder L, Stattin H, Cass Lorante C, Tubman JG, Adamsson L. (2005)

Den här boken handlar om framgångsrika amerikanska och europeiska preventionsprogram. De har i utvärderingar visat sig minska ungdomars problembeteenden och främja barns sociala utveckling. I boken ges många exempel på välfungerande preventionsprogram som involverar familj, skola och närsamhälle. En bok för socialarbetare, psykologer och folkhälsoplanerare och andra med intresse för förebyggande arbete. Boken har tillkommit på initiativ av IMS, Institutet för utveckling av metoder i socialt arbete.

Frequency of occurrence and child presence in family activities: A quantitative, comparative study of children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities and children with typical development

Axelsson AK, Wilder J. (2013)

Objectives:
The objective was to investigate the performance aspect of participation, operationalized as the frequency of occurrence of family activities and child presence in these activities for children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) and children with typical development (TD). The focus was also on how family and child characteristics are related to the frequency of occurrence of family activities. This is part of a larger research project investigating facilitating factors for participation in children with PIMD.
Methods:
A descriptive, comparative study was performed using a questionnaire developed for the purpose.
Results:
In the families with a child with PIMD, the majority of activities occurred less often than in families with children with TD. In both groups, relationships were found between the frequency of occurrence of family activities and total family income, as well as the educational level of the parents. For children with PIMD, motor ability, cognition, health, and behaviour, were related to frequency of occurrence. Moreover, the presence of the children in the activities differed in the two groups; the children with PIMD were present in the activities less often.
Discussion:
Considering a long-term perspective, low occurrence of family activities and child presence may affect child development and everyday functioning. Knowledge about factors related to the occurrence of family activities and child presence in them, as well as an understanding of its causes, can promote the provision of everyday natural learning opportunities for children with PIMD.

Friends in need': designing and implementing a psychoeducational group for school children from druginvolved families.

Dore MM, Nelson-Zlupko L, Kaufmann E. ' (1999)

Despite widespread recognition of the risks that parental drug use pose to children, few resources are available to help such children. Using a developmental intervention approach, the authors designed and tested a model curriculum for use with groups of latency-aged children in schools located in communities where drug use is pervasive. In implementing this curriculum, the authors documented the need that children affected by family drug use have for workable strategies and skills for coping with aversive environments. The responsiveness of group participants to structure, predictability, and affirmation in the groups was remarkable. Measurable changes occurred in classroom behavior and feelings of self-worth. Obstacles to implementing and testing such an intervention are discussed.

Frightened, threatening, and dissociative parental behavior in low-risk samples: Description, discussion, and interpretations

Hesse, E., & Main, M. (2006)

In 1990 we advanced the hypothesis that frightened and frightening (FR) parental behavior would prove to be linked to both unresolved (U) adult attachment status as identified in the Adult Attachment Interview and to infant disorganized/disoriented (D) attachment as assessed in the Ainsworth Strange Situation. Here, we present a coding system for identifying and scoring the intensity of the three primary forms of FR behavior (frightened, threatening, and dissociative) as well as three subsidiary forms. We review why each primary form may induce fear of the parent (the infant's primary "haven of safety"), placing the infant in a disorganizing approach-flight paradox. We suggest that, being linked to the parent's own unintegrated traumatic experiences (often loss or maltreatment), FR behaviors themselves are often guided by parental fright, and parallel the three "classic" mammalian responses to fright: flight, attack, and freezing behavior. Recent studies of U to FR, as well as FR to D relations are presented, including findings regarding AMBIANCE/FR+. Links between dissociation, FR, U, and D are explored. Parallel processing and working memory are discussed as they relate to these phenomena.

From Broken Attachments to Earned Security: The Role of Empathy in Therapeutic Change (The John Bowlby Memorial Conference Monograph Series)

ODGERS, A. (2014)

The 2011 John Bowlby Memorial Conference, 'From Broken Attachments to Earned Security - The Role of Empathy in Therapeutic Change', focussed on what needs to take place to facilitate empathy and attunement and ultimately the achievement of earned security. The confernce posed the challenge of how to re-establish a secure sense of self, mutuality, and the capacity for inter/intra-subjectivity when difficulties in empathy and attunement exist as a result of relational trauma. This can be between parent and child, within adult relationships, between client and therapist, or in organisational contexts.

The outstanding collection of papers in this volume make a significant contribution to the field of attachment and our understanding of how child rearing affects each aspect of our lives, from the interpersonal to the organisational and societal. Each paper moves beyond the academic and theoretical to provide answers to the many difficult questions raised at the conference.

The practical, sometimes step-by-step explanation of the use of empathy in one-to-one clinical work, in health service organisations or society generally, offer a positive and hopeful way forward. All of the presenters faced up to the challenges of repairing or reversing the impact of derailed attachments and the toxic impact of trauma, offering a realistic but hopeful route to improved relating and healthier attachments.

This publication will be a valuable resource for students, seasoned practitioners, and health service professionals alike who want to enhance their understanding of empathy and attachment in this demanding field.

Subject areas covered by your book in order of importance and key subject area:

- causes of insecure attachments

- impact of relational trauma

- how to re-establish a secure sense of self

- working one to one and in organisational settings

Kategorisering av barn i förskoleåldern – styrning och administrativa processer

Lutz, Kristian (2009)

The present thesis investigates, analyses and critically discusses the manner in which children with special needs are categorised in the Swedish preschool. The emergence of the category and its construction depends on a number of truths concerning children, related to historical and cultural processes in society. A main focus of the thesis is to investigate how legitimacy is established for the practice of defining deviance among preschoolers, and analyse the knowledge and rationalities that prevail in discursive practice. As part of this, the ways of defining children with special needs as a group are clarified, as well as the administrative procedures for handling their cases throughout the organisation. The study combines two strands within discourse analysis: classical discourse analysis with origins in Foucaults work and critical disourse analysis (CDA). The concept governmentality was used to make an analytical matrix, adapted to prescool practices. Data has been collected in a disadvantaged district belonging to the conurbation of a Swedish major city. Empirical material includes recording of an administrative meeting, application documents, interviews and national policy documents. The study shows that the categorisation have different effects and functions in different contexts. Implemental perspective: The practice of development evaluation of preschoolers has increased the written documentation, often based on techniques originating in compulsory school. These techniques are frequently ill adapted to the curriculum of the Swedish preschool, which emphasise the competent child and clearly encourages the child's agency in preschool activities. Evaluation techniques also play the role of an incentive driving towards increasing individualisation. Educators tend to distance themselves from generalising concepts, and often assume a relational standpoint to defining deviance in children, but adapt to techniques that require a more individually based practice, which places the problems with the child. When parents consent to submit application documents, power is transformed to a range of professional actors, and a client-expert relationship is established. Administrative perspective: On the management level, the child primarily is subject to an economical rationality, and is expected to fit into existing preschool activities. The empirical material of this thesis does not display the inclusive perspective which occupies such a prominent position in special education discussions concerning compulsory school. The administrative conversation observed in the study was characterised by a quantitative approach, concerning resources for children who are considered deviant. Discussions at the meeting did not concern any aspect of the quality of the support offered, and the relationship between children and educators was reduced to a number of resouce hours per child. Societal (professional) perspectives: In an analysis of how resources for children with special needs are allocated in the city district, results will depend on which type of knowledge and rationalities are judged to be legitimate. Children who received a diagnosis delivered by a physician, or who are in the course of being investigated at the habilitation centre, obtain the largest support measures. A pattern supported by national policy documents, who constitute a steering mechanism towards implementation in educational establishments. Development evaluations in preschool can be seen as a step in Foucaults term psycomplex , where psychology is manifested in the institutions dealing with preschool children and their activities. The close historical link between pedagogy and developmental psychology, combined with a general development in society towards giving the individual perspective a central position, may contribute to the dominance of psychiatric assesments in explaining deviance among preschoolers. - See more at: http://www.skolporten.se/forskning/avhandling/kategoriseringar-av-barn-i-forskolealdern-styrning-administrativa-processer/#sthash.qpaeHiJ3.dpuf

KBT inom barn och ungdomspsykiatrin

Öst L-G. (2010)

Kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT) är en alltmer efterfrågad behandlingsform. Boken beskriver hur KBT kan tillämpas vid en rad olika psykiatriska diagnoser: separationsångest och paniksyndrom, generaliserat ångestsyndrom, specifi ka fobier, social fobi, tvångssyndrom, depression, beteendestörning och trotssyndrom, ADHD, ätstörningar, tics och Tourettes syndrom samt autism och självskadande beteende. Tillstånden beskrivs utifrån gällande diagnostiska kriterier, därefter visas hur KBT-modellen och beteendeanalysen kan se ut för respektive tillstånd och hur behandlingen kan läggas upp. Till de olika diagnoserna finns kliniska fallvinjetter. Boken avslutas med en översikt av det empiriska stödet för KBT vid de olika psykiska störningarna hos barn och ungdomar. Boken är avsedd som kursbok för all grundutbildning inom psykoterapi med KBT-inriktning. Den är också lämpad för professionellt verksamma behandlare.

From cognitive information to shared meaning: healing principles in prevention intervention

Beardslee W.R., Swatling, S., Hoke, L., Rothberg P.C., van de Velde, P., Focht, L. & Podorefsky, D. (1998)

Families with parental affective disorder participated in a large-scale longitudinal study which involved participation in a standardized, short-term, psychoeducational preventive intervention. These families were followed for at least 3 years. An analysis of clinical material from the first 12 families to complete the intervention identified specific healing principles that contributed to positive changes in behavior and attitude. The healing elements of the intervention included demystification of the illness, modulation of shame and guilt, increase in the capacity for perspective taking, and development of a hopeful perspective and belief in one's own competence. Therapeutic effectiveness evolved in a process that linked cognitive information and presented depression as an illness that could be understood with the acknowledgement of family members' individual and collective experience. In this way, families developed a shared understanding of the illness that was useful over time. This article discusses the ways in which the healing principles promoted changes in family members' behavior and attitude, which, in turn, enhanced resiliency in children.

From symptom to context: a rewiev on the litterature on refugee childrens mental health

De Haene, L., Grietens, H., & Verschueren, K. (2007)

In this paper, we aim to review the growing body of research on the psychosocial well-being of refugee children. We start with an overview of the chronological models for the refugee experience that conceptualize the process of forced migration as a long-term adverse context of cumulating risk factors, functioning as a pervasive threat to refugee children's mental health. Next, we briefly summarize the literature on refugee children's mental health as the starting point for a critical reflection on the dominance of the symptom-focused, trauma-centred approach which characterises much of refugee research. Drawing from this, we argue for the pertinence of research on refugee children's mental health from a family perspective. Finally, we propose a model for the refugee family experience, which integrates multiple individual, family and cultural processes, and we organise existing findings on refugee families in relation to six domains of the refugee family life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

From symptom to context: a rewiev on the litterature on refugee childrens mental health

De Haene, L., Grietens, H., & Verschueren, K. (2007)

In this paper, we aim to review the growing body of research on the psychosocial well-being of refugee children. We start with an overview of the chronological models for the refugee experience that conceptualize the process of forced migration as a long-term adverse context of cumulating risk factors, functioning as a pervasive threat to refugee children's mental health. Next, we briefly summarize the literature on refugee children's mental health as the starting point for a critical reflection on the dominance of the symptom-focused, trauma-centred approach which characterises much of refugee research. Drawing from this, we argue for the pertinence of research on refugee children's mental health from a family perspective. Finally, we propose a model for the refugee family experience, which integrates multiple individual, family and cultural processes, and we organise existing findings on refugee families in relation to six domains of the refugee family life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

Från fattigvård till socialtjänst: om socialt arbete och utomparlamentarisk aktivitet

Pettersson, U. (2011)

Vilken människosyn och vilka värderingar ligger till grund för socialtjänstens verksamhet, och hur har de påverkat uppbyggnaden av dagens socialtjänst? Kan sociala insatser huvudsakligen beskrivas som myndighetsutövning, där även tvång kan komma i fråga, eller kan de ses som en verksamhet med respekt för den enskildes vilja och integritet? Under socialvårdens utveckling från fattigvård till socialtjänst har två utomparlamentariska grupper utifrån olika ideologiska utgångspunkter haft stor betydelse för socialvårdslagarnas innehåll och utformning. Centralförbundet för socialt arbete (CSA) verkade som initiativtagare och pådrivare när de första lagarna stiftades vid förra sekelskiftet. Samarbetskommittén för socialvårdens målfrågor, som bildades i slutet av 1960-talet, hade möjlighet att påverka Socialtjänstlagens slutliga utformning.

Boken innehåller en skildring av den tidigare socialvården och beskriver hur de två grupperna agerade för att få gehör för sina idéer. Särskild uppmärksamhet ägnas Samarbetskommittén och dess framgångar och misslyckanden under den 14 år långa lagstiftningsprocessen, som i det turbulenta slutskedet med många regeringsskiften och skiftande ideologier särskilt kom att handla om tvångsvården av vuxna missbrukare.

Boken vänder sig främst till studerande och verksamma inom socialt arbete, men bör även vara av intresse för närliggande ämnesområden inom samhällsvetenskap och historia.

FUNKIS – funktionshindrade elever i skolan. Funkiskommittén

SOU (1998)

Den 23 november 1995 bemyndigade regeringen det statsråd som har till uppgift att föredra ärenden om det offentliga skolväsendet och fristående skolor att tillkalla en kommitté (U 1995:14) med uppdrag att utreda hur ansvaret för utbildning och omvårdnad i anslutning till utbildning av funktionshindrade elever skall fördelas mellan stat, kommun och landsting samt vem som skall finansiera verksamheten

Funktionshinder och strategival. Om att hantera sig själv och sin omvärld

Peterson, G., Ekensteen, W & Rydén, O (2006)

Hur upplever och hanterar vuxna personer med stora rörelsehinder sin situation och sig själva? Hur hanterar funktionshindrade sina kontakter med vårdbyråkratin och med allmänheten? Hur påverkas självbild och livssyn av att leva med stora rörelsehinder? Det bärande temat i Funktionshinder och strategival är en kritik av den medikalisering som beskriver och formar funktionshindrade människors tillvaro; sjukförklaringen, omyndigförklaringen samt dikotomin i starka och svaga. Boken vänder sig emot ett utbrett grundantagande om funktionshindrade människors tragedi och speglar både ett inifrån- och ett utifrånperspektiv så att både de läsare som lever med funktionshinder och de som möter funktionshindrade kan känna igen sig.
Boken vänder sig till universitets- och högskolestuderande inom beteendevetenskap, vård, medicin och sociala områden samt yrkesverksamma som kommer i kontakt med människor med omfattande funktionshinder. Den kan med stor behållning också läsas av personer med funktionshinder och deras anhöriga.

Funktionshinder, samtal och självbestämmande. En studie av brukarcentrerade möten

Karlsson, Kristina (2007)

Doktorsavhandling

Syftet med avhandlingen är att ur ett medborgarskaps- och kommunikativt perspektiv undersöka och problematisera funktionshindrade "brukares" självbestämmande i samtal som förs under s.k. brukarcentrerade teammöten organiserade av en vuxen- respektive en barn- och ungdomshabilitering. I mötena deltar en funktionshindrad brukare och/eller anhöriga och professionella från skilda verksamheter. Studien baseras på diskursanalys av 18 observerade och bandinspelade möten hållna av tio olika team. Analyserna visar att brukarna hade ett mer eller mindre begränsat inflytande över samtalens organisering. Inflytandet varierade med organiseringen av samtalen samt med i vilken utsträckning brukarna deltog aktivt genom att identifiera egna problem och framtida mål. Det synliggjorde en spänning mellan ett "idealt" självbestämmande och brukarnas förmåga/benägenhet att leva upp till de krav som det "ideala" självbestämmandet ställde och gav upphov till situationer i vilka dilemman mellan självbestämmande och paternalism uppstod. I analyserna av hanterandet av dessa situationer framkom att deltagarna i möten utan deltagande brukare motiverade sina åsikter och beslut rörande behandlingen av brukaren genom att referera till egna övertygelser om vad som är bäst för brukaren respektive till tolkningar av brukarens egna preferenser utifrån hennes/hans agerande i vardagslivet. I möten med deltagande brukare använde övriga deltagare diskursiva strategier som var mer eller mindre paternalistiska då de innebar att de styrde brukaren på ett sätt som det inte var säkert att brukaren själv ville. I avhandlingen diskuteras vilka möjliga strategier som skulle kunna öka brukarnas självbestämmande. Utfallet relateras också till det "samtalande" och sociala medborgarskap som brukarna i avhandlingen anses utöva samt till andra möjliga innebörder av ett socialt medborgarskapsutövande.

Funktionshindrade 1988-1999

Statistiska centralbyrån, SCB (2003)

Funktionsnedsättningar som medför någon form av begränsningar i tillvaron utgör funktionshinder. I denna rapport redovisas levnadsförhållanden för personer med olika typer av funktionsnedsättningar. Det gäller dels ett antal medicinska sjukdomar, dels några grupper som definierats just utifrån sina funktionsbegränsningar.Rapporten är indelad i två delar där den första behandlar levnadsförhållanden för personer i normalt yrkesverksam ålder, 25-64 år, och den senare förhållanden för personer i pensionsålder, 65-84 år. I ett inledande kapitel redovisas också hur vanligt förekommande olika kombinationer av funktionsnedsättningar är. I rapporten jämförs de funktionsnedsattas förhållanden i slutet av 90-talet med förhållandena tio år tidigare, dvs. före och i slutet av ett årtionde som kännetecknades av stora problem på arbetsmarknaden och besparingar i den offentliga sektorn.

Funktionshindrade 1988-1999

Statistiska centralbyrån, SCB (2003)

Funktionsnedsättningar som medför någon form av begränsningar i tillvaron utgör funktionshinder. I denna rapport redovisas levnadsförhållanden för personer med olika typer av funktionsnedsättningar. Det gäller dels ett antal medicinska sjukdomar, dels några grupper som definierats just utifrån sina funktionsbegränsningar.Rapporten är indelad i två delar där den första behandlar levnadsförhållanden för personer i normalt yrkesverksam ålder, 25-64 år, och den senare förhållanden för personer i pensionsålder, 65-84 år. I ett inledande kapitel redovisas också hur vanligt förekommande olika kombinationer av funktionsnedsättningar är. I rapporten jämförs de funktionsnedsattas förhållanden i slutet av 90-talet med förhållandena tio år tidigare, dvs. före och i slutet av ett årtionde som kännetecknades av stora problem på arbetsmarknaden och besparingar i den offentliga sektorn.

Funktionshindrade i välfärdssamhället

Lindqvist, R. (2012)

Funktionshindrade i välfärdssamhället handlar om funktionshindrades livsvillkor på några centrala områden: arbete och försörjning, vård, omsorg och utbildning, men också om funktionshindrades roll som samhällsmedborgare med anspråk på delaktighet och inflytande.

Bokens fokus ligger till stor del på välfärdssystemets möjligheter och begränsningar relaterade till funktionshindrades villkor. Men det finns naturligtvis en rad andra faktorer som också påverkar medborgarnas villkor som till exempel utvecklingen inom ekonomi och arbetsmarknad och inte minst de attityder och föreställningar vi har om vad det innebär att ha ett funktionshinder.

Den historiska framställningen visar på en utveckling från ett ensidigt individuellt handikappbegrepp, som betonar individens sjukdomar, skador och andra brister som konstituerande för handikappet, till ett mer relativt funktionshinderbegrepp som betonar omgivningens betydelse för om handikapp föreligger eller ej.

Boken vänder sig till studerande på universitet och högskolor, framför allt inom socialt arbete och vårdvetenskap.

Rafael Lindqvist är professor i sociologi, med inriktning funktionshinderforskning, Uppsala universitet.

Future Directions in Family and Professional Caregiving for the Elderly

Zarit, S. H. and A. M. Reamy (2013)

As the population ages and the expected wave of baby boomers settles into old age, there is a pressing need to examine the people and institutions that care for elders and the ways in which the system will need to adapt during the next 5-10 years to accommodate the needs of the elderly and of their caregivers. This paper examines future directions in this field, identifying the major issues from two perspectives: family caregiving and professional caregiving. Despite extensive research on caregiving, more attention to a series of methodological issues is needed, as is more extensive evaluation of promising intervention models in community and institutional settings. Effective strategies to lower caregiver distress and improve the quality of care can be implemented in efficient ways that manage costs, but the argument for innovations must be made based on efficacy.

Får hundar korvar i himlen?

Sara Galli, Mats Molid (2014)

Alva har en hund Musse. Musse är inte bara en hund, Alva ser Musse som en storebror också. När Alva får höra att Musse är gammal och inte kommer att leva länge till blir Alva både ledsen och arg, hon vill att han ska leva för alltid. Det är ju honom hon har som bästa vän och som hon berättar alla hemlisa för! Alva funderar över hur det ska gå till när Musse ska dö och vad händer med honom efteråt? Alva inser till slut att han inte försviner helt. Han finns ju kvar inom henne, lite i köket och kanske även i himlen.

