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Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile
Manual for the Child Behavioral Checklist 4-18 and revised 1991 profile.
Purpose
To obtain caregiver report of children's competencies and behavior problems in a standardized format.
Conceptual Organization
The Child Behavior Checklist/4-16 (CBCL/4-16) was the first of what has become a multi-axial
empirically based set of measures for assessing children from parent, teacher, and self-reports. In 1991,
The CBCL/4-16 was re-normed to include children up to 18 years of age (becoming CBCL/4-18), and
eight cross-informant constructs were identified to facilitate direct comparison between problem
behavior scores on the CBCL, the Teacher Report Form (TRF), and the Youth Self-Report Form (YSR)
(Achenbach, 1991). All three instruments include measurement of the following eight constructs or
syndromes: Social Withdrawal, Somatic Complaints, Anxiety/Depression, Social Problems, Thought
Problems, Attention Problems, Delinquent Behavior, and Aggressive Behavior. The CBCL is the only
measure among the three instruments that contains the Sex Problems scale (Achenbach, 1991).
In addition to focusing on a child's behavior as defined by one of the eight syndrome scales, the CBCL,
TRF, and YSR also allow the examination of two broad groupings of syndromes: Internalizing Problems
and Externalizing Problems. Internalizing Problems combines the Social Withdrawal, Somatic
Complaints, and Anxiety/Depression scales, while Externalizing problems combines the Delinquent
Behavior and Aggressive Behavior scales (Achenbach, 1991).
The three corollary instruments also contain items that assess social competence. The CBCL/4-18
contains 20 competence items grouped into 3 scales (Activities, Social, and School) (Achenbach, 1991).
Item Origin/Selection Process
Items were derived from research and consultation with professionals and parents, and revisions were
based on the findings of numerous pilot studies. For a complete description of item derivation for the
CBCL, see the Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile (hereafter referred to as
the Manual) (Achenbach, 1991).
Materials
Manual, forms, and computerized scoring programs, available from the publisher.
Time Required
Twenty-five to thirty minutes.
Administration Method
The CBCL is designed to be completed independently by the caregiver. It requires fifth grade reading
ability. The form can also be administered orally by an interviewer who records the caregiver's answers.
There are several items for which the respondent is asked to elaborate about an endorsed behavior in
order to avoid improper scoring.
Training
Requires thorough familiarity with the Manual, especially with the cautions related to commonly
misinterpreted items (Manual, p. 13, pp. 249-250). Please see the Manual for additional information on
training and educational requirements.
Scoring
Score Types
Items are coded from 0 to 2. Instructions for hand scoring the instrument are provided in Appendix A
of the Manual.
Total scores may be computed for Social Competence, Behavior Problems, Internalizing Problems,
Externalizing Problems, and Sex Problems, plus scores for each of the 8 syndrome scales (Achenbach,
1991)
Raw scores can be converted to age-standardized scores (T scores having a mean = 50 and SD = 10) that
can be compared with scores obtained from normative samples of children within the same broad age
range. Please see the Manual for more information on CBCL scores.
Score Interpretation
For the syndrome scales, T scores less than 67 are considered in the normal range, T scores ranging from
67-70 are considered to be borderline clinical, and T scores above 70 are in the clinical range
(Achenbach, 1991) Please see the Manual for additional information on specific syndrome scales
For Total Problems, Externalizing Problems, and Internalizing Problems, T scores less than 60 are
considered in the normal range, 60-63 represent borderline scores, and scores greater than 63 are in the
clinical range (Achenbach, 1991).
Norms and/or Comparative Data
The CBCL/4-18 was normed on a sample of 2,368 non-handicapped 4 to 18 year old children. See
Manual for additional information on norms and comparative data. .
Psychometric Support
Reliability
Information on test-retest reliability and Cronbach's alphas are available from the author (Achenbach,
1991).
Validity
Evidence for content, construct, and criterion-related validity is well documented. See Chapter 6 in
Manual for additional details.
Negotiating needs. Processing Older Persons as Home Care Recipients in Gerontological Social Work Practices.
Studien tar sin utgångspunkt i de bedömningsprocesser äldre personer genomgår för att få tillgång till hjälp i hemmet. Bedömningsprocessen där äldre, deras anhö-riga och kommunala behovsbedömare deltog studerades ur ett kommunikativt perspektiv. Interaktionen vid behovsbedömningssamtalet fungerar som en pro-blemlösningsprocess. Den äldre personens redogörelse för behov förhandlas diskursivt i interaktionen och tre olika berättelselinjer identifierades, baserade på om de sökande betraktar hemtjänsten som ett intrång, som ett komplement och stöd eller som en rättighet. När olika åsikter uttrycks har de äldre sista ordet i enlighet med Socialtjänstlagens föreskrifter. En slutsats är att de anhörigas roll i behovsbedömningsprocessen inte är definierad och att ett familjeperspektiv sak-nas. I studien analyserades också bedömningsprocessens institutionella struktur. De äldre behovssökande processas till att bli klienter, deras behov anpassas till dokumentationens ramverk och kategoriseras i enlighet med institutionella kate-gorier. I transfereringen av tal till text redovisas inte samtliga element i samtalet. Två typer av utredningstext identifierades, den faktaorienterade och den händelse-orienterade. I studien diskuteras det marknadsekonomiska tänkande som kommit att påverka bedömningsprocessen genom byråkratisering vilket står i motsatsställ-ning till det individcentrerade perspektiv som lagen förespråkar. Introduktionen av marknadsmodeller i det gerontologiska sociala arbetet har medfört en inbyggd motsättning och utgör ett välfärdspolitiskt dilemma. Förbättrade kommunikativa metoder behövs för att uppnå en holistisk bedömningsprocess.
Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (2d ed.),
Nere för räkning, eller ... : om livet med ett svårt sjukt barn
Den här boken handlar om en familj med ett svårt hjärnskadat barn och två friska småsyskon. Boken beskriver deras nioåriga resa. Vi får följa och lära oss om en liten men viktig grupp barn, känna ilska och sorg men också mycket hopp, glädje och stolthet. Vi följer familjens vardag i motgång och medgång. Kampen för en så bra vård som möjligt och ett innehållsrikt liv för den svårt hjärnskadade dottern. Vi får ta del av syskonens och föräldrarnas känslor och får en inblick i hur det är att leva med assistenter i hemmet under dygnets alla timmar. Boken berör många områden och det märks att författaren har fått möta mycket under åren.
Läs och upplev hur någonting som från början ser mycket mörkt ut blir allt ljusare. En stark och engagerande bok med fokus på möjligheter.
Nurses and families. A guide to family assessment and intervention
Nurses' encounters with children as next of kin to parents with a cancer diagnosis on oncology wards
It is a challenge for registered nurses (RNs) to meet children and young people who have a parent diagnosed with cancer. These children often suffer from shock, anxiety, outrage, fear and stress. Recent studies indicate that when next of kin have a professional person to talk to, their wellbeing increases. Moreover, when these children are involved in their parent's care they also begin to trust the nurse caring for their parent. However, there is little known of how nurses respond to a child's needs. Thus, aim of this study was to describe RNs' experiences of encounters with children as next of kin to a parent diagnosed with cancer. A qualitative descriptive study based on semi-structured group interviews, with a latent content analysis was carried out. One theme, 'sense of security' including three categories 'balanced meeting', 'de-dramatize healthcare' and 'learn from one another' was identified. Beyond the categories, there are six sub-categories: 'sense of insecurity', 'caring approach', 'providing information', 'participation', 'processing and follow-up' and 'increased knowledge'. The findings of this study highlight the importance of strengthening the RN's ability to create a caring relationship with children as next of kin.
