Bibliotek

Anhörigkonsulenter och motsvarande yrkesgrupper har en central betydelse för innehållet i och utvecklingen av anhörigstödet i landets kommuner. Nka har därför genomfört en enkätstudie med syftet att få en nationell överblick över hur denna relativt sett nya yrkesgrupp utformar och ser på sitt arbete. Denna rapport innehåller en sammanställning av svaren på denna enkät som riktade sig till landets samtliga anhörigkonsulenter.

Kapitel i antologi

Familjen och anhöriga har på senare år fått en allt mer betydande roll i vården och omsorgen om de äldre. Till följd av nedskärningar i den offentliga sektorn sker vården av äldre allt oftare i hemmet och de anhöriga blir allt viktigare. Författaren diskuterar bakgrunden till denna utveckling, dess villkor och kännetecken och redovisar kunskapsläget när det gäller anhörigomsorg och anhörigstöd.

Betydelsen av att föra in ett tydligare anhörigperspektiv i vården och omsorgen, i synnerhet i äldreomsorgen, diskuteras liksom hur man kan utveckla bemötandet av, stödet till och samarbetet med de anhöriga.

Boken vänder sig till universitets- och högskolestudenter inom vård- och omsorgsutbildningar samt till alla som på olika sätt arbetar med att utveckla stöd till anhöriga som vårdar äldre.

Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en översikt
och en systematisk redovisning. Förhoppningen
är också att projektet utvecklas till att bli en
återkommande studie med jämnt intervall för
att på sikt bidra till större jämlikhet mellan
kommunerna och få en mer systematisk översikt.
Projektet syftar också till att inspirera kommuner
samt lyfta några exempel från kommunerna av
det som görs runt om i landet.
En sammanfattning av resultatet kommer att
finnas tillgängligt i en Excel-fil på Anhörigas
Riksförbunds hemsida, anhorigasriksforbund.se.
Excelfilen kan användas för att skaffa sig en
överblick av stöd till anhöriga och fördjupa sig
ytterligare i resultaten. Den kan också användas
i arbetet med att ta fram idéer om hur man
bygger upp och vidareutvecklar ett stöd till
anhöriga, som är tillgängligt för alla anhöriga
oavsett ålder och diagnos hos den närstående.

Under 2008 – 2009 genomförde Enheten för FoU-stöd, Regionförbundet Uppsala län ett utvecklingsprojekt tillsammans med en personalgrupp vid ett särskilt boende i Enköpings kommun samt en personalgrupp vid ett hemtjänstdistrikt i Tierps kommun.

Syftet med projektet var att införa och stärka ett anhörigperspektiv i den ordinarie äldreomsorgen. Vid uppföljning hösten 2009 framkom att flera förbättringar har genomförts i verksamheterna som en följd av projektet. Projektet presenteras i den här rapporten.

Våren 2008 publicerade Dalarnas forskningsråd en kartläggning över anhörigstödet i
Dalarna. Kartläggningen visade att arbetet med anhörigfrågor ser olika ut i Dalarnas
kommuner. Föreliggande rapport syftar till att kartlägga hur samarbetet i
anhörigfrågor ser ut i Orsa kommun. Studien bygger på i första hand personliga
intervjuer med anhörigvårdare och representanter från styrgruppen.
I Orsa finns ett anhörigcenter centralt beläget i anslutning till vårdcentral,
dagverksamhet och särskilt boende. En anhörigsamordnare är anställd på halvtid för
att samordna verksamheten och fungera som kontaktperson. Till sin hjälp har
anhörigsamordnaren en styrgrupp bestående av representanter från
frivilligorganisationer, kyrka och vårdcentral. Flera av styrgruppens representanter,
samt personal från dagverksamhet, fungerar även som sk. anhörigombud i
kommunen.
I programmet för 2009 erbjuds allt från sopplunch och syjunta/stickjunta till
närståendeträffar och föreläsningar/studiecirklar om stroke och demens. Våren
2009 hade anhörigcentret kontakt med strax över hundratalet anhörigvårdare, en
viss ökning från tiden för ovan nämnda kartläggning. En stor del av kontakterna
sker per telefon och med många av anhörigvårdarna är kontakten bara sporadisk.
Utöver anhörigcentrets verksamhet erbjuds stöd till anhörigvårdare främst genom
avlösning. Avlösningen ges genom dagverksamhet, korttidsboende och hemtjänst.
De intervjuade är alla nöjda med den verksamhet som bedrivs vid anhörigcentret.
Personalen vid anhörigcentret och dagverksamheten Ljusglimten framstår som viktiga
kuggar i arbetet med anhörigstöd i kommunen. Visst missnöje finns däremot med
hemtjänsten som enligt några av de intervjuade behöver bli mer flexibel och med
korttidsboendet som idag tycks inrymma personer med alltför skiftande
sjukdomsbild. Flera av de intervjuade påtalar en hos personalen (hemtjänst och
korttidsboende/särskilt boende) bristande förståelse för de problem såväl vårdtagare
som anhörigvårdare ställs inför. För att öka denna förståelse behövs utbildning och
information.