För alltid i mitt hjärta

Bouw Rose Marie (2017)

Kristina och Vivianne, två motpoler vars liv löper parallellt i Solgläntans korridorer när de hälsar på sina mödrar. Sida vid sida i demensens skugga söker de sig till varandra, i behov av ett outtalat stöd. Vivianne gömmer sin osynliga sorg bakom lager av glada färger och en väldigt lång halsduk. Fast besluten att alltid se det positiva i livet väljer hon att hålla fast i nuet och leva för stunden, tacksam för alla minnen hon får. Kristina försöker förtränga sitt förflutna, men hon är rädd för att glömma. Rädd att pärlhalsbandet av minnen ska gå sönder. Rädd att bli som sin mamma, som hon i hemlighet önskar livet ur. Men döden kommer aldrig i tid. Den kommer alltid för sent. Eller för tidigt. För alltid i mitt hjärta är en roman om en oväntad vänskap, som kommer att betyda så mycket mer än Kristina och Vivianne någonsin hade kunnat ana. En vänskap som kommer att sträcka sig genom både tid och rum.

För den jag är – om utbildning och utvecklingsstörning

SOU (2003)

Carlbeck-kommittén har till uppgift att se över utbildningen för barn, ungdomar och vuxna med utvecklingsstörning. Delbetänkandet För den jag är om utbildning och utvecklingstörning (SOU: 2003: 35), är en beskrivning och kartläggning av hur utbildningen för barn, ungdomar och vuxna ser ut i dag.

Kommitténs uppgift är att hitta vägar att stärka utbildningen för barn, ungdomar och vuxna med utvecklingstörning med det övergripande målet att åstadkomma en inkluderande skola och en inkluderande undervisning.

Förskola i brytningstid

Skolverket (2004)

Skolverket presenterar den första nationella utvärderingen av förskolan efter reformen 1998 då förskolan fick en läroplan och blev det första steget i det samlade utbildningssystemet för barn och ungdom. Utvärderingens övergripande syfte är att belysa hur förskolan utvecklats i olika avseenden efter reformen samt att ge en lägesbeskrivning av reformens effekter. Utvärderingen visar på att förskolans utveckling innehåller både positiva och problematiska inslag. Förskolans läroplan har tagits emot positivt i kommuner och förskolor, men har man lyckats uppnå det som var en av de viktigaste målen med reformen "en likvärdig förskola"?Förskolan har dessutom i en rad avseenden närmat sig skolan, i vissa fall på bekostnad av sin särart. Barns prestationer kartläggs och bedöms i ökad omfattning, vilket strider mot grundtankarna i reformen.

Föräldraboken om ADHD

Lena Westholm (2016)

"Föräldraboken om ADHD" vänder sig till föräldrar som har ett barn eller en tonåring med ADHD. Grundtanken är att ökad kunskap om ADHD ska göra det lättare för föräldrarna att förstå och stödja sitt barn.

Boken är skriven av psykolog Lena Westholm. Hon arbetar på ADHD-center inom Habilitering och Hälsa i Stockholms läns landsting.I boken konstateras att föräldrar till barn eller tonåringar med ADHD måste kämpa och använda mer energi än andra föräldrar för att få tillvaron att fungera. Det ställs stora krav på tålamod, planering och konflikthantering.

Läsaren ges tips på olika sätt att lösa problem och hur det kan bli lättare att hantera vardagen. Områden som tas upp är ADHD i olika åldrar, skolgång, medicinering, fritid, mat- och sovvanor, relationer, känslor med mera.

Föräldralärande inom barnhabilitering. Teori och praktik

Solders, Lena (2008)

Föräldrautbildning erbjuds idag bl.a. inom förskola/skola, socialtjänst liksom hälso- och sjukvård. Lärandet kan beskrivas ur olika perspektiv. Om barnet är det primära brukar man tala om Parent Education, när fokus ligger på familjen som helhet talar man om Parent Training och när det är föräldrarna som står i centrum för utbildningsinsatsen säger man ofta Parent Support. En viktig tanke är att få tillstånd ett bra samarbete mellan föräldrar och personal. Det är nödvändigt för att skapa större delaktighet och ett bättre lärande för föräldrar.

Föräldrar med utvecklingsstörning och deras barn –vad finns det för kunskap?

Socialstyrelsen (2005)

I denna samanställning av befintlig forskning framkommer att några områden är mer studerade än andra. Ett antal studier har undersökt föräldraförmåga och föräldrakompetens. I dag vet man ganska väl vad som kan fungera och vad som kan brista i föräldrarnas förmåga att ta hand om sina barn. Resultat från olika studier visar att träning och utbildning kan förbättra föräldrarnas förmåga. En förutsättning för detta är dock att utbildningen är kontinuerlig såväl över tid som i kontakten med de professionella. Befintliga studier inkluderar oftare mödrar än fäder vilket innebär att det finns mer kunskap om mödrarna. Endast ett fåtal studier har undersökt fäderna och männen i kvinnornas liv.

Vidare finns det ett fåtal studier som fokuserar barnet i de familjer där föräldrarna har en utvecklingstörning. Den forskning som finns visar dock att barnen utgör en riskgrupp. Riskfaktorerna varierar delvis beroende på barnets ålder, men även beroende på om barnet har en utvecklingsstörning. Det rapporteras att det finns risk för att barnen försummas vilket kan ta sig uttryck i bristande omvårdnad, att barnen inte får näringsriktig kost, bristande säkerhet i hemmet och bristande hygien. Det finns även risk för att barnen utsätts för misshandel. Studier visar en ökad risk för att barn med utvecklingsstörning utsätts för misshandel och/eller sexuella övergrepp jämfört med andra barn, oavsett om föräldrarna har en utvecklingsstörning eller inte.

Det rapporteras att barn som har föräldrar med utvecklingsstörning kan ha svårigheter med språklig och kognitiv utveckling. Dessutom förekommer det att barnen har beteendeproblem och emotionella svårigheter och det är vanligare att barnen har psykiska svårigheter, framför allt depressioner, än andra barn. Förekomsten av svårigheter samt barnens utsatthet kan påverka barnens förmåga att senare i livet fungera som föräldrar.
Hur livet gestaltar sig för de barn som har vuxit upp med föräldrar som har en utvecklingstörning finns det liten kunskap om. I en dansk studie har forskarna funnit att kvinnorna lever ett mer utsatt liv än männen. I en studie från England finns det resultat som visar att de "vuxna barnen" som själva har en utvecklingsstörning har ett mer fungerande liv jämfört med de "vuxna barn" som är normalbegåvade.

Familjernas möten med det offentliga har studerats ur ett antal olika perspektiv, såväl barnens, föräldrarnas, närståendes som professionellas. I mötet mellan familj och professionella rapporteras att det är av stor betydelse att professionella är väl förtrogna med familjens behov, att de samordnar sina insatser, att det inte är för många inblandade och att man samverkar med familjen och tar hänsyn till familjemedlemmarnas behov.

När det gäller hälsobefrämjande faktorer i familjer där föräldrarna har en utvecklingsstörning finns det resultat som visar på betydelsen av såväl informella som formella nätverk. Forskare har funnit att det är olika karaktär på stödet från det formella respektive det informella nätverket. Det informella nätverket bidrar med praktisk hjälp i vardagslivet. Det formella nätverket bidrar med sakkunskap om viktiga funktioner i samhället, kunskap om interaktion mellan föräldrar och barn samt stöd för att föräldrarna skall utveckla sin kompetens.

Flertalet studier påpekar vikten av att kartlägga föräldrarnas och familjernas levnadsomständigheter för att kunna genomföra relevanta insatser. En rad olika mer eller mindre framgångsrika insatser som prövats i familjerna har rapporterats. Som framgångsfaktorer omnämns att stödet ska utformas efter barnens och föräldrarnas behov, att det är kontinuerligt och att det genomförs under en längre tid. För att insatser skall ge god effekt bör de vara anpassade till familjens omgivning, de bör vara prestationsbaserade och omfatta förebilder, praktisk feedback, beröm och belöningar. Forskare menar även att insatserna skall utformas så att det blir möjligt för föräldrar att utvecklas utifrån sina förutsättningar.

Föräldrars erfarenhet av kontakt med psykiatrisk vård - behov, upplevelser och önskemål, en pilot studie

Ewertzon, M. and H. Forssell (1994)

Syfte med föreliggande studie var att identifiera centrala kategorier och dimensioner som beskriver: "Föräldrars, till schizofrena barn, erfarenhet av kontakten med psykiatrisk vård". Beskrivningen bygger på föräldrars erfarenhet - behov, upplevelser och önskemål, av kontakten i samband med barns sjukdom. Barn är i studien är inte ett åldersrelaterat begrepp utan beskriver förhållandet till föräldern. Den metod studien bygger på är inspirerad av "Grounded theory" och har genomförts med ostrukturerade intervjuer. Fyra intervjuer med föräldrar till barn med en psykossjukdom har analyserats. Två män och fyra kvinnor ingår i studien, de representerar erfarenhet av kontakt av psykiatrisk vård från tre sjukvårsområden inom Stockholms läns landsting och kontakten omfattar 5-16 år. Resultatet visar såväl positiv som negativ erfarenhet av kontakten. De behov i kontakten som framträder är - behov av samarbete med psykiatrisk vård, - behov av att bli omhändertagna och - behov av kontakt med människor i samma situation. De upplevelser i kontakten som framkommer är - upplevelser av samarbete, - upplevelser av bristande samarbete - upplevelser av att bli omhändertagna. - upplevelser av dåligt bemötande, upplevelser av att bli skuldbelagda och - upplevelser av bristande kontinuitet i vården. De önskemål på kontakten som framkommer är - önskemål om samarbete, - önskemål om metoder för gott omhändertagande, - önskemål om behandlingsinriktning, - önskemål om att ej bli skuldbelagda, - önskemål om anhörigutbildning och önskemål om samarbete med IFS -Intresseföreningen för schizofreni eller andra psykotiska sjukdomar.

Föräldraröster

Rausch, B. (2013)

InledningUnder många år har Föräldrautbildningen/anhörigutbildningen vid Forum Funktionshinder engagerat socionomBerit Rauschsom föreläsare för föräldrar på temat "Det finns en framtid –men vad gör man av allt det som känns tungt?". Berit har också lett kurser i konsultativt förhållningssätt som riktat sig till paramedicinsk personal inom Habilitering & Hälsa och handlett personal. Berit är själv förälder till en idag vuxen dotter med funktionsnedsättning. Utifrån sina erfarenheter såg Berit ett behov av att fördjupa kunskapen om föräldrars situation genom föräldraintervjuer för att sedan kunna använda den kunskapen som underlag för diskussion och kompetensutveckling för personalen inom Habilitering & Hälsa.Frågan om en studie diskuteradesinom ledningsgruppen för Utvecklingsforum och i FoU-rådet vid flera tillfällen. Några synpunkter som framkom var att Fokus bör ligga på riskfaktorer och kritiska punkter. Hur identifierar man dem? Hur fångar man upp? I diskussion med verksamhetschef och Utvecklingsforum kom vi överens med Berit Rausch om att genomföra projektet Föräldraröster. BakgrundBerit Rausch, initiativtagare till projektet Föräldraröster, har mångårig erfarenhet av såväl föräldragrupper som handledning av personal inom bland annat Habilitering &Hälsa. Föräldrar som får ett barn med funktionsnedsättning genomgår eninre process som till stora delar påminner om en sorgeprocessnär man utsätts för en förlust av något slag.Även i handledningssituationer blir denna process aktuell när situationer som personal har att handskas medska diskuteras. Sjukgymnaster, logopeder, arbetsterapeuter etc saknar utbildning i psykosocialt arbete.Isamtal med nyckelpersoner inom Habilitering &Hälsa har framkommit att organisationenhar intresse av att titta närmare på vad det är som gör att vissa föräldrar kommer vidare i sin process efter att ha fått ett barn med funktions-nedsättning, medan andra "fastnar" i någon av krisens faser, förnekelse, ilska eller sorg. Frågeställningen ska ses i relation till habiliteringens utbud och arbetssätt samt förhållningssätt och bemötande av personer i kris.Vi såg det också som oerhört viktigt att förmedla den unika kunskap och kompetens som föräldrar har, till all personal inom Habilitering & Hälsa.
SyfteAtt utforska vilka kritiska punkter som föräldrar beskriver för hur de tagit sig vidare/"fastnat"ochhur föräldrar utifrån sin unika situation ser på Habilitering & Hälsas utbud, insatser, förhållningssätt och bemötande.ProjektmålAtt fördjupa kunskapen om riskfaktorer,kritiska punkter och föräldrars behov av stöd i olika faser. Att presentera resultatet av intervjuernai en sammanfattande rapport. Att inspirera till kompetensutveckling hos personal när det gäller bemötande och till anpassning av habiliteringens insatser.MetodBerit Rausch har gjort en kvalitativstudie bestående av djupintervjuer med 10 föräldrapar utifrån ett semi-strukturerat frågeformulär.Anhörigutbildningen vid Forum Funktionshinder mejlade 338 föräldrar som hade anmält sig till anhörigutbildningar under hösten 2010 och ställde frågan om de var intresserade av att bli intervjuade av Berit Rausch. 36 föräldrar/föräldrapar svarade att det var intresserade. Tillsammans med Berit valdes 11 föräldrar/föräldrapar ut för intervju. Urvalet gjordes utifrån ålder och diagnos för att i möjligaste mån få en så stor spridning som möjligt.10 familjer intervjuades.ProjektorganisationProjektgruppens medlemmar har bestått av Eva Norberg, informationschef (projektägare tom januari 2012) Barbro Lagander, verksamhetschef VO Stockholm (projektägare from februari 2012), Marie Bökman, konsulent vid Forum (projektledare), Kristina Eklund, konsulent vid Forum och Barbro Sjöström Miljand, enhetschef Kris-och samtalsmottagningen, Länscenter. ProjektresultatProjektet har bidragit medett skriftligt material som beskriver riskfaktorer och olika sätt att handskas med sin livssituation, vilket kan bidra till ökad förståelsen för föräldrars olika sätt att skapa en fungerande vardag. Föräldraröster kan användas i personalutbildningen och utveckling av metoder för föräldrastöd.

Föräldraskap hos vuxna med ADHD eller Autismspektrumtillstånd - konsekvenser för barnet samt metoder för stöd Systematisk kunskapsöversikt

Janeslätt Gunnel & Hayat Roshanay Afsaneh (2015)

Det finns idag mycket kunskap om barn med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar (NPF) som uppmärksamhetsstörning med hyperaktivitet (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD) och autismspektrumtillstånd (AST). Det finns också en del kännedom om vilka konsekvenser barnens svårigheter får för individ och samhälle. Det är konstaterat att ADHD och AST kvarstår i vuxen ålder, även om symtombilden och problematiken kan te sig annorlunda. Kunskapen om föräldraskap hos vuxna med ADHD eller AST är dock begränsad. Syftet med denna studie var att på ett systematiskt sätt sammanställa kunskap om barn och föräldrar när föräldrar har konstaterad ADHD, ADHD-symtom eller AST samt evidens för metoder som syftar till att ge stöd i föräldraskapet. Tre frågeställningar har styrt arbetet:
1. Vad vet man om hur barnet och föräldraskapet påverkas när förälder/rar har
konstaterad ADHD?
2. Vad vet man om hur barnet och föräldraskapet påverkas när förälder/rar har
konstaterad AST/Aspergers syndrom?
3. Vilka evidensbaserade metoder prövade på dessa målgrupper finns som kan
påverka föräldraskapet och barnet/en?

Föräldraskap och expertis. Motsättningar kring handikappade barn

Åkerström, Malin (2004)

När man möter en mamma eller pappa berättar de kanske om sitt barn. Men är barnen deras? I många andra sammanhang talas det om våra barn: skolan, sjukvården, föreningar gör också anspråk på att äga barnen. Världen kring handikappade barn sätter förhållandet på sin spets: där finns en myriad av yrken och institutioner, som hävdar att de både vet mer och vet bäst.
Experternas kunskaper är eftersökta samtidigt skall de uppvisa en måttfull och balanserad expertis; föräldrarnas kompetens skall erkännas enligt de föräldrar som intervjuas i boken. Föräldrarna till döva, hjärnskadade, diabetessjuka barn och barn med andra handikapp ger sin bild av mötet med sjukvården, daghemmet och skolan: en bild som är drastisk och dramatisk och skildrar dilemman, strider samt konkurrensen mellan med såväl professionella som andra föräldrar. Författaren hävdar emellertid att denna bild kan översättas till de flesta moderna föräldraskap: här ges den i en kondenserad och tillspetsad form.

Föräldraskap och missbruk: att ta upp frågor om föräldraskap i missbruks- och beroendevården

Socialstyrelsen (2012)

Genom svaren på de frågor som ställs om familjen är utredare och behandlare i missbruks- och beroendevården ibland de enda som känner till att barnen lever i en familj med missbruk. De behöver uppmärksamma barns och ungas situation, så att deras rättigheter, behov av information, råd och stöd tillgodoses.

Syftet med skriften är att underlätta för personal inom missbruks- och beroendevården att ta upp föräldraskap och samtala med föräldern om barns situation i utredning eller behandling. Den förespråkar ingen särskild modell eller metod i arbetet, utan tar upp förhållningssätt och innehåll i samtal om föräldraskap. Den tar även upp samarbetet med socialtjänstens barn- och ungdomsvård. Skriften riktar sig till utredare och behandlare inom socialtjänsten, hälso- och sjukvården samt övrig missbruks- och beroendevård, och kan också vara av intresse för socialtjänstens barn- och ungdomsvård. Den utgår ifrån situationen vid alkoholmissbruk eller -beroende, men kan i väsentliga delar också vara relevant vid föräldrars missbruk av narkotika eller läkemedel.

Föräldraskapande och professionell följsamhet på familjecentralers öppna förskolor – en programteori

Abrahamsson, Agneta & Bing, Vibeke (2011)

Familjecentralens verksamhetsidé för öppna förskolan på familjecentraler – formulerat som en hypotes - har utvärderats steg för steg genom samla in data på sammanlagd sex familjecentraler för att pröva hållbarheten i hypotesen. Utvärderingen visar på ett föräldraskapande bland småbarnsföräldrar genom att de lär sig om barn och föräldraskap, får möjlighet att utöka sitt sociala kontaktnät och att bara vara i en trygg omgivning där socialt stöd finns till hands. De får tillsammans med andra känna sig 'good enough' som en vanlig förälder med ett normalt barn. Professionell följsamhet utmärker personalens arbetssätt. De bedömer den "mognadsgrad" som föräldern befinner sig i för att söka stöd och anpassar sitt förhållningssätt till föräldern genom fysiskt avstånd och djup i samtalet. På så vis kan pedagogiska, sociala och psykologiska mekanismer triggas igång och förklara de resultat som föräldrar upplever för dem själva och deras barn. Artikeln avslutas med en omformulerad hypotes om öppna förskolors verksamhet på familjecentraler

Föräldrastöd i Sverige 2002

Statens folkhälsoinstitut (2003)

Internet kan ge bra stöd i föräldrarollen visar ny studie från Statens folkhälsoinstitut. Delrapport från uppdraget om föräldrastöd. Under utredningstiden har flera delrapporter tagits fram. Delrapporterna är "Föräldrastöd i Sverige år 2002", "Verklig gemenskap i en virtuell värld?", "Stöd till föräldrar för att främja barns och ungdomars psykiska hälsa" och slutrapporten "Nya verktyg för föräldrar".

Kvalitet i fritidshem. Skolverkets Allmänna råd och kommentarer

Skolverket (2007)

De allmänna råden riktar sig till både kommunen och den personal som arbetar på fritidshemmet och illustrerar hur ansvarsfördelningen mellan kommun och verksamhet ser ut. Det är Skolverkets förhoppning att dessa allmänna råd med kommentarer kommer att ligga till grund för diskussioner om hur verksamheten kan bedrivas och att de ska ge ett gott stöd för att utveckla verksamheten.

De befintliga allmänna råden kan tillämpas till dess att de nya allmänna råden har beslutats.

Kvalitet i äldreomsorg ur ett anhörigperspektiv

Magnusson Lennart, Hanson ELizabeth, Larsson Skoglund Annica, Ilett Richard, Sennemark Eva, Barbabella Francesco, Gough Ritva (2016)

Nationellt kompetenscentrum anhöriga, Nka, har tagit fram rapporten "Kvalitet i äldreomsorg ur ett anhörigperspektiv" på uppdrag från Socialdepartementet. Rapporten ingår i den nationella kvalitetsplanen för äldreomsorgen.
I rapporten framgår det tydligt att trygghet är själva förutsättningen för att kunna skapa bästa och mesta möjliga välbefinnande för anhöriga och äldre närstående. Andra viktiga byggstenar är tillhörighet, delaktighet och betydelsefullhet. Det finns också ett behov av kompetensutveckling – både i verksamheterna och hos de anhöriga. I kunskapssammanställningen framgår också att anhöriga och äldre närstående tenderar att bemötas och behandlas olika beroende på den utbildning, arbete och social position personen har. Detsamma gäller kön, etnisk tillhörighet, trosuppfattning, funktionsnedsättning, sexuell läggning och ålder. Rapporten tar upp en rad åtgärder för att utveckla kvaliteten i vården och omsorgen för äldre ur ett anhörigperspektiv.

