Bibliotek

Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
The multiple risk factors for major depression are interrelated through poorly understood developmental pathways. In 2002, the authors presented a developmental model for major depression in women. Based on similar methods, they here present an analogous model for men.
METHOD:
Using data from 2,935 adult male twins, interviewed twice over a 2-4-year period, the authors constructed, by means of structural equation modeling, an integrated etiologic model for major depression that predicts depressive episodes over 1 year from 18 risk factors conceptualized as five developmental "tiers" reflecting childhood, early adolescence, late adolescence, adulthood, and the last year.
RESULTS:
The best-fitting model, including six correlations and 76 paths, provided a good fit to the data, explaining 49% of the variance in the liability to depressive episodes. The overall results, similar to those seen in women, suggest that the development of major depression results from the action and interaction of three broad pathways of internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and adversity. Childhood parental loss and low self-esteem were more potent variables in the model in men than in women. Genetic risks for major depression had a broader spectrum of action in men than in women. The pathway to major depression through externalizing symptoms was not more prominent in men than in women.
CONCLUSIONS:
Major depression in men, as in women, is an etiologically complex disorder influenced by risk factors from multiple domains that act in developmental time. The similarities in etiologic pathways to major depression for men and women outweigh the modest differences.

This is the authoritative guide to conducting trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), a systematic, evidence-based treatment for traumatized children and their families. Provided is a comprehensive framework for assessing posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and other symptoms; developing a flexible, individualized treatment plan; and working collaboratively with children and parents to build core skills in such areas as affect regulation and safety. Specific guidance is offered for responding to different types of traumatic events, with an entire section devoted to grief-focused components. Useful appendices feature resources, reproducible handouts, and information on obtaining additional training. TF-CBT has been nationally recognized as an exemplary evidence-based program.

The aim of the thesis was to describe the specific barriers young people with disabilities experience in their ambition to get a job. The aim was also to investigate how these young people's social and economic situation has been affected by their disability.The results are based on two reports: one qualitative, consisting of interviews with 12 individuals with physical disabilities, and one quantitative in the form of a questionnaire answered by 706 persons. In the case of the questionnaire, the response rate was 48 per cent. Both reports are based on the same criteria, namely, that the respondents should have a physical disability, be 20–35 years of age and be participating in some form of employment policy program.The results from both studies show that individuals with physical disabilities encounter different types of barriers on the labour market, which can be categorised as being either at the individual level or at the social level. The barriers at the individual level are low education, long-term unemployment, grave physical disability and lack of work experience. The barriers identified at the social level are primarily poorly adapted workplaces, a too high working pace, employers' negative attitudes, insufficient knowledge of the competence of disabled persons and an overly generous social welfare system. All these factors constitute a direct obstacle to employing persons with a physical disability.The results from the interview study show that the respondents have few social relations. The majority of the respondents have social intercourse solely with family members or parents. Most of the respondents in the questionnaire study state that they have frequent social relations with friends and acquaintances. Both the interview study and the questionnaire study reveal that the respondents' financial position has worsened as a result if their physical disability.Conclusions that can be drawn from this thesis are that young people with physical disabilities encounter different barriers in their attempts to get a job and to maintain social relations. Based on the results, some of the respondents can be regarded as being socio-economically marginalised

Denna avhandling innehåller en huvudstudie och en delstudie. Syftet med huvudstudien var att följa upp en grupp ungdomar som hade blivit diagnostiserade med uppförandestörning (n=351) i det unga vuxenlivet. Delstudiens syfte var att ifrågasätta och klargöra frågeformuläret KASAM-29 och dess förhållande till den salutogena teorin. I avhandlingen användes olika utfallsvariabler och utfallsmått, vilka även diskuterades. Två perspektiv på utfall användes, ett salutogent och ett ekologiskt.

Det salutogena perspektivet kunde användas först efter att delstudien var klar. Delstudien visade att KASAM-29 är ett reliabelt och validt mätinstrument. Dessutom visade delstudien att huvudbegreppet i den salutogena teorin Känslan av sammanhang bör betraktas som ett holistiskt begrepp.

Huvudstudien följde upp 290 ungdomar i deras unga vuxenliv (medelålder 21 år). Utifrån det salutogena perspektivet, KASAM-29, hade ungefär hälften männen (43 %) och kvinnorna (56 %) ett negativt utfall. Det ekologiska perspektivet bestod av sju enskilda variabler: låg utbildningsnivå, transfereringsinkomst, hög symtombelastning, missbruk, kriminalitet och dygnsvård för vuxna. Genom att kombinera dessa enskilda variabler, hade ungefär två tredjedelar av männen (68-70 %) och ungefär hälften av kvinnorna ett negativt utfall i vuxenlivet. Dessa utfallsmått kunde inte substantiellt prediceras av variabler från deras medicinska patient journal.

Huvudstudien är en av få nationella och internationella långtidsuppföljningar bestående av ett kliniskt urval av ungdomar diagnostiserade med uppförandestörning. Studien visar att det är möjligt att genomföra denna typ av studier med ett litet bortfall. Individer diagnostiserade med uppförandestörning har en förhöjd risk för ett problematiskt vuxenliv. Vuxenlivet kan beskrivas på många olika sätt. Men slutsatsen är att utfallet i vuxenlivet beror på valet av utfallsmått. För att besvara frågan hur stor del av ungdomarna som hade ett negativt utfall i vuxenlivet måste utfallsmåttet först specificeras. Specificeringen måste klargöra utfallsmåttets uppbyggnad och definition. Först därefter kan frågan verkligen besvaras.

The purpose of this article is to describe the impact of an intervention involving safe-laser pointing technology on six persons with locked-in syndrome. When these individuals were invited to participate in this project (4 weeks to 18 years post onset), none were able to speak and none were able to access an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device. All communicated using eye movements (e.g., looking up or down), eye blinks, dependent scanning strategies with eye movement signals, or eye linking. Following intervention with the Safe-Laser Access System, three of the six participants developed head movement sufficient to control AAC technology. Two participants continue to develop head control; however, their progress has been slowed by repeated illnesses. One participant has discontinued his involvement with the project because of medical and psychological concerns. These six participants represent consecutive referrals to the project.

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to suggest how Talking Mats® can be used in accordance with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) proposed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) when setting intervention goals.
Method. A theoretical framework for using Talking Mats® when setting intervention goals in accordance with the ICF is provided.
Conclusions. An international system such as the ICF offers a conceptual framework that can be used to set appropriate goals for intervention. Talking Mats® on the other hand can be seen as the strategy through which individuals can be empowered to participate in this goal-setting activity.

Statens offentliga utredningar

This paper reviews the assumptions underlying traditional medical research and critiques the concept of 'evidence-based practice'. In particular, it identifies and counters three basic tenets of this approach: the alleged need for objectivity in research, the notion of hierarchies of evidence and the primacy of systematic reviews. Instead, the paper argues for a new emphasis on 'knowledge-based practice', recognizing that the practice wisdom of health and social care practitioners and the lived experience of service users can be just as valid a way of knowing the world as formal research.

The health effects of marital status are frequently cited in the current debate on marriage promotion, but little is known about how marital health effects vary across groups. This article assembles the largest properly longitudinal and nationally representative dataset of elderly married couples in the United States (N = 410,272 couples) and provides strong evidence that the "widowhood effect"—how the death of a spouse increases the mortality of the survivor-varies substantially by race. The authors find that whites married to whites suffer a large and enduring widowhood effect. By contrast, blacks married to blacks do not suffer a detectable widowhood effect, possibly because they manage to extend the survival advantage of marriage into widowhood. For racially intermarried men, wife's race appears to dominate the size and presence of the widowhood effect entirely, regardless of husband's own race. These results likely arise from differences in the marital cultures and marital contexts of black and white couples. More generally, these results demonstrate that the health effects of social ties depend on the individual attributes of the actors they connect.

The overall purpose of this study is to illuminate the changeover process experienced by individuals who as adults acquired a traumatic brain injury (TBI), to increase the knowledge and the understanding of this process, and describe the meaning of support in every day life.Persons who acquired a TBI as adults were administered a semi-structured interview covering six areas: consequences of TBI, family and social networks, working life and occupation, life-changes, support from society and everyday life. The interviews were qualitative and in-depth. A total of 15 informants participated, aged between 19-53 years when injured. Data were structured and underwent two phases of analysis. In the first phase, data underwent latent content analysis, underpinned by a hermeneutic approach, and in the subsequent phase, reanalysed within a framework derived from the theory of social recognition.Findings from the first phase of inductive analysis elicited key themes: (i) the meaning of care, a question of formal and/or informal support; (ii) the meaning of action, a question of activity versus inactivity; (iii) autonomy, a question of dependence versus independence; (iv) social interaction, a question of encounter and/or treatment; (v) the theme of changes, a question of process versus stagnation; and (vi) emotions, an oscillation between hope versus hopelessness. After the construction of the six themes each of them were, through a discursive analysis, connected with theories, earlier studies in the field of brain injuries and important interview quotations from the empirical material. During this phase, an interest developed to study the material from a new theoretical point of view. The second phase of analysis therefore involved the development of a framework derived from Honneth's (1995) theory of social recognition. The central construct of 'recognition' was analysed from three different dimensions proposed by Honneth: the individual dimension, the legal dimension, the value dimension. Using this framework, the data were reanalysed. The scientific term for this process of re-contextualisation and re-description of data is abduction inference.Reported consequences were negative as well as positive. Significant others (e.g. next of kin) had an important function as a driving force for training and preparation for life-situation after injury. A majority of the informants were satisfied with support from society, such as hospital-care, rehabilitation and community support. Such support, initially, proceeded without problems but as time passed, the responsibility shifted to the person with TBI to take the initiative in arranging longer-term services. Long-term support which addresses physical, cognitive as well as psychosocial consequences of the TBI is important for outcomes. The majority of the informants had difficulties in returning to working life after the injury. The outcomes and recovery seemed to be a prolonged process, probably never ending, but which gradually over time becomes integrated as a part of life. The informants gave varying accounts of the extent to which they experienced social recognition.

This article reviews the scientific literature that focuses on school-age children of parents with substance use disorder (SUD). The review examined the subjects, instruments, and results of 10 scientific studies published from 1985 to the present (2006). Generally, school-age children of parents with SUD demonstrated a variety of emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and social problems. Specifically, (a) children of drug users (CODs) were at higher risk than children of alcoholics (COAs) for psychopathology and functional impairments, and (b) Children of parents diagnosed as having SUDs (particularly alcohol), along with anti-social personality disorder (ASPD) showed more negative psychosocial outcomes than children whose parents did not have ASPD. Recommendations for future research and implications for social work practice are discussed.

This article reviews the scientific literature that focuses on school-age children of parents with substance use disorder (SUD). The review examined the subjects, instruments, and results of 10 scientific studies published from 1985 to the present (2006). Generally, school-age children of parents with SUD demonstrated a variety of emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and social problems. Specifically, (a) children of drug users (CODs) were at higher risk than children of alcoholics (COAs) for psychopathology and functional impairments, and (b) Children of parents diagnosed as having SUDs (particularly alcohol), along with anti-social personality disorder (ASPD) showed more negative psychosocial outcomes than children whose parents did not have ASPD. Recommendations for future research and implications for social work practice are discussed.

Avhandlingen gäller specialpedagogisk kompetens hos pedagoger som arbetar i tvärprofessionella team inom barn och ungdomshabiliteringen. Ögonblickets pedagogik står för de reflektioner som görs i mötet med barnet, i dess olika miljöer, och som leder till åtgärder. Dessa avgöranden om specialpedagogisk intervention baseras på teoretiska och praktiska kunskaper, liksom erfarenheter som utvecklats genom det samverkande teamarbetet.Den empiriska studiens syfte var att studera hur pedagogisk kompetens kommuniceras, reflekteras och konstrueras av och mellan medlemmar i yrkesgrupper inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen. Det har studerats genom fokusgrupper som efteråt utvärderats med ett skattningsformulär där deltagarna också givit information om utbildning och arbetsuppgifter. Informanter är pedagoger i fem yrkesgrupper samt i en tvärgrupp, och tre grupper med andra yrkeskategorier verksamma i team inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringar. Analysarbetet genererade en kodnyckel för turtagningsanalys.

Resultatet visar att pedagoger inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen inte har utvecklat specifika professionsstrategier. De har snarast anpassat sig till ett föränderligt uppdrag. Kompetensen hos habiliteringens pedagoger baseras på kunskaper och erfarenheter från tre verksamhetsfält. Den grundläggande kompetensen ligger inom förskolefältet med teoretiska och erfarenhetsbaserade kunskaper om barns utveckling och lek- och lärande. Det var förskollärare som införde lekpedagogiskt arbete i och med lekoteken under 1970-talet. Under 1980-talet utvecklades den samordnade barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen där pedagogik tillsammans med medicinsk-, social- och psykologisk kompetens utgör hörnstenar i det professionella teamarbetet. Det är i det familjeorienterade teamarbetet som den specialpedagogiska kompetensen för barn med funktionshinder utvecklas. Det specialpedagogiska fältet har pedagogerna inom habiliteringen med påbyggnadsutbildningen. Utbildningen är i första hand riktad mot skolan och informanterna efterfrågar forskning och kunskapsbildning som gäller barn-och ungdomshabilteringens problemområden. Pedagogernas yrkesspråk karaktäriseras av en vardagsspråklig terminologi som är väl anpassad till uppdraget. Pedagogerna och deras kollegor i teamen framhåller att pedagogen fungerar, genom sitt yrkesspråk och barnfokus, som överbryggare mellan det medicinska fältet och det pedagogiska sammanhanget i barnets vardagliga miljöer i förskola och i hemmet.

Pedagogernas yrkesgruppssamtal visar sig vara en talgenre där pedagoger huvudsakligen förstärker varandras utsagor, använder metaforer i konstruktionen av den gemensamma förståelsen och i mycket begränsad utsträckning ifrågasätter varandras uppfattningar inom gruppen. Kompetensen är baserad på kunskap om och erfarenheter av barns normala och avvikande utveckling liksom av barns lek och lärande. Pedagogerna i studien lyfter huvudsakligen fram det pedagogiska mötet med vuxna omkring barnet, främst föräldrar och personal i förskolan, då de exemplifierar sin kompetens. Det specifika specialpedagogiska arbetet med barn i grupper och det lekpedagogiska interventionsarbetet är mer sällan omnämnt i yrkesgruppssamtalen.

Nyckelord: Specialpedagogik, pedagogisk kompetens, barn- och ungdomshabilitering, kunskapsområden, verksamhetsfält, yrkesspråk, talgenrer, fokusgrupper, metaforer, tidig intervention, anpassat vardagligt språk, fronesis.

Doktorsavhandling i pedagogik

Avhandlingen gäller specialpedagogisk kompetens hos pedagoger som arbetar i tvärprofessionella team inom barn och ungdomshabiliteringen. Ögonblickets pedagogik står för de reflektioner som görs i mötet med barnet, i dess olika miljöer, och som leder till åtgärder. Dessa avgöranden om specialpedagogisk intervention baseras på teoretiska och praktiska kunskaper, liksom erfarenheter som utvecklats genom det samverkande teamarbetet.Den empiriska studiens syfte var att studera hur pedagogisk kompetens kommuniceras, reflekteras och konstrueras av och mellan medlemmar i yrkesgrupper inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen. Det har studerats genom fokusgrupper som efteråt utvärderats med ett skattningsformulär där deltagarna också givit information om utbildning och arbetsuppgifter. Informanter är pedagoger i fem yrkesgrupper samt i en tvärgrupp, och tre grupper med andra yrkeskategorier verksamma i team inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringar. Analysarbetet genererade en kodnyckel för turtagningsanalys.

Resultatet visar att pedagoger inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen inte har utvecklat specifika professionsstrategier. De har snarast anpassat sig till ett föränderligt uppdrag. Kompetensen hos habiliteringens pedagoger baseras på kunskaper och erfarenheter från tre verksamhetsfält. Den grundläggande kompetensen ligger inom förskolefältet med teoretiska och erfarenhetsbaserade kunskaper om barns utveckling och lek- och lärande. Det var förskollärare som införde lekpedagogiskt arbete i och med lekoteken under 1970-talet. Under 1980-talet utvecklades den samordnade barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen där pedagogik tillsammans med medicinsk-, social- och psykologisk kompetens utgör hörnstenar i det professionella teamarbetet. Det är i det familjeorienterade teamarbetet som den specialpedagogiska kompetensen för barn med funktionshinder utvecklas. Det specialpedagogiska fältet har pedagogerna inom habiliteringen med påbyggnadsutbildningen. Utbildningen är i första hand riktad mot skolan och informanterna efterfrågar forskning och kunskapsbildning som gäller barn-och ungdomshabilteringens problemområden. Pedagogernas yrkesspråk karaktäriseras av en vardagsspråklig terminologi som är väl anpassad till uppdraget. Pedagogerna och deras kollegor i teamen framhåller att pedagogen fungerar, genom sitt yrkesspråk och barnfokus, som överbryggare mellan det medicinska fältet och det pedagogiska sammanhanget i barnets vardagliga miljöer i förskola och i hemmet.

Pedagogernas yrkesgruppssamtal visar sig vara en talgenre där pedagoger huvudsakligen förstärker varandras utsagor, använder metaforer i konstruktionen av den gemensamma förståelsen och i mycket begränsad utsträckning ifrågasätter varandras uppfattningar inom gruppen. Kompetensen är baserad på kunskap om och erfarenheter av barns normala och avvikande utveckling liksom av barns lek och lärande. Pedagogerna i studien lyfter huvudsakligen fram det pedagogiska mötet med vuxna omkring barnet, främst föräldrar och personal i förskolan, då de exemplifierar sin kompetens. Det specifika specialpedagogiska arbetet med barn i grupper och det lekpedagogiska interventionsarbetet är mer sällan omnämnt i yrkesgruppssamtalen.

- See more at: http://www.skolporten.se/forskning/avhandling/ogonblickets-pedagogik-yrkesgrupper-i-samtal-om-specialpedagogisk-kompetens-vid-barn-och-ungdomshabiliteringen/#sthash.JQdaHFR7.dpuf

This article explores bibliotherapy as a process in which death-related literature is used to help bereaved children cope with experiences of death and loss. For that exploration, this article defines bibliotherapy, offers an argument in support of its value, and suggests how a potential bibliotherapist might begin. Suggestions are made for selecting and using stories in bibliotherapy. Since most bibliotherapy is actually used as an optional tool in bereavement support groups, guidelines are offered as to how it might best be implemented in that context. Much of this discussion is also relevant to the use of bibliotherapy on a one-to-one basis involving a particular child and an adult guide. Examples of stories and books for children that I have used in bibliotherapy are mentioned throughout this article.

Most bereavement caregivers accept as a truism that their interventions are helpful. However, an examination of the bereavement intervention literature suggests that the scientific basis for accepting the efficacy of grief counseling may be quite weak. This article summarizes the findings of four recent qualitative and quantitative reviews of the bereavement intervention literature. It then discusses three possible explanations for these surprising findings and concludes with recommendations for both researchers and clinicians in thanatology that could help to focus efforts to answer the questions of when and for whom grief counseling is helpful.

This study examines the contribution of specific types of family violence exposure (e.g., victim vs. witness; physical vs. psychological) to aggressive and anxious/depressed problem behaviors in young (i.e., 6-year-old) at-risk children. This multisite prospective study of 682 children from four different regions of the country asked mothers and their 6-year-old children to report on violence exposure in their families. After controlling for mother reports of child problem behaviors on the Child Behavior Checklist at Age 4, it was found that subsequent exposure to family violence predicted reported problem behaviors at Age 6. Although mothers' report of child victimization predicted subsequent problem behaviors, witnessed violence was related to these problems only when both mothers and children reported its occurrence. The results of this study suggest that even though there was a relationship between witnessed and directly experienced family violence, both had independent, noninteractive effects on subsequent behavior problems.

Flertalet vetenskapliga studier har visat att det finns ett samband mellan barns och ungdomars upplevelser i familjen och utvecklingen av en kriminell livsstil. Föräldrastödjande verksamhet har blivit ett samlingsnamn för de åtgärder och projekt där föräldrar är delaktiga i arbetet med att förhindra sociala problem hos sina barn.

Children's exposure to violence, their psychological response to the violence, and their participation in a community-based intervention service were described. This article describes the provision of mental health services and the process evaluation for the initial phase of the program (1999-2000). A large number (N = 1739) children were referred to the program over a 17.5-month period for mental health intervention immediately after witnessing and experiencing a range of violent acts, the majority of which (N = 1355) involved domestic violence. A majority of referred children and adolescents (N = 946) directly witnessed such violence, and the majority of those who were old enough to provide self-report indicated that they perceived the event as a direct threat to their safety. Many of these children and adolescents also reported high levels of trauma symptoms. The majority of children (N = 1117) who were referred to the program participated. The findings underscore the feasibility of developing mental health services to meet the needs of children who are exposed to violence, especially family violence, at a critical time following violence exposure.

Twelve families responded to posters displayed in a methadone clinic for inclusion in a pilot study assessing the viability and potential utility of an intensive, multi-component family-focused intervention, the Parents Under Pressure programme. The programme was designed to improve child behaviour, decrease parental stress and improve family functioning in methadone-maintained families by targeting affect regulation, mood, views of self as a parent, drug use and parenting skills. Nine of the families completed the programme delivered in their homes; eight were recontacted at 3 months. Each family reported significant improvements in three domains: parental functioning, parent-child relationship and parental substance use and risk behaviour. In addition to the changes in family functioning, the majority of families reported a decrease in concurrent alcohol use, HIV risk-taking behaviour and maintenance dose of methadone. The families reported high levels of satisfaction with the programme. It is recommended that future studies include independent measures (e.g. behavioural observations) of child outcome and parental functioning. The results were optimistic and provided the impetus to evaluate the treatment programme using a randomized controlled trial.

Background  This study interviewed mothers (n= 17) of children aged 4 years and under with severe/profound intellectual disability, some with attendant complex medical, life-limiting conditions.

Methods  The study explored the mothers' views of the usefulness of the financial, practical and emotional supports being offered to them and their suggestions for service improvements.

Results  The study reveals these mothers to be engaged in stressful but skilled care of their children with a clear wish to continue caring for their child in the family home. Mothers frequently referred to the process of gaining useful information on services as 'haphazard' and most of the services offered to them as uncoordinated, unreliable and difficult to access. The study reveals that many of these children's needs are not being adequately met by either the intellectual disability services or the acute medical services, and some families are forced to privately finance services such as physiotherapy and speech therapy.

Conclusions  The data reveal that mothers want services offered to them in their own home, particularly short home-based respite, which would offer them short breaks to rest or engage in part-time employment. The study concludes that a reliable and flexible service response, including a comprehensive information and advocacy support is indicated for these families.

Background  This study interviewed mothers (n= 17) of children aged 4 years and under with severe/profound intellectual disability, some with attendant complex medical, life-limiting conditions.

Methods  The study explored the mothers' views of the usefulness of the financial, practical and emotional supports being offered to them and their suggestions for service improvements.

Results  The study reveals these mothers to be engaged in stressful but skilled care of their children with a clear wish to continue caring for their child in the family home. Mothers frequently referred to the process of gaining useful information on services as 'haphazard' and most of the services offered to them as uncoordinated, unreliable and difficult to access. The study reveals that many of these children's needs are not being adequately met by either the intellectual disability services or the acute medical services, and some families are forced to privately finance services such as physiotherapy and speech therapy.

Conclusions  The data reveal that mothers want services offered to them in their own home, particularly short home-based respite, which would offer them short breaks to rest or engage in part-time employment. The study concludes that a reliable and flexible service response, including a comprehensive information and advocacy support is indicated for these families.

The psychometric properties of the Timeline Followback Spousal Violence interview (TLFB-SV), a calendar method used to assess daily patterns and frequency of spousal violence, were evaluated. Men (N = 104) entering a spousal violence treatment program, along with their female partners, were interviewed with the TLFB-SV at pretreatment, posttreatment, and quarterly thereafter for 1 year and asked to identify days of male-to-female and female-to-male physical aggression that had occurred between them. For posttreatment and follow-up interviews, participants maintained a weekly diary, in which they catalogued the days on which acts of spousal violence occurred. The subscale scores derived from the TLFB-SV, the proportion of days of any violence, and proportion of days of severe violence for each partner were calculated for each assessment interval. The TLFB-SV subscales had excellent temporal stability and concurrent and discriminant validity. Interpartner agreement on TLFB-SV subscale scores and agreement between partners on days when spousal violence occurred was low at pretreatment, but was high for the other assessment periods.

OBJECTIVES:
The aim of this study was to identify clinical characteristics of depression in elderly people that could be useful for case finding in general practice.
DESIGN:
A cross-sectional study of clinical characteristics through review of medical records.
SETTING:
Herrhagen health centre, Karlstad, Sweden.
SUBJECTS:
Seventy-one persons with a high depressive score in a screening of depressive symptoms and an age-matched and sex-matched control group of 138 persons with a low depressive score.
RESULTS:
The high depressive score group had an increased relative risk for "mental health problems" (RR 3.4; CI 95% 1.7-7.2), "many contacts with the health care centre" (> or = 14/3 years) (RR 2.9; CI 95% 1.4-6.1), and prescriptions of benzodiazepines (RR 1.7; CI 95% 1.0-2.9). Two-thirds of those in the high depressive score group had at least one of these characteristics. However, three-quarters of those with any of these characteristics had a low depressive score. In our population of elderly people with an estimated prevalence of 10.2% the positive predictive value would be 21% and the negative predictive value 95%.
CONCLUSION:
General practitioners should suspect a possible depressive disorder in elderly patients with mental health problems, with frequent contacts with the health centre or with prescriptions of benzodiazepines. Despite the high occurrences of these prominent clinical characteristics in the high-score group, they did not unfortunately have sufficient discriminatory power to be useful for case finding.

Doktorsavhandling

Objective: To investigate stroke patients' and carers' perceptions of the family support organizer (FSO) service in order to highlight its value for potential purchasers and to help shed light on findings from randomized controlled trials.
Design and subjects: Twenty semi-structured interviews were undertaken with a sub sample of stroke patients and their primary informal carers after completion of nine-month outcome assessments as part of a randomized controlled trial.
Setting: Community stroke services in North Nottinghamshire, UK.
Results: Interviewees who received the service reported that the presence of an FSO was valuable in many respects, including helping to claim benefits, as a source of information on stroke, and providing continuity between stroke services. Emotional support was only described by a few. Interviewees who did not receive the service described feelings of isolation and being let down by other stroke services after discharge. They also reported problems accessing information. Help needed to address the practical problems after stroke was commonly reported. For those who did not receive the FSO service, access to support appeared to be found through other channels.
Conclusion: The FSO service appeared to be an information service. In order to evaluate community stroke services, a mixture of qualitative and quantitative outcome measures are necessary.

Many children with developmental disability have limited skills in both play and communication. In this study, the effects of a naturalistic intervention approach to play and symbolic communication was investigated within a single-subject multiple baseline design. The intervention involved scripting play activities and modelling vocabulary in speech and the augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) modality of sign. An additional intervention phase was introduced, wherein the AAC intervention was expanded to include an electronic communication device. The results indicated that modelling and scripted play activities resulted in increases in symbolic play, while changes in types of functional play were evident, while its frequency was somewhat erratic across baseline and intervention phases. Improvements in communication were more evident when a multimodal AAC approach was used in modelling than when sign was used alone. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to make a critical analysis of the conceptual platform of the recently introduced International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Special attention is paid to the suggested definitions of the concepts of activity and participation. My argument intends to show that these definitions are not coherent. Methods: The theoretical platform of this paper is philosophical action theory. My argument makes particular use of the distinction between capacity and opportunity and shows that both concepts are applicable to all actions. Capacity and opportunity are distinguished from the actual performance of actions. The latter presupposes the existence of a will. On this conceptual basis follows an analysis of the distinction between activity and participation as conceived by the WHO in ICF. Conclusions: The main conclusion of my reasoning is that the notions of activity and participation in ICF partly rest on confusion between capacity for action and the actual performance of an action. If my conclusion is sound this has far-reaching consequences for the application of the ICF in the practice of rehabilitation. My diagnosis therefore is that the conceptual framework of ICF is in great need of a strict action – theoretic reconstruction.

Herr Muffin är ett marsvin som nu är gammal, trött och har ont i magen. Han tänker tillbaka på sitt liv och hur bra han har haft det. Han har haft fru och sex lurviga ungar, fått mycket gurka och hö. En dag ligger ett brev i hans postlåda och i brevet står det "Jag är ledsen för att pappa säger att när ett marsvin är gammal kan det plötsligt dö...." Boken om Herr Muffin berättar om ålderdom och död på ett fint och stillsamt sätt. En bilderbok som passar barn från 3 år.

This article will outline the main strands of the UK-based Alcohol, Drugs and the Family (ADF) research programme. This programme has examined the impact of substance misuse problems on children, spouses, and families, both in the UK and elsewhere, especially in urban Mexico City and in Australia amongst both urban and rural Aborigine populations. This article will outline the main theoretical perspective that we have developed from this work (the stress-strain-coping-support model). It will outline some of the key findings of this programme, and address some of the key universals that we have observed across various cultures. It will end by describing current research, including the testing of brief interventions being delivered through primary care to family members to enable them to cope better with the problems which family substance misuse causes.