Att vara äldre anhörigvårdare kan innebära en svårbemästrad situation,
som tär på anhörigvårdarens hälsa och välbefinnande och som till och
med kan innebära en risk för ökad dödlighet. Den ibland alltför tunga
vårdbördan kan ha ett starkt negativ inverkan på anhörigvårdarens
hälsa pga. t.ex. stress, sömnlöshet, utmattning, depression, och oro.
Dock kan anhörigvårdandet också innebära glädje och tillfredsställelse.
Denna översikt baserar sig på information i 31 svenska vetenskapliga
artiklar om äldre anhörigvårdares hälsa.
De flesta artiklar belyser olika faktorer i vårdsituationen; t.ex. tillgänglighet
eller omfattning av anhörigvårdarens sociala nätverk, anhö-
rigvårdarens ekonomiska situation, ålder, kön, fysiska symtom, bemästringsstrategier,
tillfredsställelse, betydelsen av den sjukes diagnos
eller stödets utformning. Det framträder mycket tydligt i denna översikt
att det är bakom situationsfaktorer och handlingar som de kanske
starkaste, och oftast omedvetna, motivationselementen ligger; dvs.
anhörigvårdarens övertygelser och föreställningar. Föreställningarna,
tillsammans med upplevelserna, i synnerhet av ömsesidighet i vårdandet,
bildar ett levande dynamisk system som är unikt för varje individ
och familj.
Mest betydelsefullt är att eftersträva att hjälpa anhörigvårdare att
uppleva ömsesidighet i vårdandet och att försöka förstå anhörigvårdandet
så som det sker i ett kraftfält av föreställningar om varför och
hur man bör vårda den sjuke. Utan att vara medvetna om anhörigvårdarnas
egna föreställningar och upplevelser kommer vi – professionella,
anhörigvårdare, den sjuke, familjemedlemmar och vänner –
att treva i blindo när vi försöker hjälpa till.
Slutsatsen i denna rapport är att anhörigvårdares hälsa påverkas,
förbättras eller försämras, beroende på 1) anhörigvårdarens föreställningar
om anhörigvårdandet, 2) anhörigvårdarens upplevelse av öm-
~ 8 ~
sesidighet både i familjerelationer och i relationer med berörd personal,
och 3) om lämpliga stödinsatser finns tillgängliga.

Anknytning i förskolan är en bok som visar att trygga relationer är en förutsättning för lärande, särskilt för små barn. Barn som utvecklat en trygg anknytning till minst en vuxen på förskolan litar på att de blir tröstade när behov uppstår – de kan då slappna av och ägna sig åt lek och utforskande.

Denna bok ger en grund i anknytningsteori och författarna visar med många exempel hur denna kunskap kan användas i förskolans vardag: vid inskolning, hämtning, samling, lek och vila.

Anknytning i förskolan är skriven för blivande och verksamma förskollärare och pedagoger som arbetar med de yngsta barnen i förskolan.

Anknytning i praktiken ger ett fylligt kunskapsunderlag till hur anknytningsteorin kan tillämpas från spädbarnsåren till vuxen ålder. Anknytningsteorin anses idag vara den viktigaste psykologiska teorin för att förstå hur människor hanterar närhet, omsorg och självständighet i relationer. Här beskrivs klinisk späd- och småbarnspsykologi, föräldraskap och familjeliv samt hur forskare och kliniker kan mäta anknytningstrygghet hos barn, ungdomar och vuxna. Författarna redogör utförligt för hur de olika anknytningsmönstren påverkar psykisk hälsa och ohälsa i olika åldrar, samt diskuterar psykoterapi utifrån ett anknytningsperspektiv. Detta är den fristående fortsättningen på Anknytningsteori: betydelsen av nära känslomässiga relationer (2006).

Boken riktar sig till studerande och yrkesverksamma inom psykologi, medicin, psykiatri, psykoterapi, socialt arbete, barnhälsovård och skola.

Anders Broberg är professor i klinisk psykologi, leg. psykolog och leg. psykoterapeut. Pia Risholm Mothander är fil.dr, lektor i utvecklingspsykologi samt leg. psykolog och leg. psykoterapeut. Pehr Granqvist är docent och forskarassistent i psykologi. Tord Ivarsson är docent i barn- och ungdomspsykiatri och överläkare.

Innehåll
1. Inledning
2. Anknytning ur ett familjeperspektiv
3. Klinisk spädbarnspsykologi
4. Anknytningsbaserade interventioner i späd- och småbarnsfamiljer
5. Anknytningsmätning under barndomen
6. Desorganiserad/desorienterad anknytning
7. Psykopatologi i barn- och ungdomsåren ur ett anknytningsperspektiv
8. Att bedöma anknytningstrygghet hos äldre ungdomar och vuxna
9. Anknytning och psykopatologi hos vuxna
10. Anknytningsteori och psykoterapi
11. Anknytning, religiositet och andlighet
12. Avslutande synpunkter

Extramaterial finns på bokens hemsida www.nok.se/anknytning.

Anknytning i praktiken ger ett fylligt kunskapsunderlag till hur anknytningsteorin kan tillämpas från spädbarnsåren till vuxen ålder. Anknytningsteorin anses idag vara den viktigaste psykologiska teorin för att förstå hur människor hanterar närhet, omsorg och självständighet i relationer. Här beskrivs klinisk späd- och småbarnspsykologi, föräldraskap och familjeliv samt hur forskare och kliniker kan mäta anknytningstrygghet hos barn, ungdomar och vuxna. Författarna redogör utförligt för hur de olika anknytningsmönstren påverkar psykisk hälsa och ohälsa i olika åldrar, samt diskuterar psykoterapi utifrån ett anknytningsperspektiv. Detta är den fristående fortsättningen på Anknytningsteori: betydelsen av nära känslomässiga relationer (2006).

Boken riktar sig till studerande och yrkesverksamma inom psykologi, medicin, psykiatri, psykoterapi, socialt arbete, barnhälsovård och skola.

Anders Broberg är professor i klinisk psykologi, leg. psykolog och leg. psykoterapeut. Pia Risholm Mothander är fil.dr, lektor i utvecklingspsykologi samt leg. psykolog och leg. psykoterapeut. Pehr Granqvist är docent och forskarassistent i psykologi. Tord Ivarsson är docent i barn- och ungdomspsykiatri och överläkare.

Innehåll
1. Inledning
2. Anknytning ur ett familjeperspektiv
3. Klinisk spädbarnspsykologi
4. Anknytningsbaserade interventioner i späd- och småbarnsfamiljer
5. Anknytningsmätning under barndomen
6. Desorganiserad/desorienterad anknytning
7. Psykopatologi i barn- och ungdomsåren ur ett anknytningsperspektiv
8. Att bedöma anknytningstrygghet hos äldre ungdomar och vuxna
9. Anknytning och psykopatologi hos vuxna
10. Anknytningsteori och psykoterapi
11. Anknytning, religiositet och andlighet
12. Avslutande synpunkter

Extramaterial finns på bokens hemsida www.nok.se/anknytning.