Ny Socialtjänstlag. 1994:139
Nya verktyg för föräldrar – förslag till nya former av föräldrastöd. Rapport 2004:46
Nya verktyg för föräldrar – förslag till nya former av föräldrastöd. Rapport 2004:46.
Nya verktyg för föräldrar. Slutrapport från uppdrag om föräldrastöd
Utgångspunkten för denna rapport är ett uppdrag regeringen givit Statens
folkhälsoinstitut till att samla in, analysera och sprida kunskap om hur för-
äldrastöd av olika slag kan utformas för att göra verklig nytta.
Stöd till föräldrar kan både inriktas på föräldrarnas och på barnens
behov. Det som kommer föräldrarna till del gynnar ofta barnen, men detta
är inte givet. Mot denna bakgrund diskuteras i första hand insatser som är
inriktade på att tillgodose barns behov.
Nytt perspektiv på anhörigstöd
Nyttan och värdet av bostadsanpassningar ur olika perspektiv.
När allt förändrades
Sammanfattning
De var en lycklig familj med två barn i det vackraste landet Sverige. När det tredje barnet föddes förändrades allt. Det lilla barnet fick sin diagnos och familjen började kämpa med den nya situationen. Långsamt började familjen falla samman. Fotografen Anna Clarén har använt sin kamera som ett verktyg för dokumentation, men också som terapi och tröst. Resultatet är en djupgående och överväldigande berättelse om en familj och om autism som inte lämnar någon oberörd. Boken är en intim och djupt personlig fotografisk dokumentation av en familj i ett skede när livet plötsligt och fullständigt förändras
När andra sover : hur sömnsvårigheter hos barn med funktionshinder påverkar familjens liv
Riksförbundet för rörelsehindrade barn och ungdomar, RBU, drev projektet "Läggdags" och denna bok är ett resultat av projektet. Den beskriver resultaten av en enkätundersökning som besvarades av femhundra familjer. Många av föräldrarna är konstant trötta, men studien visar att föräldrarna kan få tillbaka sin nattsömn om barnen och de själva får bra stöd. I boken berättar föräldrarna vilket stöd de behöver.
När anhörigvårdare begår övergrepp
Vad är det som ligger bakom övergrepp mot en äldre familjemedlem som man vårdar? Är det helt och hållet situationsbundet till de yttre omständigheterna eller spelar subjektiva upplevelser och individuella egenskaper hos anhörigvårdaren någon roll? Det skriver Christen Erlingsson, lektor vid Linnéuniversitetet.
Att vara anhörigvårdare kan innebära stor börda, oro och stress. Dessa upplevelser anses vara konsekvenser av situationen runt omkring anhörigvårdaren, den sjuke familjemedlemmens diagnos, och tillgång till eller brist på samhällsresurser och stöd. En fråga är om denna tunga börda och stress kan leda till att övergrepp mot den sjuke begås. Det finns relativt lite forskning kring övergrepp mot äldre om man jämför med forskning inom andra former av familjevåld såsom kvinnofridsbrott och övergrepp mot barn. Vad gäller anhörigvårdandet och övergrepp har forskare endast kvalificerade gissningar att mellan 5–23 procent av anhörigvårdare begår övergrepp mot den de vårdar.
I USA genomfördes för några år sedan en forskningssammanställning med slutsatsen att det inte fanns något entydigt stöd för att konstatera ett samband mellan att vara anhörigvårdare och ökad risk för att övergrepp begås. En anledning till denna slutsats var att det är så få anmälda övergreppsfall jämfört med det stora antalet äldre som vårdas i hemmet av familj eller släktningar. Man kan spegla detta mot att många professionella vårdare, frivilliga och andra berörda personer uppfattar att anhörigvårdandet utan tvekan innebär en ökad risk för övergrepp. De menar att utifrån egna erfarenheter och sunt förnuft förstår man att de påfrestande situationer som skapas i anhörigvårdande situationer, till exempel där den sjuke lider av Alzheimers eller annan demenssjukdom, kan bli så pass provocerande att risken för övergrepp ökar. Till bilden hör att uppemot en femtedel av tillfrågade anhörigvårdare uppger att de fruktar att de en dag kommer att begå övergrepp mot den de vårdar.
En tredje infallsvinkel är att den övervägande majoriteten av anhörigvårdare aldrig begår övergrepp. Det finns anhörigvårdare som upplever positiv hälsa och tillfredsställelse med vårdandet där övergrepp inte förekommer trots påfrestande situationer. Andra anhörigvårdare däremot, som befinner sig i likartade situationer, upplever ohälsa, ökande frustration och som till slut hamnar i situationer där de begår övergrepp mot den sjuke. Man måste fråga sig; vad är det som ligger bakom övergrepp mot en äldre familjemedlem som man vårdar? Är det helt och hållet situationsbundet till de yttre omständigheterna eller spelar subjektiva upplevelser och individuella egenskaper hos anhörigvårdaren någon roll? Ett möjligt svar på dessa frågor upptäcktes överraskande nog under arbetet med en kunskapsöversikt om anhörigvårdares hälsa. Kunskapsöversikten, som togs fram av Nationellt kompetenscentrum Anhöriga, är en sammanställning av svenska forskningsrapporter med syftet att beskriva äldre anhörigvårdares hälsa i samband med att vårda en sjuk familjemedlem.
De allra viktigaste faktorerna som påverkar anhörigvårdarens hälsa, visade sig vara de egna föreställningarna om vårdandet samt upplevelsen av ömsesidighet i de personliga relationerna med den sjuke, andra familjemedlemmar och med stödpersonal. Kunskapsöversiktens resultat visade att ingångsläget för de flesta anhörigvårdare kan beskrivas som att successivt glida in i vårdandet. Under denna fas finns behov av att ständigt justera sitt eget liv. De sociala kontakterna försvinner alltmer och anhörigvårdaren lever ett krympande liv, blir mer och mer isolerad i en föränderlig situation präglad av oro och osäkerhet. Att oroa sig blir en del av vardagen. Anhörigvårdaren bär med sig grundläggande föreställningar om vårdandet, som till exempel "jag behövs", "det är min moraliska plikt att vårda och återgälda den hjälp jag tidigare fått" och "makarna är en enhet och bör stödja varandra". Resultatet visade att det verkar finnas två grupper med anhörigvårdare; en som upplever hälsa och en grupp som upplever ohälsa i form av ökande stress och utmattning.