Sedan början av 1900-talet har samhällets intresse ökat för den informella, oavlönade hjälp som många människor regelbundet ger till sina närstående. "Anhöriga" har kommit i blickfånget, framför allt anhöriga till äldre. Bakgrunden är bl.a. tilltagande vård- och omsorgsbehov men också en nyvaknad insikt om det informella hjälparbetets betydelse. Men hur ska man egentligen förstå anhörigbegreppet? Vad är det för slags hjälpinsatser som anhöriga utför? Hur vanliga är de och vad består de av?

Limited information is available on the long-term effects of providing care for adults when caregiving begins in childhood in the United States. The current study provided an examination of the effects of youthful caregiving on the mental health of these persons when adults, and provided a description of their early family relations. Twenty-four individuals, 21 to 58 years old, were given brief phone interviews with semistructured questions about their early caregiving experiences, and then they completed questionnaires on their early caregiving experiences, mental health, and early parent–child relations. To be included, respondents must have provided primary caregiving assistance (i.e., bathing, feeding, etc.) for a parent or adult relative when the caregiver was under 21 years old. Results showed that the sample reported more positive mental health than negative mental health, though 42% had high depressive scores on the total CES-D. Individuals who reported fathers as too protective reported less current positive mental health. Early caregiving is not associated with poor mental health in adulthood for many young caregivers. However, some individuals do appear at risk of depression in adulthood.

Female drug users and their children have many medical and psychosocial problems, yet they often fail to follow through with prescribed treatments. The present study describes a specialized, case management program for children, birth through age 2, exposed to drugs in utero. Evaluation of program efficacy was examined by comparing 2-year outcomes for women who received different intensities of these child case management services. Mothers who received higher intensity care were more likely to be abstinent from illicit drugs and to have retained custody of their child(ren) at 2-year follow-up than those with lower intensity services. Study findings support clinical and economic efficacy of this model of care.

This study investigated the effects of an emotional disclosure writing task on the physical and psychological functioning of pre-teen and adolescent children of alcoholics (N = 53). Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: An emotional writing group, a non-emotional writing group, or a non-writing control group. Essays written by participants in both the emotional and non-emotional conditions differed significantly in content in hypothesized ways. Contradictory to what was expected, emotional disclosure failed to convey any additional health benefits. A general improvement was found for all groups over time on internalizing symptoms, affect, and physical symptoms.

This study investigated the effects of an emotional disclosure writing task on the physical and psychological functioning of pre-teen and adolescent children of alcoholics (N = 53). Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: An emotional writing group, a non-emotional writing group, or a non-writing control group. Essays written by participants in both the emotional and non-emotional conditions differed significantly in content in hypothesized ways. Contradictory to what was expected, emotional disclosure failed to convey any additional health benefits. A general improvement was found for all groups over time on internalizing symptoms, affect, and physical symptoms.

Background and Purpose— There is inconclusive evidence of the effectiveness of the Stroke Family Support Organiser (FSO) service. We report the results from a randomized controlled trial of the service.

Methods— Stroke patients admitted to hospital and their informal caregivers were randomly allocated to receive the FSO service (n=126) or standard care (n=124). Outcome assessments were undertaken 4 and 9 months after recruitment with the General Health Questionnaire 12, Carer Strain Index, Barthel Index, Extended Activities of Daily Living scale, and a specially designed questionnaire to determine knowledge of stroke and satisfaction with services.

Results— There were no significant differences between groups in patients' mood and independence in personal or instrumental activities of daily living or caregivers' mood, strain, or independence. Patients in the intervention group were significantly more knowledgeable about whom to contact for stroke information, reducing the risk of stroke, practical help, community services, and emotional support. Patients in the intervention group were also significantly more satisfied with the stroke information received. Caregivers in the intervention group were significantly more knowledgeable about whom to contact for information on stroke, reducing the risk of stroke, community services, and emotional support. Caregivers in the intervention group were also significantly more satisfied with stroke information.

Conclusions— The FSO service had no significant effect on mood, independence in activities of daily living, or reduction in caregiver strain, but it did increase knowledge of stroke and satisfaction with that knowledge. The results may not be representative of all FSO services, and the sample was small relative to the heterogeneity of the participants. However, results suggest that the policies and training procedures of FSOs need to be evaluated to ensure that a cost-effective service is being provided to stroke patients and their caregivers.

Many studies have shown that, for families who are given the diagnosis of a disability, satisfaction with disclosure is an important element. Information given and the attitudes of the disclosing health professionals during this critical period have a significant effect on the coping and adaptation of the family. While most studies dealt with conditions involving intellectual disability or cancer, this study was conducted to explore parents' experience of being told that their child had a condition, such as a bone dysplasia, that would result in significant short stature. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 families who had children diagnosed with a bone dysplasia, specifically, achondroplasia (n = 9) and pseudoachondroplasia (n = 2). Families were recruited through the Bone Dysplasia Clinic at the Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, Australia and via contact with the Short Statured People's Association of Victoria. Parents were asked about how they were told of their child's diagnosis, how they would have preferred to have been told, and what would have made the experience less distressing for them. Transcripts of the interviews were analyzed, and major themes were identified relating to the parents' experiences. Our data suggest that the manner in which the diagnosis is conveyed to the parents plays a significant role in their adjustment and acceptance. Provision of written information relating to the condition, possible medical complications, positive outlook for their child's future, and how to find social services and supports were some of the most significant issues for the parents. The multidisciplinary approach of the Bone Dysplasia Clinic was important to parents in the continued management of the families.

Many studies have shown that, for families who are given the diagnosis of a disability, satisfaction with disclosure is an important element. Information given and the attitudes of the disclosing health professionals during this critical period have a significant effect on the coping and adaptation of the family. While most studies dealt with conditions involving intellectual disability or cancer, this study was conducted to explore parents' experience of being told that their child had a condition, such as a bone dysplasia, that would result in significant short stature. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 families who had children diagnosed with a bone dysplasia, specifically, achondroplasia (n = 9) and pseudoachondroplasia (n = 2). Families were recruited through the Bone Dysplasia Clinic at the Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, Australia and via contact with the Short Statured People's Association of Victoria. Parents were asked about how they were told of their child's diagnosis, how they would have preferred to have been told, and what would have made the experience less distressing for them. Transcripts of the interviews were analyzed, and major themes were identified relating to the parents' experiences. Our data suggest that the manner in which the diagnosis is conveyed to the parents plays a significant role in their adjustment and acceptance. Provision of written information relating to the condition, possible medical complications, positive outlook for their child's future, and how to find social services and supports were some of the most significant issues for the parents. The multidisciplinary approach of the Bone Dysplasia Clinic was important to parents in the continued management of the families.

Parents of 22 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, and receiving care in a secure forensic setting, were interviewed to elicit their views on the causes of the disorder, the emotional burden and the helpfulness of others when seeking support. Pathological parenting theories of causation were rated the least important, and biological and life-event models the most. Stress, loss and fear were the most commonly reported reactions. Violence, withdrawal and verbal aggression were most often identified as behaviours causing difficulty. Many participants felt guilt, usually in the absence of being blamed. Family members and self-help groups were recalled as being of most help, and professional staff were considered to be of least help. Parenting a son or daughter with schizophrenia frequently causes considerable emotional distress, often with perception of unhelpful responses from professional staff. Parents often blame themselves for the disorder, even when not blamed by others. Guilt does not appear to arise from belief in a pathological parenting model of schizophrenia. Factors contributing to self-blame in this group are discussed, together with suggestions for appropriate therapeutic intervention.

Because "substance abuse" is a "family disease" of lifestyle, including both genetic and family environmental causes, effective family strengthening prevention programs should be included in all comprehensive substance abuse prevention activities. This article presents reviews of causal models of substance use and evidence-based practices. National searches by the authors suggest that there is sufficient research evidence to support broad dissemination of five highly effective family strengthening approaches (e.g., behavioral parent training, family skills training, in-home family support, brief family therapy, and family education). Additionally, family approaches have average effect sizes two to nine time larger than child-only prevention approaches. Comprehensive prevention programs combining both approaches produced much larger effect sizes. The Strengthening Families Program (SFP) is the only one of these programs that has been replicated with positive results by independent researchers with different cultural groups and with different ages of children. Few research-based programs have been adopted by practitioners, partly because of technology transfer issues. Overall, research on ways to improve dissemination, marketing, training, and funding is needed to improve adoption of effective prevention programs.

Funktionsnedsättningar som medför någon form av begränsningar i tillvaron utgör funktionshinder. I denna rapport redovisas levnadsförhållanden för personer med olika typer av funktionsnedsättningar. Det gäller dels ett antal medicinska sjukdomar, dels några grupper som definierats just utifrån sina funktionsbegränsningar.Rapporten är indelad i två delar där den första behandlar levnadsförhållanden för personer i normalt yrkesverksam ålder, 25-64 år, och den senare förhållanden för personer i pensionsålder, 65-84 år. I ett inledande kapitel redovisas också hur vanligt förekommande olika kombinationer av funktionsnedsättningar är. I rapporten jämförs de funktionsnedsattas förhållanden i slutet av 90-talet med förhållandena tio år tidigare, dvs. före och i slutet av ett årtionde som kännetecknades av stora problem på arbetsmarknaden och besparingar i den offentliga sektorn.

Funktionsnedsättningar som medför någon form av begränsningar i tillvaron utgör funktionshinder. I denna rapport redovisas levnadsförhållanden för personer med olika typer av funktionsnedsättningar. Det gäller dels ett antal medicinska sjukdomar, dels några grupper som definierats just utifrån sina funktionsbegränsningar.Rapporten är indelad i två delar där den första behandlar levnadsförhållanden för personer i normalt yrkesverksam ålder, 25-64 år, och den senare förhållanden för personer i pensionsålder, 65-84 år. I ett inledande kapitel redovisas också hur vanligt förekommande olika kombinationer av funktionsnedsättningar är. I rapporten jämförs de funktionsnedsattas förhållanden i slutet av 90-talet med förhållandena tio år tidigare, dvs. före och i slutet av ett årtionde som kännetecknades av stora problem på arbetsmarknaden och besparingar i den offentliga sektorn.

Carlbeck-kommittén har till uppgift att se över utbildningen för barn, ungdomar och vuxna med utvecklingsstörning. Delbetänkandet För den jag är om utbildning och utvecklingstörning (SOU: 2003: 35), är en beskrivning och kartläggning av hur utbildningen för barn, ungdomar och vuxna ser ut i dag.

Kommitténs uppgift är att hitta vägar att stärka utbildningen för barn, ungdomar och vuxna med utvecklingstörning med det övergripande målet att åstadkomma en inkluderande skola och en inkluderande undervisning.

Internet kan ge bra stöd i föräldrarollen visar ny studie från Statens folkhälsoinstitut. Delrapport från uppdraget om föräldrastöd. Under utredningstiden har flera delrapporter tagits fram. Delrapporterna är "Föräldrastöd i Sverige år 2002", "Verklig gemenskap i en virtuell värld?", "Stöd till föräldrar för att främja barns och ungdomars psykiska hälsa" och slutrapporten "Nya verktyg för föräldrar".

This paper describes the rationale, content, and preliminary data on outcome effectiveness of a therapeutic curriculum designed for groups of children from highly conflicted and violent families, implemented in family agency and school settings. Data for 223 children (ages 5–14 years, most of whom were from single-parent, indigent, ethnic minority families) who participated in the study indicate that the majority had been exposed to multiple types of stressful and traumatic events. These include separation and loss of a parent or caretaker, exposure to spousal and child abuse, neighborhood violence, and having a family member in trouble with the law. The absence of a control group makes it difficult to determine to what extent the positive outcomes can be attributed to the group intervention. However, a pre- and post-assessment of the children's behavioral problems and social competence by clinicians, teachers, and parents showed significant improvement in their functioning over a six-month follow-up. Conclusions are drawn as to the basic elements of group interventions that are ecologically and economically.

Faderskap är en familjepolitisk angelägenhet där staten går in och intervenerar och på så sätt fostrar fäder. Tyngdpunkten ligger på att uppmuntra fadersnärvaro och att förmå frånvarande fäder att ta ansvar för sina barn. Detta ger oss en bild av vad som uppfattas som bra fäder och vad som avviker från normen. Den sociala barnavården är en kontext som verkar inom den socialpolitiska, men på ett mer direkt sätt griper in i individens liv. I litteratur och forskning inom socialt arbete framstår ifrågasatta fäder som frånvarande i dubbel bemärkelse. Att de knappast syns i litteraturen förstärker en allmän uppfattning om att fäder till socialt utsatta barn är frånvarande även för sina barn. Många fäder är förvisso frånvarande, men en annan anledning till att ifrågasatta fäder inte syns är modersfixering och kvinnodominans inom den sociala barnavården. I avhandlingen presenteras olika bilder av ett faderskap som är relativt outforskat, nämligen ifrågasatta fäder, alltså fäder vars barn utretts av sociala myndigheter. Utifrån studier av 40 barnavårdsutredningar och intervjuer med 13 socialsekreterare (på två socialkontor) och 19 pappor ges bl.a. svar på vad det står skrivet om fäder i socialtjänstens utredningar; hur socialsekreterare ser på sitt arbete vad gäller fäder; samt hur pappor till socialt utsatta barn upplever sitt eget faderskap, relationen till sina barn och kontakten med sociala myndigheter. Bilderna av ifrågasatt faderskap i de tre delstudierna, men i synnerhet de bilder som kom fram i intervjuerna med socialsekreterarna och papporna, präglas av kluvenhet och ambivalens. Det beror på olikheter mellan den familjepolitiska kontexten och den kontext som den sociala barnavården omfattas av, i tolkningarna av vad som är barns bästa när det gäller kontakt med sina fäder. Bilden av fäder i barnavårdsutredningarna framstod som fragmentarisk och bristfällig, men i den information som fanns framkom en uppfattning om att barn behöver fäder. De bilder som skymtade fram var av fäder som å ena sidan närvarande, ansvarsfulla, och till glädje för barnet, å andra sidan oansvariga, våldsamma, i konflikt med barnets mor, skrämmande, frånvarande och efterlängtade. Jag urskiljde tre teman för vad ett gott faderskap innebär. Dessa är närvaro, ansvar och gränssättning. Genom att involvera fäderna i utredningen och dokumentera det, visade socialsekreterarna att de lever upp till vad som förväntas av dem utifrån den generella socialpolitiska diskursen om fäder, nämligen att stärka fäders relation till sina barn. Å andra sidan har socialsekreterarna eget handlingsutrymme att avgöra om fäder ska kontaktas eller inte i de fall de inte är vårdnadshavare. Bilden av fäder i intervjuerna med socialsekreterarna präglades av ambivalens mellan de olika tolkningarna av barns bästa. Det handlar å ena sidan om en uppfattning om barns bästa utifrån socialpolitiska intentioner. Utifrån detta framhöll socialsekreterarna umgänge mellan barn och far som viktigt. Å andra sidan handlar det om att barn kan behöva skyddas från sina fäder, vilket är den verklighet som socialsekreterarna också möter i sitt arbete. Samtidigt visade sig också en kluvenhet mellan upprätthållandet av den traditionella respektive den moderna fadern genom att socialsekreterarna upprätthöll traditionella könsrollsmönster samtidigt som de försökte fostra moderna fäder. De hade snarlika bedömningskriterier för fäder och mödrar. Dessa baserades på föreställningar om modrande egenskaper. De ställde emellertid lägre krav på fäderna eftersom de inte förväntades uppnå dem i samma utsträckning som mödrarna. I intervjuerna med socialsekreterarna återkom de tre temana för gott faderskap, nämligen närvaro, ansvar och gränssättning. Men även ett fjärde tema blev tydligt, nämligen att barn behöver sina fäder för att ha tillgång till en manlig förebild. Socialarbetarkåren består mestadels av kvinnor. Kvinnodominansen inom den sociala barnavården sågs som ett problem samtidigt som några socialsekreterare menade att skillnader i ålder eller etniskt ursprung var lika betydelsefullt som kön i deras kontakt med fäder. Socialsekreterarna uttryckte acceptans för avvikande beteende hos fäderna. Vilka beteenden som accepterades var olika i A-by respektive B-stad beroende på vilka fäder de mötte. Socialsekreterarna i A-by hade mest frånvarande fäder att förhålla sig till. I B-stad mötte socialsekreterarna nästan bara närvarande invandrarfäder. Jag menar att socialsekreterarnas kontakt med invandrarfäder har betydelse för sättet att betrakta faderskap och att det innebär ett annat slags socialt arbete med fäder i B-stad än i A-by. B-stads möte med aktiva (i flera fall alltför aktiva) invandrarfäder och även misshandlande invandrarfäder gav en annan bild av fäder och innebar en annan verklighet att förhålla sig till än den i A-by. Pappornas bild av sitt eget faderskap präglas också av kluvenhet och ambivalens. Papporna känner sig missförstådda av sociala myndigheter. De uttryckte desperation, maktlöshet och kände sig stämplade. De måste kämpa för att få vara aktiva och närvarande fäder för sina barn och att bli sedda som det. Dessutom ifrågasätter flera av papporna sig själva som fäder. I synnerhet de pappor som missbrukar eller har missbrukat är näst intill skoningslösa i beskrivningarna av sig själva och hur de har behandlat sina barn. Flera hade erfarit att barn är oförenligt med missbruk. Det innebar antingen att de var känslomässigt frånvarande för barnen trots att de var fysiskt närvarande eller att de var fysiskt frånvarande. Pappornas bilder är färgade av stark längtan efter Svenssonliv d.v.s. kärnfamiljsliv. Jag menar att papporna i vissa avseenden kan ses som marginaliserade. Å andra sidan ger papporna en bild av sig själva som normala fäder. De beskriver gott faderskap som att vara närvarande, aktiva, manliga förebilder och att kunna sätta gränser, men de gör det i en annorlunda betydelse än socialsekreterarna. Flera av dem menar att de lever upp till det, även om det är svårt ibland. Liksom fäder i allmänhet, känner de osäkerhet i sin fadersroll och menar att relationen till sina egna fäder haft betydelse, men kanske använder papporna i större utsträckning sina egna fäder som negativt exempel. Modern hade större betydelse än väntat. De flesta var glada för att bli pappor, var med vid förlossningen och beskrev den med mycket positiva ord. De menade att de mognat med faderskapet och att livet fått en annan mening. Barnen hade en viktig plats i deras liv och de upplevde att de betyder mycket för sina barn och att de är viktiga som pappor för dem. Förutom närvaro, ansvar, gränssättning och förebilder, betonar papporna känslomässiga aspekter som viktiga för faderskapet. Bilden av det normala faderskapet betyder sannolikt mer för pappor med en fot i marginalen. Svenssonlivet framställs på ett idealiserat sätt och ett näst intill ouppnåeligt mål. Det kan uppstå svårigheter med gränssättning gentemot barnen när papporna ska ta igen tidigare brister i faderskapet. De upplever en kluvenhet mellan missbruk och barn och känner oro och skuld inför sina barn. Samtidigt ser de att deras erfarenheter som ifrågasatta fäder har fört med sig värdefulla erfarenheter som inte fäder i allmänhet har. Avhandlingen visar att bilden av fäder till socialt utsatta barn som huvudsakligen frånvarande är missvisande. Snarare finns det en variation som är svår att se utan att tala med fäderna själva. Mer kunskap om fädernas perspektiv och socialtjänstens bilder av ifrågasatt faderskap kan leda till en bättre kommunikation mellan fäder och socialtjänsten. Det kan i sin tur stärka socialt utsatta barns livssammanhang.

Background  This study interviewed mothers (n= 17) of children aged 4 years and under with severe/profound intellectual disability, some with attendant complex medical, life-limiting conditions.

Methods  The study explored the mothers' views of the usefulness of the financial, practical and emotional supports being offered to them and their suggestions for service improvements.

Results  The study reveals these mothers to be engaged in stressful but skilled care of their children with a clear wish to continue caring for their child in the family home. Mothers frequently referred to the process of gaining useful information on services as 'haphazard' and most of the services offered to them as uncoordinated, unreliable and difficult to access. The study reveals that many of these children's needs are not being adequately met by either the intellectual disability services or the acute medical services, and some families are forced to privately finance services such as physiotherapy and speech therapy.

Conclusions  The data reveal that mothers want services offered to them in their own home, particularly short home-based respite, which would offer them short breaks to rest or engage in part-time employment. The study concludes that a reliable and flexible service response, including a comprehensive information and advocacy support is indicated for these families.

Psykiatrireformen trädde i kraft 1995. Reformen syftade till att förbättra livssituationen för personer med psykiska funktionshinder och öka deras möjligheter till gemenskap och delaktighet i samhället. Reformen omfattar främst personer som bedöms ha långvariga och allvarliga funktionsnedsättningar p.g.a. en psykisk sjukdom och som är i behov av stöd-, vård- och rehabiliteringsinsatser för att få en bättre livssituation. De åtgärder som föreslogs i propositionen skulle inriktas på att ge ett mer effektivt och samordnat samhällsstöd till målgruppen. Kommunernas ansvar förtydligades när det gäller att planera och samordna de insatser som personer med psykiska funktionshinder behövde. Förtydligas gjorde också kommunernas ansvar för att utveckla boendeformer och verksamheter för sysselsättning.

Regeringen konstaterade dock 2003 att det fortfarande finns brister i den psykiatriska vården och den sociala omsorgen. I oktober 2003 tillkallade därför regeringen (dir. 2003:133) en nationell psykiatrisamordnare med uppgift att se över väsentliga frågor inom vård, social omsorg och rehabilitering av psykiskt sjuka och personer med psykiska funktionshinder.

Socialstyrelsens utvärdering av psykiatrireformen (1999) visade att den hade fått en god start men ännu inte "satt sig". Det ansågs dock viktigt att reformarbetet fortsatte på bred front både lokalt och nationellt. I utvärderingen konstaterades vidare att det behövdes en aktiv, tydlig och sammanhållen tillsyn för att stödja en god verksamhetsutveckling.

Inom ramen för det Nationella programmet för tillsyn över socialtjänsten togs 2001 ett första steg till en utveckling av tillsynen i denna riktning. Länsstyrelserna och Socialstyrelsen beslutade då att kraftsamla sina resurser i en gemensam tillsyn över kommunernas insatser för personer med psykiska funktionshinder. Även kommunernas ansvar för hälso- och sjukvård har ingått i tillsynen. Kraftsamlingen har genomförts i form av ett tillsynsprojekt under åren 2002–2004. Samtliga tjugoen länsstyrelser har deltagit, dock i olika omfattning. Fyra delgranskningar har genomförts:

Tillsyn av samtliga kommuners planering av verksamheten för personer med psykiska funktionshinder på ledningsnivå, våren 2002.
Tillsyn av socialtjänstens arbete med enskilda personer med psykiska funktionshinder i ett urval av kommuner, 2002–2003.
Tillsyn av kvalitet och innehåll i verksamheter för boende och sysselsättning i ett urval av kommuner, 2002–2003.
Uppföljning av den första delundersökningen på några problemområden, hösten 2004.
För att åstadkomma en kraftsamling krävs även en samverkan mellan den sociala tillsynens aktörer och tillsynen över kommunernas hälso- och sjukvård. För det senare svarar Socialstyrelsens sex regionala tillsynsenheter. Även kommunernas ansvar för viss hälso- och sjukvård ingår därför i tillsynen.

Projektet har haft expertstöd från Socialpsykiatriskt kunskapscentrum i Västerbotten. En referensgrupp till tillsynsprojektet med representanter från Riksförbundet för Social och Mental Hälsa (RSMH) och Schizofreniförbundet har följt tillsynen och deltagit i såväl planeringen av tillsynsprojektet som i analysen av resultatet.

Tillsynsfrågor
De områden som granskats i tillsynen utgår från kommunernas ansvar för personer med psykiska funktionshinder. Huvudfrågan i tillsynen har varit: Är verksamheten så beskaffad att tillräckligt goda förutsättningar skapas för att personer med psykiska funktionshinder "får möjlighet att delta i samhällets gemenskap och att leva som andra" (5 kap. 7 § SoL)? Fyra huvudfrågor har ansetts vara centrala för tillsynen. De är:

Tar kommunerna sitt ansvar för att skaffa sig kännedom om personer med psykiska funktionshinder och nå de personer som har behov av socialtjänstens insatser?
Tar kommunerna sitt ansvar att styra och planera sin verksamhet för personer med psykiska funktionshinder?
Tar kommunerna sitt ansvar att tillhandahålla ett varierat utbud av insatser med god kvalitet?
Tar kommunerna sitt ansvar för att enskilda personer med psykiska funktionshinder får ett behovsstyrt, samordnat och rättssäkert stöd?

Is early preventive intervention effective in enhancing parental sensitivity and infant attachment security, and if so, what type of intervention is most successful? Seventy studies were traced, producing 88 intervention effects on sensitivity (n = 7,636) and/or attachment (n = 1,503). Randomized interventions appeared rather effective in changing insensitive parenting (d = 0.33) and infant attachment insecurity (d = 0.20). The most effective interventions used a moderate number of sessions and a clear-cut behavioral focus in families with, as well as without, multiple problems. Interventions that were more effective in enhancing parental sensitivity were also more effective in enhancing attachment security, which supports the notion of a causal role of sensitivity in shaping attachment.

Manual explains the development, standardization, applications, and profiles for the ASEBA adult forms. Also provides reliability and validity data, problem prevalence rates, scale scores, scoring instruments, and answers to common questions. 232 pages.

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Little is known about the effect of parental bereavement on physical health. We investigated whether the death of a child increased mortality in parents.
METHODS:
We undertook a follow-up study based on national registers. From 1980 to 1996, we enrolled 21062 parents in Denmark who had a child who had died (exposed cohort), and 293745 controls--ie, parents whose children were alive, and whose family structure matched that of the exposed cohort. Natural deaths were defined with ICD8 codes 0000-7969 and ICD10 codes A00-R99, and unnatural deaths with codes 8000-9999 and V01-Y98. We used Cox's proportional-hazards regression models to assess the mortality rate of parents up to 18 years after bereavement.
FINDINGS:
We observed an increased overall mortality rate in mothers whose child had died (hazards ratio 1.43, 95% CI 1.24-1.64; p<0.0001). An excess mortality from natural causes (1.44, 1.15-1.78; p<0.0001) was noted in mothers only during the 10th-18th year of follow-up. Mothers had increased mortality rates from unnatural causes throughout follow-up, with the highest rate recorded during the first 3 years (3.84, 2.48-5.88; p<0.0001). Bereaved fathers had only an early excess mortality from unnatural causes (1.57, 1.06-2.32; p=0.04). Mothers who lost a child due to an unnatural death or an unexpected death had a hazard ratio of 1.72 (1.38-2.15; p=0.0040) and 1.67 (1.37-2.03; p=0.0037), respectively.
INTERPRETATION:
The death of a child is associated with an overall increased mortality from both natural and unnatural causes in mothers, and an early increased mortality from unnatural causes in fathers.

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Growing up with one parent has become increasingly common, and seems to entail disadvantages in terms of socioeconomic circumstances and health. We aimed to investigate differences in mortality, severe morbidity, and injury between children living in households with one adult and those living in households with two adults.
METHODS:
In this population-based study, we assessed overall and cause-specific mortality between 1991 and 1998 and risk of admission between 1991 and 1999 for 65085 children with single parents and 921257 children with two parents. We estimated relative risks by Poisson regression, adjusted for factors that might be presumed to select people into single parenthood, and for other factors, mainly resulting from single parenthood, that might have affected the relation between type of parenting and risk.
FINDINGS:
Children with single parents showed increased risks of psychiatric disease, suicide or suicide attempt, injury, and addiction. After adjustment for confounding factors, such as socioeconomic status and parents' addiction or mental disease, children in single-parent households had increased risks compared with those in two-parent households for psychiatric disease in childhood (relative risk for girls 2.1 [95% CI 1.9-2.3] and boys 2.5 [2.3-2.8]), suicide attempt (girls 2.0 [1.9-2.2], boys 2.3 [2.1-2.6]), alcohol-related disease (girls 2.4 [2.2-2.7], boys 2.2 [2.0-2.4]), and narcotics-related disease (girls 3.2 [2.7-3.7], boys 4.0 [3.5-4.5]). Boys in single-parent families were more likely to develop psychiatric disease and narcotics-related disease than were girls, and they also had a raised risk of all-cause mortality.
CONCLUSIONS:
Growing up in a single-parent family has disadvantages to the health of the child. Lack of household resources plays a major part in increased risks. However, even when a wide range of demographic and socioeconomic circumstances are included in multivariate models, children of single parents still have increased risks of mortality, severe morbidity, and injury.

Background
Growing up with one parent has become increasingly common, and seems to entail disadvantages in terms of socioeconomic circumstances and health. We aimed to investigate differences in mortality, severe morbidity, and injury between children living in households with one adult and those living in households with two adults.

Methods
In this population-based study, we assessed overall and cause-specific mortality between 1991 and 1998 and risk of admission between 1991 and 1999 for 65 085 children with single parents and 921 257 children with two parents. We estimated relative risks by Poisson regression, adjusted for factors that might be presumed to select people into single parenthood, and for other factors, mainly resulting from single parenthood, that might have affected the relation between type of parenting and risk.