Kvarboende eller flyttning på äldre dar. En kunskapsöversikt

Larsson K. (2006)

Rapporten sammanställer aktuell kunskap om de äldres boende, både ordinärt (det vill säga att bo "hemma") och särskilt boende. Syftet är också att beskriva faktorer som leder till flyttning respektive kvarboende på äldre dagar

Den så kallade kvarboendeprincipen, att samhället ska möjliggöra för den enskilde att kunna bo kvar i sitt eget hem, har varit den officiella policyn i decennier. Äldre personers faktiska möjlighet att bo kvar påverkas av en mängd faktorer som hälsa, familjeförhållanden, ekonomi samt bostädernas tillgänglighet för dem med funktionsnedsättning

Kvinnors och mäns återhämtning från psykisk ohälsa

Schön, Ulla-Karin (2009)

Rapport i Socialt arbete 130. Doktorsavhandling

The overall aim with this thesis is to describe and analyze women's and men's recovery processes. More specifically, the aim is to determine what women and men with experience of mental illness describe as contributing to the personal recovery process. The point of departure for the studies was 30 in-depth interviews conducted with 15 men and 15 women. The selection of interview subjects was limited to individuals who had been treated in 24-hour psychiatric care and diagnosed as having schizophrenia, psychosis, a personality disorder, or a bipolar disorder.

Four studies have been carried. Study 1 was a baseline article that examined what people in recovery from mental illness outline as facilitating factors to their recovery. The results that emerged from that study indicated areas for further analysis to condense the understanding of the recovery process. In study 2 the similarities and the differences in recovery described by women and men were examined. In Study 3 women's and men's meaning-making with reference to severe mental illness facilitate the recovery process were studied. The forth study explored how peer-support contribute to women's and men's recovery from mental illness.

The results emphasize recovery from mental illness as a social process in which relationships play a key role in creating new identities beside the mental illness. For a majority of the participants meeting peers facilitated the recovery process. The participants described how peer support meant an end to isolation and became an arena for identification, connection, and being important to others. Throughout these recovery processes the impact of gender has been emphasized. The results from this thesis provide new insight into gender as an important factor in understanding the recovery processes. The results from the four studies emphasize the mental patient, the psychiatric interventions and the individual recovery strategies as being influenced by gender constructions.

Känslomässig tillgänglighet hos traumatiserade flyktingfamiljer. Anknytningsbaserad behandlingsmodell för späd- och småbarn och flyktingföräldrar med PTSD

Brendler-Lindqvist, M., Daud, A., & Hermanson Tham, J. (2012)

Emotional Availability among Traumatized Refugee Families
Red Cross Centre for Tortured Refugees in Stockholm, Sweden, started in 2011 a clinical
research pilot project in order to prevent second generation traumatization among children of
tortured and war-traumatized parents with complex Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD.
The project runs in co-operation with Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and
Children's Health, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit. The aim of the project was to
explore and evaluate a treatment program based on attachment theory and trauma theory for
parents and infants, age 0-24 months.
The early relation of mother-infant is fundamental for the survival of the infant and basic for
development of a child's social, emotional and cognitive health and capacity. According to
research parents with complex, PTSD, risk to transform their symptoms to their children.
The theoretical reference is based on attachment theory and Emotional Availability Scale,
EAS, as an investigating instrument. A clinical sample according to the project criteria was
selected. Five refugee families from the Middle East with established complex PTSD diagnos
have been participated in the treatment program, consisting of psycho pedagogical family
interventions, interplay therapy and group interventions.
The preliminary results of this pilot project indicated an outstanding need for developing a
treatment program focusing on mother and child emotional availability within refugee
families as a preventive intervention. This is the first report of a three-year project, financed
by Stiftelsen Allmänna Barnhuset.

Känslornas betydelse I funktionshindrade barns livsvärld

Hautaniemi, Bozena (2004)

The aim of my study is to describe and understand disabled children's special way of understanding and relating to the surrounding world. The thesis is based on an empirical study of six severely disabled children, lacking language and speech, aged from nine months to five years. The children were studied by video recordings in Händelsriket, a center organised to offer them different kinds of rich stimulation. One important finding was that the children expressed a non-verbal, meaning making competence that I decided to further explore. First, I tried to interpret the children's competence in the frame of psychoanalytic and psychodynamic theories, which turned out to be difficult as these theories were based on assumptions linked to the tradition of René Descartes, making a clear difference between Cogito and body, nature and culture. In this tradition, human consciousness is based on the acquisition of language and the development of the sphere of symbols. As a consequence, the mentioned theories could not help us to understand the embodied, non-verbal competence of the disabled children. Many of these theorists also argue that their theories have little relevance for disabled children.However, the phenomenological tradition, inspired by among others Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, was of much more help in the analysis of the disabled children's activities in Händelsriket. In the theory of the lifeworld, Husserl´s and Merleau-Ponty´s, for instance, introduces two different kinds of intentionality indicating an embodied consciousness of great relevance to the empirical findings.Another important empirical finding was that feelings, and the expression of feelings, seemed to play an important role in the children's non-verbal, meaning making competence. As a consequence of this I have decided to include a discussion of research on feelings, emotions and affects. Based on the critique of the distinction between feelings, emotions and affects in social and anthropological research, I have decided to base my analysis on the concept of feelings.In the empirical analyses I discuss the role of feelings in the disabled children's perception, consciousness, communication and interaction with other people. I found that the meaning making processes based on feelings and expression of feelings contributed to the development of the children's personal styles of understanding their life-world. It also played an important role in the thematisation of their experiences, antecipations of objects, extensions and restrictions of their experiential horizons and their mastering of challenging experiences. The feelings also played important roles in the children's communicative competence and in their interaction with other people and the development of mutual closeness, understanding and community. In short, the feelings could be understood as important constituents of the life-world of the severely disabled children, their understanding of themselves and of the surrounding world.

Kärlek och stålull

Pipping, Lisbeth (2004)

"Min barndom var full av slag och psykisk misshandel. Jag var alltid rädd, varje dag, varje timme, varje minut och varje sekund. Rädd för min mamma, rädd för mina klasskamrater, rädd för han som utnyttjade oss, rädd för allt. Det fanns nästan ingen trygghet att finna i min barndom.
Jo, det fanns en plats där jag kunde känna mig trygg, även om det tog tid att våga vara trygg hos mina sommarföräldrar. Deras gård var en oas. Där fann jag en trygghet under de sommarveckor jag bodde
långt bort från mamma. Där fick jag provsmaka hur det kunde vara och hur det borde vara att få vara ett litet barn. Men det var bara de där sommarveckorna. En tid som liksom bara var till låns för snart skulle jag hem till min mamma igen, tillbaka till rädslan och utsattheten. Jag ville inte åka hem till när sommaren var slut, jag grät då jag tvingades att åka till mamma igen"

I Kärlek och stålull skildrar Lisbeth Pipping på ett personligt och levande sätt sin uppväxt med en utvecklingsstörd mamma, en svårt alkoholiserad pappa och två småsystrar. Läsaren får ta del av en barndom i misär, bristande omsorg och kärlek...

Labor market work and home care´s unpaid caregivers: A systematic review of labor force participation rates, predictors of labor market withdrawal, and hours of work

Lilly M, Laporte M, Coyte P. (2007)

As people continue to age and receive complex health care services at home, concern has arisen about the availability of family caregivers and their ability to combine employment with caregiving. This article evaluates the international research on unpaid caregivers and their labor market choices, highlighting three conclusions: first, caregivers in general are equally as likely to be in the labor force as noncaregivers; second, caregivers are more likely to work fewer hours in the labor market than noncaregivers, particularly if their caring commitments are heavy; and finally, only those heavily involved in caregiving are significantly more likely to withdraw from the labor market than noncaregivers. Policy recommendations are targeting greater access to formal care for "intensive" caregivers and developing workplace policies for employed caregivers.

Labor Market Work and Home Care´s Unpaid Caregivers: A Systematic Review of Labour Force Participation Rates, Predictors of Labor Market Wtihdrawal, and Hours of Work

Lilly M, Laporte M, Coyte P. (2007)

As people continue to age and receive complex health care services at home, concern has arisen about the availability of family caregivers and their ability to combine employment with caregiving. This article evaluates the international research on unpaid caregivers and their labor market choices, highlighting three conclusions: first, caregivers in general are equally as likely to be in the labor force as noncaregivers; second, caregivers are more likely to work fewer hours in the labor market than noncaregivers, particularly if their caring commitments are heavy; and finally, only those heavily involved in caregiving are significantly more likely to withdraw from the labor market than noncaregivers. Policy recommendations are targeting greater access to formal care for "intensive" caregivers and developing workplace policies for employed caregivers.

Landstingens och kommunernas möjlighet att samverka kring vård och omsorg

Direktiv (1999:42). (1999)

En särskild utredare tillkallas med uppgift att beskriva och analysera de problem som finns i dag vid samverkan mellan landstingens hälso- och sjukvård och kommunernas vård och omsorg på områden där det finns behov och intresse av att samverka. Utredaren skall vidare lämna förslag till lösningar som förbättrar möjligheterna till samverkan mellan kommuner och landsting på dessa områden.

Language development and language disorders

Bloom, L., & Lahey, M. (1978)

This book provides a synthesis of research findings in normal language development as well as a practical approach to the evaluation and treatment of children with language disorders. Its 21 chapters are divided into six topical sections: language description, normal language development, deviant language development, goals of language learning based on normal development, correlates of language disorders, and facilitating language learning. Each chapter concludes with a summary and a list of suggested readings. The book includes appendixes that set forth conventions for transcription of child language recordings and video recorded data, present definitions of language content categories, and list instruments for assessing language and language-related behaviors. An extensive bibliography of related resources and author and subject indexes are also provided. (GW)

Galenskap och återhämtning – vägar till ett nytt liv för psykiskt sjuka människor

Neugeboren, Jay (2001)

Natur och Kultur. 2001.Inbunden med skyddsomslag, 410 sidor, 23,5x15,5cm. 700 gram. Nära nyskick, anteckningar på pärmens insida.Jay och Robert Neugeboren växte upp i en judisk familj i New York under komplicerade och kaotiska emotionella förhållanden. Jay blev framgångsrik skönlitterär författare - Robert drabbades av svår psykisk sjukdom och skulle komma att åka in och ut på mentalsjukhus i fyra decennier. Han skulle underkastas alla tänkbara slags behandlingar - många med svåra biverkningar - men utan att få någon verklig hjälp. Galenskap och återhämtning är Jays bok om den fyra år yngre brodern och den psykiatriska vårdapparatens fullständiga misslyckanden att ge denne en anständig vård. Men det är framför allt en bok om hopp. Neugeborens budskap är att även svåra psykiska sjukdomar som schizofreni i hög grad är behandlingsbara. De kanske inte går att bota helt med det finns hjälp för dessa människor och hopp om återhämtning. Detta kan ske med hjälp av bra medicinsk behandling, adekvat psykoterapi men framför allt genom ett personlig engagemang hos personerna i den sjukes omgivning. Neugeboren berättar också om många spännande och dramatiska möten med andra människor som lärt sig att leva fullvärdiga liv trots svår psykisk sjukdom

Gemensam planering – på den enskildes villkor

Stenhammar, Ann-Marie & Flyckt, Karin (2007)

Socialstyrelsen har på regeringens uppdrag tillsammans med Skolverket och Specialpedagogiska institutet analyserat förutsättningarna för att samordna de individuella planer som ett barn, en ungdom och en vuxen person med funktionshinder kan ha. Med funktionshinder menas det komplexa sambandet mellan förekomst av en sjukdom, skada eller liknande och begränsad aktivitet och delaktighet. Särskild uppmärksamhet har ägnats åt vad som behöver förändras i regelverken.

Den huvudsakliga frågeställningen har varit vad som hindrar och stödjer gemensam individuell planering i regelverk, hos organisationer och hos aktörer (det senare avser personalen som är anställd i de berörda verksamheterna). Ytterligare en frågeställning har varit om gemensam planering kan innebära några negativa konsekvenser för den enskilde.

Förutsättningarna för samordnad och gemensam planering har analyserats på tre nivåer: individnivå, organisationsnivå och nationell nivå. Kunskapen om de två förstnämnda nivåerna bygger på skriftlig och muntlig information från brukarföreträdare, personal, verksamhetsansvariga och myndighetsföreträdare i Sverige och i Norge. På den tredje nivån, som berör rapportens huvudresultat, har kunskap inhämtats genom granskning av de bestämmelser om individuella planer som finns i lagar, förordningar eller i för sammanhanget relevanta förarbeten och myndighetsföreskrifter. Ett antal analysfaktorer har använts som stöd för granskningen. De lagstiftningsområden som valts ut för granskning är socialtjänst, hälso- och sjukvård och skollagsreglerade verksamheter samt integration, socialförsäkring och arbetsmarknad. Förutsättningarna för gemensam planering har analyserats utifrån sambandet mellan de tre nivåerna. Rapportens bilaga visar en översikt av bristande överensstämmelser mellan de berörda regelverken.

Lenas mamma får en depression

Alphonce Elisabet (2009)

text och illustrationer: Elisabet Alphonce

barn/ungdom

En berättelse om hur en förälder kan vara när hon drabbats av depression.

Less is more: meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood

BAKERMANS-KRANENBURG, M. J., VAN, I. M. H. & JUFFER, F. (2003)

Is early preventive intervention effective in enhancing parental sensitivity and infant attachment security, and if so, what type of intervention is most successful? Seventy studies were traced, producing 88 intervention effects on sensitivity (n = 7,636) and/or attachment (n = 1,503). Randomized interventions appeared rather effective in changing insensitive parenting (d = 0.33) and infant attachment insecurity (d = 0.20). The most effective interventions used a moderate number of sessions and a clear-cut behavioral focus in families with, as well as without, multiple problems. Interventions that were more effective in enhancing parental sensitivity were also more effective in enhancing attachment security, which supports the notion of a causal role of sensitivity in shaping attachment.

Leva livet – medan det pågår Ett inspirationsmaterial kring frågor som rör livet och döden för personer med flerfunktionsnedsättning och deras anhöriga

Nationellt kompetenscentrum anhöriga (2020)

För personer med flerfunktionsnedsättning är livet ofta skört och anhöriga tvingas förhålla sig till tankar om döden på ett mer påtagligt sätt än de flesta andra. I denna skrift har vi på Nationellt kompetenscentrum anhöriga (Nka) samlat berättelser från familjer, yrkesverksamma och specialister med olika erfarenheter avseende detta ämne och sammanställt det i fem kapitel. Nka är ett nationellt kunskapscentrum för anhörigfrågor och anhörigstöd, vars huvudsakliga uppgift är att vara ett expertstöd till kommuner, regioner och enskilda utförare. I uppdraget ingår också att ge kunskapsstöd direkt till föräldrar och andra anhöriga till personer med flerfunktionsnedsättning. Verksamheten startade i januari 2008 och bedrivs på uppdrag av Socialdepartementet via Socialstyrelsen.
Vi hoppas att berättelserna ska bidra till att samtal om livet och döden för personer med flerfunktionsnedsättning ska få en mer naturlig plats inom familjen och dess omgivning, samt i mötet med vården, omsorgen och det övriga samhället.

Levnadsförhållanden

Statistiska Centralbyrån (2006)

Statistiken beskriver levnadsförhållanden för olika grupper i befolkningen 16 år och äldre i olika avseenden: boende, ekonomi, hälsa, fritid, medborgerliga aktiviteter, sociala relationer, sysselsättning och arbetsmiljö, trygghet och säkerhet.

Lidandet som kamp och drama

Wiklund, Lena (2002)

Akademisk avhandling

Denna studie syftar till att via utformandet av en teoretisk modell nå ökad förståelse för hur människan erfar lidandet. Studien, som har en hermeneutisk ansats, fokuserar lidandet som drama och kamp, vilka beskrivs som lidandets form och substans.
Data insamlades genom samtal med informanter från två kontext. Den ena informantgruppen som utgjordes av nio personer med drogrelaterade problem valdes med utgångspunkt i ett antagande om att missbruket härrör från ett livslidande. De övriga informanterna (nio stycken) söktes inom ett till det yttre kontrasterande kontext, de hjärtopererade patienternas. De texter dessa samtal genererade tolkades sedan med utgångspunkt i en hermeneutisk ansats, som hämtat metodologisk inspiration av Ricoeur och Helenius. Tolkningen ägde rum i flera steg och det meningsbärande söktes genom naiv tolkning, analys av textens struktur samt genom ett sökande efter alternativa tolkningar. Tolkningsprocessen resulterade en uppsättning teser vilka relaterades till undersökningens teoretiska perspektiv samt till en begreppsanalys av 'kamp'.
Den teoretiska modellen tar fasta på lidandets kamp som en kamp mellan värdighet och skam, lust och olust. Denna kamp kan gestaltas i lidandets drama där människan på olika sätt söker lindring i lidandet. Detta kan ske genom att man försöker besegra lidandet, avtäcka det eller försonas med det. Ytterligare ett sätt att söka lindring är att ge upp lidandets kamp och resignera. I den teoretiska modellen gestaltas även hur människan kan förhålla sig till kampen på olika sätt beroende på vilket perspektiv hon har inför framtiden. Då människan uppfattar att framtiden präglas av ett hot om avskurenhet och död förhåller hon sig till livet på ett sådant sätt att lidandet dominerar. Om uppfattningen om framtiden präglas av liv och gemenskap kan hon förhålla sig till kampen som hälsa.
När lidandet blir outhärdligt förlorar människan sin förankring i tiden. I och med att människan isoleras i nuet kan lidandet bemästras och begränsas till en konkret situation. För att en rörelse i hälsoprocesserna skall äga rum måste människan emellertid relatera till tiden. Relationen till en annan människa och skapandet av en lidandeberättelse innebär en möjlighet till förankring i tiden och därmed också till helande.

Gender, work, and attitudes

Kotsadam, A. (2011)

The thesis consists of four self-contained papers. Paper 3: Does informal eldercare impede women's employment? The case of European welfare states (Forthcoming in Feminist Economics) European states vary in eldercare policies and in gendered norms of family care, and this study uses these variations to gain insight into the importance of macro-level factors for the work–care relationship. Using advanced panel data methods on European Community Household Panel (ECHP) data, this study finds women's employment to be negatively associated with informal caregiving to the elderly across the European Union. The effects of informal caregiving seem to be more negative in the Southern European countries, less negative in the Nordic countries, and in between these extremes in the Central European countries included in the study. This study explains that since eldercare is a choice in countries with more formal care and less pronounced gendered care norms, the weaker impact of eldercare on women's employment in these countries has to do with the degree of degree of coercion in the caring decision. Paper 4: The employment costs of caregiving in Norway Informal eldercare is an important pillar of modern welfare states and the ongoing demographic transition increases the demand for it while social trends reduce the supply. Substantial opportunity costs of informal eldercare in terms of forgone labor opportunities have been identified, yet the effects seem to differ substantially across states and there is a controversy on the effects in the Nordic welfare states. In this study, the effects of informal care on the probability of being employed, the number of hours worked, and wages in Norway are analyzed using data from the Life cOurse, Generation, and Gender (LOGG) survey. New and previously suggested instrumental variables are used to control for the potential endogeneity existing between informal care and employment-related outcomes. In total, being an informal caregiver in Norway is found to entail substantially less costs in terms of forgone formal employment opportunities than in non-Nordic welfare states.