Bland de anhörigvårdare som upplever hälsa, fanns ömsesidighet i de personliga relationerna och upplevelsen av att vara sedd i sin roll som anhörigvårdare och uppleva mening i vårdandet. Dessa anhörigvårdare bar med sig föreställningar som till exempel, "man får ta det som det kommer", "sjukdom är en del av livet och livet innebär ständig anpassning", "det finns andra än jag som också är anhörigvårdare", "det är viktigt att vara tillsammans med familjen och vänner", och "äkta vänner kommer att vara kvar och acceptera förändringarna". Vad gäller risken för att hamna i övergreppssituationer, är det den andra gruppen anhörigvårdare som är mest i blickfånget, det vill säga de som upplever ohälsa. Här saknas känslan av ömsesidighet i personliga relationer. Anhörigvårdaren kan istället uppleva personalens bemötande som respektlöst och känna sig nonchalerad och förbisedd. Dessa anhörigvårdare bär med sig en mängd föreställningar som till exempel "jag måste ständigt finnas till hands", "min sjuka anhörigas behov kommer i första hand och mina egna behov kommer i andra hand", "jag måste ordna mitt liv kring min anhöriges behov och visa ständig omtänksamhet", "om jag behöver hjälp blir det andra familjemedlemmar eller vänner som kommer att hjälpa mig", " barnen, grannar eller vänner får inte belastas", "barnen måste få leva sina egna liv", "ingen kan ersätta mig", och "ingen kan hjälpa mig i denna situation."
Sådana föreställningar binder fast anhörigvårdaren i en situation som innebär ständigt ökande oro, stress, och börda. Anhörigvårdaren kan till och med känna sig som fången i det egna hemmet men ändå välja att inte anförtro sig åt andra eller själv söka stöd eller hjälp. Anhörigvårdaren sörjer ett förlorat liv, kan känna sig ensam, isolerad, otrygg, oduglig och börja betvivla sin egen kompetens att vårda. Anhörigvårdarens situation präglas också av brist på livsglädje och känslor som skuld och maktlöshet, ökande hopplöshet och konstant ångest. Pressen att själv tillgodose alla den sjukes behov tillsammans med kraven på sig själv att ständigt vara närvarande leder till att anhörigvårdaren aldrig får tillräcklig med sömn och håller på att bli utmattad. Anhörigvårdaren upplever en övermäktig börda och obalans, och är på väg att tappa kontrollen och tippa över i utbrändhet.
Till bilden hör en ökande frustration där anhörigvårdaren har svårt att hålla tillbaka irritation. Nu finns en påtaglig risk att det går över gränsen och kan sluta i övergrepp mot den sjuke familjemedlemmen. Denna ödesdigra nedåtgående spiral kanske känns igen av många. Det är viktigt att erkänna den styrande roll som föreställningarna spelar för upplevelser och hantering av sitt anhörigvårdande. Nästa fråga vi behöver svara på gäller hur stödpersonal i samhället, och vi som står anhörigvårdaren närmast, kan nå fram till de anhörigvårdare som mest behöver hjälp och stöd. Det verkar som att de anhörigvårdare som har störst behov också är de som har minst tro på att hjälp finns. Kunskapsöversiktens resultat pekar på att en bra startpunkt vore att komma underfund med vilka föreställningar som anhörigvårdaren tar med sig in i vårdandesituationen. Oftast är vi inte ens medvetna om våra egna föreställningar eller hur dessa påverkar oss. Ett sätt är att erbjuda anhörigvårdaren och dennes familj att delta i hälsostödjande samtal. En modell för sådana samtal har utvecklats på Linnéuniversitetet i Kalmar som en del av familjefokuserad omvårdnad. Tillsammans med samtalsledare diskuterar familjer sina inneboende styrkor och resurser, föreställningar som antingen kan underlätta eller hindra att hälsan bibehålls, och om att skapa mening i den egna livssituationen.
Ännu viktigare är att samtal utgör ett stöd för att avtäcka hindrande föreställningar och på så sätt förebygga, så att vårdandet inte slutar i övergrepp. Kunskapsöversiktens resultat pekar på ett svar varför en anhörigvårdare kan begå övergrepp mot någon så nära som en familjemedlem. Men länken mellan anhörigvårdandet och övergrepp har än idag ingen fullständig förklaring och fortsatt forskning behövs. Det är extremt viktigt att vi som finns runt omkring känner igen och förstår anhörigvårdarens situation, utan att fördöma men med viljan att bryta anhörigvårdarens isolering, samt kunna erbjuda stöd. Som en mycket klok anhörigstödjare uttryckte det, "Det måste inte vara så märkvärdigt, utan man sätter sig helt enkelt ner och diskuterar tillsammans; varför blev det så här?"
När himlen är nära- : samtal med svårt sjuka och äldre samt deras närstående, vårdare och efterlevande.
När himlen är nära- : till samtalsledare som leder "När himlen är nära-grupper".
När himlen är nära.... Att samtala med äldre om liv, död och självmord
När himlen är nära… - Samtalsstöd till äldre, anhöriga och vårdpersonal
Fokus på anhöriga, nr 14
När livet inte följer manus
Sammanfattning
Att få ett barn med funktionsnedsättning vänder upp och ned på tillvaron. När Sophie Dow får dottern Annie anar hon direkt att något inte är som det ska men det kommer att ta sexton år innan familjen till slut får ett fullödigt svar på gåtan. Under tiden lever familjen ett utmanande, utmattande men alldeles underbart liv tillsammans. Sophie Dows kamp för sin dotters rättigheter leder till grundandet av Mindroom, en organisation som framgångsrikt jobbar för barn och ungdomar med inlärningssvårigheter. När livet inte följer manus är ett inspirerande, personligt detektivdrama, där Sophie Dow med humor, glöd och oväntat stöd från såväl en Hollywoodregissör som brittiska kungahuset söker svar på frågan: Varför är inte alla hjärnor lika mycket värda?
När livet inte längre kan tas för givet
När mamma eller pappa dricker
När mamma eller pappa dricker. En handbok om att arbeta i grupp med barn till alkoholister.
10 % av alla barn kommer från hem där den ena föräldern missbrukar eller har missbrukat alkohol. Det är 150 000 glömda barn, som först på senare år börjat uppmärksammas. Erfarenheter visar att arbete i grupp ger goda möjligheter att framgångsrikt möta de här barnens behov. Handbok med arbetsblad.
När mammas tankar ändrade färg
Max är fundersam. Det är något som blivit annorlunda med hans mamma. Hon är trött, rösten är ledsen och kojan får vara kvar i vardagsrummet i flera veckor. Pappa säger att mamma är sjuk men Max kan inte se något som är fel. Med en annorlunda mamma vill Max inte att kompisarna ska följa med hem. Vad skulle de säga om de såg att hans mamma sov mitt på dagen? Eller hörde den ledsna rösten? I samtal med skolans sjuksköterska får Max förståelse för att det är mammas tankar som blivit mörka och som gör att hon inte mår bra. När mammas tankar ändrade färg skildrar ur barnets perspektiv hur det kan vara när en förälder är deprimerad. Det är den andra boken av Sara Galli och Mats Molid i deras barnboksserie om barn i svåra livssituationer. Den första boken Får hundar korvar i himlen? tilldelades Statens Kulturråds Litteraturstöd.
När mammor dör: Kvinnor om att mista sin mor
Tillsammans med 30 andra kvinnor, i olika åldrar, har jag skrivit om hur det är att förlora en mamma. En viktig bok som jag är stolt att vara en del av. "När mammor dör växer det sly överallt" skriver Göran Tunström. Men det behöver inte bli ensamt. Det vill vi förmedla. För mig är det även en hyllning till min mamma Kerstin
Omsorg, en del av livet (förf. Malmberg B. & Sundström G.)
from www.socialstyrelsen.se.