Findings
Children with single parents showed increased risks of psychiatric disease, suicide or suicide attempt, injury, and addiction. After adjustment for confounding factors, such as socioeconomic status and parents' addiction or mental disease, children in single-parent households had increased risks compared with those in two-parent households for psychiatric disease in childhood (relative risk for girls 2·1 [95% CI 1·9–2·3] and boys 2·5 [2·3–2·8]), suicide attempt (girls 2·0 [1·9–2·2], boys 2·3 [2·1–2·6]), alcohol-related disease (girls 2·4 [2·2–2·7], boys 2·2 [2·0–2·4]), and narcotics-related disease (girls 3·2 [2·7–3·7], boys 4·0 [3·5–4·5]). Boys in single-parent families were more likely to develop psychiatric disease and narcotics-related disease than were girls, and they also had a raised risk of all-cause mortality.

Conclusions
Growing up in a single-parent family has disadvantages to the health of the child. Lack of household resources plays a major part in increased risks. However, even when a wide range of demographic and socioeconomic circumstances are included in multivariate models, children of single parents still have increased risks of mortality, severe morbidity, and injury.

Det här är en bok om och hennes familj. My-Elins mamma är också som mammor är mest: snäll, glad och litet tjatig. Men ibland blir mamma jättetrött. Hon har en sjukdom som kallas MS. Den gör att armar och ben inte gör som hon vill. Ibland ser hon konstiga saker och ibland glömmer hon. Sjukdomen gör att allt inte går som planerat i My-Elins familj.

ormaliseringsprincipen handlar om funktionshindrades rätt till livsvillkor och vardagsmönster som ligger så nära de normala som möjligt. Sedan principen formulerades av Bengt Nirje i slutet av 1960-talet har den haft ett stort inflytande på handikappolitiken både i Sverige och i andra länder. Nirje har under årens lopp i artiklar på engelska presenterat och utvecklat principen. I denna bok presenteras dessa artiklar i uppdaterat skick för första gången på svenska och samlade i ett verk.

Principen utgår från att alla individers jämlikhet med den därav följande etiken som grund under livets gång. Särskilt nyskapande blev Nirjes betoning av utvecklingsstördas rätt till självbestämmande.

Principen är tvärvetenskaplig och kan därför studeras av högskolestuderande inom pedagogik, psykologi, socialpsykologi, kulturantropologi, sociologi samt omsorgsvetenskap. Den kan även vara av intresse för yrkesverksamma samt föräldrar till funktionshindrade.

Normaliseringsprincipen sätts i ett inledande kapitel in i sitt historiska sammanhang av Mårten Söder, som i ett avslutande kapitel även diskuterar dess betydelse för handikappolitik och handikappforskning.

There is surprisingly little good-quality evidence for the effectiveness of family systemic interventions with child and adolescent depression given the prevalence of depression and the demonstrated association with a range of family factors. What studies there are suggest the possibility of family therapy being an effective intervention but more research is needed before firm conclusions may be drawn. Family interventions may be more effective in children than in adolescents and where other family members are depressed. It is possible that family interventions continue to bring about improvement in symptoms after cessation of treatment. What research there is evaluates older structural models of therapy: there is a real need for more evaluation of newer models of practice.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), including Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and related disorders such as Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND) are the most common form of developmental disability and birth defects in the western world. Early recognition and accurate diagnosis by mental health professionals remains a key issue. This article reviews history, mechanisms of alcohol exposure, epidemiology, diagnosis and management of FASD.

This article presents the results of a retrospective multiple-case pilot study (6 families: 4 Caucasian and 2 African American) designed to uncover how parents and their adolescent children (ages 11-18) were affected by non-terminal parental cancer, and how they adjusted to and coped with cancer. Drawing from phenomenology and the collective case study approach, findings suggest that parents were often unaware of the stress and overwhelming feelings of sadness and fear their adolescent children were experiencing. Often the adolescent children tried to protect their parents by not sharing their feelings openly with them; this was particularly so for the oldest offspring in the family. These findings provide important insights for healthcare professionals in serving this often-neglected population of families more effectively.

OBJECTIVE:
The present study examined the relation between parental ADHD symptomatology and parent-child behavior among 46 mothers and 26 fathers of ADHD children.

RESULTS:
Fathers' self-reports of inattention and impulsivity were strongly associated with self-reports of lax parenting both before and after parent training, and with self-reports of overreactivity after parent training. Fathers' impulsivity was also associated with more arguing during audiotaped observations of parent-child interactions prior to parent training. Mothers' self-reports of inattention were modestly associated with self-reports of laxness before and after parent training. Prior to parent training, there were non-linear relations between mothers' inattention and observations of mother-child behavior, with mothers who reported moderate levels of inattention engaging in the most negative parent-child interactions. After parent training, these relations were linear, with the mothers who reported the most inattention engaging in the most negative parent-child interactions. These results were weakened but were generally still significant when parental depression and alcohol use were controlled.

Developing peer relationships in school is an essential part of growing up. Many children who have little or no functional speech are provided with augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems such as speech synthesizers and books and charts of symbols/pictures/words. Such children face many barriers to communication and to developing peer relationships. To date there exists little understanding of the characteristics of interaction between children using AAC and their speaking peers. This paper reports findings from an analysis of interactions between 12 children with physical disabilities using AAC systems and their speaking peers in school. Analysis identifies the primary structures, functions, and modes of communication used by both partners in one-to-one conversation.

Different types of expressive therapies permit bereaved children to express and process their feelings through a variety of child‐friendly non‐verbal methods such as art, creative writing, and music. The selection of a particular method depends on considerations related to the particular needs of each child, the circumstances of the death, and the family/community narrative about it. This article demonstrates how expressive therapies may be used in individual, family, or group sessions which, through play and other modes of expression, provide children with an opportunity to communicate feelings about and reactions to their bereavement experiences in symbolic form.

BACKGROUND:
Computers have been used for a number of years in neuropsychological assessment to facilitate the scoring, interpretation, and administration of a variety of commonly used tests. There has been recent interest in applying computerized technology to pediatric neuropsychological assessment, which poses unique demands based on the need to interpret performance relative to the child's developmental level.
FINDINGS:
However, pediatric neuropsychologists have tended to implement computers in the scoring, but not administration, of tests. This trend is changing based on the work of experimental neuropsychologists who frequently combine data obtained from test batteries with lesion or neuroimaging data allowing descriptions of brain-behavior relations to be made with increasing confidence. One such battery is the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB), and current studies in which the CANTAB has been used to measure executive functions in children are reviewed.
CONCLUSIONS:
Computerized batteries of this type can record aspects of performance that are difficult for psychometrists to achieve, and these may reflect activity in developing neural networks with more sensitivity than can be achieved with traditional tests. However, before computerized test administration becomes a routine part of pediatric neuropsychological assessment, several obstacles must be overcome. Despite these limitations, it is concluded that computerized assessment can improve the field by facilitating the collection of normative and clinical data.

OBJECTIVE:
To compare the prevalence of psychological disorders in parents of young children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid disruptive behavior disorders (DBD).
METHOD:
Subjects included 98 three- to seven-year-old children with DSM-IV ADHD (68 with ADHD and comorbid oppositional defiant or conduct disorder [ADHD+ODD/CD]) and 116 non-ADHD comparison children recruited in 1995-96 during the first wave of a longitudinal study. Biological mothers were administered interviews to assess ADHD and DBD in their children and mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders in themselves. In addition, they were queried about symptoms of childhood ADHD and DBD, and antisocial personality disorder in themselves and their children's biological fathers.
RESULTS:
Child ADHD was associated with increased rates of maternal and paternal childhood ADHD relative to comparison children. Child ADHD+ODD/CD was associated with maternal mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and stimulant/cocaine dependence, and paternal childhood DBD. Mothers of children with ADHD+ODD/CD also reported increased drinking problems in their children's fathers.
CONCLUSIONS:
These findings indicate that many young children with ADHD, particularly those with comorbid ODD/CD, require comprehensive services to address both their ADHD and the mental health needs of their parents.

OBJECTIVE:
To compare the prevalence of psychological disorders in parents of young children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid disruptive behavior disorders (DBD).
METHOD:
Subjects included 98 three- to seven-year-old children with DSM-IV ADHD (68 with ADHD and comorbid oppositional defiant or conduct disorder [ADHD+ODD/CD]) and 116 non-ADHD comparison children recruited in 1995-96 during the first wave of a longitudinal study. Biological mothers were administered interviews to assess ADHD and DBD in their children and mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders in themselves. In addition, they were queried about symptoms of childhood ADHD and DBD, and antisocial personality disorder in themselves and their children's biological fathers.
RESULTS:
Child ADHD was associated with increased rates of maternal and paternal childhood ADHD relative to comparison children. Child ADHD+ODD/CD was associated with maternal mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and stimulant/cocaine dependence, and paternal childhood DBD. Mothers of children with ADHD+ODD/CD also reported increased drinking problems in their children's fathers.
CONCLUSIONS:
These findings indicate that many young children with ADHD, particularly those with comorbid ODD/CD, require comprehensive services to address both their ADHD and the mental health needs of their parents.

Känslan av total isolering i en krissituation kan ibland vara lika förödande som själva orsaken till krisen. Den som själv är drabbad eller har varit i samma situation kan bättre förstå hur det känns- det är grundtanken bakom fenomenet självhjälpsgrupper.
Journalisten Charlotte Essén har i sin bok samlat en mängd fakta kring självhjälpsgrupper: varför de behövs, hur de har utvecklats, hur de fungerar etc. Hon har även sammanställt en utförlig lista- den första i sitt slag- över alla de grupper som finns i Sverige idag, sorterade under ämnesrubriker, vilket gör boken till en användbar handbok för den som söker hjälp eller vill starta en ny grupp.

Assessment of student behavior states and contextual variables has emerged as a promising area for research and practice in the education of individuals with profound and multiple disabilities. This paper presents findings of an observational study of ten school-aged students in this population, with particular attention being paid to social and communicative variables operating in educational settings. Comparisons are made with other published studies of behavior state assessment and socio-communicative processes observed in special education programs. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to extant literature and avenues for further investigation in this field. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)

BACKGROUND:
United Kingdom legislation and clinical standards for schizophrenia challenge nurses to re-examine the support that they provide to carers. Nurses are in a key position to provide this support but may lack the necessary skills to do so. The training programme evaluated in the present study aimed to address this problem.
STUDY AIM:
To evaluate change in clinical practice brought about by post-registration training for mental health nurses in supporting carers of people diagnosed with schizophrenia.
DESIGN/METHODS:
The study was undertaken in collaboration between the Universities of Dundee and Glasgow, and Tayside National Health Service (NHS) Trust (Scotland). Respondents were nine nurses who completed training and then delivered a planned programme of support to carers. Data on nursing practice were gathered through semi-structured interviews with nurses before training and after providing support. Following the support intervention, carers also commented on the nurses' practice.
FINDINGS:
Eight of the nine nurses reported changes in practice in five key areas: They built collaborative relationships with carers, developed a carer focused approach to their practice, acknowledged and supported the carer role, and made progress in identifying carer needs and accessing resources to meet these needs. Nurses experienced difficulties supporting carers who had mental health problems or previous negative experiences of services. Those who lacked community experience also found it difficult to adjust to working in a community setting. Although clinical supervision helped them to work through these difficulties, they remain largely unresolved.
CONCLUSIONS:
Findings from this study indicate that appropriate training may enable nurses to improve the support provided to carers of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. This study represents an important stage in determining the nature of support offered to carers by nurses. While developed to help nurses to meet clinical standards set for schizophrenia in the UK, findings may have clinical significance for nurses in other countries.

Purpose: This study evaluated the effectiveness of telephone groups for older, spousal caregivers of stroke survivors. Method: The 88 caregivers were mostly white females who were 70 years old on average and who had been providing care for an average of 3 years. Participants were randomized to treatment or control conditions, followed for 6 months, and assessed for depression, burden, loneliness, stress, and competence. Treatment participants engaged in an eight-session psychoeducational telephone group. Results: Treatment participants showed decreased stress over time but were not significantly different from control participants in the amount of change in stress. Control participants showed a significant increase in burden during the study; treatment participants showed a significant increase in competence.

This article presents an experimental evaluation of the Family Bereavement Program (FBP), a 2-component group intervention for parentally bereaved children ages 8-16. The program involved separate groups for caregivers, adolescents, and children, which were designed to change potentially modifiable risk and protective factors for bereaved children. The evaluation involved random assignment of 156 families (244 children and adolescents) to the FBP or a self-study condition. Families participated in assessments at pretest, posttest, and 11-month follow-up. Results indicated that the FBP led to improved parenting, coping, and caregiver mental health and to reductions in stressful events at posttest. At follow-up, the FBP led to reduced internalizing and externalizing problems, but only for girls and those who had higher problem scores at baseline.

BACKGROUND:
It is unclear what the impact of parental ADHD is on the day-to-day life of the rest of the family and how it contributes to the intergenerational transmission of this disorder.

METHOD:
The psychosocial functioning of 23 spouses and 63 children of 33 families with an ADHD parent and 20 spouses and 40 children of 26 comparison families was examined. Both adults and their spouses were assessed for lifetime and current Axis I and Axis II diagnoses, present general psychiatric symptoms and their marital relationships. Children were screened for ADHD and other problems, using the C-DISC, CBLC, TRF and the Social Adjustment Inventory.

RESULTS:
Children with an ADHD parent had higher rates of psychopathology than those from comparison families. Children with ADHD had more co-morbidities than non-ADHD children. Family and marital functions were impaired in ADHD families regardless of the gender of the affected parent. Children without ADHD from families with one psychiatrically healthy parent did well while the behaviour of children with ADHD was always poor and not associated with parental mental health.

CONCLUSION:
The results underscore the strong genetic contribution to ADHD and the need to carefully assess the non-ADHD parent as they seem to influence the well-being of non-ADHD children in families with an ADHD parent.

Objective: This study investigated the role that social support plays in well-being and in coping after a stressful event in a group of non-clinical adolescents. Furthermore, this study aimed at replicating the finding that adolescents who reported sexual abuse reported more symptoms and less adequate coping strategies than adolescents who reported another type of stressful event or no stressful episode.

Method: Eight hundred and twenty adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age filled out questionnaires assessing social support (Social Support Questionnaire, Sarason, Shearin, Pierce, & Sarason, 1987), trauma-related symptoms (Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children, Briere, 1996), behavior problems (Youth Self-Report, Achenbach, 1991), and coping (How I Cope Under Pressure Scale, Ayers, Sandler, West, & Roosa, 1996).

Results: 42% of the adolescents reported a stressful experience, and 4.4% reported sexual abuse. Sexually abused adolescents reported more stress-related symptoms and used more avoidance and fewer support-seeking coping strategies than the other adolescents. The main-effect hypothesis of social support was sustained, but social support did not moderate the relation between a stressful event and coping. Yet, a trend was found suggesting that high support from the family was associated with less avoidance coping and more support-seeking in adolescents who reported a non-sexually abusive, stressful event.

Conclusions: Our findings show that a highly perceived availability of social support is directly associated with fewer trauma-related symptoms, especially in adolescents who are non-sexually abused. For adolescents who reported a sexual or another type of stressful event, social support did not play a different role in coping.

Abstract

PURPOSE:
This study describes the Swedish debate on the role of family and state in care of elderly persons. It provides empirical evidence on the shifting balance of family, state, and market in the total panorama of elderly care.
DESIGN AND METHODS:
Secondary analysis of older (1954) and more recent data sources (1994 and 2000) is used to assess living arrangements and care patterns for persons 75 years or older living in the community.
RESULTS:
Total spending on aged adults has stagnated, and institutional care is shrinking in absolute and relative terms, but public Home Help for elders in the community is decreasing even more. Family members increasingly shoulder the bulk of care, but privately purchased care also seems to expand. This study calculates how public and informal care changed between 1994 and 2000: Informal care is estimated to have provided 60% of all care to elders in the community in 1994 and 70% in 2000.

The psychometric properties of the Timeline Followback Spousal Violence interview (TLFB-SV), a calendar method used to assess daily patterns and frequency of spousal violence, were evaluated. Men (N = 104) entering a spousal violence treatment program, along with their female partners, were interviewed with the TLFB-SV at pretreatment, posttreatment, and quarterly thereafter for 1 year and asked to identify days of male-to-female and female-to-male physical aggression that had occurred between them. For posttreatment and follow-up interviews, participants maintained a weekly diary, in which they catalogued the days on which acts of spousal violence occurred. The subscale scores derived from the TLFB-SV, the proportion of days of any violence, and proportion of days of severe violence for each partner were calculated for each assessment interval. The TLFB-SV subscales had excellent temporal stability and concurrent and discriminant validity. Interpartner agreement on TLFB-SV subscale scores and agreement between partners on days when spousal violence occurred was low at pretreatment, but was high for the other assessment periods.

The population's wish to receive care in the own home instead of at a hospital fits well with the Health Services' development in the direction of increasing home healthcare even when severe illness is involved. However, when care is moved from the hospital to the home the demands for high quality care still remain. Information and telecommunication technologies used in applications which are tailored to support caregivers and patients in home healthcare, can be part of the facilitation of this development towards an increasing home healthcare service. Remote monitoring of the patient in the home can support assuring this quality of care but such monitoring involves considering several requirement areas.This thesis describes problem areas in both basic and advanced home healthcare where information technology can be a part of the solution. Further, the thesis describes requirement areas to be considered when monitoring patients in the home, both in regard to subjective and objective variables. The requirement areas, which are described in the thesis, include security, mobility, and responsibility. Network solutions for home healthcare are discussed and two information technology applications in home healthcare are described. The first application concerns diabetes care and the second application concerns the use of digital pen technology for symptom assessments in advanced palliative home healthcare.

Socialstyrelsen har haft regeringens uppdrag att kartl‰gga p vilket s‰ttlandstingens barn- och ungdomshabilitering ‰r tillg‰nglig fˆr barn och ung-domar i olika Âldrar med olika funktionshinder. Fˆr att skapa underlag fˆrarbetet har enk‰ter riktats till landstingen och till barn/ungdomar med fa-miljer som under fˆrsta halvÂret 2002 hade habiliteringsinsatser. En kvalita-tiv studie som omfattar tio familjer har ocks gjorts. Markˆr AB, ÷rebro haransvarat fˆr insamlingen och sammanst‰llningen av materialet, som finnspublicerat i tv rapporter.UtifrÂn den genomfˆrda enk‰ten till barn/ungdomar med familjer kan So-cialstyrelsen konstatera att mÂnga barn och ungdomar med funktionshinderfÂr en bra habilitering och rehabilitering. MÂnga ‰r nˆjda bÂde med innehÂll,omfattning, bemˆtande, inflytande och mˆjligheter att pÂverka. Men Social-styrelsen kan ocks konstatera att de brister som tidigare studier har visatfortfarande kvarstÂr. TillgÂngen till habilitering/rehabilitering ‰r oj‰mnt fˆr-delad, bÂde mellan olika delar i landet och mellan olika grupper av funk-tionshinder.Sammantaget ˆver landet tas alla grupper av barn/ungdomar med funk-tionshinder emot av landstingen fˆr habilitering, men en grupp som p ettst‰lle har god tillgÂng till habilitering kan i en annan del av landet saknaviktiga insatser. ƒven inom ett och samma landsting fˆrekommer betydandevariationer.TillgÂng till habilitering och rehabilitering. Grupper som vanligen hartillgÂng till habilitering/rehabilitering ‰r barn och ungdomar med utveck-lingsstˆrning, med rˆrelsehinder och med neurologiska skador och sjukdo-mar. Barn/ungdomar med brister i tillgÂng till habilitering ‰r framfˆr allt demed funktionsneds‰ttningar till fˆljd av ADHD, autismliknande tillstÂndoch autism. Barn med flera funktionshinder, medicinska funktionshinderoch vissa kommunikationshinder, t.ex. synskada och talsvÂrigheter, fÂr inteheller sina behov av habilitering/rehabilitering tillr‰ckligt v‰l tillgodosedda.Brist p underlag. Landstingen genomfˆr inga kartl‰ggningar fˆr attkunna redovisa och fˆlja vilka barn/ungdomar som har behov av habilite-ring/rehabilitering, hur mÂnga de ‰r, vilken Âlder de har eller vilka typer avfunktionshinder det ‰r frÂga om och hur behoven ser ut.Landstingen kan inte redovisa vilka resurser som riktas till habilite-ring/rehabilitering fˆr barn och ungdomar, varken i pengar eller personal.Inflytande och mˆjlighet att pÂverka. Den enskildes mˆjligheter att pÂ-verka sin habilitering/rehabilitering ‰r begr‰nsade. S‰rskilt tycks detta g‰llabarn vars fˆr‰ldrar inte ‰r fˆdda i Sverige, har lÂg utbildning och/eller lÂginkomst.Individuell habiliteringsplan. Individuella planer enligt h‰lso- och sjuk-vÂrdslagen anv‰nds s‰llan om man ser till landstingens alla verksamheter. Ifˆrsta hand ‰r det den verksamhet som ben‰mns barn- och ungdomshabilite-ring som arbetar med individuell habiliterings/rehabiliteringsplan.
8Samverkan. Det finns brister i samverkan, bÂde internt inom landstingenoch externt mellan landstingens olika verksamheter och t.ex. skolan.Rutiner fˆr kvalitetsutveckling saknas. MÂnga kliniker saknar doku-menterade rutiner fˆr att samla in information och synpunkter frÂn bar-nen/ungdomarna och deras familjer.Information. Familjerna anser ofta att den information som de fÂr frÂnlandstingen ‰r bristf‰llig.Bemˆtande. MÂnga fˆr‰ldrar upplever att det stˆd de fÂr ‰r otillr‰ckligt.Minst nˆjda med den habilitering de fÂr ‰r familjer d‰r barnet/ungdomen harflera funktionshinder. I undersˆkningen framtr‰der tydligt fˆr‰ldrarnask‰nsla av att sj‰lva tvingas vara drivande fˆr att f det stˆd som de behˆver.Personal. Fortfarande saknas tillgÂng till insatser frÂn flera yrkesgrupperfˆr att habilitering fˆr barn och ungdomar skall fungera v‰l, framfˆr alltlogopeder, men ocks psykologer, l‰kare, kuratorer och sjukgymnaster.Socialstyrelsen anser att habilitering/rehabilitering bˆr f en starkarest‰llning inom h‰lso- och sjukvÂrden.Socialstyrelsen bedˆmer att den lagstiftning som finns ‰r tillr‰cklig underfˆruts‰ttning att den till‰mpas. Socialstyrelsen bedˆmer att ytterligare utred-ning av omrÂdet i nul‰get inte skulle gagna barn och ungdomar med funk-tionshinder.Socialstyrelsen anseratt landstingen fˆr att kunna planera sin h‰lso- ochsjukvÂrd med utgÂngspunkt i befolkningens behov regelbundet bˆr genom-fˆra kartl‰ggning av vilka grupper av barn/ungdomar med funktionshindersom finns och hur deras behov ser ut.Landstingens olika verksamheter bˆr av ledningen ges tydliga uppdragom vilka grupper av funktionshindrade som de har ansvar fˆr.SjukvÂrdshuvudm‰nnen bˆr i forts‰ttningen redovisa vilka insatser somfinns fˆr olika grupper av funktionshinder i en s‰rskild organisationsplan.SjukvÂrdshuvudm‰nnen bˆr dessutom tydligt redovisa vilka resurser i formav pengar och personal som gÂr till habilitering/rehabilitering fˆr barn ochungdomar med funktionshinder.Enligt h‰lso- och sjukvÂrdslagen skall individuella habiliterings- och re-habiliteringsplaner erbjudas barn/ungdomar med funktionshinder och derasfamiljer. Det utvecklingsarbete som pÂgÂr n‰r det g‰ller individuell planenligt h‰lso- och sjukvÂrdslagen behˆver lyftas fram och fˆrst‰rkas.Kvalitetsarbetet bˆr ges en mera framtr‰dande st‰llning inom verksam-heter med ansvar fˆr habilitering/rehabilitering och hj‰lpmedel och huvud-m‰nnen bˆr stˆdja forskning och statistikinsamling inom omrÂdet.SjukvÂrdshuvudm‰nnen bˆr ocks verka fˆr att viktiga begrepp inom ha-bilitering och rehabilitering fˆrankras inom verksamheterna

The creation of large, richly annotated, multimodal corpora of human interactions is an expensive and time consuming task. Support from annotation tools that make the annotation process more efficient is required, especially if the annotation effort involves really large amounts of data. Therefore we investigated how different properties of specific annotation tasks can have an impact on the design of a tool focused on that general class of tasks. In this paper we present our view on the considerations that should drive the design of new tools geared to specific tasks. The main dimensions that we consider are: observation vs interpretation, explicit and implicit input layers, segmentation, feedback, constraints, relations and the content of the annotation elements.

Both developmental and neurophysiological research suggest a common coding between perceived and generated actions. This shared representational network is innately wired in humans. We review psychological evidence concerning the imitative behaviour of newborn human infants. We suggest that the mechanisms involved in infant imitation provide the foundation for understanding that others are 'like me' and underlie the development of theory of mind and empathy for others. We also analyse functional neuroimaging studies that explore the neurophysiological substrate of imitation in adults. We marshal evidence that imitation recruits not only shared neural representations between the self and the other but also cortical regions in the parietal cortex that are crucial for distinguishing between the perspective of self and other. Imitation is doubly revealing: it is used by infants to learn about adults, and by scientists to understand the organization and functioning of the brain.

Sedan början av 2000-talet har det skett en markant ökning av studier
gällande barn och ungdomar och Autism. Dock är det så att den mesta
forskningen fortfarande är inom det medicinska området. Endast ett
fåtal av studierna rör vuxna med Asperger syndrom (AS) som studerar
på högskola/universitet. Samtidigt sker en ökning av personer med AS
som söker högre utbildning såsom högskola/universitet, vilket gör
forskning gällande personer med diagnosen AS högaktuell. Antalet studenter
med kognitiva funktionshinder, dit AS räknas, som sökt pedagogiskt
stöd på högskola/universitet i Sverige, har ökat från 1 427 studenter
2010 till 1 943 studenter 2012. När man studerar på högskola/universitet
så finns det pedagogiska stöd att tillgå, och till vardagen
finns Lagen om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade (LSS) och
Socialtjänstlagen (SoL) som personer med AS har möjligheter att söka
stöd genom. Personer med AS kan ibland ha svårt att utnyttja stödsystem
som kräver att man själv identifierar och uttalar sina behov av stöd.
Denna avhandling fokuserar på personer med AS i högre utbildning och
stöd.
I doktorsavhandlingen ingår två studier: Studie I som är en fallstudie
och Studie II, som är en enkätstudie. Bindningspunkten för studierna är
studenter med AS som fått pedagogiskt stöd i sin utbildning vid högskola/universitet.

This paper uses the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) to analyze the relationship between the dynamics of labour force participation and informal care to the elderly for a sample of women aged 20-59 across 13 European countries. The analysis has two focal points: the relative contributions of state dependence as well as observed and unobserved heterogeneity in explaining the dynamics in women's labour force participation and the existence and consequences of non-random attrition from the ECHP. The results indicate positive state dependence in labour force participation in all 13 EU countries used in the analysis. The share of unobserved heterogeneity accounts for between 45% and 86% of the total variation in labour force participation. Informal care-giving is found to have a significant, negative impact on the probability of employment only in Germany. Nevertheless, analysis of different sub-groups indicates that the impact is largest for middle-aged women and also for single women in several EU countries.

Hur är det att vara anhörig till en psykiskt sjuk människa? Var finner jag hjälp och stöd?

Det finns oändliga mängder kunskap, också hos behandlare och ansvariga myndigheter, om hur viktigt det är att lyssna till de anhöriga. Gång på gång betonas vikten av ett gott samarbete mellan psykiatrin och de sjukas sociala nätverk. Ändå fungerar detta samarbete sällan bra i praktiken.

I Vara anhörig beskriver Åsa Moberg, författare till den mycket uppmärksammade Adams bok, med utgångspunkt i enskilda fallbeskrivningar och lokala vårdformer, olika förhållningssätt för patienter, anhöriga och närstående. Här finns också berättelser om nytänkande och fungerande vårdformer.

Depression är den vanligaste psykiska sjukdomen i Sverige.Det är en sjukdom som i hög grad påverkar alla närstående. Förändringar i vården är nödvändiga och för det behövs gemensamma mål. Ändå glöms de anhöriga ofta bort.

Idag tycks de psykiatriska diagnosernas antal tillväxa i ungefär samma takt som mängden människor med psykiska lidanden. Sker allt detta diagnosticerande på bekostnad av det stöd, som behövs för att människor med psykiska funktionshinder och deras anhöriga ska klara vardagen? Det tror Åsa Moberg.

1900-talet var det århundrade när de sjukas, "brukarnas", röster började höras. 2000-talet måste bli den tid när de anhöriga äntligen tas på allvar.