Gender, work, and attitudes

Kotsadam, A. (2011)

Abstract The thesis consists of four self-contained papers. Paper 1: The long term effect of own and spousal parental leave on mothers' earnings We take advantage of the introduction of a Norwegian parental leave reform in 1993 to identify the causal effect of parental leave on mothers' long-term earnings. The reform raised the total leave period by seven weeks, but reserved four weeks for the father. The reform process was fast, so all mothers were already pregnant at the time of the policy announcement. Applying a regression discontinuity design we find that women who had their last child immediately after the policy change had higher mean yearly earnings from 1995 to 2005 and long-run yearly earnings (in our last year of data in 2005) compared to women who had their last child immediately before the reform. However, the estimate is sensitive to extreme observations, to restrictions regarding eligibility, and to the exclusion of observations within a window of three days before and after the reform. Paper 2: Do laws affect attitudes? An assessment of the Norwegian prostitution law using longitudinal data (Forthcoming in International Review of Law and Economics) The question of whether laws affect attitudes has inspired scholars across many disciplines, but empirical knowledge is sparse. Using longitudinal survey data from Norway and Sweden, collected before and after the implementation of a Norwegian law criminalizing the purchase of sexual services, we assess the short-run effects on attitudes using a difference-indifferences approach. In the general population, the law did not affect moral attitudes toward prostitution. However, in the Norwegian capital, where prostitution was more visible before the reform, the law made people more negative toward buying sex. This supports the claim that proximity and visibility are important factors for the internalization of legal norms. Paper 3: Does informal eldercare impede women's employment? The case of European welfare states (Forthcoming in Feminist Economics) European states vary in eldercare policies and in gendered norms of family care, and this study uses these variations to gain insight into the importance of macro-level factors for the work–care relationship. Using advanced panel data methods on European Community Household Panel (ECHP) data, this study finds women's employment to be negatively associated with informal caregiving to the elderly across the European Union. The effects of informal caregiving seem to be more negative in the Southern European countries, less negative in the Nordic countries, and in between these extremes in the Central European countries included in the study. This study explains that since eldercare is a choice in countries with more formal care and less pronounced gendered care norms, the weaker impact of eldercare on women's employment in these countries has to do with the degree of degree of coercion in the caring decision. Paper 4: The employment costs of caregiving in Norway Informal eldercare is an important pillar of modern welfare states and the ongoing demographic transition increases the demand for it while social trends reduce the supply. Substantial opportunity costs of informal eldercare in terms of forgone labor opportunities have been identified, yet the effects seem to differ substantially across states and there is a controversy on the effects in the Nordic welfare states. In this study, the effects of informal care on the probability of being employed, the number of hours worked, and wages in Norway are analyzed using data from the Life cOurse, Generation, and Gender (LOGG) survey. New and previously suggested instrumental variables are used to control for the potential endogeneity existing between informal care and employment-related outcomes. In total, being an informal caregiver in Norway is found to entail substantially less costs in terms of forgone formal employment opportunities than in non-Nordic welfare states

Genetic and environmental influences on ADHD symptom dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity: A meta-analysis

Nikolas, M., & Burt, S. A. (2010)

Behavioral genetic investigations have consistently demonstrated large genetic influences for the core symptom dimensions of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), namely inattention (INATT) and hyperactivity (HYP). Yet little is known regarding potential similarities and differences in the type of genetic influence (i.e., additive vs. nonadditive) on INATT and HYP. As these symptom dimensions form the basis of the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders subtype classification system, evidence of differential genetic influences would have important implications for research investigating causal mechanisms for ADHD. The current meta-analysis aimed to investigate the nature of etiological influences for INATT and HYP by comparing the type and magnitude of genetic and environmental influences each. A comprehensive literature search yielded 79 twin and adoption studies of INATT and/or HYP. Of these, 13 samples of INATT and 9 samples of HYP were retained for analysis. Results indicated that both dimensions were highly heritable (genetic factors accounted for 71% and 73% of the variance in INATT and HYP, respectively). However, the 2 dimensions were distinct as to the type of genetic influence. Dominant genetic effects were significantly larger for INATT than for HYP, whereas additive genetic effects were larger for HYP than for INATT. Estimates of unique environmental effects were small to moderate and shared environmental effects were negligible for both symptom dimensions. The pattern of results generally persisted across several moderating factors, including gender, age, informant, and measurement method. These findings highlight the need for future studies to disambiguate INATT and HYP when investigating the causal mechanisms, and particularly genetic influences, behind ADHD.

Genetic and Familial Environmental Influences on the Risk for Drug Abuse: A National Swedish Adoption Study

Kendler KS, Sundquist K, Ohlsson H, Palmér K, Maes H, Winkleby M, et al. (2012)

CONTEXT: Prior research suggests that drug abuse (DA) is strongly influenced by both genetic and familial environmental factors. No large-scale adoption study has previously attempted to verify and integrate these findings. OBJECTIVE: To determine how genetic and environmental factors contribute to the risk for DA. DESIGN: Follow-up in 9 public databases (1961-2009) of adopted children and their biological and adoptive relatives. SETTING: Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 18 115 adopted children born between 1950 and 1993; 78 079 biological parents and siblings; and 51 208 adoptive parents and siblings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Drug abuse recorded in medical, legal, or pharmacy registry records. RESULTS: Risk for DA was significantly elevated in the adopted offspring of biological parents with DA (odds ratio, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.66-2.62), in biological full and half siblings of adopted children with DA (odds ratio, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.28-2.64; and odds ratio, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.19-1.67, respectively), and in adoptive siblings of adopted children with DA (odds ratio, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.43-2.65). A genetic risk index (including biological parental or sibling history of DA, criminal activity, and psychiatric or alcohol problems) and an environmental risk index (including adoptive parental history of divorce, death, criminal activity, and alcohol problems, as well as an adoptive sibling history of DA and psychiatric or alcohol problems) both strongly predicted the risk for DA. Including both indices along with sex and age at adoption in a predictive model revealed a significant positive interaction between the genetic and environmental risk indices. CONCLUSIONS: Drug abuse is an etiologically complex syndrome strongly influenced by a diverse set of genetic risk factors reflecting a specific liability to DA, by a vulnerability to other externalizing disorders, and by a range of environmental factors reflecting marital instability, as well as psychopathology and criminal behavior in the adoptive home. Adverse environmental effects on DA are more pathogenic in individuals with high levels of genetic risk. These results should be interpreted in the context of limitations of the diagnosis of DA from registries.

Life situation as next of kin to persons in need of care - chronic sorrow, burden and quality of life

Liedström Elisabeth (2014)

Nursing research has been performed during the last 20-30 years, about the next of kin's vulnerability. Despite this, the health care system has had difficulties to integrate the next of kin in a way that gives support. The overall aim of the thesis was to describe and further explore the life situation of the next of kin to persons who are long-term ill, disabled, and/or older, and in need of care. Method: Multiple methods were used. Study I had a descriptive design, 44 next of kin of patients with multiple sclerosis were interviewed, latent content analysis was used for the analysis. Study II had a mixed method approach; the descriptive core study was analyzed with directed content analysis. The supplementary study with descriptive, correlative design was analyzed with descriptive and correlative statistics. Forty-four next of kin of patients with multiple sclerosis were interviewed; thereafter 37 of them answered a questionnaire about Quality of Life. Study III had a descriptive, explorative design. Twelve next of kin of older persons were interviewed with repeated informal conversational interviews, analyzed with latent content analysis. Study IV was cross-sectional with a descriptive, correlative design. Eighty-four next of kin of persons who were long-term ill, disabled, and/or older answered two questionnaires about Burden and Quality of Life that were analyzed with descriptive and correlative statistics. Results and Conclusions: Next of kin described a balance/imbalance in their relations to others and a high burden, but in general a good Quality of Life. Some next of kin also experienced chronic sorrow. Significant correlations were found between interpersonal relations and Quality of Life as a whole. Love and obligations were two anchor points on a continuum, describing the next of kin's relationship to the ill/disabled person. The relationship with the health care personnel was described through cooperation and obligations. Good communication was seen as the key to balance the relationship with others. One possibility to achieve symmetrical communications is to adapt the Partnership Model, as a tool for creating good relationships. Honest and specific communication between the health care personnel, the next of kin, and the care receiver are necessary.

Life Situation as Next of Kin to Persons in Need of Care: Chronic Sorrow, Burden and Quality of Life

Liedström, E. (2014)

Aim and Objectives: To increase the understanding of next of kin's life situation in the context of supporting persons who are long term ill, disabled and/or older by describing their experienced burden and quality of life and also the relationship between QoL, burden and socioeconomic variables.

Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive and correlative design. Eighty-four next of kin answered two questionnaires: the Caregiver Burden Scale and the Subjective Quality of Life.

Results: Next of kin experienced a high burden in their life situation although they, at the same time, experienced a good quality of life. In the results gender differences were found. Females next of kin to a higher extent were disappointed, more emotionally involved, and they also estimated their economic situation as more unsatisfactory than the males next of kin.

Conclusion: Healthcare personnel meet next of kin, persons in need of care, within all healthcare and social care in society.Therefore it is important to have a general knowledge and ability to understand the next of kin's life situation, thus making it possible to focus the nursing interventions on individual support regardless of the care receiver's diagnosis.

Life situations and the care burden for stroke patients and their informal caregivers in a prospective cohort study

Olai, L., Borgquist, L., & Svärsudd, K. (2015)

BACKGROUND:
The purpose of this study was to analyse whether the parallel life situation between stroke patients and their informal caregivers (dyads) shown in cross-sectional studies prevails also in a longitudinal perspective.
METHODS:
A total of 377 Swedish stroke patients, aged ≥ 65 years, and their 268 informal caregivers were followed from hospital admission and one year on. Analyses were based on patient interviews, functional ability (MMSE) score, Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) score, Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) score, self-rated health score, and the Gothenburg Quality of Life (GQL) activity score. Similar information was obtained by postal questionnaires from informal caregivers, also including information on the nature and amount of assistance provided and on Caregiver Burden (CB) score.
RESULTS:
Before index admission informal caregivers provided care on average 5 h per week and after discharge 11 h per week (P < 0.0001). Support volume was associated with patient sex (more for men), low patient's functional ability, low received municipal social service support, closeness of patient-caregiver relation, and short distance to patient's home. Significant positive associations within the dyads were found for HAD anxiety score (P < 0.0001), total NHP score (P < 0.0001), and GQL activity score (P < 0.0001) after adjustment for patient's age, sex, functional ability, and patient-caregiver relationship. CB score increased with amount of informal caregiver support, patient's age, and with low functional ability and low amount of municipal social service support. All these associations were constant across time.
CONCLUSIONS:
There was an association within the dyads regarding anxiety score, NHP score, and activity score. CB score was generally high.

Life situations and the care burden for stroke patients and their informal caregivers in a prospective cohort study

Olai L, Borgquist L, Svärdsudd K. (2015)

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyse whether the parallel life
situation between stroke patients and their informal caregivers (dyads) shown in
cross-sectional studies prevails also in a longitudinal perspective.
METHODS: A total of 377 Swedish stroke patients, aged ≥ 65 years, and their 268
informal caregivers were followed from hospital admission and one year on.
Analyses were based on patient interviews, functional ability (MMSE) score,
Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) score, Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD)
score, self-rated health score, and the Gothenburg Quality of Life (GQL) activity
score. Similar information was obtained by postal questionnaires from informal
caregivers, also including information on the nature and amount of assistance
provided and on Caregiver Burden (CB) score.
RESULTS: Before index admission informal caregivers provided care on average 5 h
per week and after discharge 11 h per week (P < 0.0001). Support volume was
associated with patient sex (more for men), low patient's functional ability, low
received municipal social service support, closeness of patient-caregiver
relation, and short distance to patient's home. Significant positive associations
within the dyads were found for HAD anxiety score (P < 0.0001), total NHP score
(P < 0.0001), and GQL activity score (P < 0.0001) after adjustment for patient's
age, sex, functional ability, and patient-caregiver relationship. CB score
increased with amount of informal caregiver support, patient's age, and with low
functional ability and low amount of municipal social service support. All these
associations were constant across time.
CONCLUSIONS: There was an association within the dyads regarding anxiety score,
NHP score, and activity score. CB score was generally high.

Getting in touch' with people with severe learning disabilities

Caldwell, P. (1997)

This article explores innovative and interactive ways of working with people who have severe learning disabilities, special needs and/or challenging behaviour who, despite the efforts of those who support them, are not able to respond to attempts to interact with them. It examines the possibilities of communicating by using people's own behaviours and outlines how these methods of interaction can be developed into a 'language' which people with these disabilities recognize and find motivating. Entering into a person's world in a way that is not confusing or threatening may allow him/her to move from solitary self-stimulation to shared activity. People with these disabilities will then become aware of a world outside their own (sometimes they are aware of this but are unable to make a connection between what they perceive and themselves), and begin to understand their relationship to it. Surprise is an important element as it shifts attention from the inner space to the source of the intervention. A number of examples illustrate a range of person-centred approaches and the variety of disabilities that may be assisted.

Linking theory and intervention to promote resilience in parentally bereaved children.

Sandler, I.N., Wolchik, S.A., Ayers, T.S., Tein, J., Coxe, S. & Chow, W. (2008)

In this chapter, we describe the development and evaluation of the Family Bereavement Program (FBP), a theoretically derived intervention program for children who have experienced parental death. We first present a discussion of risk and protective factors for parentally bereaved children and discuss these within a general theoretical framework of resilience following adversity. We then discuss the modifiable risk and protective factors that were targeted for change in the FBP and the theoretical model underlying the program. Finally, we present evidence from the evaluation of the FBP, including assessment of mediators and moderators of program effects at posttest and short-term follow-up and findings from preliminary analyses at the 6-year follow-up. This research on a theoretically based intervention for bereaved children follows a similar program of research we have conducted with children from divorced families, and we discuss ways in which the findings with bereaved children replicate, and in some cases diverge from, findings regarding children in divorced families.

Linking Theory with Qualitative Research through Study of Stroke Caregiving Families

Pierce LL, Steiner V, Cervantez Thompson TL, Friedemann ML. (2013)

Purpose: This theoretical article outlines the deliberate process of applying a qualitative data analysis method rooted in Friedemann's Framework of Systemic Organization through the study of a web-based education and support intervention for stroke caregiving families. Methods: Directed by Friedemann's framework, the analytic method involved developing, refining, and using a coding rubric to explore interactive patterns between caregivers and care recipients from this 3-month feasibility study using this education and support intervention. Specifically, data were gathered from the intervention's web-based discussion component between caregivers and the nurse specialist, as well as from telephone caregiver interviews. Findings and Conclusions: A theoretical framework guided the process of developing and refining this coding rubric for the purpose of organizing data; but, more importantly, guided the investigators' thought processes, allowing them to extract rich information from the data set, as well as synthesize this information to generate a broad understanding of the caring situation.

Links between informal caregiving and volunteering in Sweden: a 17-year perspective

Jegermalm, M., Jeppsson Grassman, E. (2013)

This article analyses informal caregiving and volunteering in organizations over 17 years in Sweden, with a focus on links between these two forms of unpaid activities. The discussion is based on results from a national survey that was repeated four times in the period 1992–2009. Links were found between the different types of activities. In all four studies a substantial group of the population was involved both in informal caregiving and volunteering. This group of 'active citizens' are commonly also engaged in informal social networks. This 'double active' group had increased over time and they provide a substantial amount of hours of involvement. Patterns outlined in this article demonstrate that unpaid activities represent a multifaceted phenomenon, and that the boundaries between informal caregiving and volunteering as forms of engagement may be more fluid than has previously been acknowledged. The results challenge the literature in which informal caregiving is viewed as a major obstacle to volunteering. At the same time, however, informal caregiving in general was found to be increasing. There might be reasons to be cautious about the possible risk that too much pressure on citizens for informal caregiving might jeopardize the type of double involvement that is outlined in this article.

Denna artikel analyserar informellt omsorgsgivande och ideella insatser i frivilligorganisationer i Sverige i ett 17-årigt perspektiv. Diskussionen är baserad på resultaten från en nationell befolkningsstudie som genomförts fyra gånger 1992–2009. Resultaten visade att det fanns beröringspunkter mellan olika former av obetalda insatser. I alla fyra studier var det vanligt att vara engagerad både i informellt hjälparbete och ideella insatser. Denna grupp av 'aktiva medborgare' var vanligtvis också engagerad i informella sociala nätverk. Denna 'dubbel-aktiva' grupp har ökat över tid och de utför många timmar av engagemang per månad. Resultaten utmanar den litteratur som menar att informellt hjälparbete är ett omfattande hinder för att engagera sig i ideella insatser. En möjlig tolkning av de ganska flytande gränserna mellan informell omsorg och ideellt arbete är att välfärdens organisering i Sverige hittills har gett möjlighet för informella omsorgsgivare att ha utrymme och tid för engagemang i ideella organisationer och annat samhällsengagemang, liksom för de ideellt aktiva att utföra informellt omsorgsarbete. Det kan finnas skäl att uppmärksamma risken för att ett ökat tryck på medborgarna att utföra oavlönat arbete, framför allt av omsorgskaraktär, kan försvåra möjligheterna för denna typ av dubbla engagemang.

Listening in the silence, seeing in the dark: reconstructing life after brain injury

Johansen, Ruthann Knechel (2002)

Traumatic brain injury can interrupt without warning the life story that any one of us is in the midst of creating. When the author's fifteen-year-old son survives a terrible car crash in spite of massive trauma to his brain, she and her family know only that his story has not ended. Their efforts, Erik's own efforts, and those of everyone who helps bring him from deep coma to new life make up a moving and inspiring story for us all, one that invites us to reconsider the very nature of "self" and selfhood.

Ruthann Knechel Johansen, who teaches literature and narrative theory, is a particularly eloquent witness to the silent space in which her son, confronted with life-shattering injury and surrounded by conflicting narratives about his viability, is somehow reborn. She describes the time of crisis and medical intervention as an hour-by-hour struggle to communicate with the medical world on the one hand and the everyday world of family and friends on the other. None of them knows how much, or even whether, they can communicate with the wounded child who is lost from himself and everything he knew. Through this experience of utter disintegration, Johansen comes to realize that self-identity is molded and sustained by stories.

As Erik regains movement and consciousness, his parents, younger sister, doctors, therapists, educators, and friends all contribute to a web of language and narrative that gradually enables his body, mind, and feelings to make sense of their reacquired functions. Like those who know and love him, the young man feels intense grief and anger for the loss of the self he was before the accident, yet he is the first to see continuity where they see only change. The story is breathtaking, because we become involved in the pain and suspense and faith that accompany every birth. Medical and rehabilitation professionals, social workers, psychotherapists, students of narrative, and anyone who has faced life's trauma will find hope in this meditation on selfhood: out of the shambles of profound brain injury and coma can arise fruitful lives and deepened relationships.

Lite lagom ovanlig: om att vara förälder till barn med funktionsnedsättning

Ennefors Maria (2010)

Boken samlar de kåserier och krönikor som RBU Stockholm publicerat i medlemstidningen Utsikt. Föräldrar till barn med funktionsnedsättningar kommer att känna igen sig i bokens kåserier och krönikor. Man påminns om sina egna upplevelser, skrattar med åt absurda situationer och känner ilskan mot tjänstemän och en oförstående omgivning. Svar på tal levereras!

Hannahs mamma får en fobi

Alphonse Elisabet (2011)

text och illustrationer: Elisabet Alphonse

barn/ungdom

Boken handlar om Hannahs mamma och hur en getingfobi kan påverka en förälders vardag.

Livet en gång till. En ryggmärgsskadad möter svensk handikappolitik

Brusén, Peter (2005)

Peter Brusén berättar i boken om sin kamp mot smärtan, sorgen och hur en svår kris kunde vändas till ett nytt oberoende liv. Författaren är chef för Socialstyrelsens handikappenhet och har före olyckan bland annat utvärderat handikappreformen. Olyckan har gett honom ett unikt "dubbelseende" som expert och idag också som en person med ett svårt funktionshinder. Han skildrar möten med vården, rehabiliteringen, handikappomsorgen och försäkringskassan. Boken ger kunskaper om bland annat behovsbedömning, handläggning och hur attityder påverkar dina handlingar.
Professor Johan Cullberg har skrivit bokens förord och Handikappombudsmannen Lars Lööw en avslutning.
Boken vänder sig till alla som arbetar inom vård, rehabilitering, handikappomsorg eller som i egenskap av politiker, handläggare eller chef möter människor med svåra funktionshinder. Men boken vänder sig i lika hög grad till alla som själv har ett funktionshinder eller är anhörig.

Livet med lipödem: en utmaning var dag

Bräcke diakoni (2020)

Boken ingår som en del i ett Arvsfondsprojekt som genomförs av Bräcke Diakoni tillsammans med patientföreningarna SÖF, Svenska Ödemförbundet, LymfS, Lymf- och lipödemföreningen i Stockholms län samt NKA, Nationellt kompetenscentrum för anhöriga.

Förhoppningen med projektet är att behandling av lipödem ska bli erkänd som en rättighet när diagnosen är ställd för den enskilda kvinnan. Då behövs kunskap överallt i vården och den plattform som också framställs i projektet kommer att finnas kvar som en kunskapskälla både för personal som vill erbjuda behandling samt för anhöriga och kvinnor som själva har lipödem.

Livet-dess början och slut. Bok från 5-6 år

Bryan Mellonie, Robert Ingpen (1983)

En blandning av fakta, filosofi och poesi. Enkelt med få men väl vägda ord och vackra bilder berättas om början och slutet, och allt däremellan, livet. Att det är lika för allt levande, även om man är en blomma, en insekt, en fågel eller en människa, allas liv har en början och ett slut. Allt har en livtid, kort eller lång. Från 5-6 år.