Omsorgens pris i åtstramningstid A nhörigomsorg för äldre ur ett könsperspektiv
Avhandling
För många är det en självklarhet att ge anhörigomsorg, det vill säga hjälpa en anhörig som har en funktionsnedsättning eller långvarig sjukdom och inte kan klara sig på egen hand. Det kan upplevas som meningsfullt, utvecklande och tillfredsställande, samtidigt som det innebär extraarbete och oro för den som behöver omsorgen. Denna avhandling handlar om anhörigomsorg för äldre personer i Sverige, främst de medelålders döttrarnas och sönernas hjälp till sina gamla föräldrar. Vad betyder det för äldres anhöriga att äldreomsorgen har minskat ända sedan 1980 och att var fjärde plats i äldreboende har försvunnit under 2000-talets första decennium? Har anhörigomsorgen ökat och hur påverkas omsorgsgivarnas liv, framförallt deras arbetsliv?
Omsorgens pris i åtstramningstid. Anhörigomsorg för äldre ur ett könsperspektiv. Rapport i socialt arbete nr. 150
För många är det en självklarhet att ge anhörigomsorg, det vill säga hjälpa en anhörig som har en funktionsnedsättning eller långvarig sjukdom och inte kan klara sig på egen hand. Det kan upplevas som meningsfullt, utvecklande och tillfredsställande, samtidigt som det innebär extraarbete och oro för den som behöver omsorgen. Denna avhandling handlar om anhörigomsorg för äldre personer i Sverige, främst de medelålders döttrarnas och sönernas hjälp till sina gamla föräldrar. Vad betyder det för äldres anhöriga att äldreomsorgen har minskat ända sedan 1980 och att var fjärde plats i äldreboende har försvunnit under 2000-talets första decennium? Har anhörigomsorgen ökat och hur påverkas omsorgsgivarnas liv, framförallt deras arbetsliv? Hur vanligt är det med psykiska påfrestningar, svårigheter att fokusera på arbetet eller att gå ner i arbetstid till följd av omsorgsgivandet? Hur har äldreomsorgspolitiken sett på anhöriga till äldre personer och deras roll i omsorgen om äldre från 1950-talet fram till idag? Har äldreomsorg setts som ett sätt att tillgodose inte enbart äldres omsorgsbehov, utan även anhörigas behov av att förvärvsarbeta?
Petra Ulmanen söker svar på dessa frågor genom analyser av såväl surveyundersökningar som regeringens propositioner om äldreomsorg.
Ulmanen, P. (2015). Omsorgens pris i åstramningstid. Anhörigomsorg för äldre ur ett könsperspektiv. Diss. Stockholm: Stockhoms universitet, institutionen för socialt arbete. (Rapport i socialt arbete nr. 150)
Omsorgens pris. Kjønn, makt og marked i velferdsstaten
Omsorgsmönster bland kvinnor och män - inte bara en fråga om kön
Reducing Parental Risk Factors for Children's Substance Misuse: Preliminary Outcomes with Opiate-Addicted Parents.
Parents in methadone treatment were offered an experimental intervention, Focus on Families, designed to reduce their risk of relapse and their children's risk of substance use. Experimentally assigned volunteers participated in systematic group training in relapse prevention and parenting skills, and received home-based case management services. Immediate posttreatment outcome results reported here include analyses of covariance controlling for baseline measures. Analyses show experimental parents held more family meetings to discuss family fun, displayed stronger refusal/relapse coping skills, demonstrated stronger sense of self-efficacy in role-play situations, and had lower levels of opiate use than control subjects. No significant differences in family bonding, family conflict, or other measures of drug use were found. The utility of intervening with drug-addicted parents in methadone treatment is discussed in light of these findings.
Reducing Parental Risk Factors for Children's Substance Misuse: Preliminary Outcomes with Opiate-Addicted Parents.
Parents in methadone treatment were offered an experimental intervention, Focus on Families, designed to reduce their risk of relapse and their children's risk of substance use. Experimentally assigned volunteers participated in systematic group training in relapse prevention and parenting skills, and received home-based case management services. Immediate posttreatment outcome results reported here include analyses of covariance controlling for baseline measures. Analyses show experimental parents held more family meetings to discuss family fun, displayed stronger refusal/relapse coping skills, demonstrated stronger sense of self-efficacy in role-play situations, and had lower levels of opiate use than control subjects. No significant differences in family bonding, family conflict, or other measures of drug use were found. The utility of intervening with drug-addicted parents in methadone treatment is discussed in light of these findings.
Reflections A Story of Hope, Healing, Facing Fears, and Finding Purpose
Gives hope and inspiration to live a full life despite the adversity of cancer Teaches readers how to overcome fears Shows the importance of finding one's passion and purpose Saying goodbye and putting things in order before dying Coming to terms with mortality Finding out what truly matters in life
Reflekterande processer. Samtal och samtal om samtalen
"Jag skulle önska att vi helt slutar att tala om terapi och forskning som människoteknik, och hellre talar om det som människokonst, konsten att delta i band med varandra." Så skriver Tom Andersen i avslutningen av det nya kapitel som tillfogats i denna upplaga av Reflekterande processer. Vidare utveckling av den ursprungliga bokens tankar redovisas också, till exempel om uttrycksformer som tar tillvara kroppens perspektiv och erfarenheter från arbetsrelationer i praktik och forskning "där man lagt vikt på att relationerna ska vara till nytta för alla som tar del i dem."
Bokens ursprungliga budskap om reflektion och mångfald av perspektiv i familjeterapeutiskt arbete är fortfarande är lika angelägna, och har visat sin bärkraft och utvecklingsförmåga i långt vidare sammanhang. Eller som författaren uttrycker i förordet till den här upplagan. "Det har på sätt och vis stämt till eftertanke att boken har blivit läst och dess idéer blivit använda i så många sammanhang i så många länder. Särskilt att den har slagit an så starkt i länder som varit under totalitära regimer."
Reflekterande processer ges numera ut av Studentlitteratur AB. Denna andra upplaga innehåller dock inga förändringar av innehållet jämfört med den första upplagan.
On Chronic Illness and Quality of Life: A Conceptual Framework
In this paper I focus on the topic of chronic illness in the context of quality of life. I offer a conceptual explanation of these notions and then try to systematise the various species of suffering connected with chronic illness. Suffering in illness rarely attracts systematic analysis. Part of the reason for this is that the topic is in a way an aspect of common sense. It has an air of self-evidence and seems not to require analysis. However, it is my contention that the nature of human suffering is not at all self-evident. In many ways we know very little about the content and extent of suffering. And, although it may not be sensible to borrow traditional scientific techniques for the study of suffering, we need as much intellectual penetration and rigorous analysis in order to clarify the nature of suffering as for any other scientific investigation. Moreover, there are good reasons for saying that we ought to direct much more of our attention to this humanistic aspect of medicine. We ought to remember that the existence of suffering is one of the main motives, if indeed not the most important motive, for undertaking the medical enterprise.