Trots att anhörigvården synliggjorts under senare år är det fortfarande många anhörigvårdare som inte är kända av kommunen och många som inte söker stöd. För att ta reda på orsaken till ovanstående förhållande har jag djupintervjuat sexton anhörigvårdare. Informationsbrist är en orsak, många vet inte att det finns hjälp att få, vadsom finns eller hurman ansöker. Att det är omständligt, att man inte orkar eller att den som vårdas inte vill ha hjälp från någon utomstående är annat som framkommit. Främst handlar det dock om att man vill klara sig själv. Anhörigvård handlar om två parter, den vårdbehövande och den friske parten – anhörigvårdaren – båda parter måste vara beredda att "öppna upp" hemmet för vårdpersonal för att hjälp i hemmet ska kunna påbörjas. Den personliga integriteten påverkas. Stöd utanför hemmet eller från den egna familjen är följaktligen det som anhörigvårdare främst önskar. Lojalitet mot den närstående gör många gånger att anhörigvårdaren utstår mer än vad som verkar vara rimligt att klara men... " – hur långt sträcker sig egentligen det äktenskapliga löftet? "Anhörigvårdare behöver sökas upp och motiveras till att söka avlösning. Givetvis bör också utbudet anpassas efter vad anhörigvårdarna verkligen efterfrågar." – Vad är då ett bra anhörigstöd? "Kanske inte bara det som erbjuds av det offentliga. När en make/maka drabbas av sjukdom kan den friske parten bli väldigt ensam om alltansvar i hemmet. Att då få hjälp med diverse praktiska vardagsgöromål kan vara ett stöd så gott som något annat. För att tillgodose detta är en utveckling av frivilligarbete liknande "Väntjänst" önskvärd.

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Cumulative risk research has established the deleterious effects of co-occurring risk factors on child behavior outcomes. However, extant literature has not addressed potential differential effects of cumulative risk at different points in development and has left open questions about whether a threshold model or a linear risk model better describes the impact of cumulative risk on behavior outcomes. The current study examined the impact of cumulative risk factors (i.e., child maltreatment, inter-parental violence, family disruption, low socioeconomic status, and high parental stress) in early and middle childhood on child behavior outcomes in adolescence.
METHODS:
Using data from an ongoing longitudinal study of at-risk urban children (N=171), the cumulative effects of these five risk factors across early and middle childhood were investigated.
RESULTS:
The findings support the cumulative risk hypothesis that the number of risks in early childhood predicts behavior problems in adolescence. Evidence for a linear but not a threshold model of cumulative risk was found; the more risks present, the worse the child outcome. Moreover, the presence of multiple risks in early childhood continues to explain variations in predicting adolescent behavior outcomes even after including the effects of risk in middle childhood.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results support the need for comprehensive prevention and early intervention efforts with high-risk children, such that there does not appear to be a point beyond which services for children are hopeless, and that every risk factor we can reduce matters.

I denna sjävbiografiska boken berättar Berny om sin uppväxt med en alkoholiserad pappa och de psykiska problem hon själv drabbades av. Man får följa hennes liv på olika behandlingshem och sjukhus och hennes kamp för att bli frisk.

This manual is easy to administer and group instructors with some basic knowledge of human responses to trauma and disaster can be selected and trained to instruct the adolescents on their writing. Together with UN organizations such as UNICEF or UNHCR, and/or with NGOs, local personnel can reach out to many adolescents by using this manual.

A meta-analysis of 63 peer-reviewed studies evaluated the ability of parent training programs to modify disruptive child behaviors and parental behavior and perceptions. This analysis extends previous work by directly comparing behavioral and nonbehavioral programs, evaluating follow-up effects, isolating dependent variables expressly targeted by parent training, and examining moderators. Effects immediately following treatment for behavioral and nonbehavioral programs were small to moderate. For nonbehavioral programs, insufficient studies precluded examining follow-up effects. For behavioral programs, follow-up effects were small in magnitude. Parent training was least effective for economically disadvantaged families; importantly, such families benefited significantly more from individually delivered parent training compared to group delivery. Including children in their own therapy, separate from parent training, did not enhance outcomes.

Rapport från barn och ungdomshabiliteringen

A chronic disorder affects all members of the family in various ways. The aim of this study is to elucidate the next of kin's (N= 36) experiences when an adult family member has muscular dystrophy. The relationships were partner (36%, n= 14), parent (18%, n= 7), child (21%, n= 8), sibling (15%, n= 6), and other relative (3%, n= 1). Latent content analysis is employed and involves an interpretation of the interviewtext. The results showthe meaning of being close to a person with muscular dystrophy through the themes that emerged: exposure of the family; the span between obligation and love; being vigilant, protective, and supportive; and striving for an ordinary life. This study reveals a need for healthcare staff to understand the next of kin's narrated meaning of changes when a family member has a progressive disease.

Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
Although the death of a parent is one of the most significant stressors a child can experience, the psychiatric sequelae of parental death are not fully understood.
METHOD:
A total of 360 parent-bereaved children (ages 6-17) and their surviving parents were directly interviewed four times during the first 2 years following the death (at 2, 6, 13, and 25 months). Data collection occurred from 1989 to 1996. Psychiatric symptomatology was compared among the bereaved children, 110 depressed children, and 128 community control children and their informant parents. Additional analyses examined simple bereavement without other stressors versus complex bereavement with other stressors and anticipated versus unanticipated death.
RESULTS:
Bereavement following parental death is associated with increased psychiatric problems in the first 2 years after death. Bereaved children are, however, less impaired than children diagnosed with clinical depression. Higher family socioeconomic status and lower surviving parents' level of depressive symptoms are associated with better outcomes. Complex bereavement was associated with a worse course, but anticipation of the death was not.
CONCLUSIONS:
Childhood bereavement from parental death is a significant stressor. Children who experience depression in combination with parental depression or in the context of other family stressors are at the most risk of depression and overall psychopathology.

Abstract
This article reports on children's experiences of hospitalization. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews with 11 children aged between seven and 14 years from four paediatric units in England. The children identified a range of fears and concerns, which included: separation from parents and family; unfamiliar environment; investigations and treatments; and loss of self-determination. The children's loss of self-determination over personal needs exacerbated their fears and concerns. It needs to be recognized that compliance with hospital routines is a variable, which influences children's reaction to hospitalization. The findings clearly indicate that children need adequate information tailored to their needs, that their views are sought in the planning and delivery of their care and that hospital environments need to be made more child-centred. Interventions designed to reduce children's stress during hospitalization are not only likely to decrease their stress at the time, but also likely to influence how future experiences are appraised and managed.

Psychosocial adjustment in children of alcoholics (COAs; N = 125) was examined before and at 3 follow-ups in the 15 months after their fathers entered alcoholism treatment. Before their fathers' treatment, COAs exhibited greater overall and clinical-level symptomatology than children from the demographically matched comparison sample, but they improved significantly following their fathers' treatment. Children of stably remitted fathers were similar to their demographic counterparts from the comparison sample and had fewer adjustment problems than children of relapsed fathers, even after accounting for children's baseline adjustment. Thus, COAs' adjustment improved when their fathers received treatment for alcoholism, and fathers' recovery from alcoholism was associated with clinically significant reductions in child problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

Findings from two studies examining the parent and child outcomes associated with different ways of conceptualizing natural learning environment early intervention practices are presented. One sample in each study was asked to indicate the extent to which early intervention practitioners implemented their interventions in everyday family or community activities, and one sample in each study was asked to indicate the extent to which everyday family or community activities were used as sources of child learning opportunities. Results from both studies showed that using everyday activities as sources of children's learning opportunities were associated with positive benefits, whereas practitioners' implementing their interventions in everyday activities showed little or no positive benefits, and in several cases, had negative consequences. Results are discussed in terms of the need to carefully consider how and in what manner natural learning environment practices are operationalized by early intervention practitioners.

Background  Research has shown that families of disabled children who have a key worker benefit from this service and recent policy initiatives emphasize the importance of such services. However, research is lacking on which characteristics of key worker schemes for disabled children are related to better outcomes for families.

Methods  A postal questionnaire was completed by 189 parents with disabled children who were receiving a service in seven key worker schemes in England and Wales. Path analysis was used to investigate associations between characteristics of the services and outcomes for families (satisfaction with the service, impact of key worker on quality of life, parent unmet need, child unmet need).

Results  The four path models showed that key workers carrying out more aspects of the key worker role, appropriate amounts of contact with key workers, regular training, supervision and peer support for key workers, and having a dedicated service manager and a clear job description for key workers were associated with better outcomes for families. Characteristics of services had only a small impact on child unmet need, suggesting that other aspects of services were affecting child unmet need.

Conclusions  Implications for policy and practice are discussed, including the need for regular training, supervision and peer support for key workers and negotiated time and resources for them to carry out the role. These influence the extent to which key workers carry out all aspects of the key worker's role and their amount of contact with families, which in turn impact on outcomes.

This study presents an analysis of mediation of the effects of the Family Bereavement Program (FBP) to improve mental health outcomes of girls at 11 months following program participation. The FBP was designed based on a theory that program-induced change in multiple child and family level mediators would lead to reductions in children's mental health problems. Mediational models were tested using a three wave and a two wave longitudinal design. Using a three wave longitudinal design, FBP effects on three variables at T2 (increased positive parenting, decreased negative events, and decreased inhibition of emotional expression) were found to mediate the effects of the FBP on mental health problems at 11-month follow-up. Using a two-wave longitudinal design, support was found for FBP effects on three additional variables at 11-month follow-up (increased positive coping, decreased negative thoughts about stressors, and decreased unknown control beliefs) to mediate program effects to reduce mental health problems at 11-month follow-up. The discussion focuses on theoretical explanations for the mediational effects and on implications for identifying "core components" of the FBP that are responsible for its effects to reduce mental health problems of girls.

Kliniska riktlinjer för personlighetsstörningar som nu presenteras är
nummer 9 i en serie av riktlinjer som framtagits i Svenska Psykiatriska
Föreningens regi sedan 1996. Tidigare har riktlinjer publicerats
med titlarna Schizofreni och schizofreniliknande tillstånd, Förstämningssjukdomar,
Ångestsyndrom, Alkoholproblem, Självmordsnära
patienter, Tvångsvård, Äldrepsykiatri och Ätstörningar. Dessa riktlinjer
kan beställas från Förlagshuset Gothia (www.gothia.verbum.se,
sök "psykiatri").
Människor med personlighetsstörningar har länge betraktats som
en svår patientgrupp då interaktionen med omgivningen ofta blir problematisk
och konfliktfylld. Personlighetsstörningar är vanligt förekommande
i den vuxna befolkningen. Prevalensen i vården är hög –
inte minst bland psykiatriska patienter – och samsjuklighet med andra
psykiatriska tillstånd är vanlig. Det finns ett stort behov av kunskap
om personlighetsstörningar, vilket gör att de kliniska riktlinjer
som nu presenteras är mycket angelägna och välkomna. Arbetsgruppen
med Lisa Ekselius i spetsen har på ett mycket förtjänstfullt sätt
åskådliggjort personlighetsstörningarnas kliniska uttryck, komplexitet
och drabbade personers subjektiva lidande. Ett av huvudsyftena
med de nu presenterade riktlinjerna är att göra personlighetsstörningarna
igenkännbara för oss alla som möter patienter med dessa tillstånd
i vår kliniska vardag. Genom att tidigt kunna identifiera personlighetsstörningar
hos patienter, kan man formulera realistiska behandlingsmål
och minska risken för att de hamnar i ofruktsamma
behandlingskontakter. Detta gäller inte minst många patienter som
behandlas för ett axel-I-syndrom. Idag finns en rad diagnostiska
5
hjälpmedel som kan underlätta identifiering av personlighetsstörningar.
Trots att det fortfarande råder brist på empirisk forskning inom
området finns det belägg för att dessa störningar går att behandla
framgångsrikt. Tydlig struktur samt värnande om den terapeutiska alliansen
mellan patient och behandlare är väsentliga för all form av behandling
av patienter med personlighetsstörningar.
Personlighetsstörningsproblematiken leder många gånger till funktionella
svårigheter i livet, känsla av utanförskap och subjektivt lidande.
Inte minst gäller det patienter med borderline personlighetsstörning,
där även risken för självskadebeteende och suicid är hög. Det är
hoppfullt att behandlingsmetoder som dialektisk beteendeterapi
(DBT) har visat sig vara effektiv för dessa patienter. Andra personlighetsstörningar,
främst antisocial personlighetsstörning, åsamkar
framför allt omgivningen lidande och problem. Ofta förvärras detta
av koppling till missbruk och leder inte sällan till våld och kriminalitet.
I dagens samhällsklimat är riskbedömning av upprepat våld en viktig
men grannlaga uppgift. Inom rättspsykiatrin, där många av dessa
patienter finns, används idag bedömningsinstrument som har visat sig
kunna bidra till säkrare bedömning av återfallsrisk. För patienter
utanför den rättspsykiatriska vården är riskbedömningsinstrumentet
osäkrare och det finns för närvarande inget som kan ersätta en samlad
klinisk bedömning. Det är dock viktigt att riskbedömningar görs
på ett så strukturerat sätt som möjligt av patienter med personlighetsstörning,
särskilt vid samtidig förekomst av missbruk.

Positive parenting was examined as a protective resource against the adverse effects of negative life events on parentally bereaved children's mental health problems. The sample consisted of 313 recently bereaved children ages 8 to 16 and their current caregiver. Both the compensatory (direct effect independent of negative life events) and the stress-buffer (interactive effect with negative life events) protective resource models were examined and child gender was explored as a moderator of both models. Results revealed evidence for the compensatory protective resource model for both child and caregiver reports of mental health problems. No evidence of the stress-buffer model or child gender as a moderator was found. Implications for the understanding of children's responses to the death of a parent and the development and implementation of preventive interventions are discussed.

The definition of the word disability has been debated for the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and the final draft will soon be submitted to the UN General Assembly for approval.1 WHO has been mandated to produce a world report on disability and rehabilitation by 2009 to collate the best evidence about the prevalence, distribution, and trends of disability and recommend action.2

The purpose of this article is to describe the impact of an intervention involving safe-laser pointing technology on six persons with locked-in syndrome. When these individuals were invited to participate in this project (4 weeks to 18 years post onset), none were able to speak and none were able to access an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device. All communicated using eye movements (e.g., looking up or down), eye blinks, dependent scanning strategies with eye movement signals, or eye linking. Following intervention with the Safe-Laser Access System, three of the six participants developed head movement sufficient to control AAC technology. Two participants continue to develop head control; however, their progress has been slowed by repeated illnesses. One participant has discontinued his involvement with the project because of medical and psychological concerns. These six participants represent consecutive referrals to the project.

The purpose of this article is to describe the impact of an intervention involving safe-laser pointing technology on six persons with locked-in syndrome. When these individuals were invited to participate in this project (4 weeks to 18 years post onset), none were able to speak and none were able to access an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device. All communicated using eye movements (e.g., looking up or down), eye blinks, dependent scanning strategies with eye movement signals, or eye linking. Following intervention with the Safe-Laser Access System, three of the six participants developed head movement sufficient to control AAC technology. Two participants continue to develop head control; however, their progress has been slowed by repeated illnesses. One participant has discontinued his involvement with the project because of medical and psychological concerns. These six participants represent consecutive referrals to the project.

Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
The first of the three objectives of this study was to identify the core barriers that impede adult mental health and other clinicians from working with patients about parenting and child-related issues. The second and third objectives were to rate the importance of these barriers and to compare barriers for adult mental health workers with other workers.
METHOD:
There were two data collection phases; the first, qualitative phase involved collecting verbatim responses from 60 mental health and welfare workers, regarding barriers about working with mentally ill patients about their parenting role as well as with their children. The second involved 32 participants, including 20 adult mental health workers and 12 other workers, responding to the scaled questionnaire items based on the qualitative barriers identified at phase one.
RESULTS:
The most important barriers highlighted by workers were patients not identifying their illness as a problem for their children and patients denying that they had a mental health problem. All workers reported that it was part of their role to get involved with issues regarding their patient's children. In comparison to other workers, adult mental health workers reported time and resource limitations, as well as skill and knowledge deficits regarding parenting and working with children.
CONCLUSIONS:
The findings are discussed in relation to adult mental health policy and ongoing professional development, particularly for adult mental health workers.

This paper calls for researchers and treatment providers to increase their recognition of the role
that family and family functioning has for understanding the incidence and impact of substance
abuse. Substance abuse is identified as a family problem by exploring its occurrence within
families as well as its impact on marital relationship, family violence, and child abuse and
neglect. The impact of substance abuse on the roles of spouses and parents are examined, as is
the impact of substance abuse on children at various developmental stages. The role of the family
as participant in active substance abuse as well as a valuable treatment resource is also explored.
Finally, the authors present recommendations for increasing the focus on family in substance
abuse research.

This paper calls for researchers and treatment providers to increase their recognition of the role
that family and family functioning has for understanding the incidence and impact of substance
abuse. Substance abuse is identified as a family problem by exploring its occurrence within
families as well as its impact on marital relationship, family violence, and child abuse and
neglect. The impact of substance abuse on the roles of spouses and parents are examined, as is
the impact of substance abuse on children at various developmental stages. The role of the family
as participant in active substance abuse as well as a valuable treatment resource is also explored.
Finally, the authors present recommendations for increasing the focus on family in substance
abuse research.
Keywords: family | substance abuse | family functioning | parental alcohol use | parental drug
use | substance abuse research

Objective: To obtain preliminary evidence of the feasibility and effectiveness of adjunctive family psychoeducation in adolescent major depressive disorder. Method: Participants were from outpatient clinics in Hamilton and London, Ontario. Over 24 months, 41 adolescents ages 13 through 18 years meeting major depressive disorder criteria were recruited (31 in Hamilton, 10 in London). Participants were randomized to usual treatment or usual treatment plus family psychoeducation. Outcome measures were readministered at 2 weeks, mid-treatment, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up. Intent-to-treat analyses used χ2 and t tests and growth curve analysis. Standardized effects based on growth curve estimates were calculated for continuous outcomes. Results: The London site was withdrawn because of poor participant retention. In Hamilton, no participant missed more than one assessment and there was good family psychoeducation adherence. Compared to controls, participants in the experimental group showed greater improvement in social functioning and adolescent-parent relationships (with medium standardized effect size >0.5), and parents reported greater satisfaction with treatment. Conclusions: There were positive treatment effects on family and social functioning processes postulated to mediate the clinical course of major depressive disorder. The study provides support for further evaluation of family psychoeducation in this clinical population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)

Aim: To study the effects of alcohol and coping intervention among University students who have parents with alcohol problems. Methods: A total of 82 university students (56 women and 22 men, average age 25) with at least one parent with alcohol problems were included. The students were randomly assigned to one of three programs: (i) alcohol intervention program, (ii) coping intervention program, and (iii) combination program. All programs were manual based and individually implemented during two 2-h sessions, 4 weeks apart. This assessment contained both a face-to-face interview and six self-completion questionnaires; AUDIT, SIP, EBAC, coping with parents' abuse questionnaire, SCL-90 and ISSI. Follow-up interviews were conducted after 1 year. Results: All participants finished the baseline assessment, accepted and completed the intervention, while 95% of the students completed the 12-month follow-up assessment. The two groups that received alcohol intervention improved their drinking pattern significantly more than the group that did not receive alcohol intervention [change of standardized scores -0.27 (CI -0.53 to -0.03)]. The groups receiving coping intervention did not differ from the group not receiving coping intervention concerning their ability to cope with their parents' alcohol problems. Nor did they differ regarding changes in their own mental health or in their social interaction capacity. Conclusion: The intervention improved drinking patterns in adult children of alcoholics.

Hur påverkas livet om barnet föds med utvecklingsstörning, om tonåringen får livslångt hjälpbehov efter en trafikolycka, om den medelålders maken får stroke eller om en gammal förälder drabbas av demenssjukdom? Det var några av frågorna bakom ett omfattande forskningsprojekt om anhörigvård. I Sverige har samhället ansvaret för att äldre, sjuka och funktionshindrade ska få den hjälp de behöver. Ändå utförs merparten av all vård och omsorg av närstående, ibland under mycket svåra förhållanden. Resultaten som denna bok bygger på belyser anhörigvårdarnas situation ur ett socialt, ekonomiskt och arbetsmässigt perspektiv.

I dagens Sverige pågår en mycket tydlig förskjutning av arbete och ansvar från det offentliga till familjen. Med utgångspunkt i lagstiftningen diskuteras därför samhällets respektive individens ansvar för hjälpbehövande människor. En sådan diskussion är viktig eftersom konsekvenserna av ett minskande samhällsengagemang är outforskade när det gäller familjens och de anhörigas situation.

Boken vänder sig till de som på något sätt kommer i kontakt med frågor om anhörigvård. Den kan läsas av omsorgs- och sjukvårdspersonal, studerande vid utbildningar inom välfärdstjänstområdet, politiker samt övriga som är intresserade av frågor kring samhällsförändringar, välfärdsstat, jämställdhetsfrågor och framtida omsorgsproblematik. Även omsorgsbehövande och anhöriga kan ha glädje av boken.

I denna första breda kursbok på svenska ges en heltäckande presentation av anknytningsteorin.

Ur innehållet:

Evolution och anknytning

Separation och anknytning

Betydelsen av förälderns lyhördhet i samspelet

Äldre barns och vuxnas nära känslomässiga relationer

Barnets biologiska förutsättningar och hur de påverkar anknytningsrelationen.

Anknytningsteori (del 1) riktar sig till studenter och verksamma inom psykologi och psykiatri, samt barn- och ungdomsrelaterade yrken och utbildningar. Författarna kommer också hösten 2007 ut med Anknytning i praktiken, där de presenterar praktiska och kliniska tillämpningar med anknytningsteoretisk grund.
(Seelig)

BACKGROUND:
Assessment of everyday functioning in children may depend to a considerable extent on the framework used to conceptualise functioning and disability. The Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) has incorporated the mediating role of the environment on disability, using different measurement scales. The construction of the Functional Skills scales, which measure capability, and the Caregiver Assistance scales, which measure performance, was based on the Nagi disablement scheme. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) represents a new framework of functioning and disability that could be used to compare the measurement constructs and the content of different outcome measurements.
PURPOSE:
To examine the conceptual basis and the content of the PEDI using the ICF.
METHOD:
Phrases that describe the conceptual basis of the PEDI scales and of the ICF classifications were systematically collected and compared. Two researchers classified the item content of the Functional Skills scales independently before consensus was reached.
RESULTS:
The analyses indicate that the conceptual basis of the PEDI scales to a large extent match the ICF concepts of activity, participation and environmental factors. Both the PEDI and the ICF use the constructs of capacity and performance, but differ in how to operationalise these constructs. The classification of the Functional Skills scales shows that the PEDI primarily is a measure of activities and participation. The frequently use of environmental codes to classify the context of the requested functions demonstrates that the PEDI has incorporated the environment into the assessment.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our analyses indicate that the ICF could serve as a conceptual framework to clarify the measurement construct of the PEDI scales, and as taxonomy to describe and clarify the item content of the Functional Skills scales. Both as framework and taxonomy the ICF showed limitations in covering functioning in early childhood.

Keysor JJ, Jette AM, Coster W, Bettger JP, Haley SM. Association of environmental factors with levels of home and community participation in an adult rehabilitation cohort.

Objective

To examine whether home and community environmental barriers and facilitators are predictors of social and home participation and community participation at 1 and 6 months after discharge from an acute care or inpatient rehabilitation hospital.

Design

Cohort study.

Setting

Postacute care.

Participants

Adults (N=342) age 18 years or older with a diagnosis of complex medical, orthopedic, or neurologic condition recruited from acute care and inpatient rehabilitation facilities. The mean age ± standard deviation of participants was 68±14 years; 49% were women and 92% were white.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Participation in social, home and community affairs as assessed with the Participation Measure for Post-Acute Care.

Results

Adjusting for covariates, 1 month after discharge a greater presence of home mobility barriers (P<.01) was associated with less social and home participation; whereas greater community mobility barriers (P<.01) and more social support (P<.001) were associated with greater participation. At 6 months, social support was the only environmental factor associated with participation after adjusting for covariates.

Conclusions

This study provides new empirical evidence that environmental barriers and facilitators do influence participation in a general rehabilitation cohort, at least in the short term.

Key Words
Disabled persons; Environment; Outcome assessment (health care); Rehabilitation
Supported by the National Institute of Disability and Rehabilitation Research, U.S. Department of Education (grant no. H133B990005), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (grant no. 5 K12 HD043444-02), and the Arthritis Foundation (arthritis investigator award).

No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.

Upplands Väsby kommun tillhör en av de få kommuner i landet som bedriver ett strukturerat
anhörigprogram. Trots att det funnits någon form av anhörigarbete i ca 15 år, de senaste 5 åren
med tydligare struktur, har verksamheten hittills inte dokumenterats.

Syftet med denna rapport är att ge en utförlig beskrivning av anhörigprogrammets innehåll,
struktur och förutsättningar. Rapporten vill också skapa en förståelse för den anhöriges
livssituation och behov av egen hjälp. "Vad familjen behöver är undervisning om drogen alkohol,
vilka problem det kroniska missbruket ger upphov till samt sjukdomen alkoholism. Familjen
behöver dessutom lära sig hur sjukdomssymtomen påverkar familjen. Familjen behöver även
hjälp med att kartlägga det egna beteendet för att förstå hur det kan överensstämma med, eller till
och med befrämja alkoholistens drickande. De måste också komma till insikt om sina egna
känslor för att realistiskt kunna förstå problemets dimensioner och vad som krävs av dem. Till
följd av detta måste de undersöka vilka alternativ de har att välja mellan för att lösa problemet.
Framför allt behöver familjemedlemmarna stöd och uppmuntran för att kunna leva sina egna liv
trots alkoholismen. Genom att göra det ökar, paradoxalt nog, chanserna att avbryta den
alkoholistiska processen" (Kinney o Leaton 1997).
Ytterligare ett syfte med rapporten är att mäta om programmet ökar den anhöriges psykiska
välbefinnande, och om programmet påverkar den anhörige beteendemönster och känslor i
relation till den beroende.
Metoden jag använt för att hitta svaren på den första frågan har varit att sammanställa det
material som finns runt de olika temana.
För att få svar på de två andra frågeställningarna har jag använt en självskattningsenkät. Dvs.
deltagarna har själva uppskattat sitt mående utifrån en enkät med 4 svarsalternativ. Mätningen har
skett vid tre tillfällen, före programmet, vid programmets slut och en månad efter programmets
slut. Antal deltagare i utvärderingen är 15 personer, uppdelat på tre olika anhörigprogram.
En svaghet med denna metod är att utvärderingen sträcker sig under en relativt kort tid. Från
första till sista mättillfället är det ca 12 veckor. Förändringsprocesser tar lång tid och för att få en
mer rättvis bild av programmets påverkan skulle en mätning efter ytterligare ett år behövas.
En ytterligare svaghet är att deltagarantalet i utvärderingen är litet. Det går därför inte att dra
några stora slutsatser av resultatet, utan snarare tendenser. Det är dock en god ansats till ett
fortsatt arbete med utvärdering av programmet. Självskattningsenkät har visat sig vara ett
fungerande kvalitetsmätningsinstrument.
Dispositionen på rapporten är följande: Del 1 innehåller den beskrivande delen av
anhörigprogrammet med en historisk tillbakablick. Del 2 är den utvärderande delen av rapporten,
där undersökningsmetoden och sammanställningen av enkätundersökningarna redovisas.
Resultaten visar att det psykiska välbefinnandet tydligt ökar för alla tre grupper över tid. Takten
för ökningen ser olika ut och det kan härledas till deltagarnas olika livssituationer under
programmet. Där deltagarna fortfarande lever med partner i ett aktivt missbruk är den anhöriges
förändring långsammare. Resultatet visar också att deltagarna upplever en förändring i huruvida
de påverkats av sin anhöriges missbruk i såväl känslor som beteendemönster. Denna förändring
är mindre samstämmig och visar ganska stora variationer i de olika grupperna.

Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att tolka och beskriva innebörder av stöd,
utifrån att vara förälder till barn med funktionsnedsättning och att vara professionella
stödjare. Datainsamling har skett i form av berättande intervjuer med
39 föräldrar (23 mödrar och 16 fäder) och 9 professionella (7 kvinnor, 2 män)
från olika verksamheter. Samtliga intervjuer har analyserats med hjälp av fenomenologisk
hermeneutisk metod.
Innebörder av att vara förälder till barn med funktionsnedsättning (studie I)
har tolkats som en medvetenhet om viktiga värden i livet. Barnet har ett inneboende
värde som en unik person och föräldrarna strävar efter att göra sitt
bästa för barnet. Denna strävan innebär att konfrontera oro, osäkerhet och
rädsla i vården av barnet och andra personers nedvärdering av barnet. I föräldrarnas
strävan att tillmötesgå barnets olika behov, ingår också att anpassa egna
behov efter barnets. Den fördjupade förståelsen av studiens resultat är, att det
handlar om en strävan att möjliggöra för barnet att leva ett gott liv.
Innebörder av att få stöd av professionella (studie II) har tolkats som att
föräldrar och barn blir bekräftade som värdefulla personer och att föräldrarna
uppnår trygghet och kompetens i föräldraskapet och får ett hopp för barnets
framtid. Erfarenheter av att inte få stöd, medför en kamp mot de professionella,
för att kräva det stöd som föräldrarna anser att de och barnet behöver.
Innebörder av att vara professionell stödjare (studie III), består av att ha
personlig filosofi, som är integrerat i sättet att vara och handla som stödjare.
Det innebär att vara trygg i hoppet om att det alltid går att göra något för att
hjälpa, genom att söka unika lösningar i den aktuella situationen. Tillit till för-
äldrar som partners och att få deras tillit, samt att möjliggöra för föräldrarna att
uppnå kompetens och trygghet i vården av sina barn är andra innebörder. Detta
har tolkats som en frihet från att vara bunden av byråkrati och prestige och en
möjlighet att vara äkta, följa sin filosofi och att vara i samklang med barn och
föräldrar.
Innebörder av informellt stöd (studie IV) har tolkats som en livsberikande
gemenskap, där barnet, innefattas i kärleksfulla relationer med närstående och
har en naturlig plats i samhället. Att som föräldrar kunna dela glädje, oro och
sorg med andra personer och att få möjlighet att uppleva lättnad och spontanitet
i det dagliga livet, är andra innebörder av informellt stöd. Helhetsförståelsen
av de fyra studierna är, att stöd av professionella i sin tur är ett stöd i föräldrars
etiska förpliktelse i deras strävan att möjliggöra för barnet att leva ett gott liv.
Informellt stöd betyder att föräldrar och barn är inneslutna i trofasta och berikande
relationer med andra.

The diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is based on well defined criteria, which describe a number of symptoms. It is important to consider the context of the symptoms, in terms of the influence of the child's family and school. Although stimulant medications benefit selected children they may not benefit all children with symptoms of ADHD. The incidence of ADHD increases with social disadvantage. There is a potential danger of using stimulant medication alone to treat children with complex psychosocial problems, associated with social disadvantage, including Aboriginal children. We desperately need better training in the management of ADHD and better access to child psychiatrists.

A chronic disorder affects all members of the family in various ways. The aim of this study is to elucidate the next of kin's (N= 36) experiences when an adult family member has muscular dystrophy. The relationships were partner (36%, n= 14), parent (18%, n= 7), child (21%, n= 8), sibling (15%, n= 6), and other relative (3%, n= 1). Latent content analysis is employed and involves an interpretation of the interviewtext. The results showthe meaning of being close to a person with muscular dystrophy through the themes that emerged: exposure of the family; the span between obligation and love; being vigilant, protective, and supportive; and striving for an ordinary life. This study reveals a need for healthcare staff to understand the next of kin's narrated meaning of changes when a family member has a progressive disease.

A chronic disorder affects all members of the family in various ways. The aim of this study is to elucidate the next of kin's (N= 36) experiences when an adult family member has muscular dystrophy. The relationships were partner (36%, n= 14), parent (18%, n= 7), child (21%, n= 8), sibling (15%, n= 6), and other relative (3%, n= 1). Latent content analysis is employed and involves an interpretation of the interviewtext. The results showthe meaning of being close to a person with muscular dystrophy through the themes that emerged: exposure of the family; the span between obligation and love; being vigilant, protective, and supportive; and striving for an ordinary life. This study reveals a need for healthcare staff to understand the next of kin's narrated meaning of changes when a family member has a progressive disease.

En bok för barn som handlar om att leva med en förälder som har MS. Boken Benjamin ger föräldrar och barn möjlighet att läsa och diskutera tillsammans. Den berättar om hur det är att leva med en mamma som har MS och tar upp de många oförutsägbara sidorna av sjukdomen. Boken förklarar på ett enkelt sätt vad som händer med mamman och stöttar Benjamin känslomässigt. Detta skapar insikt och trygghet för Benjamin och han blir stolt över hur hans mamma övervinner de svårigheter hon ställs inför.

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a group support program and a home visiting program for family caregivers of stroke patients. It also examined the best fit between intervention variant and family caregiver and patient characteristics. van den Heuvel's previous effect study showed positive effects of the same intervention program, but unlike our present study differences between the two support variants could not be measured.
METHODS:
Of 257 family caregivers who were included and randomly assigned to an intervention variant or a control group, 127 family caregivers completed the intervention in either the group program or the home visiting program.
RESULTS:
Evaluation data showed that both intervention variants had been helpful and feasible, but home visit participants missed peer contact and follow-up contacts were missed in both intervention programs. In comparison to the home visiting program, the group program participants showed more benefit especially with respect to informational and emotional components. Caregivers' preference for type of intervention revealed that both types of intervention had its supporters. Those that preferred the group program could be clearly characterised: they were burdened, lived with a more psychologically handicapped relative, were using active coping strategies more frequently or lived in a region which is considered to be more sociable.
CONCLUSION:
The present study adds extensively to van den Heuvel's effect study with respect to discriminative aspects of group and home intervention programs and their respective benefits for specific family caregiver groups.
PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS:
In order to suitably match an intervention type with specific caregiver characteristics the intervention provider should utilize caregiver self-selection or undertake professional screening of caregiver burden. Telephone contacts should be offered in addition to the interventions.

Self-harm in adolescents is an increasingly recognized problem, and there is growing awareness of the important role schools and health services can play in detecting and supporting those at risk. By Their Own Young Hand explores the findings of the first large-scale survey of deliberate self-harm and suicidal thinking in adolescents in the UK, and draws out the implications for prevention strategies and mental health promotion.

Six thousand young people were asked about their experiences of self-harm, the coping methods they use, and their attitudes to the help and support available. The authors identify the risk and protective factors for self-harm, exploring why some adolescents with suicidal thoughts go on to harm themselves while others do not, what motivates some young people to seek help, and whether distressed teenagers feel they receive the support they need. By Their Own Young Hand offers practical advice on how schools can detect young people at risk, cope with the aftermath of self-harm or attempted suicide, and develop training programmes for teachers. It also examines the roles of self-help, telephone helplines, email counselling, and walk-in crisis centres.

Packed with adolescents' own personal accounts and perspectives, this accessible overview will be essential reading for teachers, social workers and mental health professionals.

Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
Although the death of a parent is one of the most significant stressors a child can experience, the psychiatric sequelae of parental death are not fully understood.
METHOD:
A total of 360 parent-bereaved children (ages 6-17) and their surviving parents were directly interviewed four times during the first 2 years following the death (at 2, 6, 13, and 25 months). Data collection occurred from 1989 to 1996. Psychiatric symptomatology was compared among the bereaved children, 110 depressed children, and 128 community control children and their informant parents. Additional analyses examined simple bereavement without other stressors versus complex bereavement with other stressors and anticipated versus unanticipated death.
RESULTS:
Bereavement following parental death is associated with increased psychiatric problems in the first 2 years after death. Bereaved children are, however, less impaired than children diagnosed with clinical depression. Higher family socioeconomic status and lower surviving parents' level of depressive symptoms are associated with better outcomes. Complex bereavement was associated with a worse course, but anticipation of the death was not.
CONCLUSIONS:
Childhood bereavement from parental death is a significant stressor. Children who experience depression in combination with parental depression or in the context of other family stressors are at the most risk of depression and overall psychopathology.

Clinical experience and research findings suggest that approaches to treatment that concomitantly increase the intensity of affective bonds and repair the inevitable disruptions of those bonds are the sine qua non of all effective psychotherapy. It is suggested here that this is especially true for substance abusers. It is further suggested that group psychotherapy can be an especially effective medium for providing the delivery of this crucial element of therapy if the proper paradigm for guiding treatment application is adapted. Attachment theory furnishes an especially effective theoretical formula for informing the way that group therapy should be applied if the full potential of treatment is to be maximized with substance abusers.

Clinical experience and research findings suggest that approaches to treatment that concomitantly increase the intensity of affective bonds and repair the inevitable disruptions of those bonds are the sine qua non of all effective psychotherapy. It is suggested here that this is especially true for substance abusers. It is further suggested that group psychotherapy can be an especially effective medium for providing the delivery of this crucial element of therapy if the proper paradigm for guiding treatment application is adapted. Attachment theory furnishes an especially effective theoretical formula for informing the way that group therapy should be applied if the full potential of treatment is to be maximized with substance abusers.

Clinical experience and research findings suggest that approaches to treatment that concomitantly increase the intensity of affective bonds and repair the inevitable disruptions of those bonds are the sine qua non of all effective psychotherapy. It is suggested here that this is especially true for substance abusers. It is further suggested that group psychotherapy can be an especially effective medium for providing the delivery of this crucial element of therapy if the proper paradigm for guiding treatment application is adapted. Attachment theory furnishes an especially effective theoretical formula for informing the way that group therapy should be applied if the full potential of treatment is to be maximized with substance abusers.

This paper reports the results of the application of the opportunity costs and proxy good methods to determine a monetary value of informal care. We developed a survey in which we asked informal caregivers in The Netherlands to indicate the different types of time forgone (paid work, unpaid work and leisure) in order to be able to provide care. Moreover, we asked informal caregivers how much time they spent on a list of 16 informal care tasks during the week before the interview. Data were obtained from surveys in two different populations: informal caregivers and their care recipients with stroke and with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A total of 218 care recipients with stroke and their primary informal caregivers completed a survey as well as 147 caregivers and their care recipients with RA. The measurement of care according to both methods is more problematic compared to the valuation. This is especially the case for the opportunity costs method and for the housework part in the proxy good method. More precise guidelines are necessary for the consistent application of both methods in order to ensure comparability of results and of economic evaluations of health care.

Avhandling för doktorsexamen

The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyse how the natural children of foster carers experience growing up in a foster family. The intention was to gain knowledge about their everyday life through their own participation, and to make the research questions derive from their experiences. The Swedish research project "Growing Up With Foster Siblings" built on empirical material collected via focus groups (17 participants), discussion groups (16 partici- pants), a (web and postal) questionnaire (684 answers) and 8 qualitative interviews. The study follows the sociology of childhood and the young people are considered as social actors participating in interactions, activities and negotiations, which contribute to the construction of their social world. Children's competences as well as their constraints are explored. When a family becomes a foster family the whole family is affected, not in the least the natural children, who often take an active part in the fostering assignment. The young people's experiences vary to a great extent. Some describe their relationships with their foster siblings as an ordinary sibling relationship or as being friends. Some take responsibility and care for both their foster siblings wellbeing as well as for their parent's wellbeing. Several of them describe how they reflexively mould their own part in the interaction by focusing on the needs of other family members. A third of the young people in the study experiences a loss of time and attention from their parents. This theme has brought the analysis to the question of how the young people experience their position in the family. In the young people's descriptions it is noticeable how important the feeling of being able to affect their own situation, of being an actor, is. The young persons who have negative experiences (in groups and individual interviews mostly girls/women) have often described themselves as powerless, with no possibility of negotiating and affecting their situation. Many of the young people describe themselves as active and involved in processes through which relationships in the family are formed. There is no consensus as to their construction of how a child in a certain age should engage in caring activities. The young people are involved and implicated in processes that are complex and full of ambiguity. In line with theories of late modern society where sources of authority are localised within the individual and to negotiating processes, the children seem to be of the opinion that they are active agents who themselves decide what to take responsibility for or not. But they do this in a context. They live within a context where they are expected to behave according to certain conceptions of in what way a natural child to a parent who foster should act in relation to their foster siblings but also towards their parents. Expectations interlock with the active child who engages in processes through which social relationships are formed in the family.

Twenty-four families participated in counselling for families with a parent with cancer (24 mothers, 17 fathers, and 34 children). Parents who received counselling were significantly more depressed before the counselling than a nonrandomized control group who did not receive counselling, but participated in another part of the project. For the parents, there was a significant decrease in depression and increase in family functioning scores from before to after the intervention. For the children, a significant pre- to post-decrease in depression scores was found. Changes in depression and family functioning were significantly correlated with the degree of counselling contentment. Reasons for seeking counselling were insecurity in relation to the children, problems with communication, high level of conflict, and change of roles. A number of themes appeared when parents and children described what they gained from the counselling: Confirmation in being a 'good-enough' parent, more understanding of emotions and reactions of other family members, more sense of intimacy and cohesion within the family, and normalization of own feelings.

The process of language acquisition requires an individual to organize the world through a system of symbols and referents. For children with severe intellectual disabilities and language delays, the ability to link a symbol to its referent may be a difficult task. In addition to the intervention strategy, issues such as the visual complexity and iconicity of a symbol arise when deciding what to select as a medium to teach language. This study explored the ability of four pre-school age children with developmental and language delays to acquire the meanings of Blissymbols and lexigrams using an observational experiential language intervention. In production, all four of the participants demonstrated symbol-referent relationships, while in comprehension, three of the four participants demonstrated at least emerging symbol-referent relationships. Although the number of symbols learned across participants varied, there were no differences between the learning of arbitrary and comparatively iconic symbols. The participants' comprehension skills appeared to influence their performance.

När IT-stöden i vården utvecklas blir behovet av enhetliga begrepp och termer mera påtagligt. Detta betonas särskilt i såväl InfoVU-projektets slutrapport som i regeringens Nationella IT-strategi för vård och omsorg.

Flera landsting, sjukhus, kliniker och privata vårdgivare har under de senaste åren valt att använda Världshälsoorganisationen WHOs International Classification of Functioning, Disabilty and Health (ICF) som utgångspunkt för gemensamma termer och begrepp, vid införande av elektroniska journalsystem. ICF ingår i WHOs Family of International Classifications med det uttalade syftet att dels komplettera sjukdomsklassifikationen ICD, dels tillhandahålla ett tvärprofessionellt språk för att beskriva hälsa.

Syftet med förstudien är att få besked om ICF kan ligga till grund för fortsatt arbete med struktur och terminologi för ändamålsenlig vård- och omsorgsdokumentation och tydliggöra likheter och skillnader i dagens användning av ICF i e-journaler.

En enkät med förfrågan om man använder ICF skickades till Socialstyrelsens kontaktnätverk för terminologifrågor. Totalt inkom 36 svar varav 29 fördelade sig på 17 olika landsting, två svar kom från kommuner, fyra svar kom från privata företag och ett svar från en yrkesorganisation. I 13 av svaren angavs att man på något sätt använde, eller planerade att använda, ICF som underlag för struktur och innehåll i e-journalen. Ett kontaktnätverk för erfarenhetsutbyte etablerades och två arbetsseminarier genomfördes med syftet att besvara förstudiens frågeställningar.

I Danmark och Norge har man baserat på ICF utvecklat underlag för insamling av individbaserad vård- och omsorgsstatistik.

Inom ramen för InfoVU-projektet genomfördes tre olika försök baserade på ICF: webbaserad checklista för vårdplanering och överföring av information mellan olika vård- och omsorgsgivare, formulering av behov inom kommunal äldreomsorg samt individbaserad verksamhetsuppföljning.

De professionella organisationerna för arbetsterapeuter, sjukgymnaster och sjuksköterskor har, baserat på ICF, utarbetat förslag till en tvärprofessionell klassifikation för insatser och åtgärder, som ska ingå i Socialstyrelsens Klassifikation av vårdåtgärder (KVÅ).

I landstinget i Värmland och i Västmanlands läns landsting har man tagit beslut på att basera e-journalens struktur och innehåll på ICF. I vårdföretaget Kvalita AB är e-journalen sedan flera år tillbaka baserad på ICF. Inom andra landsting och regioner har man tagit delar av ICF som grund för dokumentationen. Rehabmedicin i Jönköping är ett exempel där ICF ligger till grund för den tvärprofessionella rehabiliteringsplanen.

Vid Karolinska Institutet och vid Örebro universitet används ICF i utbildningen av sjukgymnaster och arbetsterapeuter och som ramverk till forskningen inom respektive område.

Socialstyrelsen har beskrivit vård- och omsorgsassistenternas kvalifikationer med hjälp av ICFs struktur och innehåll.

Det råder konsensus, bland representanterna för de olika verksamhetsområden och professioner som deltagit i förstudien, om att ICF är en bra utgångspunkt för att uppnå en tvärprofessionell vård- och omsorgsdokumentation - en dokumentation som språkligt och innehållsmässigt kan vara en brygga mellan socialtjänst och hälso- och sjukvård.

Erfarenheter från drift, försök och andra tester visar att ICF behöver kompletteras. ICF saknar bl.a. begrepp för att beskriva vårdförlopp, t.ex. kontaktorsak och sjukhistoria. Ärftlighet och tidigare erfarenheter av vård och omsorg är annat som inte finns i ICF.

Språkliga anpassningar måste göras för att ICF ska bli användbar i vård och omsorgsdokumentationen, t.ex. genom att långa och otympliga begreppsbenämningar ges enklare, mera hanterbara s.k. "trivialnamn".

Det finns likheter och skillnader i användandet. Omfattningen av ICF begrepp som förts in i journaldokumentationen varierar. I några fall använder man i princip bara ICF-komponenterna på en övergripande nivå, medan andra byggt upp detaljerade sökordsstrukturer (ca 1000 begrepp). Några använder ICF mycket konsekvent medan andra blandar ganska friskt mellan traditionella sökord och ICF.

Förstudien pekar på följande områden som utgångspunkt för fortsatt arbete med ICF som grund för ändamålsenlig vård- och omsorgsdokumentation:

samordna arbetet inom ramen för den nationella informationsstrukturen och det nationella terminologiarbetet
tillvarata erfarenheterna av praktiska tillämpningar och försök
rikta information, utbildning och förankring till vård- och omsorgens huvudmän och deras personal
tillvarata de berörda yrkesorganisationernas kunskap och intresse att medverka till den tvärprofessionella dokumentationen.
Om Sverige beslutar om att gå med i SNOMED CTs internationella utvecklingsarbete och samtidigt väljer att basera den tvärprofessionella dokumentationen på ICF, är det viktigt att se till att ICFs struktur och terminologi införlivas i SNOMED CT

Oberoende av vilken begreppsstruktur som väljs för den tvärprofessionella e-journalen måste det finnas en etablerad organisation för förvaltning och underhåll. Socialstyrelsens termbank kan vara en del av denna resurs.

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The aim of this study was to explore a procedure for drafting individualised profiles of how people with profound multiple disabilities express pleasure and displeasure.
METHOD:
There were 6 participants with profound multiple disabilities. The procedure involved an observational analysis of videotaped critical incidents by a researcher and a questionnaire for parents and support workers.
RESULTS:
The procedure is useful for making an individualised profile of the ways a person with profound multiple disabilities expresses his/her pleasure and displeasure. Despite the significant correlation between parents, support workers and the researcher, each has a complementary contribution to make in identifying affective expressions. People with profound multiple disabilities especially use sounds and facial expressions to express pleasure and displeasure and positive or negative moods.
CONCLUSIONS:
The procedure may be useful in services or schools for learning more about the affective communication of these individuals, to determine their specific interests, and to evaluate the effects of living and support characteristics on their wellbeing.

EMPIRICAL DATA on the development of interaction, communication, and language in deafblind children is very rare. To fill this gap, a case study was conducted in which the interaction between a teacher and a deafblind boy age 3 years 4 months was analyzed. Sequential analysis of their interaction confirmed some general clinical impressions about interaction with deafblind children, and provided the basis for suggestions on how the interaction pattern might be changed.

Avhandling vid pedagogiska institutionen

En bok som har romanens form men som bygger på verkliga händelser och ger en inblick i hur barn kan ha det idag. Julie växer upp med en psykiskt sjuk mamma.Boken bygger på autentiska händelser som några personer valt att berätta om och beskriver på ett bra sätt hur det kan vara att växa upp med en förälder som är psykiskt sjuk.

Service Framework. This study investigated the views of staff of key worker services concerning the organisation and management of the services. Interviews were carried out with key workers (N = 50), managers (N = 7) and members of multi-agency steering groups (N = 32) from seven key worker services in England and Wales. A response rate of 62% was obtained. Major themes emerging from the interviews were identified, a coding framework was agreed upon, and data were coded using the qualitative data analysis programme Max QDA. Results showed that although the basic aims of the services were the same, they varied widely in the key workers' understanding of their role, the amount of training and support available to key workers, management and multi-agency involvement. These factors were important in staff's views of the services and inform recommendations for models of service.

Background  Research has shown that families of disabled children who have a key worker benefit from this service and recent policy initiatives emphasize the importance of such services. However, research is lacking on which characteristics of key worker schemes for disabled children are related to better outcomes for families.

Methods  A postal questionnaire was completed by 189 parents with disabled children who were receiving a service in seven key worker schemes in England and Wales. Path analysis was used to investigate associations between characteristics of the services and outcomes for families (satisfaction with the service, impact of key worker on quality of life, parent unmet need, child unmet need).

Results  The four path models showed that key workers carrying out more aspects of the key worker role, appropriate amounts of contact with key workers, regular training, supervision and peer support for key workers, and having a dedicated service manager and a clear job description for key workers were associated with better outcomes for families. Characteristics of services had only a small impact on child unmet need, suggesting that other aspects of services were affecting child unmet need.

Conclusions  Implications for policy and practice are discussed, including the need for regular training, supervision and peer support for key workers and negotiated time and resources for them to carry out the role. These influence the extent to which key workers carry out all aspects of the key worker's role and their amount of contact with families, which in turn impact on outcomes.

En av de viktigaste riskfaktorerna för våldsbrottslighet är tidiga beteendeproblem. Barn som är okoncentrerade och bråkiga riskerar i högre utsträckning att misslyckas inlärningsmässigt och få kamratproblem. Det ökar i sin tur risken för mer allvarliga former av antisociala aktiviteter som alkohol- och drogmissbruk, kriminalitet samt psykisk ohälsa. Det finns alltså påtagliga fördelar med att så tidigt som möjligt försöka hjälpa barn som ofta bråkar och bryter mot normer. Föräldraträning är den bästa metoden för att minska dessa problem hos barn. Ingen annan metod har bättre forskningsstöd. I denna rapport undersöks om det i Sverige utvecklade föräldraträningsprogrammet Komet kan hjälpa föräldrar att bättre hantera beteendeproblem hos det egna barnet. Utvärderingen omfattar Komet i ordinarie verksamhet och har genomförts i form av en randomiserad kontrollerad studie med 159 föräldrar till barn i åldrarna tre till tio år som av föräldrarna bedömdes vara bråkiga och trotsiga. Familjerna lottades till ett av tre alternativ: den ordinarie versionen av Komet, en kortversion av Komet samt en grupp som fick vänta en termin på behandling (väntelista). Data samlades in före interventionernas start samt efter fyra respektive tio månader. Den sista mätningen omfattade endast familjer som fått någon av Komet-versionerna. De familjer som ej deltagit i datainsamlingen vid fyra respektive tio månader (13%) har inte tillåtits snedvrida randomiseringen. I stället har deras sista mätvärde flyttats fram och använts för bortfallet. Detta sätt att hantera bortfall är det rekommenderade. Resultaten visar att Komet ökat föräldrarnas föräldrakompetenser vid fyramånadersmätningen samt minskat barnens beteendeproblem och ökat deras sociala kompetenser. Jämfört med gruppen som befunnit sig på väntelista hade den ordinarie versionen av Komet starka effekter på föräldrakompetenser (ES =.89) och beteendeproblem (ES =.68) och medelstarka på sociala kompetenser (ES =.41). För kortversionen av Komet var motsvarande effekter svaga till medelstarka (ES =.39,.35 resp.14). Effekterna av Komet förefaller stabila eller ökande efter i genomsnitt tio månader. Efter kompensation för väntelistans resultat efter fyra månader (motsvarande resultat efter tio månader saknas) har det ordinarie Komet mycket starka effekter för föräldrakompetenser (ES = 1.05) och barns beteendeproblem (ES =.92) samt starka för sociala kompetenser (ES =.69). För kortversionen av Komet var effekterna något lägre (.61,.55 resp.38). De positiva effekterna av den ordinarie versionen av Komet är enligt två meta-analyser i nivå med eller överträffar de genomsnittliga effekterna i andra föräldraträningsprogram. Barnens minskade beteendeproblem kunde kopplas till de förändrade föräldrabeteendena; ju bättre föräldrakompetens föräldrarna visade desto färre beteendeproblem hos barnen. Sökord. Föräldraträning, bråkiga barn,

För de allra flesta händer det inte. Men varje år mister fler än 3 000 barn och ungdomar en förälder eller ett syskon. Då är det viktigt att ha bra kompisar. Men hur ska en bra kompis vara när något så svårt händer? Finns det saker man helst inte ska göra eller säga? Törs man fråga om dödsfallet? Kan man vara precis som vanligt och skratta och skoja? I den här boken får du träffa några barn och ungdomar som förlorat en nära anhörig. Hur var deras kompisar då? Vad var bra och vad var kanske inte lika bra? Du får också träffa några kompisar.

Rapporten sammanställer aktuell kunskap om de äldres boende, både ordinärt (det vill säga att bo "hemma") och särskilt boende. Syftet är också att beskriva faktorer som leder till flyttning respektive kvarboende på äldre dagar

Den så kallade kvarboendeprincipen, att samhället ska möjliggöra för den enskilde att kunna bo kvar i sitt eget hem, har varit den officiella policyn i decennier. Äldre personers faktiska möjlighet att bo kvar påverkas av en mängd faktorer som hälsa, familjeförhållanden, ekonomi samt bostädernas tillgänglighet för dem med funktionsnedsättning

Statistiken beskriver levnadsförhållanden för olika grupper i befolkningen 16 år och äldre i olika avseenden: boende, ekonomi, hälsa, fritid, medborgerliga aktiviteter, sociala relationer, sysselsättning och arbetsmiljö, trygghet och säkerhet.

Substance use disorders among college students are not well understood, and the present study examined the relationship of two environmental factors to alcohol and drug use problems in 616 (316 women) college students. Participants completed measures assessing substance use problems, life events, and substance use among peers. Alcohol use problems were significantly associated with higher drug use problems and regular use of illicit drugs among friends. Drug use problems were significantly associated with male gender, higher alcohol use problems, regular use of alcohol and drugs among friends, illicit drug use among romantic partners, and higher numbers of negative life events. Results extend previous research and suggest that college students who experience multiple negative life events and/or affiliate with substance using friends and romantic partners may be at risk for developing a substance use problem.

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate an intensified transition concept between neurological inpatient rehabilitation and home care for long-term effects on the care situation two and a half years after stroke patients' discharge.
DESIGN:
Controlled clinical trial allocating patients to intervention group (intensified transition on ward II) or control group (standard transition on ward I); patients were allocated to whichever ward had a vacancy. The last follow-up assessment was carried out on average 31 months after discharge.
INTERVENTION:
The intensified transition concept consisted of therapeutic weekend care, bedside teaching and structured information for relatives during the second phase of the rehabilitation.
SUBJECTS:
Seventy-one patients and their family carers were included, of which one case dropped out. Therefore 70 family carers--35 individuals in each group-- were available for assessment at long-term follow-up.
DATA COLLECTION:
Family carers were asked via telephone whether the patient was still alive and if so, where he or she is living--at home or in a nursing home.
STATISTICAL METHODS:
Binary logistic regression analysis with the care situation (home care versus institutionalized care or deceased) as dependent variable.
RESULTS:
Two and a half years after discharge (T3) in the intervention group significantly fewer patients were institutionalized (2 versus 5) or deceased (4 versus 11) (P = 0.010). Multivariate analysis showed that besides a higher functional life quality at discharge and lower patient's age, the participation in the intensified transition programme is the third significant predictor for home care at T3.
CONCLUSION:
Effects of an intensified transition programme can persist over a long-term period. They can sustain home care by reducing institutionalization and mortality.

This study sought to assess the association between traditional masculine gender role ideologies and sexual risk and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration behaviors in young men's heterosexual relationships. Sexually active men age 18–35 years attending an urban community health center in Boston were invited to join a study on men's sexual risk; participants (N=307) completed a brief self-administered survey on sexual risk (unprotected sex, forced unprotected sex, multiple sex partners) and IPV perpetration (physical, sexual and injury from/need for medical services due to IPV) behaviors, as well as demographics. Current analyses included men reporting sex with a main female partner in the past 3 months (n=283). Logistic regression analyses adjusted for demographics were used to assess significant associations between male gender role ideologies and the sexual risk and IPV perpetration behaviors. Participants were predominantly Hispanic (74.9%) and Black (21.9%); 55.5% were not born in the continental U.S.; 65% had been in the relationship for more than 1 year. Men reporting more traditional ideologies were significantly more likely to report unprotected vaginal sex in the past 3 months (ORadj = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.2–4.6) and IPV perpetration in the past year (ORadj = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.2–3.6). Findings indicate that masculine gender role ideologies are linked with young men's unprotected vaginal sex and IPV perpetration in relationships, suggesting that such ideologies may be a useful point of sexual risk reduction and IPV prevention intervention with this population.

The aim of this study was to develop a model of mental health professional (MHP) support based on the needs of families with a member suffering from severe mental illness (SMI). Twelve family members were interviewed with the focus on their needs of support by MHP, then the interviews were analyzed according to the grounded theory method. The generated model of MHP support had two core categories: the family members' process from crisis to recovery and their interaction with the MHP about mental health/illness and daily living of the person with SMI. Interaction based on ongoing contact between MHP and family members influenced the family members' process from crisis towards recovery. Four MHP strategies--being present, listening, sharing and empowering--met the family members' needs of support in the different stages of the crisis. Being present includes early contact, early information and protection by MHP at onset of illness or relapse. Listening includes assessing burden, maintaining contact and confirmation in daily living for the person with SMI. Sharing between MHP and family members includes co-ordination, open communication and security in daily living for the person with SMI. Finally, the MHP strategy empowering includes creating a context, counselling and encouraging development for the family members. The present model has a holistic approach and can be used as an overall guide for MHP support in clinical care of families of persons with SMI. For future studies, it is important to study the interaction of the family with SMI and the connection between hope, coping and empowerment.

Starting university is associated with major academic, personal and social opportunities. For many people, university entrance is also associated with increased stress and alcohol consumption. At the start of the autumn term 2002, all students entering educational programmes at two comparable middle-sized Swedish universities were invited to participate in a comparative intervention study. This included both primary and secondary interventions targeting hazardous drinking and stress. The overall aim was to improve alcohol habits and stress patterns in university freshmen at an intervention university in comparison with a control university.