Anknytning i praktiken ger ett fylligt kunskapsunderlag till hur anknytningsteorin kan tillämpas från spädbarnsåren till vuxen ålder. Anknytningsteorin anses idag vara den
viktigaste psykologiska teorin för att förstå hur människor hanterar närhet, omsorg och självständighet i relationer. Här beskrivs klinisk späd- och småbarnspsykologi, föräldraskap och familjeliv samt hur forskare och kliniker kan mäta anknytningstrygghet hos barn, ungdomar och vuxna. Författarna redogör utförligt för hur de olika anknytningsmönstren påverkar psykisk hälsa och ohälsa i olika åldrar, samt diskuterar psykoterapi utifrån ett anknytningsperspektiv. Detta är den fristående fortsättningen på Anknytningsteori: betydelsen av nära känslomässiga relationer (2006).

Boken riktar sig till studerande och yrkesverksamma inom psykologi, medicin, psykiatri, psykoterapi, socialt arbete, barnhälsovård och skola.

Anders Broberg är professor i klinisk psykologi, leg. psykolog och leg. psykoterapeut. Pia Risholm Mothander är fil.dr, lektor i utvecklingspsykologi samt leg. psykolog och leg. psykoterapeut. Pehr Granqvist är docent och forskarassistent i psykologi. Tord Ivarsson är docent i barn- och ungdomspsykiatri och överläkare.

I denna första breda kursbok på svenska ges en heltäckande presentation av anknytningsteorin.

Ur innehållet:

Evolution och anknytning

Separation och anknytning

Betydelsen av förälderns lyhördhet i samspelet

Äldre barns och vuxnas nära känslomässiga relationer

Barnets biologiska förutsättningar och hur de påverkar anknytningsrelationen.

Anknytningsteori (del 1) riktar sig till studenter och verksamma inom psykologi och psykiatri, samt barn- och ungdomsrelaterade yrken och utbildningar. Författarna kommer också hösten 2007 ut med Anknytning i praktiken, där de presenterar praktiska och kliniska tillämpningar med anknytningsteoretisk grund.
(Seelig)

"Annas mamma har en sjukdom som gör att hon alltid är rädd, men Anna förstår inte alls varför. Hon är inte ens rädd för riktiga saker, som ormar, spindlar och sådant. Nej, hon är mest rädd för saker som inte finns eller sådant som inte ens hänt. "I boken får du följa Anna och hennes mamma Eva som har en ångestsjukdom. På ett enkelt sätt får du och ditt barn genom denna berättelse lära er mer om ångestproblematik. Barn och förälder kan tillsammans läsa boken för att diskutera kring rädsla, oro och ångest. Kanske blir boken en naturlig ingång till att presentera sina egna eller en anhörigs problem? Boken kan även användas som högläsning i grupp.Jessica Hjert är beteendevetare med en kandidatexamen i psykologi. Hon har tidigare gett ut "Måste alla vara så jävla lyckliga hela tiden -Svårigheterna föräldrar inte talar om."

Barn/ungdom
Text och illustrationer: Elisabet Alphonse

Här får vi en beskrivning hur det kan bli när en förälder blir intagen för rättspsykiatrisk vård. 

Att växa upp med ett funktionshindrat syskon

Annorlunda syskon handlar om hur det kan vara att växa upp med ett funktionshindrat syskon. Om svårigheter och glädjeämnen och hur det kan prägla de friska barnen.

Boken bygger på intervjuer med nio vuxna syskon där författaren Frida Blomgren har utgått ifrån tio frågeställningar, en för varje kapitel. Det som främst slår en är hur mycket de olika syskonen har gemensamt, både egenskaper och erfarenheter, trots att deras familjer och hemförhållanden har sett olika ut.

Många berättelser handlar om den oro för sjukdom som fanns under barndomen. När syskonen blir äldre finns också tanken på att den dag föräldrarna inte längre orkar eller är kvar i livet, kommer ansvaret att läggas på det friska syskonet. Samtidigt har många nära till glädje och de har lärt sig att inte oroa sig i onödan utan att leva i nuet.

The second edition of this classic work on recovery for alcohol families updates and expands the original, which won a Marty Mann Award as an outstanding contribution on alcohol communications. The first ten chapters of Another Chance pull the curtain back on the alcoholic family. We meet its cast of characters: the Dependent, the Enabler, the Hero, the Scapegoat, the Lost Child, the Mascot. The author then spells out a treatment plan for halting the downward spital of alcoholism -- a powerful blend of the Twelve Steps pioneered by Alcoholics Anonymous, the Family Reconstruction process developed by Virginia Satir, Wegscheider-Cruse's innovative and eclectic approach to therapy, and her own recovery from co-dependency. The second edition also addresses adult children of alcoholics, sprituality, and co-dependent therapists.

Avhandling

In Sweden the municipalities have the responsibility to provide the elderly, ill and disabled with the assistance they need to make home living possible. Still, most caring takes place in the family and is performed by relatives. Sometimes a relative carer can be employed and paid by the municipality to perform the help. The aim of this study is to explore the situation of employed family carers. Another purpose has been to investigate how responsibility and work are distributed between society and kin care providers. The results are based upon a project containing four partial studies; a survey investigation based on a random sample with replies from 1197 relative care providers in Sweden representing one fifth of all employed carers at the time. This was followed by an interview study comprising 40 relative care providers and care recipients. The other two partial studies were targeted at social and elderly care management and home-help service assistants respectively. The carers are made up ofthree main groups ;children, spouses and parents. There is also a smaller group with siblings, daughters-in-law, other relatives and friends. The main part ofthe kin care providers consists ofwomen, but 15 percent are men. The clas s status is principally that ofworkers and lower civil servants, although all social classes are represented. Apparently, it is not easy to combine care for relatives with a full effort in the regular labour market. Despite the fact that most women were working part-time, it was sometimes problematic to combine shorter hours with the caring. Thanks to the salary, the majority of the kin care providers have not suffered any economic losses. Apart from the bread-winning aspect, the salary has another important significance - even though the monetary sUll at times is extremely small, it is regarded as recognition of the work. One conclusion, which can be drawn from this investigation, is that the employment and salary are a very appreciated form of support. The salary is a replacement for a work effort, and it has also provided the possibility to quit or reduce other work in order to perform the care. The majority of the kin care providers are content, although many ofthem want better employment terms and higher wages - or rather conditions which correspond to other care work, and a salary which corresponds to the effort. As far as the division between the society and the kin care providers is concerned, it can be said that a lot of the re.sponsibility and work lies with the relatives. Some relatives do not want too much societal intervention, but settle with monetary replacement. Others have apparent needs of assistance, and a working situation which is inhumane. In some cases, it even amounts to a societal abuse of people's responsibility for their relatives.