Livets sista boning : Anhörigskap, åldrande och död på sjukhem

Whitaker, A. (2004)

This thesis is based on an empirical study carried out as a case study at a nursing home ward in the region of Stockholm. The aim of this study is to describe and analyse the conditions of ageing and dying for the old persons living in a nursing home, as well as for their relatives. Different methods were used: participant observations, informal conversations with the elderly residents, with the staff and with visiting relatives. Furthermore, twenty-one (in-depth) interviews with eighteen relatives were also conducted.From the results it became clear that the two major features embedded in the overall experience of the nursing home setting were: a sense of waiting and the presence of dying and death. For the residents a major part of daily life was marked by their dependency on others and on their bodily decline. It is argued that the institutional features contribute to reinforcing the images/pictures of bodily decline. As such, the nursing home also had a significant impact on the experiences of the relatives. The compact environment of frailty and death could arouse feelings of anxiety and worries among the relatives about their own ageing and death.Analyses of the data based on the interviews with relatives indicated a number of central patterns: accompanying each other, understanding the old person's health and needs, recreating roles, sharing the care and preparing for dying and death. These also form the theoretical structure of the thesis. A finding of the study was that the relationship between the old person and the relative underwent important changes. Not only the placement in itself but also the poor health of the old person contributed to this change. As a consequence new roles emerged within the relationship, as well as with the staff. Many relatives continued to visit and also contributed to the care even though this care work could vary and mostly was quite limited in both content and extent. One group among the relatives not only visited, but they truly shared the old person's daily life. It was found that relatives, irrespective of the caring role, try to guard and maintain the identity and dignity of the old person.Based on an analysis of the different themes/processes found in the data, four core categories emerged: time, space, body and dignity. They all constitute the existential condition that affects the lives of the old persons and their relatives in an institutional setting. They also embrace the complexity and contradictions that characterise the data. Therefore, in the concluding chapter, the spatial and temporal contradictions of the nursing home are discussed. Another issue concerned the bodily themes found in the data and how these illuminate the diverse meanings and the, sometimes, contradictory images of the body. These themes led to the conclusion that it is not death, but the bodily disintegration and unboundedness that the old persons and their relatives fear most. Finally, it is argued that the "light care work" carried out by the relatives is so much more than sporadic visits. Instead, these visits can be seen as 1) rituals contributing to a sense of continuity and coherence, 2) representations of the relationships and 3) a way in which relatives can maintain and guard the old person's identity and dignity.

Livets sista boning : anhörigskap, åldrande och död på sjukhem

Whitaker, A. (2004)

This thesis is based on an empirical study carried out as a case study at a nursing home ward in the region of Stockholm. The aim of this study is to describe and analyse the conditions of ageing and dying for the old persons living in a nursing home, as well as for their relatives. Different methods were used: participant observations, informal conversations with the elderly residents, with the staff and with visiting relatives. Furthermore, twenty-one (in-depth) interviews with eighteen relatives were also conducted.From the results it became clear that the two major features embedded in the overall experience of the nursing home setting were: a sense of waiting and the presence of dying and death. For the residents a major part of daily life was marked by their dependency on others and on their bodily decline. It is argued that the institutional features contribute to reinforcing the images/pictures of bodily decline. As such, the nursing home also had a significant impact on the experiences of the relatives. The compact environment of frailty and death could arouse feelings of anxiety and worries among the relatives about their own ageing and death.Analyses of the data based on the interviews with relatives indicated a number of central patterns: accompanying each other, understanding the old person's health and needs, recreating roles, sharing the care and preparing for dying and death. These also form the theoretical structure of the thesis. A finding of the study was that the relationship between the old person and the relative underwent important changes. Not only the placement in itself but also the poor health of the old person contributed to this change. As a consequence new roles emerged within the relationship, as well as with the staff. Many relatives continued to visit and also contributed to the care even though this care work could vary and mostly was quite limited in both content and extent. One group among the relatives not only visited, but they truly shared the old person's daily life. It was found that relatives, irrespective of the caring role, try to guard and maintain the identity and dignity of the old person.Based on an analysis of the different themes/processes found in the data, four core categories emerged: time, space, body and dignity. They all constitute the existential condition that affects the lives of the old persons and their relatives in an institutional setting. They also embrace the complexity and contradictions that characterise the data. Therefore, in the concluding chapter, the spatial and temporal contradictions of the nursing home are discussed. Another issue concerned the bodily themes found in the data and how these illuminate the diverse meanings and the, sometimes, contradictory images of the body. These themes led to the conclusion that it is not death, but the bodily disintegration and unboundedness that the old persons and their relatives fear most. Finally, it is argued that the "light care work" carried out by the relatives is so much more than sporadic visits. Instead, these visits can be seen as 1) rituals contributing to a sense of continuity and coherence, 2) representations of the relationships and 3) a way in which relatives can maintain and guard the old person's identity and dignity.

Health Behaviors Among Baby Boomer Informal Caregivers

Hoffman GJ, Lee J, Mendez-Luck CA. (2012)

Purpose of the Study: This study examines health-risk behaviors among "Baby Boomer" caregivers and non-caregivers. Design and Methods: Data from the 2009 California Health Interview Survey of the state's non-institutionalized population provided individual-level, caregiving, and health behavior characteristics for 5,688 informal caregivers and 12,941 non-caregivers. Logistic regression models were estimated separately for four individual health-risk behaviors -- smoking, sedentary behavior, and regular soda and fast-food consumption -- as well as a global health-risk measure. Results: Controlling for psychological distress and personal characteristics and social resources such as age, gender, income and education, work and marital status, and neighborhood safety, caregivers had greater odds than non-caregivers of overall negative health behavior and of smoking and regular soda and fast-food consumption. We did not observe significant differences in odds of negative behavior related to stress for spousal caregivers and caregivers in the role for longer periods of time or those providing more hours of weekly care compared with other caregivers. Implications: Our study found evidence that Baby Boomer caregivers engage in poor health behaviors that are associated with exposure to caregiving. Baby Boomer caregivers may be at risk for certain behavioral factors that are associated with disability and chronic illness.

Living at the edge of one's capability: Experiences of parents of teenage daughters diagnosed with ADHD

Klingberg G, Hallberg U, Reichenberg K, Möller A. (2008)

Living with children with a disability is often perceived as a permanent stressor to the family and it affects all aspects of family life including the well-being of family members. Since little is known about parenting teenage daughters diagnosed with ADHD, the aim of the study was to gain a deeper understanding of the main problem involved using a grounded theory approach. Interviews were carried out with 12 parents, 11 mothers and 1 father, of teenage daughters diagnosed with ADHD. The parents´situation was conceptualized as living at the edge of one´s capability with the properties having the sole parental responsibility, fighting for professional support, being on duty around the clock and trying to solve family conflicts. Parents described how their health was negatively affected by their life situation.

Living environment, social support, and informal caregiving are associated with healthcare seeking behaviour and adherence to medication treatment: A cross‐sectional population study

Berglund, Erik; Lytsy, Per; Westerling, Ragnar (2019)

Abstract:
Despite the well‐known associations between local environment and health, few studies have focused on environment and healthcare utilisation, for instance healthcare seeking behaviour or adherence. This study was aimed at analysing housing type, behaviour based on perceived local outdoor safety, social support, informal caregiving, demographics, socioeconomics, and long‐term illness, and associations with health‐seeking and adherence behaviours at a population level. This study used data from the Swedish National Public Health Survey 2004–2014, an annually repeated, large sample, cross‐sectional, population‐based survey study. In all, questionnaires from 100,433 individuals were returned by post, making the response rate 52.9% (100,433/190,000). Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regressions were used to investigate associations between explanatory variables and the outcomes of refraining from seeking care and non‐adherence behaviour. Living in rented apartment, lodger, a dorm or other was associated with reporting refraining from seeking care (adjusted OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00–1.22), and non‐adherence (adjusted OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.13–1.31). Refraining from going out due to a perceived unsafe neighbourhood was associated with refraining from seeking care (adjusted OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.51–1.67) and non‐adherence (adjusted OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.17–1.36). Social support and status as an informal caregiver was associated with higher odds of refraining from seeking medical care and non‐adherence. This study suggests that living in rental housing, refraining from going out due to neighbourhood safety concerns, lack of social support or informal caregiver status are associated with lower health‐seeking behaviour and non‐adherence to prescribed medication.

Living in Liminality – Being Simultaneously Visible and Invisible: Caregivers´ Narratives of Palliative Care

Dahlborg Lyckhage, E., & Lindahl, B. (2013)

Palliative care is an integral part of care and takes place in many settings—including the home, special accommodations, and hospitals. However, research shows that palliative care often ends with a death in the hospital due to the heavy burden on the primary caregiver. This study explores the meaning of being the primary caregiver of a close one who is terminally ill and is based on qualitative interviews with six primary caregivers of a terminally ill individual at home. The findings are discussed in the light of the theoretical concepts of liminality, lived body, and power. A potential impending risk exists of being abandoned when one is the primary caregiver to a close one who is terminally ill. This situation calls for professional caregivers to take responsibility and to respond to these, often unspoken, needs. This is particularly important concerning bodily care and the medical treatment regimen. In addition, when friends and relatives are absent, there is an ethical demand on professional caregivers to compensate for this lack and to compensate for this need. Palliative home care demands care that is person-centered—including the individual's history, family and loved ones, and individual strengths and weaknesses.

Living situation, subjective quality of life and social network among individuals with schizophrenia living in a community settings

Hansson, L., Middleboe, T., Sorgaard, K W,. Bengtsson-Tops, A., Bjarnason, O., Merinder, L., Nilsson, L., Sandlund, M., Korkeila, J., Vinding, H.R., (2002)

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the relationships between characteristics of the living situation in the community and subjective quality of life and social network among community-based individuals with schizophrenia.
METHOD:
A total of 418 individuals with schizophrenia from 10 sites were interviewed with regard to quality of life, psychopathology, social network and needs for care. Characteristics of the living situation investigated were: living alone or not, living with family or not, and having an independent or a sheltered housing situation.
RESULTS:
An independent housing situation was related to a better quality of life concerning living situation and living with the family to a better quality of life concerning family relations. An independent housing situation was associated with a better social network regarding availability and adequacy of emotional relations.
CONCLUSION:
People with schizophrenia with an independent housing situation have a better quality of life associated with more favorable perceptions of independence, influence, and privacy. Their social network is better irrespective of whether they live alone or not, or with family or not

Living With a Mentally Ill Parent: Exploring Adolescents’ Experiences and Perspectives

Trondsen MV. (2012)

Although a considerable body of research has described the implications of parental mental illness, the perspectives of children and adolescents have rarely been addressed. In this article, I explore adolescents' experiences in everyday life, based on an action-oriented study of a Norwegian online self-help group for adolescents (aged 15 to 18) with mentally ill parents. The analysis was conducted through participant observation of the group for 2 years. The adolescents experienced a variety of difficult challenges related to their parent's mental illness: lack of information and openness; unpredictability and instability; fear; loneliness; and loss and sorrow. However, they also discussed strategies for active management of the challenges arising from the family situation. I argue that these adolescents can be understood as vulnerable as well as active participants in managing their everyday lives. I emphasize the importance of including perspectives of children and adolescents in further research so as to improve health care for families with parental mental illness.

Living with a spouse with chronic illness - the challenge of balancing demands and resources

Eriksson Elisabet, Wejåker Maria, Danhard Anna, Nilsson Annika, Kristofferzon Marja-Leena (2019)

Abstract [en]
Background: The number of partners providing informal care for their chronically ill spouse is rising, and they describe their daily life as demanding. The aim of this paper was to describe the partners' experiences of living with a person with chronic illness and how they manage everyday life.

Methods: A descriptive design with a qualitative approach was used. A purposive sample of 16 Swedish partners with a chronically ill spouse were interviewed. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Results: Four main themes were identified: Managing challenges in daily life,' Seeking support and use own capabilities to manage life,' Appreciating the good parts of life' and Adapting to constant changes and an uncertain future'. Their experiences of support from formal care providers varied; they expressed the need for more assistance from the health care sector.

Conclusions: The partners experienced many challenges in everyday life when providing informal care for their chronically ill spouse. This affected both their physical and psychological health, as they had limited time for themselves. The partners seemed to receive more support from their informal network than from formal care providers. In handling daily life, the partners balanced demands and resources to identify possibilities to move forward and find meaning in life. This is congruent with theories by Antonovsky, and Folkman and Lazarus that describes meaningfulness and how to handle challenges in everyday life.

Living with a spouse with chronic illness - the challenge of balancing demands and resources

Eriksson, Elisabet, Wejåker, Maria, Danhard, Anna, Nilsson, Annika, Kristofferzon, Marja-Leena (2019)

Background: The number of partners providing informal care for their chronically ill spouse is rising, and they describe their daily life as demanding. The aim of this paper was to describe the partners' experiences of living with a person with chronic illness and how they manage everyday life. Methods: A descriptive design with a qualitative approach was used. A purposive sample of 16 Swedish partners with a chronically ill spouse were interviewed. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Four main themes were identified: Managing challenges in daily life,' Seeking support and use own capabilities to manage life,' Appreciating the good parts of life' and Adapting to constant changes and an uncertain future'. Their experiences of support from formal care providers varied; they expressed the need for more assistance from the health care sector. Conclusions: The partners experienced many challenges in everyday life when providing informal care for their chronically ill spouse. This affected both their physical and psychological health, as they had limited time for themselves. The partners seemed to receive more support from their informal network than from formal care providers. In handling daily life, the partners balanced demands and resources to identify possibilities to move forward and find meaning in life. This is congruent with theories by Antonovsky, and Folkman and Lazarus that describes meaningfulness and how to handle challenges in everyday life.

Held to ransom : parents of self-harming adults describe their lived experience of professional care and caregivers.

Lindgren B-M, Åström S, Hällgren Graneheim U. (2010)

The aim of the study was to discover and describe lived experiences of professional care and caregivers among parents of adults who self-harm. Narrative interviews were conducted with six parents of daughters with self-harming behaviours and analysed using a phenomenological hermeneutic approach. The meanings of the parents' narratives of their lived experiences of professional care and caregivers were interpreted as their being involved in 'limit situations' comparable to hostage dramas. Several meaningful themes contributed to this interpretation: being trapped in a situation with no escape; being in the prisoner's dock; groping in the dark; and finding glimmers of hope. Parents of daughters who were in care because of self-harming often felt obliged to pay an emotional ransom, which included feelings of being accused, being 'broken', being confused, and feeling lost. Moments of peace occurred as welcome breaks offering a short time of rest for the parents. Situations that were understood by the parents and solved in a peaceful way were experienced as a respite and inspired parents with hope for their daughters' recovery.

Help for bereaved children: a preventative approach

Davies, C. (1996)

This paper describes the work undertaken with children and adolescents who have lost a significant person in their lives through death. The author works with the paediatric nurse member of a palliative care team running groups for children and adolescents who have been bereaved.

The aim of the project is to invite the child/adolescent as soon as possible after bereavement to participate in groups with others who are grieving. This groups allow participants to express their feelings through art, play and discussion in a safe and confidential environment.

It is hoped by using a preventative approach such as this, that the incidence of some of the results of unresolved childhood grief, such as failed relationships, depression and ill-health in adult life can be minimised.

Family caregiving in bipolar disorder: caregiver consequences, caregiver coping styles, and caregiver distress

Goossens, P.J.J., Van Wijngaarden, B., Knoppert-Van der Klein, E.A.M. Van Achterberg, T (2008)

AIMS:
This study investigated the consequences caregivers of outpatients with bipolar disorder are confronted with, the distress they experience and their coping styles.
METHODS:
Caregivers (n = 115) were asked to complete the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire (IEQ) to measure caregivers' consequences, the Utrecht Coping List (UCL) to measure caregivers' coping styles, and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to measure caregiver distress. Scale (sub)scores were calculated and relationships between the results were explored.
RESULTS:
Caregiver consequences were found to be limited, although approximately 30% reported distress. Male caregivers used a more avoiding coping style and undertook activities to provide diversion. Female caregivers used a less active approach and sought less social support. Correlations were found between the IEQ overall score and its subscales 'tension' and 'worrying' and the UCL subscales 'palliative reaction pattern' and 'passive reaction pattern'. Distress appears to occur more often in caregivers who report more consequences, tend to use a more avoiding coping style, and have a more passive reaction pattern.
CONCLUSIONS:
Clinicians should assess symptoms of caregiver distress. When caregiver distress is noticed, efforts should be undertaken to support the caregiver and teach them skills to cope effectively with the consequences they experience in order to stay well.

Family caregiving: The positive impact on adolescent relationships’

Beach, D. (1997)

Adult children are a significant contingent of elder care providers; a number of these individuals simultaneously care for children of their own while coping with caregiving commitments. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of information regarding the caregiving impact on these children and young adults. Moreover, the possible positive consequences of caring for an impaired elder are rarely mentioned. The current study was undertaken to examine the potential positive caregiving experiences of adolescents and their perceptions of relational enhancement as a result of caregiving. Twenty adolescents aged 14-18 were interviewed and asked a series of semistructured questions concerning satisfaction related to caregiving. To be included, respondents had to be a child, grandchild, or niece/nephew of an Alzheimer's (or Alzheimer's Type Dementia) patient cared for by the adolescent's immediate family. Employing features of content analysis methodology, all interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. The results merged into four primary categories: 1) increased sibling activity/sharing; 2) greater empathy for older adults; 3) significant mother-adolescent bonding and 4) peer relationship selection and maintenance. The implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Family Carers of stroke survivors: needs, knowledge, satisfaction and competence in caring

Mackenzie, Ann, Perry, Lin, Lockhart, Elizabeth, Cottee, Mark, Cloud, Geoffrey & Mann, Helen (2007)

PURPOSE:
To examine the support required by family carers for stroke survivors.
METHODS:
Forty-two family carers were recruited for surveys of needs, knowledge, satisfaction, and competence in caring before and 4 - 6 weeks after discharge from an Acute Stroke Unit (ASU).
RESULTS:
Information deficits about dealing with psychological, emotional, and behavioural problems and local service information were priorities before and after discharge. Younger female carers (under 56 years) were least satisfied with communication with ASU staff. Face to face contact was valued. After discharge younger female carers, particularly of non-White ethnic groups, reported lower levels of competence in caring and higher burden. Knowledge of stroke risk factors was low in all groups. High satisfaction with treatment and therapy in the ASU, was not transferred to the community. Carers reported feeling alone and described uncoordinated services.
CONCLUSIONS:
Carers are able to anticipate and prioritise their needs, value communication with staff and involvement with discharge-planning, but particular difficulties were experienced by younger female carers and those from non-White ethnic groups. This requires particular attention when developing targeted interventions for family carers from a mixed ethnic community. In-depth and longitudinal studies are needed to detail psychosocial needs and guide practice particularly amongst non-White family carers.

Family characteristics as mediator of the influence of problem drinking and multiple risk status on child mental health

Roosa, M., Dumka, L., & Tein, JY. (1996)

Structural equation modeling was used to test a theoretical model in which family cohesion and family reframing coping were hypothesized as mediators between family drinking problems, multiple risk factors, negative life events, and child mental health (conduct disorder, depression, anxiety) in two-parent families. Family cohesion mediated the relationships of family drinking problems and negative life events to child conduct disorder and depression. Negative life events mediated the relationships of family drinking problems and family multiple risk to child conduct disorder. Family reframing coping did not function as a mediator nor was it related to child mental health when other factors were considered simultaneously. Results indicate that increasing family cohesion and reducing sources of stress within the family (negative life events) represent promising areas of interventions for children with problem-drinking parents.

Family Connections: A Program for Relatives of Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder

Hoffman, P. D., Fruzzetti, A. E., Buteau, E., Neiditch, E. R., Penney, D., Bruce, M. L., et al. (2005)

This study assessed changes in family members who participated in Family Connections, a 12-week manualized education program for relatives of persons with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Family Connections, led by trained family members, is based on the strategies of standard Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) & DBT for families. The program provides (a) current information & research on BPD, (b) coping skills, (c) family skills, & (d) opportunities to build a support network for family members. Forty-four participants representing 34 families completed the pre-, post-, & 6-month postbaseline self-report questionnaires. Analyses employing hierarchical linear modeling strategies showed significant reductions in grief & burden, & a significant increase in mastery from pre- to post-group assessment. Changes were maintained at 6 months post baseline. 1 Table, 19 References. Adapted from the source document.

Family Connections: An Education and Skills Training Program for Family Member Well Being: A Leader's Perspective

Penney, D. (2008)

This chapter describes the Family Connections (FC) program, a 12-week, two-hour, interactive, manualized, education/skills training course for relatives of persons with borderline personality disorder (BPD) that is co-led by trained family members. It explicates the training of co-leaders, the registration process for participants, a detailed description of the curriculum's six modules, and consideration of the on-going challenges faced by participants after the program ends. The introduction describes historical development of the program. Subsequent sections are organized into two parts: each opens with a segment that presents key ideas, which is followed by 'Leader Observations' the reflections of a seasoned leader. Adapted from the source document. COPIES ARE AVAILABLE FROM: HAWORTH DOCUMENT DELIVERY CENTER, The Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580

Family context and young children’s responses to earthquake

Proctor, L. J., Fauchier, A., Oliver, P. H., Ramos, M. C., Rios, M. A., & Margolin, G. (2007)

BACKGROUND:
Family context can affect children's vulnerability to various stresses, but little is known regarding the role of family variables on children's reactions to natural disaster. This prospective study examined the influence of predisaster observed parenting behaviors and postdisaster parental stress on young children's distress following an earthquake.