A total of 2,032 (72%) freshmen responded to the baseline assessment. Half of them scored above traditional AUDIT cut-off levels for hazardous alcohol use. Factors associated with hazardous use were age below 26, male gender, family history of alcohol problems, and not being in a serious relationship. The Arnetz and Hasson Stress Questionnaire was evaluated and used to study a selection of freshmen at high riskof stress. It was easy to use and offered sufficient internal consistency and construct validity. In the freshman year, 517 students (25%) dropped out from university education. A multivariate analysis established that high stress and university setting was associated with dropout from university studies, while symptoms of depression and anxiety as well as hazardous drinking were not.

Outcome was analysed in students remaining at university at one-year follow-up. The primary interventions offered to freshmen at the intervention university reduced alcohol expectancies and mental symptoms compared with freshmen at the control university. Secondary stress interventions were effective in reducing mental symptoms and alcohol expectancies. Secondary alcohol interventions were effective in reducing AUDIT scores, alcohol expectancies, estimated blood alcohol concentrations, as well as stress and mental symptoms.

In conclusion, both primary and secondary alcohol and stress interventions have one-year effects in university freshmen and could be used in university settings.

Det svenska samhället har under senare delen av 1900-talet påverkats och förändrats på grund av en ökad internationell migration. År 1950 var 2,8 % av den svenska befolkningen utrikesfödd; idag utgör de utrikesfödda 12,0 % av totalbefolkningen. Om även andragenerationens migranter (de som har en eller båda föräldrar utrikesfödda) räknas med utgör första och andragenerationens migranter tillsammans 20 % av Sveriges befolkning. Tidigare studier har visat att migration kan påverka hälsa och hälsoutveckling på både positiva och negativa sätt. Ett accepterat sätt att mäta hälsa och hälsoutveckling är att studera morbiditet och mortalitet i en befolkning. Ett fåtal studier har återfunnits som har undersökt morbiditet och mortalitet bland migranter. Ingen av dessa har haft en longitudinell design och undersökt en total population av migranter i ett land. Det övergripande syftet var att beskriva och jämföra hälsa och hälsoutveckling över tid mellan svenskfödda och utrikesfödda och genom detta att studera migrationens påverkan på hälsa. De fyra i avhandlingen ingående delarbetena bygger på analys av data från Statistiska Centralbyrån och Socialstyrelsens Centrum för Epidemiologi. I databasen har ingått samtliga utrikesfödda, 16 eller äldre som fanns i Sverige 1970. Till varje utrikesfödd person finns en svensk kontroll matchad vad gäller kön, ålder, sysselsättning, yrke och bosättningslän. För 20 518 utrikesfödda personer kunde inte en kontroll skapas på grund av matchningskriterierna; dessutom exkluderades de personer som under den studerade tiden (1970?1999) hade emigrerat från Sverige. Totalt kom databasen som användes för analys att omfatta 723 948 personer, 50 % utrikesfödda och 50 % svenska kontroller. Den första delstudiens syfte var att beskriva och jämföra mortalitet mellan utrikesfödda och svenskfödda under perioden 1970?1999. Resultaten visade en generellt högre dödlighet bland utrikesfödda (OR 1,08) och en lägre medelålder vid tidpunkten för dödsfallet. Speciellt hög mortalitetsrisk återfanns bland män från Finland (OR 1,21), Danmark (OR 1,11) och Norge/Island (OR 1,07). Två ålderskohorter jämfördes, personer födda 1901?1920 respektive personer födda 1921?1944, och analysen visade en högre mortalitet för personer i den äldsta ålderskohorten. Personer som hade invandrat ?sent? till Sverige visade större skillnader i medelålder vid död än de som hade invandrat ?tidigt?; personer som kommit till Sverige under perioden 1941?1970 hade en 2,5 år lägre medelålder vid tiden för dödsfallet. Syftet för den andra delstudien var beskriva, jämföra och analysera dödsorsaksmönster bland utrikesfödda och svenskfödda under perioden 1970?1999. Studiens resultat visade ett större antal avlidna i sex olika ICD-huvuddiagnosgrupper och en lägre medelålder vid tiden för dödsfallet bland utrikesfödda. Födelselandet hade betydelse för dödsorsaksmönstret. Vid jämförelse med de svenska kontrollerna återfanns bland migranter från Danmark ett större antal avlidna i diagnosgruppen ?Neoplasm?, bland migranter från Finland och Polen var skillnaden stor i gruppen ?Diseases of the circulatory system? och personer från tidigare Jugoslavien särskilde sig mot kontrollerna framför allt med ett större antal avlidna i gruppen ?Symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions?. Över tid fanns en tendens till en utjämning av skillnaderna i diagnosmönstret mellan utrikesfödda och svenskfödda. Då de två tidigare studierna hade visat på skillnader i mortalitet och morbiditet mellan utrikesfödda och svenskfödda kom den tredje studien att som syfte ha att beskriva, jämföra och analysera konsumtion av hälso- och sjukvård i fyra olika ICD-diagnosgrupper. Som mått på sjukvårdskonsumtion användes antal inläggningar på sjukhus, totalt antal vårddagar och vårddagar under de två sista inläggningstillfällena på sjukhus bland avlidna utrikesfödda och svenskfödda 1987?1999. Resultatet visade en tendens till mindre sjukvårdskonsumtion bland utrikesfödda, särskild vad gäller utrikesfödda män. Mindre sjukvårdskonsumtion för utrikesfödda återfanns i två av de fyra använda diagnosgrupperna (?Symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions? och ?Injury and poisoning ?). Att vara utrikesfödd, justerat för ålder, var en oberoende bestämmande faktor för inläggning på sjukhus. Den nollhypotes som formulerats vid studiens start, att skillnader mellan utrikesfödda och svenskfödda beträffande sjukvårdkonsumtion inte fanns, kunde tillbakavisas. Det sista delarbetets syfte var att beskriva och jämföra skillnader i mortalitet i olika landsting mellan utrikesfödda och svenskfödda med en formulerad nollhypotes att inga mortalitetsskillnader fanns mellan olika landsting. Studiens resultat kunde tillbakavisa nollhypotesen, det fanns skillnader i mortalitet mellan utrikesfödda och svenskfödda framför allt i de län som kunde karaktäriseras som mera ?landsbygds?-dominerade. Landsbygdsdominerade län hade också gemensamt att deras populationer av migranter var förhållandevis små. Medelåldern vid tiden för avlidande var för män mellan 1,0?4,3 år lägre för utrikesfödda personer. Resultaten av de i avhandlingen ingående fyra olika studierna visar högre dödlighet, annorlunda sjukdomsmönster och tendens till lägre konsumtion av vård bland utrikesfödda än bland svenskfödda personer under perioden 1970?1999. Flera faktorer, såsom ekonomisk situation, arbete, arbetsmiljö, arbetslöshet, sociala nätverk och situationen före migrationen kan ha påverkat de utrikesföddas sämre hälsoläge. Den fysiska och sociala miljön och eventuella ojämlikheter i sjukvårdsresurser och tillgång till vård spelar också en viktig roll. Migrationen har haft en negativ inverkan på de utrikesföddas hälsa och är en viktig faktor att ta hänsyn till vid studier av hälsa och hälsoutveckling bland befolkningen i ett land

Den 20 november 1989 antog Förenta nationernas generalförsamling konventionen om barnets rättigheter. Det innebar ett viktigt tillskott till skyddet för de mänskliga rättigheterna. För första gången samlades de rättigheter som tillkommer alla barn och ungdomar upp till 18 år i ett folkrättsligt bindande dokument. Denna skrift innehåller bl.a. konventionens budskap, förteckning över konventionens artiklar och konventionstexten.

OBS! När FN antog och Sverige ratificerade konventionen om barnets rättigheter låg ansvaret inom UD. Därför tog UD fram en skrift om konventionen, samt en lättläst version. Ansvaret finns nu sedan flera år i Socialdepartementet, med Barnombudsmannen som ansvarig myndighet för att sprida information om Barnkonventionen. Därför hänvisar UD till Barnombudsmannen för information och beställning av trycksaker om Barnkonventionen. UD:s skrifter som tidigare distribuerades i tryckt form, finns fortfarande att ladda ner i pdf-format.

Socialt arbete. En grundbok. A. Meeuwisse, S. Sunesson and H. Swärd

Äldreomsorgsforskning i Norden. En kunskapsöversikt. TemaNord 2005:508. M. Szebehely

OBJECTIVE:
An intensified transition concept between neurological inpatient rehabilitation and home care was investigated for effects on the functional status of stroke patients and the physical and emotional health of their carers.
DESIGN:
Controlled clinical trial allocating patients to intervention group (intensified transition on ward II) or control group (standard transition on ward I); patients were allocated to whichever ward had a vacancy. Follow-up assessment was carried out six months after discharge.
SUBJECTS:
Seventy-one patients and their family carers were included, of which nine cases dropped out. Therefore 62 stroke patients with persisting disability and their family carers were available for assessment at follow-up--33 patients in the intervention group, 29 patients in the control group.
INTERVENTION:
The intensified transition concept consisted of therapeutic weekend care, bedside teaching and structured information for relatives during the second phase of the rehabilitation.
MAIN MEASURES:
Patients were assessed with the Barthel Index, Functional Independence Measure, Ashworth Spastic Scale, Frenchay Arm Test, and Timed Up and Go Test. The carers completed SF-36, and were assessed using the Giessen Symptom List, Depression Scale and Burden Scale for Family Caregivers.
RESULTS:
The intensified transition did not lead to significant change in the functional status of the patients or in the physical and emotional health of the family carers. Within the first four weeks after discharge, the patients in the intervention group had fewer new illnesses. In the observation period the use of outpatient care services was more frequent in the intervention group than in the control group.
CONCLUSION:
Even though there are few differences of moderate intensity between the two groups the intensified transition programme does not affect either the functional status of the stroke patients or the health of the carers.

The objective of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of intervention programs for caregivers of stroke patients. A systematic search using Medline, PsychINFO, AMED and CINAHL till March 2003 was carried out and 22 studies were identified. Four types of support programs could be studied: providing specialist services, (psycho)education, counselling and social support by peers. Many different outcome domains and a variety of measures were used. Ten studies reported positive results on one or more outcome domains: reduction of depression (two studies) and burden (one), improvement of knowledge on stroke (five), satisfaction with care (one), family functioning (one), quality of life (three), problem solving skills (two), social activities (two), and social support (one). Three studies reported a negative result on caregiver outcome. We could not identify sufficient evidence to confirm the efficacy of interventions but counselling programs (3 out of 4) appear to have the most positive outcome.

Vid habiliteringen i Alingsås har man arbetat med syskongrupper
sedan 1997. På olika sätt hade man då fått upp ögonen för
syskonens behov, dels genom alltmer ökande förfrågningar från
föräldrar om syskongrupper dels genom personalens egen
ökande kunskap och erfarenhet av syskon.

Peter Brusén berättar i boken om sin kamp mot smärtan, sorgen och hur en svår kris kunde vändas till ett nytt oberoende liv. Författaren är chef för Socialstyrelsens handikappenhet och har före olyckan bland annat utvärderat handikappreformen. Olyckan har gett honom ett unikt "dubbelseende" som expert och idag också som en person med ett svårt funktionshinder. Han skildrar möten med vården, rehabiliteringen, handikappomsorgen och försäkringskassan. Boken ger kunskaper om bland annat behovsbedömning, handläggning och hur attityder påverkar dina handlingar.
Professor Johan Cullberg har skrivit bokens förord och Handikappombudsmannen Lars Lööw en avslutning.
Boken vänder sig till alla som arbetar inom vård, rehabilitering, handikappomsorg eller som i egenskap av politiker, handläggare eller chef möter människor med svåra funktionshinder. Men boken vänder sig i lika hög grad till alla som själv har ett funktionshinder eller är anhörig.

I relation till hälsa, självkänsla, sociala och ekonomiska resurser i ett svenskt och europeiskt perspektiv. Knowledge of factors contributing to life satisfaction among older people is needed, both in the context of those with reduced self-care capacity and among healthy older people and those providing help to others. Such knowledge may be helpful in developing primary and secondary interventions. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate life satisfaction and its relation to factors such as physical and mental health and social and financial resources among people (60?89 years old) with and without reduced self-care capacity in six European countries, and among informal caregivers (50?89 years old) in Sweden. The aim was further to investigate the extent, need and type of support provided or desired among informal caregivers. This is part of the cross-national European Study of Adults? Wellbeing (ESAW) including six European countries N=12 478 (the Netherlands, Luxemburg, Italy, Austria, UK and Sweden). The Older Americans? Resources Schedule (OARS), Life Satisfaction Index Z (LSIZ) and Rosenberg self-esteem scale were used. Study I comprised 522 people (65?89 years old) with reduced self-care capacity, study II comprised 151 informal caregivers with a high caregiving extent, 392 with a low caregiving extent and 1258 non-caregivers from the Swedish sample. In study III 2195 people with reduced self-care countries. The data were analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics using non-parametric statistics, logistic and linear regression. Low life satisfaction (LSIZ) was related to higher age, being a woman, high degree of reduced self-care capacity, living in special accommodations, feeling lonely and poor financial resources. Feeling lonely, reduced self-care capacity, feeling worried, poor health and poor financial resources in relation to needs predicted low life satisfaction (Paper I). Frequent caregivers with a high extent of caregiving had lower LSIZ than those with less frequent caregiving and noncaregivers, while no differences were found between less frequent caregivers and non-care caregivers in LSIZ. Lower LSIZ was associated with not being employed, low social resources, not refreshed after a night's sleep, poor health, and frequent caregiving (Paper II). In paper III it was found that there were differences as well as similarities in factors predicting LSIZ in that self-esteem and overall health were important in all countries among older people with reduced self-care capacity and reduced self care capacity in three of six countries, whilst in paper IV four factors were found to be common in all ESAW countries. The factors were social resources, financial resources, feeling greatly hindered by health problems and low self-esteem. Factors of importance for life satisfaction thus seem to differ depending on the personal situation and social and political system. These differences should be taken into account when outlining and providing preventive, rehabilitative and support for these groups.

Children of adolescent mothers are at risk for a variety of developmental difficulties. In the present study, the effectiveness of a brief intervention program designed to support adolescent mothers' sensitivity to their infants' attachment signals was evaluated. Participants were adolescent mothers and their infants who were observed at 6, 12, and 24 months of age. The intervention conducted by clinically trained home visitors consisted of eight home visits between 6 and 12 months in which mothers were provided feedback during the replay of videotaped play interactions. At 12 months, 57% of the mother–infant dyads in the intervention group and 38% of the comparison group dyads were classified as secure in the Strange Situation. Seventy-six percent of the mothers in the intervention group maintained sensitivity from 6 to 24 months compared with 54% of the comparison mothers. Further analyses indicated that the intervention was effective primarily for mothers who were not classified as Unresolved on the Adult Attachment Interview.

Managing the assets of older people is a common and potentially complex task of informal care with legal, financial, cultural, political and family dimensions. Older people are increasingly recognised -as having significant assets, but the family, the state, service providers and the market have competing interests in their use. Increased policy interest in self-provision and user-charges for services underline the importance of asset management in protecting the current and future health, care and accommodation choices of older people. Although 'minding the money' has generally been included as an informal care-giving task, there is limited recognition of either its growing importance and complexity or of care-givers' involvement. The focus of both policy and practice have been primarily on substitute decision-making and abuse. This paper reports an Australian national survey and semi-structured interviews that have explored the prevalence of non-professional involvement in asset management. The findings reveal the nature and extent of involvement, the tasks that informal carers take on, the management processes that they use, and that 'minding the money' is a common informal care task and mostly undertaken in the private sphere using some risky practices. Assisting informal care-givers with asset management and protecting older people from financial risks and abuse require various strategic policy and practice responses that extend beyond substitute decision-making legislation. Policies and programmes are required: to increase the awareness of the tasks, tensions and practices surrounding asset management; to improve the financial literacy of older people, their informal care-givers and service providers; to ensure access to information, advice and support services; and to develop better accountability practices.

This book is the first practical manual describing a new and successful short-term treatment for traumatic stress and PTSD called Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET). The manual provides both experienced clinicians and trainees with all the knowledge and skills needed to treat trauma survivors using this approach, which is especially useful in crisis regions where longer-term interventions are not possible. NET has been field tested in post-war societies such as Kosovo, Sri Lanka, Uganda, and Somaliland. Its effectiveness was demonstrated in controlled trials in Uganda and Germany. Single case studies have also been reported for adults and children. Three to six sessions can be sufficient to afford considerable relief. Part I of this manual describes the theoretical background. Part II covers the therapeutic approach in detail, with practical advice and tools. Part III then focuses on special issues such as dealing with challenging moments during therapy, defense mechanisms for the therapist, and ethical issues.

Prognosen för barn som tidigt, före tolv års ålder, börjar med brott och annat normbrytande beteende är dyster. Jämfört med dem som debuterar först i tonåren är det normbrytande beteendet hos dessa individer ofta allvarligare och mer aggressivt. De fortsätter dessutom i högre grad med sitt normbrytande beteende som vuxna. Att hantera denna grupp medför omfattande kostnader för samhället och det finns både humana och ekonomiska vinster att göra med ökad kunskap, tidiga förebyggande insatser och behandling.

Ambitionen med denna bok är att göra internationell forskning i ämnet tillgänglig för en bredare publik. Här presenteras bland annat forskning om diagnostisering, förekomst, orsaks- och riskfaktorer, prognos för framtida problem, samt effektiv prevention och behandling av normbrytande beteende bland barn. Boken vänder sig främst till verksamma inom barn- och ungdomspsykiatri, socialtjänst och skola samt till forskare och studenter inom sociala och beteendevetenskapliga högskoleutbildningar, t.ex. socionom- och psykologprogram.

Prognosen för barn som tidigt, före tolv års ålder, börjar med brott och annat normbrytande beteende är dyster. Jämfört med dem som debuterar först i tonåren är det normbrytande beteendet hos dessa individer ofta allvarligare och mer aggressivt. De fortsätter dessutom i högre grad med sitt normbrytande beteende som vuxna. Att hantera denna grupp medför omfattande kostnader för samhället och det finns både humana och ekonomiska vinster att göra med ökad kunskap, tidiga förebyggande insatser och behandling. Ambitionen med denna bok är att göra internationell forskning i ämnet tillgänglig för en bredare publik. Här presenteras bland annat forskning om diagnostisering, förekomst, orsaks- och riskfaktorer, prognos för framtida problem, samt effektiv prevention och behandling av normbrytande beteende bland barn. Boken vänder sig främst till verksamma inom barn- och ungdomspsykiatri, socialtjänst och skola samt till forskare och studenter inom sociala och beteendevetenskapliga högskoleutbildningar, t.ex. socionom- och psykologprogram.

Overstretched provides fresh perspectives on the reality of European family life where care and paid work need to be woven together on a daily basis, offering an opportunity to discuss and evaluate care policies in a new light.
A collection of essays providing new perspectives on the reality of European family life where care and paid work need to be woven together on a daily basis.
Focuses on families who live under strained conditions, such as lone parent families, immigrant families, and families who care simultaneously for both their children and an elderly family member.
Based on interviews with families from Finland, France, Italy, Portugal and the UK.
Develops methods for doing comparative qualitative analysis in practice.
Offers new insights into the problems of gender balance in caring, and the significance of cultural notions and working hours.
Offers an opportunity to discuss and evaluate care policies in a new light.

This study assessed the effectiveness of a targeted 9-week parent stress management program (PSM) on the parenting stress, mood, family functioning, parenting style, locus of control, and perceived social support of parents of children diagnosed with DSM-IV ADHD. Sixty-three parents from 42 families were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions: immediate treatment or wait-list control. Results of the randomized control trial showed that for mothers, completion of the PSM program was accompanied by significant reductions in parent-domain parenting stress together with significant improvements in parenting style (verbosity, laxness, overreactivity). For fathers, completion of the program was associated with a reduction in verbosity only. Anonymously completed consumer satisfaction questionnaires demonstrated a high degree of satisfaction with the PSM program.

This article is a report of research that explored how the death of a parent influences a woman's identity development. Qualitative methodology and data analysis procedures based on grounded theory were used for the research. Eighteen women who experienced parental death between age 11 and 17, were recruited by convenience sampling. Shifts in family relationships and roles, in part, influenced who these young women became. Many young women were expected to take on a care-giving role to support the surviving parent and replace the deceased. The transition in the relationship between the adolescent girl and surviving parent was an important theme for identity development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)

The article documents the views and feelings of parents with learning difficulties as they reflect on their first-hand experience of going through care proceedings. Drawing on interviews conducted as part of a wider study of how cases involving mothers and fathers with learning difficulties are handled by the child protection system and the family courts, the authors provide a parental perspective on assessments, support, case conferences and the court process as well as the after-effects on the families themselves.

The aim of this study was to describe family members' experiences of participation in a support group intervention during ongoing palliative home care. Four taped-recorded focus group interviews were conducted (in total, 13 persons) and a questionnaire was completed by 19 of 22 possible family members. The participants experienced increased perception of support and knowledge, and would recommend that a person in a similar situation join a support group. Categories that emerged in the qualitative content analysis concerned "reasons for support group participation", "group composition contributed to group cohesion", "experience and sensitivity of group leader was a catalyst", "meaningful dialogue helped to solve everyday problems", "sense of cohesion increased effectiveness of the group", and "group sessions and post-session reflection increased perception of inner strength". Support groups for family members seem to be a valuable contribution during ongoing palliative home care. The findings are discussed in relation to recruitment into and ending of support groups.

The aim of this study was to describe family members' experiences of participation in a support group intervention during ongoing palliative home care. Four taped-recorded focus group interviews were conducted (in total, 13 persons) and a questionnaire was completed by 19 of 22 possible family members. The participants experienced increased perception of support and knowledge, and would recommend that a person in a similar situation join a support group. Categories that emerged in the qualitative content analysis concerned "reasons for support group participation", "group composition contributed to group cohesion", "experience and sensitivity of group leader was a catalyst", "meaningful dialogue helped to solve everyday problems", "sense of cohesion increased effectiveness of the group", and "group sessions and post-session reflection increased perception of inner strength". Support groups for family members seem to be a valuable contribution during ongoing palliative home care. The findings are discussed in relation to recruitment into and ending of support groups.

The aim of the study was to describe district nurses 'views and experiences of patients ' and relatives ' involvement and influence in home-care nursing. Data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews with ten district nurses. The data analysis was interpreted by a hermeneutic method, and the SAUC model for confirming nursing was used as a theoretical framework. The findings revealed that the district nurses' views of human being, and their need to control the home-care situation as experts, were decisive factors for patient/relative power and non power in home-care nursing. The preconditions for patient/relative power, according to the district nurses, were related to whether patients/relatives felt motivated to co-operate, expressed their own wishes, and had competence. Some significant preconditions were required for the district nurses to support patient/relative power i.e., that the district nurses had patient/relative involvement and influence as an explicit nursing goal and believed that it improved home care nursing. Conclusion, this study indicates the importance of the district nurses ' awareness about their own view of human being, their attitudes on patient/relative power and their individual strategies and competence to support the patients/relatives involvement and influence in home- care nursing.

Detta arbete har syftat till att utveckla och pröva ett instrument för planering, uppföljning och utvärdering av stöd till anhörigvårdare. Arbetet har genomförts i Sverige och England och bygger på tidigare forskning avseende anhörigstöd, brukarmedverkan och partnerskap vid ÄldreVäst Sjuhärad, Högskolan i Borås och Universitetet i Sheffield. Instrumentet benämns COAT (Carers´ Outcome Agreement Tool).

Det färdiga instrumentet består av fyra frågeformulär och baseras på områden identifierade som viktiga av anhöriga som vårdar en närstående. Varje formulär innehåller ett antal påståenden som den anhöriga i diskussion med den som svarar för planeringen får möjlighet att värdera. Till varje område hör en stödplan för planering av åtgärder, uppföljning och utvärdering av den överenskomna hjälpen. En användarguide som vänder sig till de anhöriga och en manual som vänder sig till vård- och omsorgspersonalen har utarbetats.

Omfattande konsultationer i form av fokusgrupper med anhöriga och vård- och omsorgspersonal har använts för att arbeta fram instrumentet. Instrumentet har prövats i tre svenska kommuner, Göteborg, Ulricehamn och Härnösand, av vård- och omsorgspersonal med erfarenhet av anhörigstöd. Efter varje samtal med anhöriga dokumenterades hur instrumentet hade fungerat och hur anhöriga och de själva upplevt samtalet samt förslag på förbättringar. Uppföljande telefonintervjuer genomfördes med de anhöriga och fokusgruppsintervjuer genomfördes med vård- och omsorgspersonalen.

Testarbetet visade att majoriteten av anhörigvårdarna upplevde hembesöket och möjligheten att få tala om sin situation som mycket positivt. De kände sig involverade och lyssnade till. Personalen uppgav att de fick ny kunskap och nya insikter även om det var anhörigvårdare som de känt länge. De synpunkter som framkom har åtgärdats i det instrument som medföljer denna rapport. Anhörigvårdarna och personalen som deltagit i utvecklingsarbetet bedömer nu att instrumentet är färdigt att användas.

Det stora intresse och positiva gensvar som framkommit från alla berörda grupper under projektets gång talar för att det finns en ökande vilja att möta anhörigvårdare där de är och att arbeta tillsammans med dem. Planeringsinstrumentet för anhörigstöd, COAT, kan vara till stor nytta i ett sådant arbete.

COAT-materialet är fritt att använda efter registrering på www.aldrevast.hb.se

This study investigated a positive parenting composite of multiple measures of warmth and consistent discipline as a mediator of the relations between surviving parents' psychological distress and parentally bereaved children's mental health problems using both cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal models. The study included 214 bereaved children ages 7 to 16 and their surviving parent or current caregiver. A multirater, multimethod measurement model of positive parenting was developed. Although the mediational model was supported by analysis of the cross-sectional data, it was not supported in the 3-wave longitudinal model. However, the longitudinal model did find a significant path from positive parenting at Wave 2 to child mental health problems 11 months later at Wave 3, controlling for stability in child mental health problems. Implications for understanding the development of mental health problems of parentally bereaved children are discussed.

To prepare the care system for a rising population of older people it is important to understand what factors predict the use of care. This paper reports a study of transitions in use of informal and professional care using Andersen-Newman models of the predictive predisposing, enabling and need factors. It draws on Longitudinal Ageing Study Amsterdam data on care use and contextual factors. Data were collected at 3-yearly intervals from a random sex- and age-stratified population-based sample of adults aged 55-85. In summary, findings for those who initially did not receive care were that almost one-third received some kind 3 years later, most provided by informal carers. Need factors were important predictors of most transitions, and predisposing and enabling factors, such as age, partner status and income also played a role. On the relationship between informal and professional care, evidence was found for both 'compensatory processes (informal substitutes for professional care) and 'bridging processes' (informal care facilitates professional care). In view of the increasing discrepancy between the demand for professional care and supply, the significant impact of predisposing and enabling factors offers opportunities for intervention.

BACKGROUND:
About 13 million people are classified as refugees worldwide, and many more former refugees have been granted citizenship in their new countries. However, the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, or psychotic illnesses in these individuals is not known. We did a systematic review of surveys about these disorders in general refugee populations in western countries.

METHODS:
We searched for psychiatric surveys that were based on interviews of unselected refugee populations and that included current diagnoses of post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, psychotic illnesses, or generalised anxiety disorder. We did computer-assisted searches, scanned reference lists, searched journals, and corresponded with authors to determine prevalence rates of these mental disorders and to explore potential sources of heterogeneity, such as diagnostic criteria, sampling methods, and other characteristics.

FINDINGS:
20 eligible surveys provided results for 6743 adult refugees from seven countries, with substantial variation in assessment and sampling methods. In the larger studies, 9% (99% CI 8-10%) were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder and 5% (4-6%) with major depression, with evidence of much psychiatric comorbidity. Five surveys of 260 refugee children from three countries yielded a prevalence of 11% (7-17%) for post-traumatic stress disorder. Larger and more rigorous surveys reported lower prevalence rates than did studies with less optimum designs, but heterogeneity persisted even in findings from the larger studies.

INTERPRETATION:
Refugees resettled in western countries could be about ten times more likely to have post-traumatic stress disorder than age-matched general populations in those countries. Worldwide, tens of thousands of refugees and former refugees resettled in western countries probably have post-traumatic stress disorder.

It is well established that children of problem drinkers have an increased risk of developing mental health problems, including drinking and drug misuse problems, depression, eating disorders, conduct disorders, and delinquency. However, compared to the hundreds of studies that have examined the effects of parental problem drinking on their children, the genetics of problem drinking, and the physical and mental problems of these children, it is disappointing that so few studies have explored the possibilities of prevention. Despite all the research on children of problem drinkers, we have no usable operationalizations of what problem drinking is, or when a child can be defined as a child of a problem drinker. Furthermore, no valid screening or severity assessment instruments are available; there is no solution for the ethical dilemma of the need to involve parents while these parents are at the same time the problem; very few theory-driven prevention programmes have been developed; very little is known about protective factors that could be the focus of prevention programmes; and we have no programmes that can be considered to be 'evidence based'. This paper describes these problems, presents an overview of the prevention research in this area, and gives some directions for future research.