This study has two main objectives: (1) to assess age variations in perceived support from neighbors among a nationally representative sample of adults aged 25 to 74 and (2) to examine the association between anticipated support from neighbors and physical functioning within a subsample of older adults. The findings suggest that anticipated support from neighbors is stronger among older adults, primarily because of more frequent contact with neighbors and residential stability. Within the older subsample, an inverse association between perceived support from neighbors and functional limitations is evident. Further analyses show that this association is strongest among those with infrequent contact with family members. No differences in this association were found with respect to marital status. Taken together, it appears that anticipated support from neighbors facilitates the maintenance of functional ability among some older adults. Interventions aiming to promote successful aging by enhancing this source of support should be developed and evaluated.

A Swedish widowhood study revealed that four out of ten widows regarded the pre-loss period more stressful than the post-loss. The present investigation of close relatives to patients dying from cancer (using interviews and the Anticipatory Grief Scale) found that preparatory grief involves much emotional stress, as intense preoccupation with the dying, longing for his/her former personality, loneliness, tearfulness, cognitive dysfunction, irritability, anger and social withdrawal, and a need to talk. Psychological status was bad one by every fifth. However, the relatives mostly stated adjustment and ability to mobilize strength to cope with the situation. The results suggest development of support and guiding programs also for the anticipatory period.

Close relatives of persons with dementia self-reported reactions on the Anticipatory Grief Scale (AGS), were observed by nurses (Study I), and compared with relatives of cancer patients in a study using the same methodology (Study II). Study I showed an overall stressful situation including feelings of missing and longing, inability to accept the terminal fact, preoccupation with the ill, tearfulness, sleeping problems, anger, loneliness, and a need to talk. The ability to cope was, however, reported high. Self-assessments and nurses' observations did not always converge, e.g. for the acceptance of the illness. The reactions of the relatives in the dementia and the cancer groups showed more similarities than dissimilarities. However, the higher number of responding spouses in the cancer group may have influenced the outcome.

Barn föds anhöriga och växer upp som anhöriga till föräldrar och syskon och andra viktiga personer i familjen. I dessa relationer har minderråriga barn sin trygghet och tillitsbas att bygga sitt liv på. Omvänt får de svårigheter som drabbat föräldrar eller syskon konsekvenser också för barn. Vilka är dessa konsekvenser och hur kan vi förstå barns anhörigskap? Vilka roller kan barnet ha i sin familj? När behöver barn och föräldrar stöd och hur?
I denna antologi försöker forskare som deltar i eller är inbjudna till det svenska forskarnätverket "Barn som anhöriga" att utifrån aktuell forskning undersöka, beskriva och förklara innebörden i att barn är anhöriga. Olika teman lygfs såsom barns positoioner i familjen där utsatthet och beroende i relation till föräldrar beskrivs men också barns aktiva agerande i relation till föräldrar och syskon belyses.
Ett sådant exempel är när barn blir omsorgsgivare till syskon eller föräldrar, vilket också beskrivs i en internationell utblick. Vidare beskrivs hur många barn som är anhöriga i de sammanhang som hälso- och sjukvårdslagen omfattar och hur det går för dem i skolan. Ett avsnitt tar upp aktuell kunskap om befintliga interventioner för stöd till barn och föräldrar. Även stöd till anhöriga syskon och forskning om om våld i familjen belyses.
Boken vänder sig till studerande på sjuksköterske-, läkar-, socionom- och lärarprogrammet samt övriga proffessionsutbildningar som i sin yrkesverksamhet möter anhöriga barn och deras föräldrar i behov av stöd. Den ä räven avsedd för beslutsfattare, verksamhetsutvecklare, enskilda personer och idéburna organisationer som söker kunskap om barns livsvillkor som anhöriga.

Alla människor har ett eget apelsinträd. På vissa växer det många apelsiner och på andra bara några stycken. Men varje dag växer det nya. Varje apelsin ger ork att kunna göra olika saker. Som att klä på sig, äta, prata, duscha eller handla. Elinas mamma har inte så många apelsiner på sitt träd. Dom försvann en dag, för att hon orkat för mycket under en lång tid. En bok om utmattningssyndrom. Boken är tänkt som stöd för drabbade barnfamiljer.

Adult children are perhaps the most important source of eldercare for aging parents. Unfortunately, they rarely discuss potential eldercare arrangements with their parents prior to adopting a caregiving role, which may make adapting to the parent's transition to dependency all the more challenging. The Theory of Motivated Information Management (TMIM) is a social-psychological framework that has had success predicting information-seeking decisions about health issues. As such, it served as the theoretical basis for examining adult children's pursuit of information from their elderly parents about caregiving preferences. In addition, this study serves as the first empirical test of a revised version of the TMIM, with an expanded treatment of the role played by emotion. The results of an over-time study attest to the utility of the revised TMIM predictions in this context, and offer insight into the factors that predict adult children's decision to discuss caregiving with their parents.