On health, ability and activity: Comments on some basic notions in the ICF
Purpose. The purpose of this article is to highlight and at the same time criticize the holistic view of health expressed in the "International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)". Particular attention will be paid to the idea suggested in the ICF that not only the ability to perform a specified action but also its actual performance is included in the person's health. My argument intends to show that this is an untenable position.
Method. The theoretical platform of this paper is philosophical action theory. My argument makes particular use of the distinctions between ability, opportunity, activity and will. My analysis also uses some insights from the contemporary philosophical discussion of health concepts.
Conclusions. Ability (or capacity) and its opposite disability (or incapacity) are essential ingredients in the implicit philosophy of health of the ICF. However, the ICF also puts an emphasis on the actual performance of actions. This is entailed by the performance qualifier that is included in the ICF. I give some arguments for questioning the relevance of this qualifier if it is intended to have a place in the concept of health or have a general function for decisions in health care or rehabilitation. Instead I suggest the introduction of an opportunity qualifier, which could fulfill some of the purposes intended for the performance qualifier.
On health-enabling and ambient-assistive technologies. What has been achieved and where do we have to go?
On loving and hating my mentally retarded mother
This article explores why I love and hate my mother. It is a
retrospective and ongoing participant observation of the phenomenon
of being the daughter of a mother with mental retardation. In it,
I make use of a layered account, an experimental, postmodern,
ethnographic reporting format which enables the researcher to use
as many resources as possible including social theory, lived
experience, and emotions. By using my own experience, I explore,
through first person narrative, the complex issues and emotions
involved. My conclusion is that the situation is fraught with
ambivalence because my present interactions with my mother are cast
in the light of a past where my mother simultaneously neglected and
protected me.
One year follow-up of significant others of patients who have attempted suicide
Online counselling: The motives and experiences of young people who choose the Internet instead of face to face or telephone counselling
This study used a Consensual Qualitative Research methodology to explore the motivations and experiences of young people who utilize the Internet for counselling over other counselling media. Semi-structured online group interviews (focus groups) were conducted with 39 participants from the Kids Help Line, a 24-hour national telephone and counselling service located in Australia. Analysis revealed five domains relevant to the adolescents' motives and experiences and the frequency of categories within and across cases were analyzed to generate and understand themes and patterns. Specific motivators and barriers are identified and discussed, as are implications for practice and continued research.
Online self-help tools for the relatives of persons with depression - a feasibility study
Background: The Internet's potential as health care tool should be explored. Aim: One objective was to determine the feasibility of constructing a digitally based tool through an iterative design process in cooperation with potential users. The tool's purpose is to alleviate hardships in daily life of relatives of persons with depression. An additional aim was to explore motivation and hindrances to using the tool as a basis for design decisions. Method: An iterative design approach, including data collection through focus groups and with paper and web-based prototypes, was used. Results: Cooperation with potential users, using an iterative design process, was valuable in developing the digitally based tool. Motivations (i.e. to create understanding and rehabilitate oneself) and hindrances (i.e. lack of time or energy) to using the tool were illuminated. Design decisions were based on consideration towards participants' privacy concerns, needs of support and the depression's influence on the relatives' daily life. Conclusion: Prototypes and cooperation with potential users were essential and valuable for the iterative development of the website.
Online self-help tools for the relatives of persons with depression - a feasibility study
Background: The Internet's potential as health care tool should be explored. Aim: One objective was to determine the feasibility of constructing a digitally based tool through an iterative design process in cooperation with potential users. The tool's purpose is to alleviate hardships in daily life of relatives of persons with depression. An additional aim was to explore motivation and hindrances to using the tool as a basis for design decisions. Method: An iterative design approach, including data collection through focus groups and with paper and web-based prototypes, was used. Results: Cooperation with potential users, using an iterative design process, was valuable in developing the digitally based tool. Motivations (i.e. to create understanding and rehabilitate oneself) and hindrances (i.e. lack of time or energy) to using the tool were illuminated. Design decisions were based on consideration towards participants' privacy concerns, needs of support and the depression's influence on the relatives' daily life. Conclusion: Prototypes and cooperation with potential users were essential and valuable for the iterative development of the website.
Operation slutstirrat
Funkisfamiljen är en ny barnboksserie för barn 6-9 år om hur det är att växa upp med ett syskon som har en funktionsnedsättning. Den handlar om huvudpersonen Vide, 8 år, samt syskonen Tintin, 5 år, och Mio, 10 år. Mio har en medfödd hjärnskada och kan inte gå eller tala.
Seriens första bok, Operation slutstirrat, handlar om bemötande och hur det känns när ett barn på skolgården undrar om Mio är en riktig människa. Hur ska Vide göra med alla som frågar, undrar eller stirrar på Mio? Samtidigt som det är pinsamt blir Vide väldigt arg när det händer och det händer ofta. Tillsammans med sin nya klasskompis och sina syskon försöker Vide komma på sätt att handskas med situationer som uppstår.
Boken är skriven av journalisten Anna Pella som har sin egen familj som förlaga till böckerna. Anna Pellas första bok När du ler stannar tiden är en dagbok till hennes dotter Agnes som föddes med en svår hjärnskada. Den har uppmärksammats i flera stora medier, bland annat i Svt:s program "När livet vänder".
Anna Forsmark som illustrerat boken använder humor, värme och mycket detaljer i sina illustrationer. Hon har tidigare illustrerat boken Lilla nej-boken och Lek istället för bråk: 64 lekar för att förenkla vardagen med barn.
Optimism, pessimism, mutuality, and gender: Predicting 10-year role strain in Parkinson's disease spouses.
Optimism, social support, and well-being in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder
This study used structural equation modeling to examine the relationship between multiple sources of social support (e.g., partner, family, and friends), optimism, and well-being among mothers of children with ASD. Social support was examined as a mediator and moderator of the optimism-maternal well-being relationship. Moreover, the role of optimism as a mediator of the social support-maternal well-being relationship was also evaluated. Results revealed that family support was associated with increased optimism that, in turn, predicted higher levels of positive maternal outcomes and lower levels of negative maternal outcomes. In addition, partner and friend support were directly associated with maternal outcomes. Implications for the development of interventions directed at increasing the quality of social support networks are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)
Optimizing patient and family involvement in geriatric home care.
Ordinary families, special children
This popular clinical reference and text provides a multisystems perspective on childhood disability and its effects on family life. The volume examines how child, family, ecological, and sociocultural variables intertwine to shape the ways families respond to disability, and how professionals can promote coping, adaptation, and empowerment. Accessible and engaging, the book integrates theory and research with vignettes and firsthand reflections from family members.
Relationbased intervention with at-risk mothers: Outcome in the second year of life.
This study shows that a home-visiting, relationship-based intervention, as defined in the UCLA Family Development Project, affects certain areas of family functioning by the time an infant reaches 12 months. Within a randomized trial design, we compared two samples of mothers who were identified as at risk for inadequate parenting in the third trimester of pregnancy with their first child. The primary risk characteristics were poverty and a lack of support. Thirty-one of these mothers experienced the intervention and thirty-three did not. Mothers given the opportunity of a positive, trusting, and working relationship with a weekly home visitor as well as a mother–infant group scored significantly higher on measures of their experienced partner and family support. The intervention also made a significant impact on three critical social-emotional mother–infant transactions in the first year of life. Thus, on a variety of indices including the responses to the Ainsworth Strange Situation, the children in the intervention group were more secure and their mothers more responsive to their needs. Children experiencing the intervention were also more autonomous and task oriented and were encouraged in this regard by their mothers. ©1999 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Relations among maternal stress, cognitive development and the early intervention in middle- and low-SES infants with developmental disabilities.