Från psykiskt sjuk till psykiskt funktionshindrad belyser de förändrin gar som ägt rum inom den svenska psykiatrin sedan början av 1990-talet , med speciell tyngdpunkt på psykiatrireformen 1994 och dess konsekven ser. Denna reform har bland annat lett till att den kommunala socialtj änsten fått ett allt större ansvar för omsorgen om personer med långva riga och svåra psykiska funktionshinder. Teman som lyfts fram är försk jutningen från begreppet ?psykisk sjukdom? till ?psykiskt funktionshin der?, vår kunskap kring psykiska funktionshinder och hur drabbade pers oner hanterar dessa i sin vardag. Vidare diskuteras de nya roller som anhöriga och frivilligorganisationer fått efter avvecklingen av de gam la mentalsjukhusen; de krav på delaktighet och inflytande över det egn a livet som psykiskt funktionshindrade ställer, något som också föränd rar villkoren för dem som arbetar med dessa frågor. Boken vänder sig s peciellt till personer som utbildar sig inom vård och omsorg.

Evidence-based treatments exist for a range of child and adolescent behavior problems; however, effects are often limited by poor treatment attendance and adherence. The authors developed and evaluated the efficacy of a brief (5 to 45 min) intervention designed to increase treatment attendance and adherence in a sample of 76 parents referred for treatment of their child's oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior. The results of this randomized controlled trial showed that parents who received this brief intervention had greater treatment motivation, attended significantly more treatment sessions, and had greater adherence to treatment according to both parent and therapist report. This study provides researchers and clinicians with a brief and efficacious method of increasing motivation, attendance, and adherence for treatment.

Although some progress has been made, the belief that students with severe cognitive and multiple disabilities will not or cannot become self-determined remains a barrier for many such students. This article revisits topics that were identified in Wehmeyer (1998) as contributing to this problem, with a particular focus on definitional issues pertaining to self-determination and control. In light of this discussion, a modified definition of self-determination is proposed and the importance for moving in this direction is discussed.

Although some progress has been made, the belief that students with severe cognitive and multiple disabilities will not or cannot become self-determined remains a barrier for many such students. This article revisits topics that were identified in Wehmeyer (1998) as contributing to this problem, with a particular focus on definitional issues pertaining to self-determination and control. In light of this discussion, a modified definition of self-determination is proposed and the importance for moving in this direction is discussed.

Until the early 1980s, most researchers paid little attention to sibling relationships. Studies of mothers dominated the research agenda, to the almost total exclusion of fathers, extended families, and siblings. Although in early classic studies of families of children with disabilities, investigators embraced a family systems approach that included siblings (i.e., Farber & Jenne, 1963), this emphasis did not take root until recently. There has been an impressive growth in the number of published studies focusing on siblings of children with disabilities. In this paper, my goal is to examine themes in this research and reflect on our state of knowledge

Abstract
To explore siblings'needs and issues when a brother or sister dies of cancer, interviews were conducted with 10 surviving children and young adults. The siblings expressed dissatisfaction with the information they had received and said that they had not felt involved in the dying process with the exception of the terminal period. The siblings stated that their dissatisfaction would have been reduced if doctors and nurses had provided continuous information and support. Loneliness, anxiety, anger, and jealousy were common feelings that they expressed. Friends and school were important to the siblings, representing a normal environment free from the domination of sickness. The siblings also expressed that they needed to mourn in their own way including periods of time when they did not mourn. The absence of the dead sibling was felt particularly during family celebrations. The siblings continued to have special memories and objects, and all still included the dead sibling as a member in the family.

This research project, funded by the ACT Department of Disability, Housing and
Community Services through the Carers Recognition Grants Program, sought to discover
more about the lived experiences, needs and goals of young carers in the ACT in an
attempt to identify more responsive and accessible service delivery.
For the purposes of this research report, young carers were defined as:
children and young people under the age of 18 who care for a family member
with an illness or disability, or a drug or alcohol or mental health issue.
It has been shown that caring can be a positive experience for children and young people
when they receive adequate levels of support but that when unsupported, young carers
can experience significant physical, emotional, social, educational, and financial hardship.
It is discomforting, therefore, to find that most research has shown that for a range of
political and practical reasons, many young carers and their families are sustained in
positions of significant disadvantage and suffer on without the supports and services that
they both need and deserve.
While there has been considerable discussion about the service needs and experiences of
carers, generally, there has been little research focusing on the specific needs of young
carers and their access to appropriate, responsive and quality services.
This has been for a number of reasons. Firstly, viewed primarily as incapable, children
and young people's roles as social citizens are discredited, which leads to a situation
where communities either disbelieve or problematise their care responsibilities and fail to
afford them the support they need. Secondly, afraid of stigma, inappropriate intervention
or shame, many families have felt compelled to hide young caring from the eyes of the
community. Thirdly, young caring raises a moral and economic tension – do we condone
young caring (including its negative impacts) and save the community significant expense
or do we prohibit it and further problematise those who assume such roles?
This study attempted to navigate its way through this potential minefield by
acknowledging that young caring is a natural, potentially life-affirming and skilldeveloping
experience and by seeking out children and young people's own reflections on
their roles and how they, themselves, see caring impacting on their lives.

Magisteruppsats

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att skaffa fram ett underlag för att från habiliteringens sida
kunna vara ett adekvat stöd till professionella, när det gäller bemötande av föräldrar, särskilt
mammor, med intellektuella begränsningar.
För detta syfte behövde vi kartlägga de professionellas inställning och attityder till föräldrar
med intellektuella begränsningar, men också förmedla den bild som mammorna/föräldrarna
har på det stöd de får. I en kvalitativ studie intervjuades åtta mammor med intellektuella
begränsningar om deras syn på det stöd de får. En enkätstudie ställd till professionella gav
kännedom om olika verksamheters arbetssätt och utbud av stöd till familjer där en eller båda
föräldrarna har intellektuella begräsningar. I resultatdelen speglades informationen från
mammorna mot enkätsvaren.
Samverkansaspekter beaktades särskilt noga. Studien utgick från följande frågor:
Vilka erfarenheter och vilken inställning har de professionella till föräldrar med intellektuella
begränsningar? Hur kan mammornas egna synpunkter på den hjälp de får bidra till förståelse
för familjernas behov? Vilket stöd finns idag, hur skulle det eventuellt behöva förstärkas och
vilken roll kan habiliteringen ha?
De båda undersökningarna gav samstämmiga resultat när det gäller att beskriva
stödinsatsernas omfattning och mångfald. En annan aspekt som belystes från ömse håll var
behovet av utökat tidsutrymme för kontakt. Denna samstämmighet kunde utgöra grund för
fortsatt arbetsallians. Vi konstaterade vidare att det fanns behov av ett kunskapscenter som
kunde bidra till lättillgänglig information för både professionella och familjer. Professionella
uttryckte önskan om att lära mer avseende funktionshinder och dess konsekvenser särskilt i
kombination med föräldraskap. Behov av utökad och rutinmässig samverkan framkom mellan
de instanser som möter föräldrar med intellektuella begränsningar och deras barn. Slutligen
konstaterades en naturlig roll för habiliteringen, framför allt avseende fyra aspekter. Det
gällde förmedling av kunskap om funktionshinder, liksom insatser av preventiv art,
nätverksbyggande och samordnarfunktion.

In this article, originally submitted to B J S E's Research Section, Chris Abbott of King's College, London, and Helen Lucey of the Open University report on the outcomes of a survey of special schools in England. The aim of the research, funded by the Nuffield Foundation, was to understand the nature and extent of symbol use for communication and literacy. A questionnaire was used to collect data on topics including: the types of symbols in use; the methodologies operated; ownership of symbol choice; and agreed policies within and outside school. The researchers had an excellent response in this important survey, undertake n after a period of rapid growth in symbol use in special schools and elsewhere. Chris Abbott and Helen Lucey provide a discussion of the results of their survey and of the issues that arise from the findings and the many comments added by respondents. They close their article with a call for further detailed research, both in the UK and in co-operation with practitioners in other countries, into the ways in which symbol use can meet the needs of learners.

Den här skriften vill visa hur alla de olika insatser som görs för barn och unga med funktionshinder kan samverka för att vara väl sammansatta, komma i rätt tid och överensstämma med barnets och ungdomens faktiska behov vid det aktuella tillfället. För att det ska vara möjligt måste alla de verksamheter och professionella som ger stöd se helheten i barnets situation, den helhet som vardagen utgör. Med ett sådant perspektiv och med en förståelse för den egna verksamhetens roll i helheten, finns en grund för att ta ansvar för samverkan.

BACKGROUND:
This study examined the persistence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) into adulthood.
METHOD:
We analyzed data from published follow-up studies of ADHD. To be included in the analysis, these additional studies had to meet the following criteria: the study included a control group and it was clear from the methods if the diagnosis of ADHD included subjects who did not meet full criteria but showed residual and impairing signs of the disorder. We used a meta-analysis regression model to separately assess the syndromatic and symptomatic persistence of ADHD.
RESULTS:
When we define only those meeting full criteria for ADHD as having 'persistent ADHD', the rate of persistence is low, approximately 15% at age 25 years. But when we include cases consistent with DSM-IV's definition of ADHD in partial remission, the rate of persistence is much higher, approximately 65%.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our results show that estimates of ADHD's persistence rely heavily on how one defines persistence. Yet, regardless of definition, our analyses show that evidence for ADHD lessens with age. More work is needed to determine if this reflects true remission of ADHD symptoms or is due to the developmental insensitivity of diagnostic criteria for the disorder.

Background
The social class distribution of the common mental disorders (mostly anxiety and/or depression) has been in doubt until recently. This paper reviews the evidence of associations between the prevalence of the common mental disorders in adults of working age and markers of socio-economic disadvantage.

Methods
Work is reviewed which brings together major population surveys from the last 25 years, together with work trawling for all European population studies. Data from more recent studies is examined, analysed and discussed. Because of differences in methods, instruments and analyses, little can be compared precsiely, but internal associations can be examined.

Findings
People of lower socio-economic status, however measured, are disadvantaged, and this includes higher frequencies of the conditions now called the 'common mental disorders' (mostly non-psychotic depression and anxiety, either separately or together). In European and similar developed populations, relatively high frequencies are associated with poor education, material disadvantage and unemployment.

Conclusion
The large contribution of the common mental disorders to morbidity and disability, and the social consequences in working age adults would justify substantial priority being given to addressing mental health inequalities, and deprivation in general, within national and European social and economic policy.

The addictions are common chronic psychiatric diseases that today are prevented and treated using relatively untargeted and only partially effective methods. The addictions are moderately to highly heritable, which is paradoxical because these disorders require use; a choice that is itself modulated by both genes and environment. The addictions are interrelated and related to other psychiatric diseases by common neurobiological pathways, including those that modulate reward, behavioural control and the anxiety or stress response. Our future understanding of addictions will be enhanced by the identification of genes that have a role in altered substance-specific vulnerabilities such as variation in drug metabolism or drug receptors and a role in shared vulnerabilities such as variation in reward or stress resiliency.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:
The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of a nurse-led support and education programme for improving the spouses' perceived general quality of life, life situation, general well-being and health state.
BACKGROUND:
Stroke is a disease with great consequences for the patients and their families. The spouses often feel obligated to care for the patient, providing psychological and physical support and having to cope with the patient's physical and cognitive impairments. This might lead to increased problems, as family members struggle to adapt to their new roles and responsibilities.
DESIGN AND METHODS:
Longitudinal, randomized controlled trial. One hundred spouses were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups, 50 in each group. The intervention group participated in a support and education programme, six times during six months, led by stroke specialist nurses. Both groups were followed for 12 months.
RESULTS:
No significant differences were found, between intervention and control groups, over time. In the sub analyses, we found that the group attending 5-6 times had a significant decrease in negative well-being and increased quality of life over time, while the group attending fewer times had a significant decrease in positive well-being and health state, similar to the control group, which also had a significant decrease in negative and general well-being.
CONCLUSIONS:
A support and education programme might have a positive effect on spouses' well-being, on condition that they attend at least five times.
RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE:
To facilitate the spouses' role as informal caregivers to the stroke patients, further development of the support and education programme used in the present study is needed, including empowerment approach and implementation of coping strategies.

BACKGROUND:
As infant disorganized attachment is a serious risk factor for later child psychopathology, it is important to examine whether attachment disorganization can be prevented or reduced.
METHOD:
In a randomized intervention study involving 130 families with 6-month-old adopted infants, two attachment-based intervention programs were tested. In the first program, mothers were provided a personal book, and in the second program mothers received the same personal book and three home-based sessions of video feedback. The third group did not receive intervention (control group).
RESULTS:
The intervention with video feedback and the personal book resulted in enhanced maternal sensitive responsiveness (d=.65). Children of mothers who received this intervention were less likely to be classified as disorganized attached at the age of 12 months (d=.46), and received lower scores on the rating scale for disorganization than children in the control group (d=.62). In the book-only intervention group children showed lower disorganization ratings compared to the control group, but no effect on the number of infants with disorganized attachment classifications was found.
CONCLUSION:
Our short-term preventive intervention program with video feedback and a book lowered the rate of disorganized attachment. The effectiveness of our intervention documents the importance of parenting in the development of infant attachment disorganization.

Many older people die in hospitals, whereas research indicates that they would prefer to die at home. Little is known about the factors associated with place of death. The aim of the present study was to investigate the care received by older people in the last 3 months of their life, the transitions in care and the predictors of place of death. In this population-based study, interviews were held with 270 proxy respondents to obtain data on 342 deceased participants (79% response rate) in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. In the last 3 months of life, the utilisation of formal care increased. Half of the community-dwelling older people and their families were confronted with transitions to institutional care, in most cases to hospitals. Women relied less often on informal care only, and were more dependent than men on institutional care. For people who only received informal care, the odds of dying in a hospital were 3.68 times the odds for those who received a combination of formal and informal home care. The chance of dying in a hospital was also related to the geographical region. The authors argue that future research is needed into the association that they found in the present study, i.e. that decedents who received both formal and informal care were more likely to die at home. In view of the differences found in geographical region in relation to place of death, further investigation of regional differences in the availability and accessibility of care is indicated.

BACKGROUND:
Research suggests that children exposed to parental drinking problems are at risk for maladjustment. However, the potential impact of drinking problems in a community sample and the processes involved in the relationship between parental drinking and child outcomes have rarely been examined.
METHOD:
A community sample of 235 mothers and fathers of kindergarten children completed measures of problem drinking symptoms, family functioning and child adjustment.
RESULTS:
Model tests indicate that problem drinking was associated with greater marital conflict, and that marital conflict was related to ineffective parenting which was in turn related to poorer child adjustment.
CONCLUSIONS:
Even in a community sample, parental problem drinking behaviors are associated with reduced family functioning that relates to child outcomes.

Background:  Research suggests that children exposed to parental drinking problems are at risk for maladjustment. However, the potential impact of drinking problems in a community sample and the processes involved in the relationship between parental drinking and child outcomes have rarely been examined.

Method:  A community sample of 235 mothers and fathers of kindergarten children completed measures of problem drinking symptoms, family functioning and child adjustment.

Results:  Model tests indicate that problem drinking was associated with greater marital conflict, and that marital conflict was related to ineffective parenting which was in turn related to poorer child adjustment.

Conclusions:  Even in a community sample, parental problem drinking behaviors are associated with reduced family functioning that relates to child outcomes.

The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.

The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.

The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.

The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.

The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.

The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.

The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.

The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.

The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.

The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.

The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.

Juveniles who are rowdy, who commit crime, abuse drugs, have difficulty functioning in school or in the home are the subject of constant attention: from indignant voices in newspaper reports, to demands in parliament for action, all the way to the informal conversations at the lunch table and in the home in front of the television. This dissertation is about society's attempts to normalize them, in a time when institutional care has gained a bad reputation. All over the western world there are attempts to replace institutions with qualified non-institutional measures. In Sweden a rather broad range of activities has emerged under designations such as home-based solutions, intermediary care or simply alternatives to institutional care. Among these we can find both all-embracing and innovative endeavours and more limited expansions of established patterns of thought. Although there are numerous studies of individual ventures, often in the form of project evaluations, there are no approaches with an overall perspective on the field. This dissertation seeks to remedy this by studying ideas articulated when activities are planned and how daily life between juveniles and employees is formed in a typical home-based solution. These studies are conceptualized through a description of the development of juvenile care during the 20th century. The study is based on the methods of discourse analysis and focuses on how communication is shaped and given a specific function in an institutional order. The first study shows how the social worker as a rescuing subject is linked with the juvenile as an object needing rescue through the technology involved in the home-based solution. Four main forms of home-based care are identified in accordance with the way they relate to the mother organization (integrated – free-standing), and the way they handle problems that arise (ad hoc – a priori). The study of the special school "Pilen" analyses in detail how everyday life is shaped and maintained. Therapeutic work is perceived in the dissertation as actions accompanied by power with the intention of achieving dominance within a social space. In the special school it becomes evident how the employees' claims for power encounter the juveniles' counter-power, and how this is expressed in a reciprocal positioning game. The juveniles often have great potential to neutralize the employees' direct interventions. At the same time, they have little opportunity to change the social and cultural framework which dictates why they are there – and hence also little opportunity to avoid being captured in the category of "problem children". In this way the special school was simultaneously a sanctuary from the excessive pressures of ordinary school and a place of banishment from it, and from what is perceived as the reference of normality.

BACKGROUND: Increased mortality rates among previous child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) patients have been found in Scandinavian studies up to the 1980s. The suicide risk in this group has been estimated to be almost five times higher than expected. This article addresses two questions: Do Swedish CAP patients continue to risk premature death and what kind of information related to psychiatric symptoms and/or behavior problems can predict later suicide? METHODS: Hospital files, Sweden's census databases (including immigration and emigration) and administrative databases (including the Swedish Hospital Discharge register and the Persons Convicted of Offences register), and the Cause of Death register were examined to determine the mortality rate in a group of 1,400 former CAP inpatients and outpatients over a period of 12-33 years. Observed and expected numbers of deceased were calculated with the prospective method and the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) method. The relative risk or the risk ratio (RR) is presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Significance level tests were made using two-by-two tables and chi-square tests. The Cox proportional-hazards regression model was used for survival analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-four males and 14 females died. Compared with the general population, the standardized mortality ratio in this group of CAP patients was significantly higher in both sexes. Behavioral problems, school problems, and co-morbid alcohol or drug abuse and criminality (including alcohol-related crimes) were found to be important predictors. Thirty-two deaths were attributed to suicide, intoxication, drug overdose, or accident; one patient died of an alcohol abuse-related disorder, and five patients died of natural causes. Suicide was the most common cause of death, but only 2 of these 19 cases were initially admitted for attempted suicide. CONCLUSION: We suggest that suicide and death prevention among CAP patients may not be a psychiatric issue per se but a future function of society's juvenile social-welfare investments and juvenile-delinquency prevention programs.

Bakgrund till studien är ett behov och ett intresse att belysa den situation och de dilemman
som föräldrar har att förhålla sig till då deras första barn har ett funktionshinder och de vill
ha fler barn. Mitt intresse väcktes i samband med att jag träffade nyblivna
förstagångsföräldrar till barn med funktionshinder i mitt arbete på en samtalsmottagning
för anhöriga. Syftet med undersökningen är att få vidgad kunskap om föräldrarnas tankar
och erfarenheter i samband med deras andra graviditet.
Studien bygger på intervjuer med föräldrar utifrån frågor om hur de tänkte kring beslutet
om ett barn till, om graviditeten, om möjligheterna till fosterdiagnostik, hur de upplevde
förlossningen och om hur det var att bli föräldrar igen.
Ur intervjumaterialet framstod ett flertal dilemman som föräldrarna hade att ta ställning
till. Dessa berörde existentiella och etiska frågor bl.a. kring människovärde och
funktionshinder och svåra beslut kring fosterdiagnostik och abort i början av processen.
Genom föräldrarnas berättelser går ett stråk av sorg och graviditeterna präglades av oro.
Oron tog sig olika utryck men för flera fanns den kvar länge trots att barnet bedömts som
friskt. Oron relaterade i hög grad till hur det första barnets funktionshinder uppkommit
och gestaltade sig.
Att få ett friskt barn var för alla intervjuade en stor glädje och en revolutionerande
erfarenhet. Den innebar först och främst vetskapen om att det kunde gå bra. Den innebar
också att deras identitet som föräldrar kunde stärkas och relationerna till omvärlden
normaliseras.
Ett kvarstående dilemma för föräldrarna idag är deras kamp att få det stöd de behöver för
att hinna och orka med sina barn och ändå leva så normalt som möjligt. Ett annat dilemma
som alla de intervjuade delar är hur de ska kunna ge det andra barnet möjlighet att
utvecklas fritt och normalt, samtidigt som de hoppas att det ska komma att känna ansvar
för sitt syskon.

Psychosocial adjustment in children of alcoholics (COAs; N=125) was examined before and at 3 follow-ups in the 15 months after their fathers entered alcoholism treatment. Before their fathers' treatment, COAs exhibited greater overall and clinical-level symptomatology than children from the demographically matched comparison sample, but they improved significantly following their fathers' treatment. Children of stably remitted fathers were similar to their demographic counterparts from the comparison sample and had fewer adjustment problems than children of relapsed fathers, even after accounting for children's baseline adjustment. Thus, COAs' adjustment improved when their fathers received treatment for alcoholism, and fathers' recovery from alcoholism was associated with clinically significant reductions in child problems.

One of the most common diseases occurring in old age groups is dementia. Caring for a relative with dementia poses many challenges for family caregivers and they bear the main responsibility for the persons with dementia living at home. The overall aim of this thesis, which consists of five community-based studies, was to explore experiences of burden and satisfaction among family caregivers (FC) looking after persons with dementia. Implicit in this aim was the assumption that the result of this research would support development of education programs for caregivers of individuals with dementia in the community. FC of persons with dementia living in either group living care or nursing home still expressed feelings of burden several years after relocation. The caregivers also reported insufficient information and support, and the grown-up children who are low-income earners are those who are affected most ? especially with regard to strain and disappointment. FC with a higher sense of coherence and fewer symptoms reported significantly less burden. Sense of coherence seems to modify the extent of burden reported among FCs, irrespectively of their health. Stressors as measured on the caregiver burden scale and satisfaction can co-exist and allow assessment of different aspects of the caregiver's situation. Psychosocial intervention with a clearly defined aim, which combines giving information and holding conversation groups, can have significant positive effects on the burden experienced by FCs of persons with dementia. The best effect of intervention on caregivers in a controlled study design was found early in the progression of dementia. These findings emphasize the importance of identifying FCs early in the caring process, to maximize their well-being.

One of the most common diseases occurring in old age groups is dementia. Caring for a relative with dementia poses many challenges for family caregivers and they bear the main responsibility for the persons with dementia living at home. The overall aim of this thesis, which consists of five community-based studies, was to explore experiences of burden and satisfaction among family caregivers (FC) looking after persons with dementia. Implicit in this aim was the assumption that the result of this research would support development of education programs for caregivers of individuals with dementia in the community. FC of persons with dementia living in either group living care or nursing home still expressed feelings of burden several years after relocation. The caregivers also reported insufficient information and support, and the grown-up children who are low-income earners are those who are affected most ? especially with regard to strain and disappointment. FC with a higher sense of coherence and fewer symptoms reported significantly less burden. Sense of coherence seems to modify the extent of burden reported among FCs, irrespectively of their health. Stressors as measured on the caregiver burden scale and satisfaction can co-exist and allow assessment of different aspects of the caregiver's situation. Psychosocial intervention with a clearly defined aim, which combines giving information and holding conversation groups, can have significant positive effects on the burden experienced by FCs of persons with dementia. The best effect of intervention on caregivers in a controlled study design was found early in the progression of dementia. These findings emphasize the importance of identifying FCs early in the caring process, to maximize their well-being.

Adolescent depression is a serious and common disorder. Though adolescent males are less likely to report depression than females, they have serious risks associated with the disorder, like suicide, future substance abuse, and illegal activity. Several gender differences have been observed among depressed adolescents and should be considered in assessment and treatment. Little efficacy research exists for family treatments of depression in adolescent males, though several approaches have been proposed. These approaches include Structural Family Therapy, Interpersonal Family Therapy, and Attachment-Based Family Therapy. These treatments have been found useful in clinical settings, but much more efficacy research is necessary. Adapted from the source document.

In 1990 we advanced the hypothesis that frightened and frightening (FR) parental behavior would prove to be linked to both unresolved (U) adult attachment status as identified in the Adult Attachment Interview and to infant disorganized/disoriented (D) attachment as assessed in the Ainsworth Strange Situation. Here, we present a coding system for identifying and scoring the intensity of the three primary forms of FR behavior (frightened, threatening, and dissociative) as well as three subsidiary forms. We review why each primary form may induce fear of the parent (the infant's primary "haven of safety"), placing the infant in a disorganizing approach-flight paradox. We suggest that, being linked to the parent's own unintegrated traumatic experiences (often loss or maltreatment), FR behaviors themselves are often guided by parental fright, and parallel the three "classic" mammalian responses to fright: flight, attack, and freezing behavior. Recent studies of U to FR, as well as FR to D relations are presented, including findings regarding AMBIANCE/FR+. Links between dissociation, FR, U, and D are explored. Parallel processing and working memory are discussed as they relate to these phenomena.

Hur upplever och hanterar vuxna personer med stora rörelsehinder sin situation och sig själva? Hur hanterar funktionshindrade sina kontakter med vårdbyråkratin och med allmänheten? Hur påverkas självbild och livssyn av att leva med stora rörelsehinder? Det bärande temat i Funktionshinder och strategival är en kritik av den medikalisering som beskriver och formar funktionshindrade människors tillvaro; sjukförklaringen, omyndigförklaringen samt dikotomin i starka och svaga. Boken vänder sig emot ett utbrett grundantagande om funktionshindrade människors tragedi och speglar både ett inifrån- och ett utifrånperspektiv så att både de läsare som lever med funktionshinder och de som möter funktionshindrade kan känna igen sig.
Boken vänder sig till universitets- och högskolestuderande inom beteendevetenskap, vård, medicin och sociala områden samt yrkesverksamma som kommer i kontakt med människor med omfattande funktionshinder. Den kan med stor behållning också läsas av personer med funktionshinder och deras anhöriga.

This study explored the dimensionality of grief with a sample (n = 180) of caregivers of deceased loved ones; utilizing a positive grief scale, additional data were collected about perceptions of social worker practice behaviors in end-of-life care. Results revealed the presence of both positive and negative aspects of grief. Supportive social work practice behaviors at the end of life were present at least 52.2% of the time and specific practices were analyzed as to their association with positive or negative grief reactions. Results from this study suggest that grief is a multidimensional process and that social work practice behaviors can support positive aspects of grief with clients in all fields of practice.

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Few studies have described the well siblings' experience of grief when a brother or sister is treated for cancer. Knowing how sibling grief is expressed will guide clinician and family efforts to provide appropriate support.
OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this study was to describe siblings' reports of grief related to the experience of having a brother or sister with cancer.
METHODS:
A qualitative descriptive method was chosen based on open-ended interviews with 29 siblings aged 8 to 24 years. Qualitative content analysis was applied to the interview data.
RESULTS:
Four categories of grief were identified: anticipatory grief after receiving information about the cancer diagnosis, grief and concern about the ill sibling's loss of a normal life, grief about being unimportant and forgotten in the family, and grief that continues after the sibling's death as a kind of bond.
CONCLUSION:
Despite variations in age and gender among participating siblings, their thoughts were similar. Grief was experienced differently from the time of the diagnosis onward, in the form of concerns related to the illness and situation of the ill sibling. Grief related to sibling bonds remained after death.
IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE:
This study recommends offering siblings realistic information about their ill sibling and support for them in their situation from diagnosis and continuously thereafter. To meet the needs of well siblings, it is necessary to ask the siblings about their thoughts and discuss with them their emotions and worries.

Women's position as informal carers has been taken for granted in social policy and social professions, while relatively few discussions have elaborated on caring as a later life activity for men and the impact on family care. This study explores the processes connected to informal caregiving in later life through the position of adult daughters of older fathers engaged with long-term caregiving responsibilities for a partner. A sample of eight daughters, with fathers having primary caregiving responsibility for their ill partners was recruited and in-depth interviews were carried out and analysed according to qualitative procedures. The daughters' descriptions of their relationships with their fathers show that being an older man who engages in caring can have a positive outcome on relations. Even if some of the daughters have doubts about their fathers "masculine authenticity", all of them appear to cherish "his helping hands" as a carer and closer more intimate relationships with their fathers. Caring for an old and frail spouse may potentially present alternative ways of being a man beyond traditional 'male activities' and that caring might also sometimes involve a re-construction of gender identities. It is suggested that social work professionals may use a gendered understanding to assess and work strategically with daughters and other family members who support caring fathers.