BACKGROUND:
The prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) were determined in this fourth study of first-grade children in a South African community.
METHODS:
Active case ascertainment methods were employed among 747 first-grade pupils. The detailed characteristics of children within the continuum of FASD are contrasted with randomly selected, normal controls on (i) physical growth and dysmorphology; (ii) cognitive/behavioral characteristics; and (iii) maternal risk factors.
RESULTS:
The rates of specific diagnoses within the FASD spectrum continue to be among the highest reported in any community in the world. The prevalence (per 1,000) is as follows: fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)-59.3 to 91.0; partial fetal alcohol syndrome (PFAS)-45.3 to 69.6; and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)-30.5 to 46.8. The overall rate of FASD is therefore 135.1 to 207.5 per 1,000 (or 13.6 to 20.9%). Clinical profiles of the physical and cognitive/behavioral traits of children with a specific FASD diagnosis and controls are provided for understanding the full spectrum of FASD in a community. The spectral effect is evident in the characteristics of the diagnostic groups and summarized by the total (mean) dysmorphology scores of the children: FAS = 18.9; PFAS = 14.3; ARND = 12.2; and normal controls, alcohol exposed = 8.2 and unexposed = 7.1. Documented drinking during pregnancy is significantly correlated with verbal (r = -0.253) and nonverbal ability (r = -0.265), negative behaviors (r = 0.203), and total dysmorphology score (r = 0.431). Other measures of drinking during pregnancy are significantly associated with FASD, including binge drinking as low as 3 drinks per episode on 2 days of the week.
CONCLUSIONS:
High rates of specific diagnoses within FASD were well documented in this new cohort of children. FASD persists in this community. The data reflect an increased ability to provide accurate and discriminating diagnoses throughout the continuum of FASD.

H. Keilson (1979) coined the term "sequential traumatization" for the accumulation of traumatic stresses confronting the Holocaust survivors before, during, and after the war. A central question is whether survivors were able to raise their children without transmitting the traumas of their past. Through a series of meta-analyses on 32 samples involving 4,418 participants, we tested the hypothesis of secondary traumatization in Holocaust survivor families. In the set of adequately designed nonclinical studies, no evidence for the influence of the parents' traumatic Holocaust experiences on their children was found. Secondary traumatization emerged only in studies on clinical participants, who were stressed for other reasons. A stress-diathesis model is used to interpret the absence of secondary traumatization in nonclinical offspring of Holocaust survivors.

Although Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is recognised to be a familial and heritable disorder, little is known about the broader family characteristics of having a parent with ADHD problems. The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between parent ADHD problems, child clinical presentation and family functioning in a sample of children with ADHD. The sample consisted of 570 children with ADHD. Child psychopathology was assessed using a semi-structured diagnostic interview. Questionnaires were used to assess ADHD in the parents (childhood and current symptoms), family environment and mother/father-child relationship. Parental ADHD problems were associated with a range of adverse clinical outcomes in children with no difference in effects for mothers with ADHD problems compared to fathers with ADHD problems. Levels of maternal hostility were higher in families where mothers had ADHD problems, but reduced where fathers had ADHD problems. Parental ADHD problems index higher risk for more severe clinical presentation of ADHD in children and higher levels of family conflict (where there are maternal but not paternal ADHD problems). This study highlights that children with more severe behavioural symptoms are more likely to have a parent with persistent ADHD which has important implications when considering treatment and intervention strategies.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that distinct Activity and
Participation dimensions of the International Classification
of Functioning, Disability, and Health could be identified
using physical functioning items drawn from the Late Life
Function and Disability Instrument.
Design: A cross-sectional, survey design was employed.
Subjects: The sample comprised 150 community-dwelling
adults aged 60 years and older.
Methods: Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify
interpretable dimensions underlying 48 physical functioning
questionnaire items.
Results: Findings revealed that one conceptual dimension
underlying these physical functioning items was not suffi-
cient to adequately explain the data (X2 = 2383; p
0.0001).
A subsequent solution produced 3 distinct, interpretable
factors that accounted for 61.1% of the variance; they were
labeled: Mobility Activities (24.4%), Daily Activities
(24.3%), and Social/Participation (12.4%). All 3 factors
achieved high internal consistency with coefficient alphas of
0.90 or above.
Conclusion: Within physical functioning, distinct concepts
were identified that conformed to the dimensions of Activity
and Participation as proposed in the ICF. We believe this is
the first empirical evidence of separate Activity and
Participation dimensions within the International Classification
of Functioning, Disability, and Health classification.

In the present study, 36 specialized substance abuse treatment programs for women and their children were identified and chosen for review. These programs provide a wide range of services including substance abuse, mental health and medical treatment, life skills training (i.e. vocational and parenting training), and social services (i.e. child care and transportation). A cluster analysis was conducted, and three distinct patterns of program design were identified. Results suggest that programs vary considerably regarding the extent to which comprehensive services are provided and to whom they are offered. Many programs that appear to be comprehensive fail to provide the full range of services to all those who need them. In particular, many programs for pregnant women seem to focus almost exclusively on pregnancy-related issues. As such, specialized substance abuse treatment for women may be at risk for becoming too specialized. Recommendations are made for future substance-related program planning for women and their children.

Eighty-four cocaine-dependent mothers were randomly assigned either to a case management-oriented outpatient treatment program (CM), or to a psychosocially enhanced treatment program (PET). Both programs included onsite child care and both offered daily group therapy sessions. Subjects randomized to the PET condition were offered a variety of additional onsite services designed to meet their special psychosocial needs including parenting skills class, access to a psychiatrist, individual therapy sessions, and GED class. Patients in the CM program could gain access to these services only through referrals to community resources. Program retention was significantly better for patients in the PET condition. In addition, while the mean number of days of cocaine use decreased from baseline in both groups, the PET group had significantly fewer days of cocaine use at 12-month follow-up than the CM group. These results show that providing psychosocial enhancement services onsite can improve treatment outcome for cocaine-dependent mothers.

Eighty-four cocaine-dependent mothers were randomly assigned either to a case management-oriented outpatient treatment program (CM), or to a psychosocially enhanced treatment program (PET). Both programs included onsite child care and both offered daily group therapy sessions. Subjects randomized to the PET condition were offered a variety of additional onsite services designed to meet their special psychosocial needs including parenting skills class, access to a psychiatrist, individual therapy sessions, and GED class. Patients in the CM program could gain access to these services only through referrals to community resources. Program retention was significantly better for patients in the PET condition. In addition, while the mean number of days of cocaine use decreased from baseline in both groups, the PET group had significantly fewer days of cocaine use at 12-month follow-up than the CM group. These results show that providing psychosocial enhancement services onsite can improve treatment outcome for cocaine-dependent mothers.