Relations between parent and adolescent problems among adolescents presenting for family-based marijuana abuse treatment
Family-based treatments for adolescent substance abuse demonstrate efficacy and are becoming a treatment of choice. Family risk factors for substance abuse may present barriers to or suggest targets for modification during treatment. The sample included 149 adolescents presenting for substance abuse treatment and their parents. Structural equation modeling tested the hypothesis that parent psychological problems, parent substance use, and parenting behaviors influence adolescent psychological problems and substance use. This study is among the first to examine the unique impact of maternal and paternal variables on adolescent problems within one analytical model. Results indicated that parental psychological problems were directly associated with adolescent psychological problems after controlling for parent substance use and parenting behaviors. Paternal positive involvement and poor monitoring were also independently associated with adolescent substance use. Results suggest that both mothers' and fathers' symptoms of psychopathology play an important role in the symptoms of adolescents in treatment for substance abuse. Findings highlight the need for family-based assessment in adolescent treatment populations to address important clinical and research questions.
Organiserande av stöd och service till barn med funktionshinder. Om projektnät, språkliga förpackningar och institutionella paradoxer.
Avhandlingen är en studie av hur stöd och service organiseras kring fyra barn med funktionshinder och deras familjer. I denna service är normalt flera olika formella organisationer involverade, som barnhabilitering, förskola/skola/särskola, hjälpmedelscentral, assistentorganisationer, sjukvård m fl. Dessutom kan barnets och familjens situation vara komplicerad på många sätt. Själva funktionshindret kan vara komplext och förändras över tid. Familjens situation är också beroende av en mängd andra faktorer än själva funktionshindret.
Att organisera servicen innebär att konstruera insatser, att få dem att fungera, och att samordna med allt annat som sker. Både i litteraturen och i familjers berättelser beskrivs ofta svårigheter och brister i detta organiserande. Studien syftar därför till att undersöka hur organiserandet i praktiken går till, och vilka dess förutsättningar är.
Avhandlingen bygger på en undersökning av service och stöd kring fyra familjer med funktionshindrade barn. Barnens ålder varierade mellan 2 och 9 år, och de hade både fysiska och psykiska funktionshinder. Sammanlagt gjordes 83 intervjuer med involverad personal och föräldrar. Dessutom observerades 15 möten mellan personal och föräldrar, som i huvudsak fungerar som bakgrundsmaterial.
Själva organiserandet uppfattas i studien som ett begriplighetsskapande. Verkligheten ses som mångtydig, och genom att en gemensam förståelse skapas, ordnas och organiseras också handlingar. Servicen blir begriplig "som" just service på ett sätt som gör att den blir praktiskt möjlig att genomföra. Övriga involverade förstår vad som ska ske och hur de behöver bidra till det. Begriplighetsskapandet har vidare studerats som ett språkligt fenomen. Det är i språket som handlingar ges innebörder, och kan beskrivas på ett sätt så att man vet vad man kan förvänta sig framöver. Vidare är det genom språket som olika aktörer tar på sig ansvar för att utföra saker, och beskriva vad det är de tänker göra. Med hjälp av begreppet "språkliga förpackningar" undersöks hur ett gemensamt organiserande språk används. En språklig förpackning är en beskrivning av det man gör (eller tänker göra) som gör det begripligt för andra. Handlingen "förpackas" på ett sätt som gör den begriplig och rimlig.
Genom att undersöka hur de olika intervjupersonerna beskriver det de är engagerade i kring det enskilda barnet blir "projekt" synliga, som det sätt som insatser är ordnade. Inom ett projekt hänger insatser och handlingar samman, medan de mellan projekten är mer oberoende. Den övergripande strukturen på servicen är ett löst sammanhållet knippe av sådana projekt.
Organiserandet av verksamheten handlar också om hur praktiken begripliggörs som just insatser och service, och som något som bildar projekt. I en närgången analys av beskrivningarna i intervjuer och på möten har fyra aspekter av organiserandet kunnat särskiljas. För det första betecknas aktörernas aktiviteter på specifika sätt, och för det andra kontextualiseras beteckningarna på ett sätt som ger dem mening och innebörd. För det tredje konstrueras bilder av det funktionshindrade barnet, genom att vissa sidor av barnet fokuseras och lyfts fram. Bilderna av barnet är vävs samman med själva beskrivningen av insatserna, och fungerar som redskap för att förklara vad det är man gör, och motivera att man är engagerad i det. För det fjärde intar aktörerna egna positioner, genom de sätt de beskriver sin praktik och med hjälp av bilderna av barnet. Vanliga positioner är t ex för personalens del "professionell" och "kompetent", eller för föräldrarnas del "kompetent förälder".
De fyra aspekterna vävs samman i organiserandet och begripliggörandet av servicen. Det är genom en rimlig kombination av dem som en begriplig och trovärdig service kan etableras och upprätthållas.
I en vidare analys av organiserandets förutsättningar identifierades sex "institutionaliserade element", som fungerar som taget-för-givna utgångspunkter för servicen: familjecentrering, barnfokusering, utvecklingsorientering, expertrationalitet, användande av professionella diskurser, samt standardiserade former som "träning en gång i veckan". Dessa element är den grund på vilken servicen konstrueras och upprätthålls. Samtidigt finns det i den ordning som elementen utgör både motsättningar och paradoxer, tillsammans med vissa språkliga verktyg och strategier som de hanteras och "de-paradoxifieras" med. I studien diskuteras fyra paradoxer: fragmentering genom professionella diskurser, barnfokuseringens motsägelsefulla praktik, motsättning mellan expertrationalitet och familjecentrering, samt spänningen mellan institutionella projekt och lokal verklighet. Mot bakgrund av hur denna institutionalitet formar vilka projekt som är möjliga, och vilka positioner som aktörerna därmed erbjuds, beskrivs servicen slutligen som "projektnät".
I avhandlingen diskuteras resultaten både i relation till annan litteratur och till praktiken. En huvudpunkt är att organiserandet av servicen är något som ständigt pågår, som en aspekt av den konkreta servicen, snarare än något utöver denna. Alla aktörer är därmed konstant involverade i organiserandet, och frågan handlar mer om hur det görs, än om huruvida det behöver göras. En annan huvudpunkt är beskrivningen av två olika former av handlingslogik. Ofta beskrivs handling som något som syftar till ett visst mål, och den som handlar som någon som försöker göra detta så effektivt och bra som möjligt. I kontrast mot denna rationalitetslogik kan en lämplighetslogik beskrivas, där aktörer strävar efter att göra det som är lämpligt i en viss situation, givet hur man förstår situationen och sin egen position och roll i den. Denna lämplighetslogik stämmer väl med hur servicen beskrivits i studien. Med hjälp av denna logik kan svårigheten att genomföra vissa förändringar, t ex införande av individuella planer, förstås från ett nytt perspektiv. Det handlar då mindre om individuella attityder eller individuell kompetens, än om hur servicen i grunden är organiserad, och hur dessa förutsättningar kan hanteras i praktiken.