Hur barn påverkas av migration är något vi har relativt liten kunskap om, både nationellt och internationellt. I Norden lever de flesta barn sina liv som barn gör mest, i en vardag som rymmer lek, skola och familjeliv. Men det finns erfarenheter som påtagligt påverkar tillvaron för vissa barn; migration är en sådan erfarenhet.
Vilka strategier utvecklar barn för att hantera sin situation i

Purpose: Framed within a biopsychosocial approach, this study aimed to identify the main functionality dimensions that experts in the field of child development and child psychopathology considered as essential in the assessment-intervention process with young children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), using the International Classification of Functionality, Disability and Health for Children and Youth. Method: The Delphi method was used to obtain consensus among experts regarding the essential functionality features for the rehabilitation of young children with ASD. Therefore, web-based three-round survey was developed. Results: There are more functionality features identified as more essential for the age group 3–6 than from the group birth-2 years of age. 49.4% of activities and participation dimensions were regarded as essential by experts, while only 13.9% of body functions were selected. 39.9% of environmental factors were also marked by experts as essential. Conclusions: Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) are classified in diagnostic manuals-DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10. These classifications are valuable to detect signs/symptoms of health conditions; however, they are often not sufficient to develop individualized interventions. More functional information is needed to complement diagnostic data. The identified functionality dimensions of the ICF-CY complement diagnosis by differentiating relevant functioning aspects in all life domains, according to the biopsychosocial model and should always be addressed in the process of rehabilitation of young children with ASD.
Implications for Rehabilitation
The biopsychosocial approach is the most complete way of conceptualizing human development and disability; combining medical, social and functional perspectives.
The ICF-CY specifies strengths and areas for improvement in the functionality of each individual, according to the biopsychosocial model of disability.
This paper identifies core functioning features for the rehabilitation of young children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, in all dimensions of life, according to the biopsychosocial approach to disability.

Background

Four out of 5 families are affected by stroke. Many caregivers access the Internet and gather healthcare information from web-based sources.

Design

The purpose of this descriptive evaluation was to assess the usage and design of the Caring~Web© site, which provides education/support for family caregivers of persons with stroke residing in home settings.

Sample and Setting

Thirty-six caregivers from two Midwest states accessed this intervention in a 1-year study. The average participant was fifty-four years of age, white, female, and the spouse of the care recipient.

Methods

In a telephone interview, four website questions were asked twice-/bi-monthly and a 33-item Survey at the conclusion of the study evaluated the website usage and design of its components. Descriptive analysis methods were used and statistics were collected on the number of visits to the website.

Results

On average, participants logged on to the website one to two hours per week, although usage declined after several months for some participants. Participants positively rated the website's appearance and usability that included finding the training to be adequate.

Conclusion

Website designers can replicate this intervention for other health conditions.

BACKGROUND:
Children with cerebral palsy often show significant communication impairment due to limited or absent speech. Further, motor impairment can restrict the use of movement, including pointing, to signal interest and intent. For some children, controlled gaze can be an effective 'point-substitute': such 'eye-pointing' can be used to request items, establish mutual interest in an event, or select vocabulary within an alternative or augmentative communication (ACC) system. However, in clinical practice there is a lack of clarity about how the term 'eye-pointing' is used, how 'eye-pointing' is recognized or how it relates to social development.
AIMS:
To present a clinical description of the term 'eye-pointing' with reference to children with severe cerebral palsy who cannot speak or finger-point. To consider this description within a wider discussion of the importance of gaze in communication development.
METHODS & PROCEDURES:
Cumulative clinical observations during assessment of children referred to a specialist multidisciplinary communication clinic have provoked discussion between the authors on what factors precipitate use of the term 'eye-pointing' in young children with severe cerebral palsy. In particular, discussion has centred on whether use of the term is appropriate in individual cases and whether guidance is available about how gaze should be observed in this developmentally vulnerable group of children. A literature search was also conducted in order to explore whether the use and meaning of the term is established.
CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS:
In interactions with non-speaking children, determining whether a child is using eye-gaze communicatively requires observation and interpretation of several factors. These processes will be informed by reflection on what is known about other aspects of the child's communication and interaction skills. Within the literature, the term 'eye-pointing' is sometimes used when describing the communication functions of individuals using augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems, and is occasionally qualified by a definition. No papers have been found that set out a clinical description universally applicable to children with severe motor impairment. Moreover, guidance is lacking on how possible episodes of 'eye-pointing' might be confidently distinguished from other episodes of directed gaze in young, developing communicators. The discussion of the term makes reference to the importance of gaze in early communication development, and explores factors that might influence gaze and its interpretation in young children with cerebral palsy. A description of eye-pointing for this group is offered. The authors suggest that this will bring practical benefits to those supporting the communication development of children with severe cerebral palsy.

The studies in this dissertation have their origin in the research project PS Young Support. This project aimed to develop and evaluate a web-based support system (WBSS) for young people living close to someone with mental illness. To make this support relevant, and to achieve legitimacy and trustworthiness it was found important to cooperate with prospective users in developing it through a participatory design (PD) process. The dissertation follows two lines of investigation. One of these relates to how PD can inspire new views on design, while the other is about barriers to involvement of users. Specifically, inspiring views aims at how a PD process with prospective users as co-designers has influenced the way we think about WBSSs. Moving on from the common idea of a WBSS as a stand-alone intervention, Studies I and II show that WBSSs can be used as a tool to reach real-life support. Earlier research suggests that online support is rarely the preferred support; the present research show that young carers viewed it as a starting point for reaching real-life contacts and real- life support. Furthermore, young people with poor mental health are more prone to seek support online compared with those with less poor mental health. Hence, a WBSS could serve as a means to capture the former group and offer them online support. At the same time it could serve as a tool for reaching real-life support and external services. In this way the WBSS could offer a help path to individuals in need of support. Study IV investigates meta design, i.e. how users have really used the WBSS and the conditions for redesign. The development WBSS and its implemented version are compared with respect to their intended use (thing design) and how they really were used (use design). The context of use was found to be critical, since data collected in an experimental setting may be misleading and not reflect real use. Consequently, natural settings are recommended for user feedback. The second line of investigation in this dissertation concerns systemic barriers including barriers to user influence. It is not common in PD to focus on the designers. However, Study II and III reveal two types of barriers, both of which are connected to the designers. They are "systemic" barriers as they are a part of the setting that constitutes design. They cannot really be avoided, just handled. The first barrier has to do with the fact that users and designers do not regularly share the same social conditions, and consequently that they have different assumptions, implying that they may have difficulties to understand each other. Assumptions of shared views and the fact that understanding is a process that takes time may increase the effect of this foundational difference. Study II reports crucial differences in the views of what the WBSS should support. The second barrier concerns the impact of deadlines on designers' attitudes to users' contributions. Study III reports that halfway through the design process, designers reorganized their work and put more effort into the act of producing an artefact. Along with this shift, designers' preferred type of knowledge seemed to change, from knowledge based on user experience to expert knowledge.

Children in dentistry are traditionally described in terms of medical diagnosis and prevalence of oral disease. This approach gives little information regarding a child's capacity to maintain oral health or regarding the social determinants of oral health. The biopsychosocial approach, embodied in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health - Child and Youth version (ICF-CY) (WHO), provides a wider picture of a child's real-life experience, but practical tools for the application of this model are lacking. This article describes the preliminary empirical study necessary for development of such a tool - an ICF-CY Core Set for Oral Health. An ICF-CY questionnaire was used to identify the medical, functional, social and environmental context of 218 children and adolescents referred to special care or paediatric dental services in France, Sweden, Argentina and Ireland (mean age 8 years ± 3.6 yrs). International Classification of Disease (ICD-10) diagnoses included disorders of the nervous system (26.1%), Down syndrome (22.0%), mental retardation (17.0%), autistic disorders (16.1%), and dental anxiety alone (11.0%). The most frequently impaired items in the ICF Body functions domain were 'Intellectual functions', 'High-level cognitive functions', and 'Attention functions'. In the Activities and Participation domain, participation restriction was frequently reported for 25 items including 'Handling stress', 'Caring for body parts', 'Looking after one's health' and 'Speaking'. In the Environment domain, facilitating items included 'Support of friends', 'Attitude of friends' and 'Support of immediate family'. One item was reported as an environmental barrier - 'Societal attitudes'. The ICF-CY can be used to highlight common profiles of functioning, activities, participation and environment shared by children in relation to oral health, despite widely differing medical, social and geographical contexts. The results of this empirical study might be used to develop an ICF-CY Core Set for Oral Health - a holistic but practical tool for clinical and epidemiological use.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:
We report trends of stroke incidence and survival up to year 2001/2002 in Lund-Orup, Sweden, and projections of future stroke incidence in Sweden.
METHODS:
Lund Stroke Register, a prospective population-based study, included all first-ever stroke patients, between March 1, 2001 and February 28, 2002, in the Lund-Orup health care district. Institution-based studies for 1983 to 1985 and 1993 to 1995 were used for comparison. We calculated age-standardized incidence and Cox proportional hazards analysis of survival (stroke subtype, sex, age group, and study period in the analysis). Minimum follow-up was 46 months. Based on our register's stroke incidence and the official Swedish population projection, a projection for future stroke incidence on a national basis was calculated.
RESULTS:
We included 456 patients with first-ever stroke in 2001/2002. The age-standardized incidence (to the European population) was 144 per 100 000 person-years (95%CI 130 to 158) in 2001/2002, 158 (95%CI 149 to 168) in 1993 to 1995, and 134 (95%CI 126 to 143) in 1983 to 1985. Cox proportional hazard analysis indicated decreased risk of death after stroke in 2001/2002 (hazard ratio 0.80; 95%CI 0.67 to 0.94) compared with 1993 to 1995. Up to year 2050, the annual number of new stroke patients in Sweden may increase by 59% based solely on demographic changes.
CONCLUSIONS:
Despite possible underestimation of stroke incidence during the previous institution-based studies, the increased stroke incidence between 1983 to 1985 and 1993 to 1995 did not continue in 2001/2002. The long-term survival after stroke continues to improve. As the elderly population is growing in Sweden, stable incidence and increasing survival will result in a rapidly increasing prevalence of stroke patients in Sweden.

Abstract
Background Adolescents' use of alcohol, cannabis and other psychoactive substances has significantly increased in European
countries. Parallel to this web-based screening and brief intervention have been disseminated. An important question is if it is
based on evidence for effect? Therefore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the evidence for effect.
Method A systematic literature search was performed on randomised trials in the following databases: MEDLINE, the Cochrane
Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and EMBASE – supplemented by hand search. The target group of young adolescents
was defined as 16 to 18 years old.
Results Overall, 35 papers were identified as randomised trials on web-based screening and/or intervention concerning alcohol
and drug among young people; however the only identifiable randomised trial to evaluate the young adolescents was a published
protocol describing an ongoing study.
Conclusion Young adolescents might benefit from web-based screening and brief intervention on alcohol and drugs; however
an effects remains to be established in high quality studies.

Kommunernas tillämpning av bestämmelsen

Den 1 juli 2009 infördes en bestämmelse i 5 kap. 10 § socialtjänstlagen (2001:453), SoL, om att socialtjänsten ska erbjuda stöd till personer som vårdar eller stödjer närstående.

Socialstyrelsens uppföljning visar att socialtjänstverksamheterna i kommunerna tillämpar bestämmelsen i mycket varierande grad. Längst har man kommit inom äldreomsorgen, vilket förklaras av utvecklingen av anhörigstöd i huvudsak skedde inom äldreomsorgen, innan bestämmelsen tillkom. Inom funktionshindersverksamheten och individ- och familjeomsorgen har man kommit igång, men mycket arbete återstår för att omsätta bestämmelsen utifrån de specifika förutsättningar som finns i dessa verksamheter.

Kommunerna har dock överlag blivit bättre på att sätta upp mål, avsätta resurser och organisera arbetet med att stödja anhöriga. Likaså har de ökat sitt utbud av service som stöd till anhöriga. Det betyder sammantaget att kommunerna erbjuder stöd till anhöriga i högre grad än tidigare.

Vad har bestämmelsen inneburit för de anhöriga?

Det är svårt att följa upp och beskriva bestämmelsens effekter för enskilda anhöriga eftersom det saknas underlag för att avgöra om fler anhöriga erbjudits och tagit emot stöd eller inte. Det beror på att uppgifterna om biståndsbeviljade insatser i socialtjänststatistiken inte innefattar uppgifter om bistånd till anhöriga.

Vad anser organisationerna om bestämmelsen?

Överlag är anhörig-, patient-, funktionshinders-, frivillig- och pensionärsorganisationerna kritiska till bristen på stöd, de stora skillnaderna i kvalitet och de stora variationerna mellan kommunerna. Socialtjänsten har också svårt att erbjuda ett individuellt utformat stöd. Vidare kräver de att den personal som arbetar med att stödja anhöriga ska ha kunskaper om de sjukdomar eller funktionsnedsättningar som de närstående har.

Organisationerna framhåller att det stöd som deras medlemmar behöver inte kan tillgodoses enbart inom socialtjänsten, utan det krävs stöd från sjukvården, skolan, arbetsgivaren och myndigheter, t.ex. försäkringskassan. Organisationerna poängterar också problemen med att samordna insatser för den närstående, och att det oftast är de anhöriga som tvingas ta det ansvaret.

Socialtjänstens samarbete med hälso- och sjukvården

Socialtjänsten har ett mycket begränsat samarbete med sjukvården när det gäller stödet till anhöriga, och socialtjänstens företrädare pekar på att det saknas en motsvarande lagstiftning om stöd till anhöriga i sjukvården. Det är också svårt att organisera ett kommunvis samarbete med sjukhus- och specialistvården som ofta betjänar många kommuner samtidigt. Även samarbetet med primärvården fungerar dåligt. Det grundläggande problemet är dock att det saknas en etablerad struktur för samarbetet mellan landstinget och socialtjänsten på området.

Har bestämmelsen fått några andra konsekvenser?

Sedan bestämmelsen infördes bedrivs allt mer av vården och omsorgen i hemmet, som en följd av att det finns färre sjukhusplatser och platser i särskilt boende. Detta får stora konsekvenser för de anhöriga.

I och med bestämmelsen har det blivit tydligt att lagen gäller för hela socialtjänsten och alla dess målgrupper och verksamheter. Bestämmelsen berör alla som vårdar eller stödjer någon närstående, oberoende av den närståendes diagnos, funktionsnedsättning, ålder, kön, relation, boendeförhållanden osv.

Det har också vuxit fram en insikt om att alla påverkas om det finns en hjälpbehövande person i familjen: oavsett om det är en make, ett barn eller en vuxen, en förälder eller ett syskon. Det gäller också oavsett i vilken utsträckning den anhöriga ger vård och omsorg till den sjuke.

En annan erfarenhet är att behovet av att uppmärksamma de anhörigas situation och behov av stöd inte enbart är en fråga för socialtjänsten utan för hela samhället: sjukvården, skolan, arbetslivet, myndigheterna och så vidare. Det pekar på behovet av ett förändrat synsätt, från ett individcentrerat till ett familjeorienterat synsätt i vården och omsorgen.

Socialstyrelsens slutsatser

Socialstyrelsen konstaterar att det återstår en del arbete för att bestämmelsen ska tillämpas mer i socialtjänsten och för att få ett anhöriginkluderande arbetssätt i all vård- och omsorgsverksamhet.

Kommunerna behöver bli bättre på att informera om vilket stöd de kan erbjuda, och hur anhöriga kan gå tillväga för att ansöka om det eller på annat sätt få stöd.
Kommunerna behöver utveckla dialogen med anhörig-, patient-, funk
tionshinders-, frivillig- och pensionärsorganisationerna för att ta vara på de kunskaper och erfarenheter som organisationerna har när det gäller stöd till anhöriga som vårdar närstående.
Huvudmännen behöver utveckla former och rutiner för samarbete kring stödet till anhöriga. Ett sätt kan vara länsövergripande överenskommelser om samverkan mellan sjukvården och socialtjänsten.
Socialtjänstens olika verksamheter, särskilt funktionshindersverksamheten och individ- och familjeomsorgen, behöver fortsatt stöd för att utveckla sin tillämpning av bestämmelsen. Ett fortsatt stöd bör också ta sikte på att utveckla möjligheterna att följa upp utvecklingen av stödet till anhöriga och att stimulera utvecklingen av kunskaper om effekter av stöd till anhöriga.

En översyn har gjorts av anhörigstödet i Nacka. Syftet är att ge ett förslag till inriktningsbeslut och att utreda tillhörigheten för anhörigkonsulentfunktionen. Översynen har främst genomförts med hjälp av intervjuer och samråd med berörda tjänstemän och intresseorganisationer. Av översynen framgår att det har skett en positiv utveckling av anhörigstödet, men den pekar också på behov av fortsatt utveckling inom några områden. Bland annat framhåller intresseorganisationerna att det finns behov av större förståelse för anhörigas situation, mer vägledning och personligt stöd till anhöriga, mer individuellt anpassad avlösning och mer uppsökande verksamhet. Behov finns av en organisation som möjliggör utveckling av såväl det strategiska arbetet med anhörigstöd, som direkta stödinsatser och anhörigperspektiv i handläggningen. Slutsatsen blir att föreslå att anhörigstödet samordnas med det förebyggande arbetet. Det innebär att det strategiska arbetet med anhörigstöd samordnas av Sociala kvalitetsenheten och att Verksamheten Sociala Stödresurser föreslås få ett samlat uppdrag att arbeta med enskilda kontakter, gruppverksamhet, föreläsningar och informationsinsatser

Författare: Karin Stephansson & Robert Schelin
Syfte: Att undersöka hur det kan vara att växa upp med en bror eller syster med diagnosen
adhd, hur livssituationen/syskonskapet hanterats, samt hur de har påverkats och hur det
eventuellt fortsätter att påverka dem i vuxenlivet. Syftet var även att undersöka syskonens
upplevelser och behov av socialt stöd under uppväxten.
Frågeställningar:
• Vilka upplevelser finns hos personer som vuxit upp med ett syskon med adhd?
• Hur upplever syskon att de har påverkats av att växa upp med en bror eller syster med
adhd?
• Hur har syskonskapet hanterats?
• I vilken utsträckning finns det behov av socialt stöd under uppväxten för syskon till
barn med adhd?
Metod: Studien är kvalitativ och bygger på intervjuer med åtta personer som vuxit upp med
ett eller flera syskon med diagnosen adhd. Intervjupersonerna består av både kvinnor och män
i åldrarna 17- 29 år.
Resultat: Resultatet visade att samtliga syskon upplevt att syskonrelationen och
familjesituationen innehållit mycket bråk som enligt intervjupersonerna var mer än vanligt
syskonbråk. Samtliga intervjupersoner ansåg att det fått ta ett stort ansvar under uppväxten.
Detta har upplevts som både positivt och negativt. Det har gjort dem ansvarsfulla men några
kände även att det lagts för mycket ansvar på dem och detta alldeles för tidigt i relation till
deras dåvarande ålder. Studien kunde påvisa en koppling mellan kommunikationen inom
familjen och upplevelsen av att ha vuxit upp med ett syskon med adhd. De intervjupersoner
som ansåg att kommunikationen inom familjen varit god och öppen beskrev upplevelser och
erfarenheter av syskonskapet som mer positivt än de intervjupersoner som ansåg att
kommunikationen inom familjen varit bristfällig.
Nyckelord: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (adhd), syskon, coping, socialt stöd,
systemteori

Internet-based psychotherapeutic interventions have been used for more than a decade, but no comprehensive review and no extensive meta-analysis of their effectiveness have been conducted. We have collected all of the empirical articles published up to March 2006 (n = 64) that examine the effectiveness of online therapy of different forms and performed a meta-analysis of all the studies reported in them (n = 92). These studies involved a total of 9,764 clients who were treated through various Internet-based psychological interventions for a variety of problems, whose effectiveness was assessed by different types of measures. The overall mean weighted effect size was found to be 0.53 (medium effect), which is quite similar to the average effect size of traditional, face-to-face therapy. Next, we examined interacting effects of various possible relevant moderators of the effects of online therapy, including type of therapy (self-help web-based therapy versus online communication-based etherapy), type of outcome measure, time of measurement of outcome (post-therapy or follow-up), type of problem treated, therapeutic approach, and communication modality, among others. A comparison between face-to-face and Internet intervention as reported on in 14 of the studies revealed no differences in effectiveness. The findings of this meta-analysis, and review of additional Internet therapy studies not included in the meta-analysis, provide strong support for the adoption of online psychological interventions as a legitimate therapeutic activity and suggest several insights in regard to its application. Limitations of the findings and recommendations concerning Internet-based therapy and future research are discussed.

Uppsatsens syfte blir att undersöka hur gruppledare i barngrupper för barn med missbrukande föräldrar förhåller sig till den här typen av gruppverksamhet.

A growing body of empirical research has demonstrated that intimate partner violence is not a unitary phenomenon and that types of domestic violence can be differentiated with respect to partner dynamics, context, and consequences. Four patterns of violence are described: Coercive Controlling Violence, Violent Resistance, Situational Couple Violence, and Separation-Instigated Violence. The controversial matter of gender symmetry and asymmetry in intimate partner violence is discussed in terms of sampling differences and methodological limitations. Implications of differentiation among types of domestic violence include the need for improved screening measures and procedures in civil, family, and criminal court and the possibility of better decision making, appropriate sanctions, and more effective treatment programs tailored to the characteristics of different types of partner violence. In family court, reliable differentiation should provide the basis for determining what safeguards are necessary and what types of parenting plans are appropriate to ensure healthy outcomes for children and parent–child relationships.

Ett framgångsrikt anhörigstöd står på några viktiga grundpelare. En av dessa är att stödet tillför något positivt till både den anhörige och den demenssjuke. Det menar docent Lennarth Johansson.

AIM:
The aim of this study was to obtain evidenced-based knowledge about older persons in home care; we conducted a population-based study at 11 sites in Europe (2001/2002). This article focuses on urinary incontinence and need for help in home care.
METHODS:
A sample of 4010 respondents 65 years or older were assessed by the Resident Assessment Instrument for Home Care. Urinary incontinence was defined as leakage once a week or more including use of catheters.
RESULTS:
A total of 1478 individuals had urinary incontinence, 45% men and 47% women. The use of pads ran from 29% to 52% between the sites. The associates of urinary incontinence were: moderate or severe cognitive impairment, dependency in toileting and other activities of daily living compared with less impaired; urinary infections, obesity and faecal incontinence. Caregivers to persons with urinary incontinence reported burden or stress more often then carers to nonurinary incontinence individuals (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.8-2.7).
CONCLUSIONS:
To enable older people with incontinence to stay at home with a better quality of life, they need caring assistance during toileting on a regular basis.

This paper outlines the use of the Writing with Symbols 2000 software to facilitate emergent literacy development. The program's use of pictures incorporated with text has great potential to help young children with and without disabilities acquire fundamental literacy concepts about print, phonemic awareness, alphabetic principle, vocabulary development, and comprehension. The flexibility and features of the software allow early childhood professionals to create a variety of early literacy tools for the classroom, including worksheets, storybooks, and interactive activities.

This paper outlines the use of the Writing with Symbols 2000 software to facilitate emergent literacy development. The program's use of pictures incorporated with text has great potential to help young children with and without disabilities acquire fundamental literacy concepts about print, phonemic awareness, alphabetic principle, vocabulary development, and comprehension. The flexibility and features of the software allow early childhood professionals to create a variety of early literacy tools for the classroom, including worksheets, storybooks, and interactive activities.

This paper outlines the use of the Writing with Symbols 2000 software to facilitate emergent literacy development. The program's use of pictures incorporated with text has great potential to help young children with and without disabilities acquire fundamental literacy concepts about print, phonemic awareness, alphabetic principle, vocabulary development, and comprehension. The flexibility and features of the software allow early childhood professionals to create a variety of early literacy tools for the classroom, including worksheets, storybooks, and interactive activities.

Boken handlar om de barn som placerades på barnhem i en
storstad någon gång under en tvåårsperiod på 1980-talet och var
0–4 år vid tiden för inskrivningen och stannade där mer än en
månad. De första två uppföljningsstudierna gjordes tre och nio
månader efter det att barnen lämnat barnhemmet. Därefter har
barnen följts upp ytterligare fem gånger, 5, 10, 15, 20 och 25 år
efter den tidiga barnhemsvistelsen. Det är 26 barn och det finns
knappast något bortfall från tidig barndom till vuxen ålder.
Resultatredovisningen är uppdelad i tre kapitel. Det första
ger glimtar från socialtjänstens dokumentation och mödrarnas
berättelser om tiden före placeringen och orsakerna till barnens
placering på barnhemmet. Där framgår också barnens reaktioner
på separation och deras anknytnings- och anpassningsprocess
under tiden på barnhemmet och den närmast efteråt, hemma
eller i familjehem. Det andra resultatkapitlet handlar om barnens
placeringshistoria under hela barndomen. De flesta barnen i undersökningsgruppen
kom nämligen förr eller senare till familjehem
och några har även erfarenhet av ungdomsinstitutioner. Instabilitet
till följd av sammanbrott i placeringar eller återplaceringar
ses som ett allvarligt bekymmer för barn i samhällsvård. I de nu
vuxna barnens tillbakablick varierar erfarenheterna. Det tredje
resultatkapitlet handlar om social anpassning i vuxen ålder i
termer av utbildning, arbete och laglydighet. Liksom i annan
forskning framgår det här att färre har gymnasieutbildning än
jämnåriga i befolkningen i stort. Det framgår också att skälen
varierar, men de som klarat gymnasiet utan större problem har
också i större utsträckning en stabil arbetssituation. Kapitlet
bygger i stor utsträckning på de unga männens och kvinnornas
egna berättelser och är rikt på citat. Det är inget stort kvantitativt
material, men det går att räkna procent. Andelen som i vuxen
ålder kan räknas till de laglydiga är 70 procent och 50 procent
har en stabil arbetssituation.

BACKGROUND:
Families living with mental illness experience added burden and need information and support.
AIM:
This aim of this study was to explore the experiences of families living close to a depressed individual.
METHODS:
Eighteen persons were interviewed individually or in focus groups. Data was analysed using a grounded theory-inspired methodology.
RESULTS:
Most participants expressed a feeling of not living their own life, struggling to balance relationships, adapting to and re-evaluating their life circumstances, and struggling to voice their ill relatives' and their own needs.
CONCLUSIONS:
More can be done to help and sustain hope in the relatives of persons with depression.

BACKGROUND:
Families living with mental illness experience added burden and need information and support.
AIM:
This aim of this study was to explore the experiences of families living close to a depressed individual.
METHODS:
Eighteen persons were interviewed individually or in focus groups. Data was analysed using a grounded theory-inspired methodology.
RESULTS:
Most participants expressed a feeling of not living their own life, struggling to balance relationships, adapting to and re-evaluating their life circumstances, and struggling to voice their ill relatives' and their own needs.
CONCLUSIONS:
More can be done to help and sustain hope in the relatives of persons with depression.

I propositionen föreslås ändringar i hälso- och sjukvårdslagen (1982:763,
HSL), i lagen (1998:531) om yrkesverksamhet på hälso- och sjukvårdens
område (LYHS) och i socialtjänstlagen (2001:453, SoL). Hälso- och
sjukvården och dess personal får genom ändringarna i HSL och LYHS en
skyldighet att särskilt beakta barns behov av information, råd och stöd,
bl.a. om barnets förälder eller någon annan vuxen som barnet varaktigt
bor tillsammans med har t.ex. en psykisk sjukdom eller en allvarlig
fysisk sjukdom. Vidare föreslås att kommuners och landstings skyldigheter
i fråga om gemensam individuell planering och gemensamma
överenskommelser om samarbete regleras i såväl SoL som HSL. Lagförslagen
föreslås träda i kraft den 1 januari 2010.

The present thesis aims to study the relationship between the violence that occurs in institutional care for older people and the language employed when this violence and the involved parties are talked and narrated. The thesis has been guided by social constructionism, and violence, victims and perpetrators have been considered as social phenomena constructed in discursive processes.Narrative interviews were conducted with 57 care providers who had been involved in social interactions in which violence occurred. The thesis comprises four studies. Study I is a qualitative description of the interactions. In study II, narrative analysis and positioning theory were used to explore the involved parties' positions. Discourse analysis was employed to investigate discursively created identities (Study III), discursive constructions and how problems related to violence are framed (Study IV).When the care providers described the interactions, they talked about mutual misunderstandings, mutual invasions of personal space and an acceptance of violence in their work. It seemed more reasonable to consider the involved parties as both victims and perpetrators as opposed to one party being exposed and the other perpetrating the violence (I). When the positions of victim and perpetrator were questioned in one care provider's narrative, they appeared to alter from perpetrator to victim to protector throughout the account by use of available discourses. The way of narrating, taking up or resisting the positions offered by the available discourses made it possible to create a preferred identity (II). These discursively created identities can be viewed as a way of defining an undesirable situation, thereby legitimizing the actions taken. The various identities led to consequences and effects such as loss of autonomy, the use of force, humiliation and exclusion. The construction of identities was connected to various beliefs about older persons (III). Beliefs define what actions are possible and legitimate in a certain context as well as forming the basis for the articulation of problems, thus studying such expressions made it possible to explore beliefs. The articulated problems were viewed as a way to create boundaries, indicating certain possible and relevant solutions. When the care providers talked about the interactions, they presented them as being due to a difficult and unavoidable problem related to the illness, caring for the body, competence and profession as well as social order (IV).The discursive struggle, competence, power, powerlessness, resistance, identity constructions, justification and quality of care are reflected upon and discussed. The analysis of the care providers' narratives has made it possible to disclose how discourses concur and compete in order to give meaning to concrete social interactions involving violence. It has also been possible to show how to describe, understand and resist as well as to legitimize and justify the actions performed in relation to such interactions. The narratives opened up possibilities to study practices that are talked about as natural. The things that the care providers narrated about have been regarded as manifestations of discourses. Discourses produce certain versions of the interactions, victims and perpetrators, but it must be borne in mind that these are just a few among many possible versions, which are constantly changing.