METHODS:
Participants were 117 two-parent families with a child age 4-5 at the initial assessment. The families experienced different degrees of impact from the earthquake. Pre-earthquake family context comprised observations of parents' positive and negative behaviors during a parent-child play task. Eight months after the earthquake, mothers reported symptoms of parental stress and children's distress.

RESULTS:
Earthquake impact and children's distress symptoms were moderately correlated (r = .44), but certain pre-earthquake parental behaviors moderated the relationship. The dose-response association between earthquake impact and children's symptoms did not hold for families in which fathers showed high levels of negative behaviors with daughters, or mothers showed low levels of positive behaviors with sons. In addition, results consistent with full mediation for boys (and partial mediation for girls) indicated that 86% of the total effect of earthquake impact on boys' distress (and 29% on girls' distress) occurred through the mediator of reported parental stress.

CONCLUSIONS:
These findings demonstrate that young children's responses to an abrupt, negative environmental event, such as an earthquake, are influenced in part by the nature of the parent-child relationship prior to the event as well as by the responses parents exhibit following the event.

Family education seminars and social functioning of adults with chronic aphasia

Hinckley JJ, Packard MEW. (2001)

Aphasia affects functional activities and participation in social roles years after onset. Some group and individual programs have reported success in improving social activities and perceived wellness. These programs typically last several weeks or months. A short, 2-day seminar style program designed for adults with chronic aphasia and their families is described in this report. Six-month follow-up data from participant pairs demonstrates a significant improvement in functional activity level, improved knowledge of aphasia, and improved family relationships. Nonparticipant pairs did not demonstrate any changes over the same period. These findings replicate and extend those of a previous study on the same 2-day seminar [Top. Stroke Rehabil. 2 (1995) 53.]. The results of this study demonstrate the important outcomes of even a very brief program designed to address the long-term psychosocial needs of adults living with aphasia and their families. Educational objectives: As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to: (1) describe a brief family education seminar for adults with chronic aphasia; (2) discuss outcomes in family adjustment, community reintegration, and activities of daily living associated with participation in a family education seminar; and (3) evaluate areas of programming and outcomes that should be addressed in future research.

Family environmental and genetic influences on children’s future chemical dependency

Kumpfer KL, De Marsh JP. (1985)

This article reviews possible genetic and environmental factors which contribute to future chemical dependency in children of aicohol and drug abusing parents. Studies on genetic vulnerability and biological markers of alcoholism and drug abuse are reviewed. Recent studies by the authors on characteristics of families with chemically dependent parents and the affective, cognitive, and behavioral impacts on the children are discussed. The conclusion includes recommendations concerning the need for more family-focused prevention interventions for children of chemically dependent parents.

Family Health Conversations: How Do They Support Health?, Nursing Research and practice

Persson, C., & Benzein, E. (2014)

Research shows that living with illness can be a distressing experience for the family and may result in suffering and reduced health. To meet families' needs, family systems intervention models are developed and employed in clinical contexts. For successful refinement and implementation it is important to understand how these models work. The aim of this study was therefore to describe the dialogue process and possible working mechanisms of one systems nursing intervention model, the Family Health Conversation model. A descriptive evaluation design was applied and 15 transcribed conversations with five families were analyzed within a hermeneutic tradition. Two types of interrelated dialogue events were identified: narrating and exploring. There was a flow between these events, a movement that was generated by the interaction between the participants. Our theoretically grounded interpretation showed that narrating, listening, and reconsidering in interaction may be understood as supporting family health by offering the families the opportunity to constitute self-identity and identity within the family, increasing the families' understanding of multiple ways of being and acting, to see new possibilities and to develop meaning and hope. Results from this study may hopefully contribute to the successful implementation of family systems interventions in education and clinical praxis.

Family intervention to prevent depression and substance use among adolescents of depressed parents

Mason, W. A., Haggerty, K. P., Fleming, A. P., & Casey-Goldstein, M. (2012)

Parental depression places offspring at elevated risk for multiple, co-occurring problems. The purpose of this study was to develop and preliminarily evaluate Project Hope, a family intervention for the prevention of both depression and substance use among adolescent-aged children (M = 13.9 years) of depressed parents. The program was created by blending two empirically supported interventions: one for depression and another for substance use. Thirty families were randomly assigned to either Project Hope (n = 16) or a wait-list control condition (n = 14). Pretests, posttests (n = 29), and 5-month follow-ups (n = 28) were conducted separately with parents and youth via phone interviews. Questions asked about the family depression experience, family interactions, family management, coping, adolescent substance use beliefs and refusal skills, adolescent depression, and adolescent substance use. Project Hope was fully developed, manualized, and implemented with a small sample of targeted families. Engagement in the program was relatively high. Preliminary outcome analyses were conducted using 2 (Group) ×3 (Time) analyses of covariance. Results provided some evidence for significant improvements among intervention compared to control participants in indicators of the family depression experience, family management, and coping, and a statistically significant decrease from pretest to posttest in alcohol quantity for intervention compared to control youth. Next steps for this program of research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)

Family intervention with bereaved children

Black, D. & Urbanowicz, M (1987)

This paper describes an intervention study carried out with 45 families (83 children) where one of the parents died, leaving a child or children under 16 years of age. The families were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups, the treatment group being seen by a family therapist for approximately six sessions within 3-5 months of bereavement. All the families were contacted approximately 1 year after and again 2 years after the bereavement and a structured interview was carried out, covering parental health and psychiatric state, the children's health and behaviour, and the death and events surrounding it. At follow-up, there was some indication that the treatment group had benefited from the brief intervention. The implications for practice are discussed

Family intervention with bereaved children

Black, D., & Urbanowicz, M. (1987)

This paper describes an intervention study carried out with 45 families (83 children) where one of the parents died, leaving a child or children under 16 years of age. The families were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups, the treatment group being seen by a family therapist for approximately six sessions within 3-5 months of bereavement. All the families were contacted approximately 1 year after and again 2 years after the bereavement and a structured interview was carried out, covering parental health and psychiatric state, the children's health and behaviour, and the death and events surrounding it. At follow-up, there was some indication that the treatment group had benefited from the brief intervention. The implications for practice are discussed.

Family Intervention: Telephone Tracking (FITT): A Pilot Stroke Outcome Study

Bishop D, Miller I, Weiner D, Guilmette T, Mukand J, Feldmann E, et al. (2014)

Objective: The goal of this study was to preliminarily test the efficacy of a telephone intervention, Family Intervention: Telephone Tracking, designed to assist stroke survivors and their primary caregivers during the first 6 months after stroke. Method: Forty-nine stroke survivors and their caregivers were randomly assigned to treatment as usual or treatment as usual plus the telephone intervention. Global outcomes are reported for health care utilization, family functioning, and general functioning. Results: Family and general functioning were positively and significantly changed at 3 and 6 months. Health care utilization was positively and significantly changed at 3 months. Conclusion: Findings suggest that the model has the potential to decrease health care utilization and improve quality of life for stroke survivors and their caregivers. Further study is warranted.

Family member´s expectation of the psychiatric health-care professionals´ approach towards them

Ewertzon, M., B. Andershed, et al. (2011)

The importance of involving family members in the care of individuals with schizophrenia or other psychotic illnesses has received increasing attention within psychiatric healthcare services. However, several studies suggest that family members often experience a lack of involvement. Furthermore, research indicates that family members' experience of the professional's approach has bearing on whether they feel involved or not. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the level of importance that the family members of individuals with schizophrenia or other psychotic illnesses ascribe to the professionals' approach, the level of agreement between their experiences and what they consider as important, and aspects they consider to be important with regards to contact with professionals. Seventy family members from various parts of Sweden participated. Data were collected by the Family Involvement and Alienation Questionnaire and open-ended questions. The median level and quartiles were used to describe the distribution, and percentage agreement was analysed. Open-ended questions were analysed by qualitative content analysis. The results reveal that the majority of the participants consider Openness, Confirmation, and Cooperation as important aspects of a professional's approach. Continuity emerged as an additional aspect. The results show a low level of agreement between the participants' experience and what they consider as important.

Family members' experiences with intensive care unit diaries when the patient does not survive

Johansson Maria, Wåhlin, Magnusson Lennart, Runeson Ingrid (2019)

Abstract [en]
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to explore how family members experienced the use of a diary when a relative does not survive the stay in the intensive care unit (ICU).

METHOD: A qualitative method with a hermeneutic approach was used. Nine participants who read/wrote eight diaries in total were interviewed. The collected data were analysed using a hermeneutic technique inspired by Geanellos.

FINDINGS: The analysis revealed an overall theme 'the diary was experienced as a bridge connecting the past with the future', which was a metaphor referring to the temporal aspect where there was the period with the diary up until the patient's death and then the postbereavement period. The diary contributed to both a rational and emotional understanding of the death of the patient and disclosed glimmers of light that still existed before the illness deteriorated. Further, the diary bridged the space between family members themselves and between family and nursing staff. It helped to maintain a feeling of togetherness and engagement in the care of the patient which family members found comforting.

CONCLUSION: Family members of nonsurvivors had a need to have the ICU time explained and expressed. The diary might work as a form of 'survival kit' to gain coherence and understanding; to meet their needs during the hospital stay; and, finally, to act as a bereavement support by processing the death of the patient.

Family members' experiences with intensive care unit diaries when the patient does not survive

Johansson Maria, Wåhlin Ingrid, Magnusson Lennart, Runeson Ingrid, Hanson Elizabeth (2018)

Abstract [en]
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to explore how family members experienced the use of a diary when a relative does not survive the stay in the intensive care unit (ICU).

METHOD: A qualitative method with a hermeneutic approach was used. Nine participants who read/wrote eight diaries in total were interviewed. The collected data were analysed using a hermeneutic technique inspired by Geanellos.

FINDINGS: The analysis revealed an overall theme 'the diary was experienced as a bridge connecting the past with the future', which was a metaphor referring to the temporal aspect where there was the period with the diary up until the patient's death and then the postbereavement period. The diary contributed to both a rational and emotional understanding of the death of the patient and disclosed glimmers of light that still existed before the illness deteriorated. Further, the diary bridged the space between family members themselves and between family and nursing staff. It helped to maintain a feeling of togetherness and engagement in the care of the patient which family members found comforting.

CONCLUSION: Family members of nonsurvivors had a need to have the ICU time explained and expressed. The diary might work as a form of 'survival kit' to gain coherence and understanding; to meet their needs during the hospital stay; and, finally, to act as a bereavement support by processing the death of the patient.

Family members' strategies when their elderly relatives consider relocation to a residential home - Adapting, representing and avoiding

Söderberg, M., Ståhl, A., & Melin Emilsson, U. (2012)

The aim of this article is to reveal how family members act, react and reason when their elderly relative considers relocation to a residential home. Since family members are usually involved in the logistics of their elderly relative's relocation, yet simultaneously expected not to influence the decision, the focus is on how family members experience participation in the relocation process in a Swedish context. 17 family members are included in 27 open, semi-structured interviews and follow-up contacts. Prominent features in the findings are firstly the family members' ambition to tone down their personal opinions, even though in their minds their personal preferences are clear, and secondly, the family members' ambivalence about continuity and change in their everyday lives. Family members are found to apply the adapting, the representing, or the avoiding strategy, indirectly also influencing their interaction with the care manager. Siblings applied the adapting strategy, spouses the representing strategy, while family members in the younger generation at times switched between the strategies.

Family members´ experiences of the end-of-life care environments in acute care settings – a photo-elicitation study

Hajradinovic Y.,Tishelman C., Lindqvist O., Goliath I. (2018)

Abstract:
Purpose: This article explores experiences of the acute-care environment as a setting for end-of-life (EoL) care from the perspective of family members of a dying person. Method: We used participant-produced photographs in conjunction with follow-up interviews with nine family members to persons at the EoL, cared for in two acute-care settings. Results: The interpretive description analysis process resulted in three constructed themes-Aesthetic and unaesthetic impressions, Space for privacy and social relationships, and Need for guidance in crucial times. Aspects of importance in the physical setting related to aesthetics, particularly in regard to sensory experience, and to a need for enough privacy to facilitate the maintenance of social relationships. Interactions between the world of family members and that of professionals were described as intrinsically related to guidance about both the material and immaterial environment at crucial times. Conclusion: The care environment, already recognized to have an impact in relation to patients, is concluded to also affect the participating family members in this study in a variety of ways.

Family Obligations and Social Change

Finch, J. (1989)

Finch discusses the nature of family life, especially concepts of duty, responsibility and obligation and how these factors operate in family and kin relationships.

Family preservation and family support programs: child maltreatment outcomes across client risk levels and program types.

Chaffin M, Bonner BL, Hill RF. (2001)

OBJECTIVES:
This study evaluated client-level outcomes among an entire statewide group of Family Preservation and Family Support (FPFS) programs funded under PL 103-66.
METHOD:
A total of 1,601 clients (primarily low income, moderate to high risk with no current involvement in the child protection system) were assessed and followed over time for future child maltreatment events reported to Child Protective Services. The study compared program completers with program dropouts, compared recipients of more lengthy full-service programs with recipients of one-time services, and examined the effects of program duration, intensity, service site (center-based vs. home based) and service model/content. Effects were modeled using survival analysis and variable-exposure Poisson hierarchical models, controlling for initial client risk levels and removing failure events because of surveillance bias. Changes in lifestyle, economic and risk factors were also examined.
RESULTS:
A total of 198 (12.2%) participants had at least one defined failure event over a median follow-up period of 1.6 years. Controlling for risk and receipt of outside services, program completers did not differ from program dropouts or from recipients of one-time services, and there was no relationship between program intensity or duration and outcomes. Program types designed to help families meet basic concrete needs and programs using mentoring approaches were found to be more effective than parenting and child development oriented programming, and center-based services were found to be more effective than home-based services, especially among higher risk parents.
CONCLUSIONS:
The findings did not support the effectiveness of these services in preventing future maltreatment cases, and raised questions about a number of common family support assumptions regarding the superiority of home-visiting based and parent training services. A number of possible reasons for this are explored.

Family Support and Empowerment: Post Autism Diagnosis Support Group for Parents

Banach, M., J. Iudice, et al. (2010)

Receiving a diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder often elicits strong emotional reactions from parents of the diagnosed child. Follow-up services and continued support for these families is a necessary component to help families adapt and meet their and their children's needs. This pilot study measured the effects of a six-session, co-facilitated, support group on the advocacy skills and self-efficacy of parents coping with a child's diagnosis. Statistically significant increases in the average mean scores for the three subscales of the Family Empowerment Scale were found. Implications for practice and research are discussed. Adapted from the source document.

Family support for stroke: a randomised controlled trial.

Mant J, Carter J, Wade DT, Winner S. (2000)

Background

Attention is currently focused on family care of stroke survivors, but the effectiveness of support services is unclear. We did a single-blind, randomised, controlled trial to assess the impact of family support on stroke patients and their carers.

Methods

Patients with acute stroke admitted to hospitals in Oxford, UK, were assigned family support or normal care within 6 weeks of stroke. After 6 months, we assessed, for carers, knowledge about stroke, Frenchay activities index, general health questionnaire-28 scores, caregiver strain index, Dartmouth co-op charts, short form 36 (SF-36), and satisfaction scores, and, for patients, knowledge about stroke and use of services, Barthel index, Rivermead mobility index, Frenchay activities index, London handicap scale, hospital anxiety and depression scales, Dartmouth co-op charts, and satisfaction.

Findings

323 patients and 267 carers were followed up. Carers in the intervention group had significantly better Frenchay activities indices (p=0·03), SF-36 scores (energy p=0·02, mental health p=0·004, pain p=0·03, physical function p=0·025, and general health perception p=0·02), quality of life on the Dartmouth co-op chart (p=0·01), and satisfaction with understanding of stroke (82 vs 71%, p=0·04) than those in the control group. Patients' knowledge about stroke, disability, handicap, quality of life, and satisfaction with services and understanding of stroke did not differ between groups. Fewer patients in the intervention group than in the control group saw a physiotherapist after discharge (44 vs 56%, p=0·04), but use of other services was similar.

Interpretation

Family support significantly increased social activities and improved quality of life for carers, with no significant effects on patients.

Family support for stroke: one year follow up of a randomised controlled trial.

Mant J, Winner S, Roche J, Wade DT. (2005)

BACKGROUND:
There is evidence that family support can benefit carers of stroke patients, but not the patients themselves.
OBJECTIVE:
To extend the follow up of a single blind randomised controlled trial of family support for stroke patients and carers to one year to ascertain whether there were any late effects of the intervention.
METHODS:
The study was a randomised controlled trial. Patients admitted to hospital with acute stroke who had a close carer were assigned to receive family support or normal care. Families were visited at home by a researcher 12 months after the stroke, and a series of questionnaires was administered to patient and carer.
RESULTS:
The benefits to carers mostly persisted, though they were no longer statistically significant because some patients were lost to follow up. There was no evidence of any effects on patients.
CONCLUSION:
Family support is effective for carers, but different approaches need to be considered to alleviate the psychosocial problems of stroke patients.

Family supports and services in early intervention: A bold vision.

Turnbull AP, Summers JA, Turnbull R, Brotherson MJ, Winton P, Roberts R, et al. (2007)

This article utilizes four knowledge sources to characterize a current gap in policy and practice related to serving families in early intervention (birth to 5) programs. It argues that the field of early intervention has focused primarily on implementing family-centered practices by focusing on how families and professionals should interact. The field has not sufficiently addressed what supports and services should be offered to families to enhance the likelihood of positive outcomes for families themselves and for their children with disabilities. The paper concludes with recommendations for enhancing policy, research, and professional development related to family services and supports.

Family therapy techniques

Minuchin, S. and H. C. Fishman (1981)

A master of family therapy, Salvador Minuchin, traces for the first time the minute operations of day-to-day practice. Dr. Minuchin has achieved renown for his theoretical breakthroughs and his success at treatment. Now he explains in close detail those precise and difficult maneuvers that constitute his art. The book thus codifies the method of one of the country's most successful practitioners.

Family-Based Interventions for Substance Use and Misuse Prevention

Kumpfer KL, Alvarado R, Whiteside HO. (2003)

Because "substance abuse" is a "family disease" of lifestyle, including both genetic and family environmental causes, effective family strengthening prevention programs should be included in all comprehensive substance abuse prevention activities. This article presents reviews of causal models of substance use and evidence-based practices. National searches by the authors suggest that there is sufficient research evidence to support broad dissemination of five highly effective family strengthening approaches (e.g., behavioral parent training, family skills training, in-home family support, brief family therapy, and family education). Additionally, family approaches have average effect sizes two to nine time larger than child-only prevention approaches. Comprehensive prevention programs combining both approaches produced much larger effect sizes. The Strengthening Families Program (SFP) is the only one of these programs that has been replicated with positive results by independent researchers with different cultural groups and with different ages of children. Few research-based programs have been adopted by practitioners, partly because of technology transfer issues. Overall, research on ways to improve dissemination, marketing, training, and funding is needed to improve adoption of effective prevention programs.

Family-centeredness in service and rehabilitation planning for children and youth with cerebral palsy in Finland

Jeglinsky, I. (2012)

Objectives: The overall aim of this thesis was to explore and describe the familycentredness and rehabilitation planning procedure for children and youth with cerebral palsy (CP) in Finland. The main focus was on how professionals working with children and youth with cerebral palsy describe and document the rehabilitation planning procedure and how family-centredness was perceived by professionals and parents.

Methods: Participants were team members in neuropediatric multidisciplinary teams in central and university hospitals and government special schools as well as physiotherapy private practitioners who had an agreement with the Social Insurance Institution. Parents visiting two university hospital neuropediatric wards participated in one study (II). Family-centredness in services (FCS) was evaluated by the Measure of Processes of Care questionnaires. To get a deeper insight in the rehabilitation planning procedure, focus group interviews were conducted. Two researchers conducted the interviews which were tape recorded and transcribed. Three content areas guided the interviews: goal-setting, different transition phases and the use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, Children and Youth version. A retrospective cross-sectional register study was used to analyze the interrelation between needs and functional difficulties and the therapeutic goals in written rehabilitation plans. The ICF-CY was used as a reference in the analysis.

Results: Professionals and parents rated the family-centred service as fair to moderate. There was a significant difference in how professionals of different disciplines rated their FCS delivery. Professionals with more than 25 years of work experience in the field of rehabilitation for children and youth with CP rated their service higher than those with shorter work experience. Parents and professionals identified common aspects in need of development, i.e. letting the family choose when and what kind of information is provided as well as providing opportunities for the whole family to obtain information. Goal setting and ways to involve families in the rehabilitation planning procedure was experienced as challenging. Collaboration with all involved in the child´s rehabilitation was partly scanty and the results indicate a lack of routines in the transition phases. In the written rehabilitation plans the goals were not well reflected in the children´s needs and functional difficulties.