För det praktiska organiserandet diskuteras möjligheten att ta tillvara de resurser som finns i punkter där olika aspekter av servicen knyts samman. Det handlar om möten mellan personal och föräldrar, assistenter som är involverade i huvuddelen av servicen, samt kring vissa tekniska hjälpmedel. Möjligheterna att utveckla ett flexibelt organiserande är vidare beroende av aktörernas förmåga att aktivt reflektera och pröva alternativa perspektiv. Att utveckla det praktiska organiserande innebär då att odla denna reflektionsförmåga, bland annat för att finna nya sätt att ta tillvara de resurser som finns där servicen knyts samman.
Organizational effects of information and communication technology (ICT) in elderly homecare: a case study
Origin differences in self-reported health among older migrants living in France
Oskars pappa har en CP-skada
illustrationer: Eva Akne
Barn/ungdom
Här får vi en beskrivning av hur det kan vara att ha en förälder med CP-skada.
Outcome studies of family therapy in child and adolescent depression
There is surprisingly little good-quality evidence for the effectiveness of family systemic interventions with child and adolescent depression given the prevalence of depression and the demonstrated association with a range of family factors. What studies there are suggest the possibility of family therapy being an effective intervention but more research is needed before firm conclusions may be drawn. Family interventions may be more effective in children than in adolescents and where other family members are depressed. It is possible that family interventions continue to bring about improvement in symptoms after cessation of treatment. What research there is evaluates older structural models of therapy: there is a real need for more evaluation of newer models of practice.
Relative importance of patient disease indicators on informal care and caregiver burden in Alzheimer's disease
Background: Cognition, abilities in activities of daily living (ADL), and behavioral disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) all influence the number of hours informal caregivers spend caring for their patients, and the burden caregivers experience. However, the direct effect and relative importance of each disease severity measure remains unclear. Methods: Cross-sectional interviews were conducted with 1,222 AD patients and primary caregivers in Spain, Sweden, the U.K. and the U.S.A. Assessments included informal care hours, caregiver burden (Zarit Burden Inventory; ZBI), cognition (Mini-mental State Examination; MMSE), ADL-abilities (Disability Assessment for Dementia scale; DAD), and behavioral symptoms (Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire; NPI-severity). Results: Multivariate analyses of 866 community-dwelling patients revealed that ADL-ability was the strongest predictor of informal care hours (36% decrease in informal care hours per standard deviation (SD) increase in DAD scores). Severity of behavioral disturbances was the strongest predictor of caregiver burden (0.35 SD increase in ZBI score per SD increase in NPI-Q severity score). In addition, the effect of ADL-abilities was, although attenuated, not negligible (0.28 SD increase in ZBI score per SD increase in DAD score). Decreasing cognition (MMSE) was associated with more informal care hours and increased caregiver burden in univariate, but not in adjusted analyses. Conclusions: For patients residing in community dwellings, the direct influence of patients cognition on caregiver burden is limited and rather mediated by other disease indicators. Instead, the patients ADL-abilities are the main predictor of informal care hours, and both ADL-abilities and behavioral disturbances are important predictors of perceived caregiver burden, where the latter has the strongest effect. These results were consistent across Sweden, U.K. and the U.S.A.
Relative importance of patient disease indicators on informal care and caregiver burden in Alzheimer's disease.
Background: Cognition, abilities in activities of daily living (ADL), and behavioral disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) all influence the number of hours informal caregivers spend caring for their patients, and the burden caregivers experience. However, the direct effect and relative importance of each disease severity measure remains unclear.
Methods: Cross-sectional interviews were conducted with 1,222 AD patients and primary caregivers in Spain, Sweden, the U.K. and the U.S.A. Assessments included informal care hours, caregiver burden (Zarit Burden Inventory; ZBI), cognition (Mini-mental State Examination; MMSE), ADL-abilities (Disability Assessment for Dementia scale; DAD), and behavioral symptoms (Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire; NPI-severity).
Results: Multivariate analyses of 866 community-dwelling patients revealed that ADL-ability was the strongest predictor of informal care hours (36% decrease in informal care hours per standard deviation (SD) increase in DAD scores). Severity of behavioral disturbances was the strongest predictor of caregiver burden (0.35 SD increase in ZBI score per SD increase in NPI-Q severity score). In addition, the effect of ADL-abilities was, although attenuated, not negligible (0.28 SD increase in ZBI score per SD increase in DAD score). Decreasing cognition (MMSE) was associated with more informal care hours and increased caregiver burden in univariate, but not in adjusted analyses.
Conclusions: For patients residing in community dwellings, the direct influence of patients' cognition on caregiver burden is limited and rather mediated by other disease indicators. Instead, the patients' ADL-abilities are the main predictor of informal care hours, and both ADL-abilities and behavioral disturbances are important predictors of perceived caregiver burden, where the latter has the strongest effect. These results were consistent across Sweden, U.K. and the U.S.A.
Relatives are a resource, but … registered nurses views and experiences of relatives of residents in nursing homes
Relatives' experiences of family members' eating difficulties
Relatives in and-of-life care part 1: a systematic review of the literature the five last years, January 1999 - February 2004
Relatives' struggle for an improved and more just care for older people in community care.
Reliability testing of the FAMCARE-2 scale: measuring family carer satisfaction with palliative care
Parent training with behavioral couples therapy for fathers' alcohol abuse: effects on substance use, parental relationship, parenting, and CPS involvement.
This pilot study examined effects of Parent Skills with Behavioral Couples Therapy (PSBCT) on substance use, parenting, and relationship conflict among fathers with alcohol use disorders. Male participants (N = 30) entering outpatient alcohol treatment, their female partners, and a custodial child (8 to 12 years) were randomly assigned to (a) PSBCT; (b) Behavioral Couples Therapy (BCT); or (c) Individual-Based Treatment (IBT). Children were not actively involved in treatment. Parents completed measures of substance use, couples' dyadic adjustment, partner violence, parenting, and Child Protection Services (CPS) involvement at pretreatment, posttreatment, 6- and 12-month follow-up. PSBCT was comparable to BCT on substance use, dyadic adjustment, and partner violence; both groups showed clinically meaningful effects over IBT. Compared to BCT, PSBCT resulted in larger effect sizes on parenting and CPS involvement throughout follow-up. PSBCT for fathers may enhance parenting couple- or individual-based treatment, and warrant examination in a larger, randomized efficacy trial.
Parent versus child stress in diverse family types: An ecological approach
Differences in level of overall stress and the proportion o f child- versus
parent-related stress among several different family types were investigated.
An ecological framework was used to delineate the predictors o f
stress for the different family types. Participants were 2 9 single-parent
families, 3 5 two-parent families, 1 7 families o f children with Down syndrome,
1 6 families of children with hearing impairment, and 2 9 families
of children with developmental delay. Th e results indicate that family
stress and ecological variables predictive o f family stress varied among
these families. Intervention and therapy efforts may be improved by
understanding the locus o f stressors among these family types.