Caregiver assessment is a systematic process of gathering information about a
caregiving situation to identify the specific problems, needs, strengths, and resources
of the family caregiver, as well as the ability of the caregiver to contribute to the needs
of the care recipient. Effectively assessing and addressing caregiver needs can maintain
the health and well-being of caregivers, sustain their ability to provide care, prevent or
postpone nursing home placement, and produce better outcomes for the care recipient.

BACKGROUND: Many children, adolescents and young people are involved in caring for parents, siblings, or other relatives who have an illness, disability, mental health problem or other need for care or supervision. The aim was to develop two new instruments for use in research with young carers to assess caring activities and their psychological effects. METHOD: Two studies are reported. In study 1, 410 young carers were recruited via The Princess Royal Trust for Carers database of UK projects and asked to complete an initial item pool of 42 and 75 questionnaire items to assess caring activities and caring outcomes respectively. In study 2 a further 124 young carers were recruited. RESULTS: Following exploratory principal components analysis in study 1, 18 items were chosen to compose the Multidimensional Assessment of Caring Activities Checklist (MACA-YC18), and 20 items chosen to compose the Positive and Negative Outcomes of Caring Scales (PANOC-YC20). In study 2, normative and convergent validity data on the two instruments are reported. CONCLUSION: The MACA-YC18 is an 18-item self-report measure that can be used to provide an index of the total amount of caring activity undertaken by the young person, as well as six sub-scale scores for domestic tasks, household management, personal care, emotional care, sibling care and financial/practical care. The PANOC-YC20 is a 20-item self-report measure that can be used to provide an index of positive and negative outcomes of caring.

BACKGROUND:
Assessment of everyday functioning in children may depend to a considerable extent on the framework used to conceptualise functioning and disability. The Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) has incorporated the mediating role of the environment on disability, using different measurement scales. The construction of the Functional Skills scales, which measure capability, and the Caregiver Assistance scales, which measure performance, was based on the Nagi disablement scheme. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) represents a new framework of functioning and disability that could be used to compare the measurement constructs and the content of different outcome measurements.
PURPOSE:
To examine the conceptual basis and the content of the PEDI using the ICF.
METHOD:
Phrases that describe the conceptual basis of the PEDI scales and of the ICF classifications were systematically collected and compared. Two researchers classified the item content of the Functional Skills scales independently before consensus was reached.
RESULTS:
The analyses indicate that the conceptual basis of the PEDI scales to a large extent match the ICF concepts of activity, participation and environmental factors. Both the PEDI and the ICF use the constructs of capacity and performance, but differ in how to operationalise these constructs. The classification of the Functional Skills scales shows that the PEDI primarily is a measure of activities and participation. The frequently use of environmental codes to classify the context of the requested functions demonstrates that the PEDI has incorporated the environment into the assessment.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our analyses indicate that the ICF could serve as a conceptual framework to clarify the measurement construct of the PEDI scales, and as taxonomy to describe and clarify the item content of the Functional Skills scales. Both as framework and taxonomy the ICF showed limitations in covering functioning in early childhood.

Abstract
PURPOSE:

This study examined the association among caregiver labor force participation, employees' caregiving activities, and the amount and quality of care received by care recipients.
DESIGN AND METHODS:

Telephone interviews were conducted with 478 adults who were employed full time and 705 nonemployed adults who provided care to a family member or friend aged 50 or older, identified through random sampling of California households. We assessed care recipient impairment and service problems; the amounts and types of assistance received from caregivers, family and friends, and paid providers; and caregiver utilization of support services.
RESULTS:

Care recipients of caregivers employed full time were less likely to receive large amounts of care from their caregivers, more likely to receive personal care from paid care providers, more likely to use community services, and more likely to experience service problems than were care recipients of nonemployed caregivers. Employed caregivers were more likely to use caregiver support services than were nonemployed caregivers.
IMPLICATIONS:

Accommodation to caregiver full-time employment involves selective supplementation by caregivers and their care recipients, reflecting increased reliance on formal support services as well as increased vulnerability to service problems and unmet care recipient needs. These findings suggest the need for greater attention to the well-being of disabled elders whose caregivers are employed full time.

The latest researches adopted software technology turning the Nintendo Wii Balance Board into a high performance change of standing posture (CSP) detector, and assessed whether two persons with multiple disabilities would be able to control environmental stimulation using body swing (changing standing posture). This study extends Wii Balance Board functionality for standing posture correction (i.e., actively adjust abnormal standing posture) to assessed whether two persons with multiple disabilities would be able to actively correct their standing posture by controlling their favorite stimulation on/off using a Wii Balance Board with a newly developed standing posture correcting program (SPCP). The study was performed according to an ABAB design, in which A represented baseline and B represented intervention phases. Data showed that both participants significantly increased time duration of maintaining correct standing posture (TDMCSP) to activate the control system to produce environmental stimulation during the intervention phases. Practical and developmental implications of the findings were discussed.

For people with severe/profound and multiple disabilities, managing the basic necessities of daily life often poses myriad challenges. Despite great odds, advances in assistive technology are making a difference in these individuals' lives. Advances in microswitches, voice outcome communication aids, and computer-based systems are creating new opportunities for living independently, improving basic life skills, and reducing problem behaviors among individuals with combined motor, sensory, and intellectual disabilities.
This unique volume examines how education and rehabilitation can improve the lives of even those individuals most affected by severe/profound and multiple disabilities. Interventions currently in use and in experimental stages are surveyed in terms of how they work and their applicability to clients with various needs. In addition, it examines the characteristics of developmentally disabled populations and offers guidelines for choosing suitable technologies. It presents empirical evidence on the advances in improving interaction with caregivers, control of the home environment, handling self-care tasks, and other core skills.
Assistive Technology examines interventions that are innovative, respectful of the dignity of clients, and practical for ongoing use, including:
• Microswitches in habilitation programs.
• Speech-generating devices for communication and social development.
• Instructional technology for promoting academic, work, and leisure skills.
• Assistive technology for promoting ambulation.
• Orientation systems for promoting movement indoors.
• Assistive technology for reducing problem behaviors.
A state-of-the-art guide to a growing field, Assistive Technology is an invaluable resource for researchers, clinicians, graduate students as well as clinicians and allied professionals in developmental psychology, rehabilitation and rehabilitative medicine, learning and instruction, occupational therapy, speech-language pathology, and educational technology.