Conclusion: This thesis identified examples in the rehabilitation planning procedure of good practice in which collaboration with various parties and clear formal processes occurred. Areas in need of development were also identified. Standardized formal programme processes and policies and a named care manager for all families could provide a starting point in developing and improving the services to ensure all families have the possibility to be involved in their child´s rehabilitation service.

Family-centeredness in service and rehabilitation planning for children and youth with cerebral palsy in Finland. (Doctoral dissertation),

Jeglinsky, I. (2012)

Objectives: The overall aim of this thesis was to explore and describe the familycentredness and rehabilitation planning procedure for children and youth with cerebral palsy (CP) in Finland. The main focus was on how professionals working with children and youth with cerebral palsy describe and document the rehabilitation planning procedure and how family-centredness was perceived by professionals and parents.

Methods: Participants were team members in neuropediatric multidisciplinary teams in central and university hospitals and government special schools as well as physiotherapy private practitioners who had an agreement with the Social Insurance Institution. Parents visiting two university hospital neuropediatric wards participated in one study (II). Family-centredness in services (FCS) was evaluated by the Measure of Processes of Care questionnaires. To get a deeper insight in the rehabilitation planning procedure, focus group interviews were conducted. Two researchers conducted the interviews which were tape recorded and transcribed. Three content areas guided the interviews: goal-setting, different transition phases and the use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, Children and Youth version. A retrospective cross-sectional register study was used to analyze the interrelation between needs and functional difficulties and the therapeutic goals in written rehabilitation plans. The ICF-CY was used as a reference in the analysis.

Results: Professionals and parents rated the family-centred service as fair to moderate. There was a significant difference in how professionals of different disciplines rated their FCS delivery. Professionals with more than 25 years of work experience in the field of rehabilitation for children and youth with CP rated their service higher than those with shorter work experience. Parents and professionals identified common aspects in need of development, i.e. letting the family choose when and what kind of information is provided as well as providing opportunities for the whole family to obtain information. Goal setting and ways to involve families in the rehabilitation planning procedure was experienced as challenging. Collaboration with all involved in the child´s rehabilitation was partly scanty and the results indicate a lack of routines in the transition phases. In the written rehabilitation plans the goals were not well reflected in the children´s needs and functional difficulties.

Conclusion: This thesis identified examples in the rehabilitation planning procedure of good practice in which collaboration with various parties and clear formal processes occurred. Areas in need of development were also identified. Standardized formal programme processes and policies and a named care manager for all families could provide a starting point in developing and improving the services to ensure all families have the possibility to be involved in their child´s rehabilitation service.

Intensivvårdsdagbok i Sverige: betydelse och tillämpning

Johansson Maria (2019)

Avhandling

Syfte
Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att undersöka hur intensivvårdsdagboken upplevs av närstående och vårdpersonal inom intensivvård samt att bidra till utvecklingen av nationella riktlinjer avseende dagbokens utformning, innehåll och tillämpning.
Delsyften
I Att undersöka hur närstående upplever en intensivvårdsdagbok, när en
sjuk familjemedlem vårdas på IVA.
II Att undersöka hur närstående upplever en intensivvårdsdagbok, när den
sjuke familjemedlemmen inte överlever vistelsen på IVA.
III Att undersöka hur vårdpersonalen upplever användandet av
intensivvårdsdagbok.
IV Att undersöka tillämpningen av intensivvårdsdagbok på olika
intensivvårdsavdelningar i Sverige samt bidra till riktlinjer när det gäller
dagbokens utformning, innehåll och användning.

Abstract [en]
Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to explore how the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) diary was experienced by family members, family members of non-survivors and nursing staff in the ICU setting, thereby contributing to the development of national clinical practice guidelines regarding the structure, content and use of the ICU diary.
Methods: A qualitative design was employed for all four studies: a hermeneutic approach was adopted in studies I and II, whilst a qualitative descriptive design with the use of focus groups interviews was chosen in study III. An Instrumental Multiple Case Study design was carried out in study IV.
Main Findings: The diary symbolised the maintenance of relationships with the patients and was a substitute for the usual opportunities for communication. The diary was instrumental in meeting the needs of the majority of participant family members. The diary provided the means to be present at the patient's bedside, to feel involved in caregiving, to maintain hope and to relay relevant information. If the critically ill family member did not survive the stay in the ICU, the diary acted as a form of bereavement support by processing the death of the patient. Nevertheless, some family members found the diary too public an arena to write in as the diary entries indicated visiting patterns which in turn provoke feelings of guilt when the visits were infrequent. Further, not knowing what to write was another source of pressure.
Nursing staff experienced that writing diaries often felt meaningful and led to an increased motivation and engagement in patient care and family support. They expressed that they felt they did something good for the patient and family members. Thus, the diary can be seen as a way to promote person-centred care, where family members were offered to participate in the care. However, in the absence of guidelines or clear guidelines about the use of an ICU diary, then not many patients actually received a diary.
Conclusions: Practice guidelines concerning ICU diaries would help to ensure the more widespread and consistent use of diaries for all ICU patients. As family members may benefit from the diary, even if the patient may not always be able to do so. The ICU diary can be seen as a tool to help promote person-centred care by directly involving family members and providing a human touch, thus helping to counterbalance the highly technical physical environment of ICU.

Intentional communication acts expressed by children with severe disabilities in high-rate contexts

Bruce, S. M., & Vargas, C. (2007)

The purpose of this study was to identify the rates of communication expressed by 17 children with severe disabilities in high-rate school contexts while piloting a new coding system for intentional communication acts (ICAs). The following nine characteristics were used when coding ICAs expressed in both child initiated and adult initiated communicative interactions: joint attention, form of communication, use of pause, persistence, repetition, repair, expression of pleasure or displeasure when understood or misunderstood, expression of pleasure or displeasure to communication partner's message, and evidence of comprehension. Children communicated 1.7 – 8.0 ICAs per minute in the highest rate contexts. Nine of the 34 high-rate contexts were speech clinical sessions, six were activities that included eating, 30 were familiar activities, and four were novel activities.

Interaction between the teacher and the congenitally deafblind child

Vervloed MPJ, Van Dijk RJM, Knoors H, Van Dijk JPM. (2006)

EMPIRICAL DATA on the development of interaction, communication, and language in deafblind children is very rare. To fill this gap, a case study was conducted in which the interaction between a teacher and a deafblind boy age 3 years 4 months was analyzed. Sequential analysis of their interaction confirmed some general clinical impressions about interaction with deafblind children, and provided the basis for suggestions on how the interaction pattern might be changed.

Interaction, inclusion and students with profound and multiple disabilities: Towards an agenda for research and practice

Arthur-Kelly M, Foreman P, Bennett D, Pascoe S. (2008)

The needs of students with profound and multiple disabilities (PMD) have received more attention in the educational research and best practice literature over the past decade, especially in relation to the importance of maximising their social and communicative engagement. However, perhaps as a function of their low incidence rate and resultant difficulties in obtaining research funding, there appears to be little in the way of a coherent vision for research in the international literature. In this paper we argue the need for a systematic programme of research into the nature of learning processes and outcomes for members of this group. Several issues emerge from a review of selected literature and from some recent observational data and descriptive case studies collected in special and inclusive classrooms. First, there is the importance of identifying ways of better understanding the complex experiences of members of this population, with particular attention to the ongoing contribution of behaviour state assessment as a means of measuring individual alertness and responsiveness. We argue that improved uptake of this approach will do much to advance our knowledge of life quality for this population and assist in more fully evaluating the effectiveness of educational interventions. Second, we explore the potential of social and communicative engagement in a variety of settings as a means of enhancing learning and participation in this group. We suggest that interpersonal variables are the key to improvements in educational support for this vulnerable group. Potential directions in research and practice are explored. © 2008 The Authors.

Intergenerational transmission of dating aggression as a function of witnessing only same sex parents vs. opposite sex parents vs. both parents as perpetrators of domestic violence

Jankowski M. K., Leitenberg, H., Henning, K., & Coffey, P. (1999)

The present study examined the association between witnessing interparental violence as a child, and the risk for perpetrating and being the victim of dating aggression as an adult, in an undergraduate sample. Specifically, this study tested a modeling hypothesis whereby witnessing a same sex parent vs. an opposite sex parent exclusively in the aggressor role would be more highly associated with risk for perpetrating dating aggression. Similarly, observing a same sex parent vs. an opposite sex parent as exclusively a victim of marital aggression would be associated with risk for being a victim of dating aggression. A same sex modeling effect was found for perpetration of dating aggression. Respondents who witnessed only their same sex parent perpetrate physical marital aggression were at increased risk for perpetrating physical dating aggression, whereas respondents who witnessed only their opposite sex parent perpetrate were not. A same sex modeling effect, however, was not found for being a victim of dating aggression. Rather, risk for victimization by dating aggression was associated only with witnessing bidirectional marital violence. Implications of these results, limitations of the present study, and ideas for future research are discussed.

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

WHO (2001)

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, known more commonly as ICF, is a classification of health and health-related domains. As the functioning and disability of an individual occurs in a context, ICF also includes a list of environmental factors.

ICF is the WHO framework for measuring health and disability at both individual and population levels. ICF was officially endorsed by all 191 WHO Member States in the Fifty-fourth World Health Assembly on 22 May 2001(resolution WHA 54.21) as the international standard to describe and measure health and disability.

Since 2001, ICF has been demonstrating a broader, more modern view of the concepts of "health" and "disability" through the acknowledgement that every human being may experience some degree of disability in their life through a change in health or in environment. Disability is a universal human experience, sometimes permanent, sometimes transient. It is not something restricted to a small part of the population.

ICF focuses on impact. This creates a foundation and a common framework allowing all conditions to be compared using a common metric - the impact on the functioning of the individual.

Furthermore, ICF looks beyond the idea of a purely medical or biological conceptualization of dysfunction, taking into account the other critical aspects of disability. This allows for the impact of the environment and other contextual factors on the functioning of an individual or a population to be considered, analyzed, and recorded.

Internet-based support for rural caregivers of persons with stroke shows promise.

Pierce LL, Steiner V, Govoni AL, Hicks B, Cervantez Thompson TL, Friedemann ML. (2004)

The purpose of this pilot study was to test the feasibility of providing Internet-based education and support intervention to caregivers living in rural settings, including caregivers' satisfaction with the intervention. A secondary aim was to explore their experience of caring. Nine adult caregivers of persons with stroke were enrolled in this descriptive study from rehabilitation centers in northwestern Ohio and southeastern Michigan. They were given access to the intervention, Caring∼Webe©, for three months. Data were collected from participants' bimonthly interviews, as well as e-mail communications. Procedures were tested and found valid, and caregivers were willing and able to use Caring∼Web. Using Friedemann's framework of systemic organization, a coding system was developed for analyzing the qualitative data on the experience of caring. Five main themes emerged from these data. These findings help expand knowledge about caregivers dealing with stroke.

Interpreting the communication of people with profound and multiple learning difficulties

Porter J, Ouvry C, Morgan M, Downs C. (2001)

The present paper highlights some of the issues involved in interpreting the communication behaviours of people with profound and multiple learning difficulties (PMLDs). Both inference and intention can play an important role in the communication process, and this raises a number of difficulties and dangers where one of the communication partners is not in a position to correct misunderstandings. The present authors discuss the importance of validating communication and pose a number of key questions to ask those who are most significant in the life of a person with PMLDs. A case study is provided that illustrates a number of these issues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)

Inter-rater Reliability of Activity Limitations by ICF Codes and Qualifiers: ICF Codes Corresponding to FIM

Asakawa Y, Sato Y, Usuda S. (2010)

[Purpose] This study aimed to evaluate the inter-rater reliability of the evaluation scores of activity limitation in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) using the "Criteria for Activities and Participations" proposal. [Subjects] The subjects were 10 patients with cerebrovascular disorders living in a support center for people with disabilities. [Methods] Two physical therapists (PT) classified each evaluation item of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) into corresponding ICF activity codes. Then, a full-time nurse and a part-time PT scored the activity limitations of each subject and calculated the weighted κ of each evaluated item using a flowchart-type questionnaire for the FIM and the scoring criteria shown in the proposal, "Criteria for Activities and Participations" in ICF. [Results] The range of the weighted κ of each item in FIM was 0.44-1.00, and that of ICF was 0.50-1.00. Our results demonstrate high inter-rater reliability for more than 70% of items scored by both evaluations. [Conclusion] The results of the present study suggest that the ICF scores of activity limitations are sufficiently applicable to clinical practice using the proposal, "Criteria for Activities and Participations".

Intersectional perspectives on family involvement in nursing home care: rethinking relatives' position as a betweenship

Holmgren J, Emami A, Eriksson LE, Eriksson H. (2014)

This study seeks to understand, in the context of intersectional theory, the
roles of family members in nursing home care. The unique social locus at which
each person sits is the result of the intersection of gender, status, ethnicity
and class; it is situational, shifting with the context of every encounter. A
content analysis of 15 qualitative interviews with relatives of nursing home
residents in Sweden was used to gain a perspective on the relationships between
relatives and residents, relatives and the nursing home as an institution, and
relatives and the nursing home staff. We sought to understand these relationships
in terms of gendered notions of the family and the residents, which are handed
down from generation to generation and thus condition who and how relatives
should be involved in care, and the ways in which relationships change as care
moves from home to nursing home. It requires knowledge and awareness that the
nursing home culture is based on intersectional power structures in order for
relatives to be involved in nursing home care in alternative and individual ways.

Intersectional perspectives on family involvement in nursing home care: rethinking relatives' position as a betweenship.

Holmgren J, Emami A, Eriksson LE, Eriksson H. (2014)

This study seeks to understand, in the context of intersectional theory, the
roles of family members in nursing home care. The unique social locus at which
each person sits is the result of the intersection of gender, status, ethnicity
and class; it is situational, shifting with the context of every encounter. A
content analysis of 15 qualitative interviews with relatives of nursing home
residents in Sweden was used to gain a perspective on the relationships between
relatives and residents, relatives and the nursing home as an institution, and
relatives and the nursing home staff. We sought to understand these relationships
in terms of gendered notions of the family and the residents, which are handed
down from generation to generation and thus condition who and how relatives
should be involved in care, and the ways in which relationships change as care
moves from home to nursing home. It requires knowledge and awareness that the
nursing home culture is based on intersectional power structures in order for
relatives to be involved in nursing home care in alternative and individual ways.

Intervening With Foster Parents to Enhance Biobehavioral Outcomes Among Infants and Toddlers

DOZIER, M., BICK, J. & BERNARD, K. (2011)

Children in foster care face a number of challenges that threaten their ability to form attachment relationships with foster parents and to regulate their behavior and biology. The authors describe the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC) intervention, an evidence-based intervention aimed at helping foster children develop trusting relationships with foster parents and develop better biological and behavioral regulation. The authors present research that led to the development of the ABC intervention, outcome research of randomized clinical trials, and a case example of a foster parent and child who participated in the ABC intervention. Finally, issues related to the broader system of care that are likely to affect children's adjustment (e.g., foster caregiver commitment and placement stability) are discussed.

Intervention outcomes among HIV-affected families over 18 months

Rotheram-Borus MJ, Rice E, Comulada WS, Best K, Elia C, Peters K, et al. (2012)

We evaluate the efficacy of a family-based intervention over time among HIV-affected families. Mothers living with HIV (MLH; n = 339) in Los Angeles and their school-aged children were randomized to either an intervention or control condition and followed for 18 months. MLH and their children in the intervention received 16 cognitive-behavioral, small-group sessions designed to help them maintain physical and mental health, parent while ill, address HIV-related stressors, and reduce HIV-transmission behaviors. At recruitment, MLH reported few problem behaviors related to physical health, mental health, or sexual or drug transmission acts. Compared to MLH in the control condition, intervention MLH were significantly more likely to monitor their own CD4 cell counts and their children were more likely to decrease alcohol and drug use. Most MLH and their children had relatively healthy family relationships. Family-based HIV interventions should be limited to MLH who are experiencing substantial problems.

Intervention outcomes among HIV-affected families over 18 months

Rotheram-Borus, M.J., Rice, E., Scott Comulada, W., Best, K., Elia, C., Peters, K., li, L., Green, S., & Valladares, E. (2012)

Abstract
We evaluate the efficacy of a family-based intervention over time among HIV-affected families. Mothers living with HIV (MLH; n = 339) in Los Angeles and their school-aged children were randomized to either an intervention or control condition and followed for 18 months. MLH and their children in the intervention received 16 cognitive-behavioral, small-group sessions designed to help them maintain physical and mental health, parent while ill, address HIV-related stressors, and reduce HIV-transmission behaviors. At recruitment, MLH reported few problem behaviors related to physical health, mental health, or sexual or drug transmission acts. Compared to MLH in the control condition, intervention MLH were significantly more likely to monitor their own CD4 cell counts and their children were more likely to decrease alcohol and drug use. Most MLH and their children had relatively healthy family relationships. Family-based HIV interventions should be limited to MLH who are experiencing substantial problems.

Intervention studies for caregivers of stroke survivors: a critical review

Visser-Meily A, van Heugten C, Post M, Schepers V, Lindeman E. (2005)

The objective of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of intervention programs for caregivers of stroke patients. A systematic search using Medline, PsychINFO, AMED and CINAHL till March 2003 was carried out and 22 studies were identified. Four types of support programs could be studied: providing specialist services, (psycho)education, counselling and social support by peers. Many different outcome domains and a variety of measures were used. Ten studies reported positive results on one or more outcome domains: reduction of depression (two studies) and burden (one), improvement of knowledge on stroke (five), satisfaction with care (one), family functioning (one), quality of life (three), problem solving skills (two), social activities (two), and social support (one). Three studies reported a negative result on caregiver outcome. We could not identify sufficient evidence to confirm the efficacy of interventions but counselling programs (3 out of 4) appear to have the most positive outcome.

Interventions aiming to improve school achievements of children in out-of-home care: a scoping review

Forsman, H. & Vinnerljung, B. (2012)

The educational underachievement of children in out-of-home care has been known for decades. In this scoping review, we compiled and analyzed – with a narrative approach – evaluated interventions that aimed to improve foster children's school achievements. Despite a comprehensive searching strategy, only eleven relevant studies were found, indicating that little has been done in intervention research to improve educational outcomes for children in public care. Nine out of the eleven interventions reported some positive results. Literacy was improved in most studies, while evaluated attempts to enhance numeracy skills yielded mixed results. Positive results came from a range of different interventions, e.g. tutoring projects and structured individualized support. We conclude that most focused interventions seem to improve foster children's poor academic achievements, but tutoring projects have so far the best empirical support from evaluations with rigorous designs. Also there's a definite need for more intervention research.

Interventions with video feedback and attachment discussions: Does type of maternal insecurity make a difference?

BAKERMANS-KRANENBURG, M. J., JUFFER, F. & VAN IJZENDOORN, M. H. (1998)

Parents' insecure representations of attachment are associated with lower parental sensitivity and insecure infant–parent attachment relationships, leading to less optimal conditions for the children's socio-emotional development. Therefore, two types of short-term intervention were implemented in a group of lower middle-class mothers with an insecure representation of attachment as assessed with the Adult Attachment Interview. In one group of mothers, the intervention efforts were directed at promoting maternal sensitivity by means of written information about sensitive parenting and personal video feedback. In the other group, additional discussions about the mothers' early attachment experiences took place, aiming at affecting the mothers' attachment representation. The interventions were implemented during four home visits between the 7th and the 10th month after the baby's birth. Preliminary results on 30 mothers pointed at an intervention effect: Mothers in both intervention groups were more sensitive at 13 months than mothers in a control group, t(28) = −2.3, effect size d = .87, p = .01. Mothers who were classified as insecure dismissing tended to profit most from video feedback, whereas mothers who were classified as insecure preoccupied tended to profit most from video feedback with additional discussions about their childhood attachment experiences, F(1,16) = 1.9, d = .65, p = .19. © 1998 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health

Interviews with children of persons with a severe mental illness: investigating their everyday situation

Östman, M. (2008)

Research on children of persons with a severe mental illness focuses predominantly on parents' and others' perceptions. Children of mentally ill parents form a vulnerable group that has not been adequately paid attention to in psychiatric care institutions. Comparatively little is known about the children's recognition of their parents and the everyday situation of these families. The aim of the study was to investigate experiences of their life situation in children 10-18 years of age in a family with a parent with a severe mental illness. Eight children were interviewed concerning their everyday life situation. The interviews were analysed inspired from using thematic analysis. From the analysis of the material emerged aspects concerning the following themes: need for conversation, love for their family, maturity, experience of fear and blame, feelings of loneliness, responsibility and associated stigma. This study highlights the situation experienced by children of severely mentally ill persons who also are parents. The study may be found to be a basis for inspiring structured interventions and treatments programmes including children of the adult patients seeking psychiatric treatment.

Finansiell och politisk samordning i den lokala välfärden: En ny politisk arena för gemensamma prioriteringar mellan huvudmän. CEFOS rapport nr. 20.

Fridolf, M. (2004)

I denna rapport beskrivs politikeruppdraget vid politisk och finansiell samordning. Vid samordning samlas resurser över organisationsgränser för att användas gemensamt. Det unika med politisk och finansiell samordning är att huvudmännen har ett gemensamt kostnadsansvar. Resurserna kan omfördelas mellan huvudmän. Politisk samordning innebär att en politisk arena skapas som prioriterar resurser över organisationsgränser. I rapporten påvisas att politikeruppdraget skiljer sig mycket åt beroende på vilken inriktning som finns på olika områden; mot samordningsperspektiv eller befolkningsperspektiv. Inriktningen har skapats av vald struktur men också av hur aktörerna ser på sin roll och dess utövande. En ny struktur skapas på den parlamentariska arenan. I denna samordning betonas politikernas roll. Rollskillnader utvecklas dock mellan olika politiker, vilket gör att de får olika betydelse och status. Detta påverkar i sin tur deras inflytande. En samförståndspolitik utvecklas, där politikerna inte driver partipolitik. Genom politisk samordning skapas förutsättningar för gemensamma prioriteringar av behov. Den nya strukturen påverkar politikerna som aktörer i samtliga områden.

I rapporten återges ambitioner med finansiell och politisk samordning samt hur en ny politisk struktur skapas. Dessutom beskrivs politikernas motiv till engagemang, hur de ser på sin uppgift samt hur politisk organisering genom behovsidentifiering, prioritering, resursmobilisering och utvärdering utvecklas. Studien behandlar också politikernas betydelse för samarbete mellan chefer och professionella.

Finding care for the caregiver? Active participation in online health forums attenuates the negative effect of caregiver strain on wellbeing

Tanis M, Das E, Fortgens-Sillmann M. (2011)

This paper focuses on how online health forums may benefit the wellbeing of caregivers. An online questionnaire of caregivers assessed caregiver strain, forum use, and mental and physical wellbeing. Results show a positive relation between caregiver strain and using online health forums to seek emotional support. Furthermore, we find that caregivers with higher levels of caregiver strain report lower mental and physical wellbeing. This relation is however moderated by using online health forums. While the amount of time spent on the online forums did not moderate the relation between caregiver strain and wellbeing, the amount of activity (i. e. the number of messages posted per week) did: Active participation in online health forums attenuates the negative effect of caregiver strain on wellbeing. These findings suggest that online forums are valuable for caregivers and that it is active contribution that matters, rather than simply visiting the online health groups.

Intimate Partner Violence and Children's Memory

Gustafsson, H. C., Coffman, J. L., Harris, L. S., Langley, H. A., Ornstein, P. A., & Cox, M. J. (2013)

The current study was designed to examine the relation between intimate partner violence (IPV) and children's memory and drew from a socioeconomically and racially diverse sample of children living in and around a midsized southeastern city (n = 140). Mother-reported IPV when the children were 30 months old was a significant predictor of children's short-term, working, and deliberate memory at 60 months of age, even after controlling for the children's sex and race, the families' income-to-needs ratio, the children's expressive vocabulary, and maternal harsh-intrusive parenting behaviors. These findings add to the limited extant literature that finds linkages between IPV and children's cognitive functioning and suggest that living in households in which physical violence is perpetrated among intimate partners may have a negative effect on multiple domains of children's memory development.

Intimate Partner Violence and Preschoolers’ Explicit Memory Functioning

Jouriles, E. N., Brown, A., McDonald, R., Rosenfield, D., Leahy, M., & Silver, C. (2008)

This research examines whether parents' intimate partner physical violence (IPV) relates to their preschoolers' explicit memory functioning, whether children's symptoms of hyperarousal mediate this relation, and whether mothers' positive parenting moderates this relation. Participants were 69 mothers and their 4- or 5-year-old child (34 girls). Mothers completed measures of IPV, children's hyperarousal symptoms, parent-child aggression, and positive parenting. Measures of explicit memory functioning were administered to preschoolers. As expected, IPV correlated negatively with preschoolers' performance on explicit memory tasks, even after controlling for parent-child aggression and demographic variables related to preschoolers' memory functioning. Preschoolers' hyperarousal symptoms did not mediate the relation between IPV and explicit memory functioning, but mothers' positive parenting moderated this relation. Specifically, the negative relation between IPV and preschoolers' performance on 2 of the 3 explicit memory tasks was weaker when mothers engaged in higher levels of positive parenting. These findings extend research on IPV and children's adjustment difficulties to explicit memory functioning in preschoolers and suggest that mothers can ameliorate the influence of IPV on preschoolers' memory functioning via their parenting.

Into adulthood: a follow-up study of 718 youths who were placed in out-of-home care during their teens

Vinnerljung B. & Sallnäs M. (2008)

ABSTRACT In this study, national register data were used to analyse long-term outcomes at age 25 for around 700 Swedish young people placed in out-of-home care during their teens. The sample consisted of 70% of all 13- to 16-year olds who entered out-of-home care in 1991. Results revealed a dividing line between young people placed in care for behavioural problems and those placed for other reasons. Young woman and men from the first group had – in comparison with peers who did not enter care – very high rates of premature death, serious involvement in crime, hospitalizations for mental-health problems, teenage parenthood, self-support problems and low educational attainment. Young people who were placed for other reasons had better outcomes, but still considerably worse than non-care peers. Young women tended to do better than young men, regardless of reasons for placement. Very high rates of hospitalizations for mental health problems were found among young people placed for behavioural problems. Breakdown of placement was found to be a robust indicator of poor long-term prognosis.

Into adulthood: a follow‐up study of 718 young people who were placed in out‐of‐home care during their teens - ResearchGate. Available from: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/230164185_Into_adulthood_a_followup_study_of_718_young_people_who_were_placed_in_outofhome_care_during_their_teens [accessed Aug 5, 2015].

Fokus på mig, Vuxensyskon. Samtalsmaterial

Bräcke diakoni (2021)

Samtalsmaterialet "Fokus på mig, Vuxensyskon" är en del av Projekt Vuxensyskon.

Känner du igen dig?
• Har du svårt att veta vilket ansvar du har för ditt syskon?
• Är din självständighet en belastning för dig?
• Får du dåligt samvete när du tänker på ditt syskon?
• Har du svårt att veta vad du själv vill?
• Känns det jobbigt för dig när du säger nej?
"Fokus på mig, Vuxensyskon" är till för dig som är syskon till någon
med funktionsnedsättning eller sjukdom. Samtalsmaterialet innehåller
berättelser, teman, övningar och frågeställningar där förhoppningen
är att ge igenkänning, hopp och förståelse för sig själv.

Folkhälsan i Sverige – Årsrapport 2013

Socialstyrelsen & Statens folkhälsoinstitut (2013)

Socialstyrelsens och Statens folkhälsoinstituts rapport ger en aktuell och översiktlig bild av hälsoutvecklingen och dess bestämningsfaktorer. Den visar bland annat att bland kvinnor och män 35-44 år har risken att få stroke ökat med 21 respektive 15 procent sedan 1995

Folkhälsorapport

Socialstyrelsen (2009)

Folkhälsorapport 2009 visar bland annat att risken att dö i hjärtinfarkt och stroke har minskat väsentligt, medan dödligheten i bröstcancer däremot har minskat endast marginellt, och dödligheten i lungcancer fortfarande ökar bland kvinnor, medan den sjunker bland män. Psykisk ohälsa är vanligt hos yngre kvinnor; självmordsförsöken ökar.

For better or worse: Factors predicting outcomes of family care of older people over a one-year period. A six-country European study

Lüdecke Daniel, Bien Barbara, McKee Kevin, Krevers Barbro (2018)

Abstract [en]

OBJECTIVES: Demographic change has led to an increase of older people in need of long-term care in nearly all European countries. Informal carers primarily provide the care and support needed by dependent people. The supply and willingness of individuals to act as carers are critical to sustain informal care resources as part of the home health care provision. This paper describes a longitudinal study of informal care in six European countries and reports analyses that determine those factors predicting the outcomes of family care over a one-year period.

METHODS: Analyses are based on data from the EUROFAMCARE project, a longitudinal survey study of family carers of older people with baseline data collection in 2004 and follow-up data collection a year later in six European countries (Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom), N = 3,348. Descriptive statistics of the sample characteristics are reported. Binary logistic random-intercept regressions were computed, predicting the outcome of change of the care dyad's status at follow-up.

RESULTS: Where care is provided by a more distant family member or by a friend or neighbour, the care-recipient is significantly more likely to be cared for by someone else (OR 1.62) or to be in residential care (OR 3.37) after one year. The same holds true if the care-recipient has memory problems with a dementia diagnosis (OR 1.79/OR 1.84). Higher dependency (OR 1.22) and behavioural problems (OR 1.76) in the care-recipient also lead to a change of care dyad status. Country of residence explained a relatively small amount of variance (8%) in whether a care-recipient was cared for by someone else after one year, but explained a substantial amount of variance (52%) in whether a care-recipient was in residential care. Particularly in Sweden, care-recipients are much more likely to be cared for by another family or professional carer or to be in residential care, whereas in Greece the status of the care dyad is much less likely to change.

DISCUSSION: The majority of family carers continued to provide care to their respective older relatives over a one-year period, despite often high levels of functional, cognitive and behavioural problems in the care-recipient. Those family carers could benefit most from appropriate support. The carer/care-recipient relationship plays an important role in whether or not a family care dyad remains intact over a one-year period. The support of health and social care services should be particularly targeted toward those care dyads where there is no partner or spouse acting as carer, or no extended family network that might absorb the caring role when required. Distant relatives, friends or acquaintances who are acting as carers might need substantial intervention if their caregiving role is to be maintained.

Israeli preschoolers under Scuds: a 30-month follow-up

Laor, N., Wolmer, L., Mayes, L. C., Gershon, A., Weizman, R., & Cohen, D. (1997)

OBJECTIVE:
Longitudinal studies of children exposed to traumatic events show contrasting findings regarding their symptomatic change over time. The present study reports on a 30-month follow-up of preschool children and their mothers who had been exposed to Scud missile attacks.

METHOD:
Families displaced during the Gulf War after their homes had been damaged by the missile attack and a control group whose homes remained intact were interviewed about posttraumatic and general symptomatology, the mothers' capacity to control images, and the children's adaptive behavior.

RESULTS:
Stress symptoms decreased in the displaced children but not in their mothers. Both reported more posttraumatic symptoms than did the control group. No differences in the children's adaptive behavior were observed. Posttraumatic symptoms of the displaced children correlated with the mothers' avoidant symptoms. The mothers' avoidant symptoms at follow-up were statistically explained by the mothers' symptoms during the war and their capacity for image control, the duration of displacement, and the cohesion of the family.

CONCLUSIONS:
The maternal stress-buffering capacity constitutes a central element in children's protective matrix and is crucial in minimizing long-term internal suffering of traumatized preschool children.

Issues of social support: The family and home care

Silverstone B, Horowitz A. (1987)

Stroke is one of the oldest but least understood diseases, and it is one of the major public health problems facing the elderly. Recent epidemiological investigations have found that the incidence of stroke has been underestimated by about 50%, and that the burden of disease is highest in minority populations. Recent clinical and basic neuroscience research indicates that stroke is neither unpredictable nor irreversible. Many risk factors for stroke are readily identifiable, and evidence-based treatment may be used to reduce the likelihood of stroke among those at risk. Rapid diagnosis and evaluation of stroke and transient ischemic attack and their treatment, including surgery, anticoagulation, antiplatelet and other medical therapies, reduce the chance of recurrence. More aggressive treatment of blood pressure, even among patients who are not necessarily hypertensive, may also reduce the risk of future strokes. Once ischemic stroke has occurred, emergent therapy using thrombolysis may significantly reduce disability, even among the elderly. This review presents an update on definitions of stroke and its subtypes, stroke epidemiology, and the results of recent studies of stroke prevention and acute treatment.

'It has been a good growing experience for me': Growth experiences among African American youth coping with parental cancer

Kissil, K., Niño, A., Jacobs, S., Davey, M., & Tubbs, C. Y. (2010)

This qualitative focus group study describes posttraumatic growth experiences of African American adolescents currently coping with parental breast cancer. Twelve adolescents participated in three focus groups assessing their experiences with parental cancer. Spontaneous accounts of posttraumatic growth were reported by all participants. A content analysis revealed reports in four of the five domains of posttraumatic growth identified by Tedeschi and Calhoun (1996) which included: greater appreciation for life, enhanced interpersonal relationships, increased sense of personal strengths, and changed priorities. An additional domain, change in health behaviors and attitudes, also emerged. These findings add important knowledge to the developing field of research in posttraumatic growth in populations where available research is scarce, especially among adolescents and racial minorities.

Jag är också viktig. Om att vara ung anhörig.

Elina Sundström (2012)

Att växa upp som barn till en anhörig som är sjuk eller har ett funktionshinder innebär ofta påfrestningar som situationen i familjen för med sig. Alla familjer är olika, men för de unga anhöriga finns det ofta gemensamma erfarenheter. Dessa barn och unga kan behöva stöd och uppmärksamhet.

Unga anhöriga tar ofta på sig ett stort ansvar i sin familj. Då kan det finnas behov av bland annat praktisk hjälp i hemmet, men också av att få prata om de egna känslorna. Men ett barn med en sjuk eller funktionshindrad familjemedlem behöver inte nödvändigtvis må dåligt, och man vill ofta inte bli särbehandlad. Även om situationen i familjen kan föra med sig besvärligheter, kan den också föra samman familjen och vara en källa till styrka. I boken ser vi exempel på olika reaktioner och vägval.

Jag är också viktig innehåller intervjuer med professionella, unga anhörigas berättelser - några berättar själva, andra har blivit intervjuade - samt diskussionsunderlag och frågor för vidare reflektion. I boken finns även litteraturförslag och en organisationsförteckning.

Jag. Har. Inga. Ord. Kvar.

Anna Bergfors (2020)

Denna prosasamling föddes ur mitt behov av tröst.

Mitt behov av att sätta ord på mina känslor utifrån min vuxnes sons missbruk.

Orden tröstar mig och jag hoppas att mina ord även ska ge dig tröst.

Med dessa ord vill jag att du ska förstå att du som anhörig inte är ensam och det finns inget rätt eller fel i hur vi känner och vad vi känner.

Din anhöriges missbruk handlar inte om dig. Även om det såklart påverkar dig och det vi anhöriga måste göra för att leva ett anständigt liv är att förhålla oss till detta, att hitta strategier som funkar för oss.

Vi kommer använda olika strategier men Du har rätt att leva ditt liv som du önskar, du har rätt att inneha huvudrollen i ditt liv.

Denna prosasamling hjälper inte min son ur sitt missbruk men den hjälper mig att andas.

Julie-Om att växa upp med en förälder som inte räcker till.

Gunilla O. Wahlström (2006)

En bok som har romanens form men som bygger på verkliga händelser och ger en inblick i hur barn kan ha det idag. Julie växer upp med en psykiskt sjuk mamma.Boken bygger på autentiska händelser som några personer valt att berätta om och beskriver på ett bra sätt hur det kan vara att växa upp med en förälder som är psykiskt sjuk.

Just getting on with it: Exploring the service needs of mothers who care for young children with severe/profound and life-threatening intellectual disability

Redmond, B., & Richardson, V. (2003)

Background  This study interviewed mothers (n= 17) of children aged 4 years and under with severe/profound intellectual disability, some with attendant complex medical, life-limiting conditions.

Methods  The study explored the mothers' views of the usefulness of the financial, practical and emotional supports being offered to them and their suggestions for service improvements.

Results  The study reveals these mothers to be engaged in stressful but skilled care of their children with a clear wish to continue caring for their child in the family home. Mothers frequently referred to the process of gaining useful information on services as 'haphazard' and most of the services offered to them as uncoordinated, unreliable and difficult to access. The study reveals that many of these children's needs are not being adequately met by either the intellectual disability services or the acute medical services, and some families are forced to privately finance services such as physiotherapy and speech therapy.

Conclusions  The data reveal that mothers want services offered to them in their own home, particularly short home-based respite, which would offer them short breaks to rest or engage in part-time employment. The study concludes that a reliable and flexible service response, including a comprehensive information and advocacy support is indicated for these families.

Just Like Any Other Family? Everyday Life Experiences of Mothers of Adults with Severe Mental Illness in Sweden

Piuva K, Brodin H (2020)

Abstract
This study explores experiences of mothers in Sweden who care for their adult children suffering from severe mental illness. Using 15 interviews with mothers from 40 to 80 years old, the article examines how predominant professional knowledge and sanism constructs the mothers and their children as deviant and what counterstrategies the mothers develop as a response to these experiences of discrimination. The findings show that the mothers' experiences are characterized by endless confrontations with negative attitudes and comments that have forced them to go through painful and prolonged processes of self-accusations for not having given enough love, care, support and help in different stages of their children's life. But the mothers' experiences also reveal important aspects of changes over the life span. As the mothers are ageing, the relationship between them and their children becomes more reciprocal and the ill child may even take the role as family carer.

Kan anhöriga samarbeta med ogin offentlig omsorg?

Sundström, G. (2015)

Eventuellt stöd till anhöriga blir en kommunal fråga och tidigare fanns, med stor lokal variation och skönsmässighet, många anhörigvårdare formellt anställda som vårdbiträden ("anhörigsamariter"), en billig lösning för kommunen och välkommet för de anhöriga. Numera nästan avskaffat, skriver Gerdt Sundström här i en debatterande artikel om anhörigvårdare.

Cortical processing of tactile language in a postlingually deaf-blind subject

Osaki Y, Doi K, Takasawa M, Noda K, Nishimura H, Ihara A, et al. (2004)

We compared neural activation detected by magnetoencephalography (MEG) during tactile presentation of words and non-words in a postlingually deaf-blind subject and six normal volunteers. The left postcentral gyrus, bilateral inferior frontal gyri, left posterior temporal lobe, right anterior temporal lobe, bilateral middle occipital gyri were activated when tactile words were presented to the right hand of the deaf-blind subject. This set of activated regions was not observed in the normal volunteers, although activation of several combinations of these regions was detected. Positron emission tomography confirmed the location of the MEG-activated areas in the deaf-blind subject. Our results demonstrated that the deaf-blind subject is heavily involved in interpreting tactile language by enhancing cortical activation of cognitive and semantic processing. © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Cortisol levels six-years efter participation in the Family Bereavement Program

Luecken, L., Hagan, M., Sandler, I.N., Tein, J., Ayers, T.S. & Wolchik, S.A. (2010)

Recent studies have found short-term adrenocortical benefits of early interventions for at-risk children. The current study evaluated the effects of the Family Bereavement Program on cortisol levels six years after the program. Parentally bereaved children were randomly assigned to the 12-week preventive intervention (n=78) or a self-study control (n=61) condition. Six years later (mean age 17.5), salivary cortisol levels were measured before and after a conflict discussion task conducted in late afternoon/early evening. The intervention group had significantly higher cortisol levels across the task compared to the control group, and lower cortisol was associated with higher externalizing symptoms. The group effect did not differ by age at the time of death, and the group difference remained significant after adjustment for pre-intervention mental health and current mental health symptoms. Results suggest that a family-focused intervention for parentally bereaved youth may have prevented the development of attenuated cortisol secretion suggestive of dysregulation and associated with externalizing problems.

Costs and Caregiver Consequences of Early Supported Discharge for Stroke Patients

Teng J, Mayo NE, Latimer E, Hanley J, Wood-Dauphinee S, Côté R, et al. (2003)

Background and Purpose— Early supported discharge (ESD) for stroke has been shown to yield outcomes similar to or better than those of conventional care, but there is less information on the impact on costs and on the caregiver. The purpose of this study is to estimate the costs associated with an ESD program compared with those of usual care.

Methods— We conducted a randomized controlled trial of stroke patients who required rehabilitation services and who had a caregiver at home.

Results— Acute-care costs incurred before randomization when patients were medically ready for discharge averaged $3251 per person. The costs for the balance of the acute-care stay, from randomization to discharge, were $1383 for the home group and $2220 for the usual care group. The average cost of providing the 4-week home intervention service was $943 per person. The total cost generated by persons assigned to the home group averaged $7784 per person, significantly lower than the $11 065 per person for those assigned to usual care. A large proportion of the cost differential between the 2 groups arose from readmissions, for which the usual care group generated costs more than quadruple those of the home intervention group.

Conclusions— Providing care at home was no more (or less) expensive for those with greater functional limitation than for those with less. Caregivers in the ESD group scored consistently lower on the Burden Index than caregivers with usual care, even caregivers of persons with major functional limitations. For persons recovering from stroke and their families, ESD provides a cost-effective alternative to usual care.

Senast uppdaterad 2021-01-25 av Peter Eriksson, ansvarig utgivare Lennart Magnusson