The authors conducted a meta-analysis of studies on the correlation between parents' PTSD symptom severity and children's psychological status. An extensive search of the literature yielded 550 studies that were screened for inclusion criteria (i.e., parent assessed for PTSD, child assessed for distress or behavioral problems, associations between parent PTSD and child status examined). Sixty-two studies were further reviewed, resulting in a final sample of 42 studies. Results yielded a moderate overall effect size r = .35. The authors compared effect sizes for studies where only the parent was exposed to a potentially traumatic event to studies where both parents and children were exposed. A series of moderators related to sample characteristics (sex of parent, type of traumatic event) and study methods (self-report vs. diagnostic interview, type of child assessment administered) were also evaluated. The only significant moderator was type of trauma; the effect size was larger for studies with parent-child dyads who were both exposed to interpersonal trauma (r = .46) than for combat veterans and their children (r = .27) and civilian parent-child dyads who were both exposed to war (r = .25). Results support the importance of considering the family context of trauma survivors and highlight areas for future research.

Physical activity in the elderly has a significant influence on their health status. Studies have shown that elderly caregivers have fewer physical activities relative to non-caregivers. The present study aimed to identify factors associated with lower physical activity in elderly caregivers of demented patients. A cross-sectional survey of 50 elderly caregivers living with patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's-type dementia showed that the Zarit caregiver burden interview (ZBI) scores were significant predictors of physical activity measured by the questionnaire score (QS) of physical activities. Among the three subscales of the QS, it was only leisure time activity scores (LS) that the ZBI scores significantly predicted. The numbers of chronic diseases were associated with lower household activity scores (HS) and sport activities scores (SS). Physical activities, in particular leisure activities, were found to be inversely associated with care burden assessed by the ZBI. Interventions to increase the physical activity levels of older caregivers may improve their health status and quality of life.

Keysor JJ, Jette AM, Coster W, Bettger JP, Haley SM. Association of environmental factors with levels of home and community participation in an adult rehabilitation cohort.

Objective

To examine whether home and community environmental barriers and facilitators are predictors of social and home participation and community participation at 1 and 6 months after discharge from an acute care or inpatient rehabilitation hospital.

Design

Cohort study.

Setting

Postacute care.

Participants

Adults (N=342) age 18 years or older with a diagnosis of complex medical, orthopedic, or neurologic condition recruited from acute care and inpatient rehabilitation facilities. The mean age ± standard deviation of participants was 68±14 years; 49% were women and 92% were white.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Participation in social, home and community affairs as assessed with the Participation Measure for Post-Acute Care.

Results

Adjusting for covariates, 1 month after discharge a greater presence of home mobility barriers (P<.01) was associated with less social and home participation; whereas greater community mobility barriers (P<.01) and more social support (P<.001) were associated with greater participation. At 6 months, social support was the only environmental factor associated with participation after adjusting for covariates.

Conclusions

This study provides new empirical evidence that environmental barriers and facilitators do influence participation in a general rehabilitation cohort, at least in the short term.

Key Words
Disabled persons; Environment; Outcome assessment (health care); Rehabilitation
Supported by the National Institute of Disability and Rehabilitation Research, U.S. Department of Education (grant no. H133B990005), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (grant no. 5 K12 HD043444-02), and the Arthritis Foundation (arthritis investigator award).

No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.

Makten att forma samhället och sitt eget liv – jämställdhetspolitiken mot nya mål. 2006.66

The aim of this dissertation is to illustrate the manner in which assistance is distributed to the elderly according to the social services law in Sweden. It will focus on the processing officers/"street-level bureaucrats" who have been assigned, based on their profession, the task of assessing and deciding about the distributing of assistance. Central issues include the manner in which process officers go about their assignement and how their actual performance appears in comparision with the prescribed course of action. The dissertation´s starting pionts are in part, the legal regulations in the form of the social service law´s material and procedural rules, and in part the role as street-level bureaucrat and the construction of the client. The data which forms the basis for the conclusions of the dissertation consists of four studies conducted during the period 1995-2001. The first investigation - The Sundsvall study - is explorative and gives a first insight into how the process officers act and document the processing of a case. The process officers study is a national investigation with process officers from 27 municipalities. This second study focuses on the various ways to organise the handling process, and how these may influence the finding for assistance. The documentation study is also a national investigation of 29 municipalities. In this third study the written documentation of the case handling process is primarily exposed. Focus groups comprise the final sorce of data in which a group of processors in tree municipalities discuss their work. The process officers in the focus group describe several usual situations. With support from the various investigations, a picture appears which does not agree with prescribed course of action according to the legislation. What appears instead is a pattern of action which probably already existed before we began this work and which likely continues. This pattern of action has as we have established two faces, one of which constitutes an informal process where the actual construction of the "help-seeker" take place. Whitin the frame for this aspect, the so-called "service catalouge" has a decisive meaning, which in it´s own way is directed towards satisfying primarely physical and medical needs. The other "face" displays the formalised expresson of the informal process. This formal expression does not reveal all that is going on, only chosen elements. The action that we have found are institutionalized as an officially sanctioned institution since the practice is widely accepted and legitimized. The public intstitution is therefore built upon a pattern of action that consists both of formal rule, but primarily standards and routines which in many regards occur outside the formal rules. The consequences of a pattern of action that has been institutionalized and legitimized affects those seeking help who do not receive the individual assessment that they have a right to according to the law.

Avhandling

This dissertatian i concerned with the ways in which caregivers within elderly care reason and respond to questions concerning ethnicity. The research is based on a discursive analysis of a focus group study; interwiews with caregivers; and participant observation from fieldwork within one elderly care team. The main ambition is to present an alternative model for understanding how ethnicity becomes important in relation to care. A primary purpose it to place elderly care within a new theoretical perspective, particularly by shifting the focus from ethnicity per se to the relational aspect of constructions of ethnicity. I do that by showing how the ethnic dimension often is located in language use, in the relations created by various discourses and their institutional conditions. By applying the concept of doing to the analysis of ethnicity, I can show how ethnicity is a product of social interaction rather than a pre-defined role or mode of being. To do ethnicity in the context of care giving is to be assigned and take discursively created subject positions through the constant interactions of the workplace. Through such an analysis it becomes possible to understand ethnicity and ethnic relations as a continuous process revolving around the conceptions of each other's identities. By employing doing ethnicity as an analytical tool, it becomes possible to understand how caregivers, sometimes unwittingly, use ethnicity as a marker for thier constructions of care.

ABSTRACT
Building on an ethnographic approach, this study aims to explore how the notion of couplehood and family life is understood and negotiated in everyday life by older carers and their spouses. Inspired by Morgan's perspective on the doing of family life, and Hochschild's analysis of emotion work and feeling rules, the article shows how the process of becoming a carer/care recipient creates a new life situation for couples. The findings show that gendered tasks of family life such as housework and financial responsibilities change between spouses, and new practicalities emerge. This in turn changes the power balance between the spouses and how they do couplehood. The findings also reveal how the participants' sense of we and I are negotiated to do family life, with regards to their health, sense of moral obligation, personal autonomy, love and caregiving. A sense of social isolation is apparent, and social media, apps and online games are sometimes used to create digital spaces in which participants can maintain connections with friends and children, find solitude and regain energy by getting a temporary pause from spousal informal care. Such strategies enable couples to find balance and a sense of autonomy in their lives as a family.

Denna rapport är ett led i Attentions arbete för att uppmärksamma och förbättra situationen för personer med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar. Rapporten redogör för en enkätundersökning genomförd i april 2021.

Abstract
Background
Being an informal carer of a person with dementia (PwD) can have a negative effect on the carer's health and quality of life, and spouse carers have been found to be especially vulnerable. Yet relatively little is known about the care provided and support received by spouse carers. This study compares spouse carers to other informal carers of PwDs regarding their care provision, the support received and the psychosocial impact of care.

Methods
The study was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of a stratified random sample of the Swedish population aged 18 or over. The questionnaire explored how much care the respondent provided, the support received, and the psychosocial impact of providing care. Of 30,009 people sampled, 11,168 (37.7 %) responded, of whom 330 (2.95 %) were informal carers of a PwD.

Results
In comparison to non-spouse carers, spouse carers provided more care more frequently, did so with less support from family or the local authority, while more frequently experiencing negative impacts on their social life and psychological and physical health. Spouse carers also received more carer support and more frequently experienced a closeness in their relationship with the care-recipient.

Conclusions
Spouse carers of PwD differed from non-spouse carers on virtually all aspects of their care situation. Policy and practice must be more sensitive to how the carer-care-recipient relationship shapes the experience of care, so that support is based on an understanding of the individual carer's actual needs and preferences rather than on preconceptions drawn from a generalised support model.

Doktorsavhandling

This thesis aims at contributing to the understanding of digital inequalities among older people, by studying the involvement of older people in research on digital technologies. Some mechanisms driving old age digital inequalities are well known. For instance, people with lower social positions tend to have lower digital skills, to face technology accessibility and affordability issues, and, thus, to engage less with digital technologies compared to their counterparts. However, less attention has been paid to issues related to research and development of digital technologies, such as the involvement of older people in research evaluating new digital technologies. Previous studies indicate that participants and non-participants in research are different one another, with the former being younger, reporting higher educational levels, having better health status than the non-participants. This may bias research outcomes and lead to incorrect conclusions on the utility of digital technologies. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the link between the involvement of older people in digital technology evaluations and the research outcomes. Healthcare is used as exemplifying context in which digital technologies are used. In Study I, participation in digital health research is conceptualised, and a research tool for identifying and measuring selective participation is developed. In Study II and III, factors associated with participation in two digital health intervention studies are analysed. In Study IV, the impact of selective participation on the research outcomes of a digital health study is identified, measured, and corrected. Thesis findings show that participation of older people in digital health research is selective by age, gender, health status, job level, and digital skills, and can indicate a mechanism for digital inequalities. Selective participation biases research outcomes by overemphasising the intervention effects of the over-represented groups over those among the under-represented groups. It can cause an overestimation of the positive effects of digital health technologies due to the under-representation of those groups who do not benefit from the intervention. This promotes digital technologies which increase exclusion risks for some groups of older people and reinforce old age digital and social inequalities. Weighting procedures can be used for mitigating the impact of this mechanism on the research outcomes of intervention studies on digital technologies.

Barn vars förälder dömts till fängelse klarar sig sämre i skolan och har en ökad risk för egen kriminalitet i tonåren. Som unga vuxna har de svårare att etablera sig på arbetsmarknaden, visar en ny IFAU-rapport.

Rapporten är en sammanfattning av IFAU Working paper 2019:24

Syftet med denna kartläggning är att beskriva hur många barn som är närstående till någon som
har allvarlig fysisk/psykisk sjukdom/funktionsnedsättning, missbruk eller plötsligt avlidit. Vi
beskriver också hur barn som närstående har det inom områden som rör skola, hälsa, riskbeteenden ANT (alkohol, narkotika och tobak), socialt stöd samt trivsel och framtidstro. Målet med
rapporten är att uppmärksamma livsvillkoren hos barn som närstående i Sörmland.

Abstract
Combining work and care can be very challenging. If not adequately supported, carers' employment, well- being and relationships may be at risk. Technologies can be potential solutions. We carried out a scoping review to find out what is already known about technologies used by working carers. The search included academic and grey literature published between January 2000 and June 2020. Sixteen relevant publications were analysed and discussed in the context of the broader discourse on work-care reconciliation. Technologies discussed can be classified as: (a) web- based technologies; (b) technologies for direct communication; (c) monitoring technologies; and (d) task-sharing tools. Technologies can help to make work-care reconciliation more manageable and alleviate psychosocial and emotional stress. General barriers to using technology include limited digital skills, depending on others to use technol-ogies, privacy and data protection, cost, limited technological capabilities, and limited awareness regarding available technologies. Barriers specific to some technologies include work disruptions, limited perceived usefulness, and lacking time and energy to use technologies. More research into technologies that can address the needs of working carers and how they are able to use them at work is needed.