Renewing everyday hope: the hope experience of family caregivers of persons with dementia
Replication and extended analysis of behavior state, environmental events, and related variables among individuals with profound disabilities
Knowledge from previous studies pertaining to state behavior of individuals with profound and multiple disabilities and its relation to other environmental and physiological variables was replicated and extended. Behavior state and environmental data were collected over a 5-hour period for most of 66 students with profound disabilities from 21 educational settings. Results showed general consistency in state patterns and profile groupings with previous investigations, a strong relation between different state profiles and measures of development, and consistency of state patterns across CA levels. Transitional probabilities and z scores were used to confirm changes in state behavior of half of the subjects following primarily adult interactions. Results were discussed in relation to theoretical implications and intervention recommendations.
Replication of the Stockholm Adoption Study of alcoholism. Confirmatory cross-fostering analysis
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Two forms of alcoholism with distinct clinical features and mode of inheritance were first distinguished in the Stockholm Adoption Study. This involved a large sample of children born in Stockholm, Sweden, who were adopted at an early age and reared by nonrelatives. Type 1 alcoholism had adult onset and rapid progression of dependence without criminality, whereas type 2 had teenage onset of recurrent social and legal problems from alcohol abuse.
METHODS:
A replication study was carried out with 577 men and 660 women born in Gothenburg, Sweden, and adopted at an early age/by nonrelatives. The genetic and environmental backgrounds of the adoptees were classified by the exact procedures calibrated by discriminant analysis in the original study.
RESULTS:
Both type 2 and severe type 1 alcoholism were confirmed as independently heritable forms of alcoholism in male adoptees. The lifetime risk of severe alcoholism was increased 4-fold in adopted men with both genetic and environmental risk factors characteristic of type 1 alcoholism compared with the others (11.4% vs 3.0%). Neither genetic nor environmental risk factors for type 1 alcoholism by themselves were sufficient to cause alcoholism. In contrast, the risk of type 2 alcoholism was increased 6-fold in adopted sons with a type 2 genetic background compared with others; regardless of their postnatal environment (10.7% vs 2.0%). The sons with a type 2 genetic background in the replication sample had no excess of type 1 alcoholism, and vice versa. There was no increased risk of mild abuse in adopted men regardless of their genetic or environmental background.
CONCLUSION:
Type 1 and type 2 alcoholism are clinically distinct forms of alcoholism with causes that are independent but not mutually exclusive.
Parental death during childhood and school performance – a national cohort study
OBJECTIVES: Parental death during childhood has been linked to increased mortality and mental health problems in adulthood. School failure may be an important mediator in this trajectory. We investigated the association between parental death before age 15 years and school performance at age 15 to 16 years, taking into account potentially contributing factors such as family socioeconomic position (SEP) and parental substance abuse, mental health problems, and criminality.
METHODS: This was a register-based national cohort study of 772 117 subjects born in Sweden between 1973 and 1981. Linear and logistic regression models were used to analyze school performance as mean grades (scale: 1–5; SD: 0.70) and school failure (finished school with incomplete grades). Results are presented as β-coefficients and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
RESULTS: Parental death was associated with lower grades (ORs: –0.21 [95% CI: –0.23 to –0.20] and –0.17 [95% CI: –0.19 to –0.15]) for paternal and maternal deaths, respectively. Adjustment for SEP and parental psychosocial factors weakened the associations, but the results remained statistically significant. Unadjusted ORs of school failure were 2.04 (95% CI: 1.92 to 2.17) and 1.51 (95% CI: 1.35 to 1.69) for paternal and maternal deaths. In fully adjusted models, ORs were 1.40 (95% CI: 1.31 to 1.49) and 1.18 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.32). The higher crude impact of death due to external causes (ie, accident, violence, suicide) (OR: –0.27 [90% CI: –0.28 to –0.26]), compared with natural deaths (OR: –0.16 [95% CI: –0.17 to –0.15]), was not seen after adjustment for SEP and psychosocial situation of the family.
CONCLUSIONS: Parental death during childhood was associated with lower grades and school failure. Much of the effect, especially for deaths by external causes, was associated with socially adverse childhood exposures.
Parental death, shifting family dynamics, and female identity development
This article is a report of research that explored how the death of a parent influences a woman's identity development. Qualitative methodology and data analysis procedures based on grounded theory were used for the research. Eighteen women who experienced parental death between age 11 and 17, were recruited by convenience sampling. Shifts in family relationships and roles, in part, influenced who these young women became. Many young women were expected to take on a care-giving role to support the surviving parent and replace the deceased. The transition in the relationship between the adolescent girl and surviving parent was an important theme for identity development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)
Parental Reports of Spoken Language Skills in Children With Down Syndrome
Spoken language in children with Down syndrome and in children in a normative group was compared. Growth trends, individual variation, sex differences, and performance on vocabulary, pragmatic, and grammar scales as well as MaxLU (maximum length of utterance) were explored. Subjects were 330 children withDown syndrome (age range: 1–5 years) and 336 children in a normative group (1;4–2;4 years;months). The Swedish Early Communicative Development Inventory-words and sentences (SECDI-w&s) was employed. Performance of children with Down syndrome at ages 3;0 and 4;0 was comparable with that ofchildren in the normative group at ages 1;4 and 1;8 respectively. In comparison with children in the normative group of similar vocabulary size, children with Down syndrome lagged slightly on pragmatic and grammar scales. The early development proceeded in most cases with exponential or logistic growth. This stresses the great potential of early intervention.
Parental stress and child behavioral outcomes following substance abuse residential treatment. Follow-up at 6 and 12 months.
Residential treatment programs specifically designed for alcohol/drug-addicted women and their children have become a popular treatment modality across the United States. Outcome evaluation of these programs are beginning to show promising results. In this article, outcome data from a study of a residential substance abuse treatment program for women and young children in rural South Carolina will be presented. Data from 35 women and 23 children in the area of addiction severity, parenting and child emotional and behavioral development at 6 and 12 months following discharge from a substance abuse residential treatment program is examined. Results showed that women who completed treatment had better scores on addiction severity and parental stress, and their children had improved behavioral and emotional functioning at 6 and 12 months after discharge from the program. These results suggest that residential treatment has benefits for mothers and their children. This data adds to the growing body of evidence supporting intensive and inclusive care for certain groups of individuals with substance use disorders during critical periods.
Parental styles in the intergenerational transmission of trauma stemming from the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia
The impact of parental styles in intergenerational transmission of trauma among mothers who survived the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia, in power from 1975 to 1979, and their teenaged children was examined in 2 studies. In Study 1, 46 Cambodian female high school students and their mothers were recruited. Each daughter completed anxiety and depression measures as well as assessment of her mother's role-reversing, overprotective, and rejecting parental styles, whereas the mothers completed measures of their trauma exposure during the Khmer Rouge regime and PTSD symptoms. In support of trauma transmission, the mother's PTSD symptoms were predictive of her daughter's anxiety. Moreover, the mother's role-reversing parental style was shown to mediate the relationship between her own and her daughter's symptoms. In support of their generalizability, the results were replicated in Study 2 in a Cambodian-American refugee sample comparing 15 mental health treatment-seeking mothers and their teenaged children with 17 nontreatment-seeking mother–child pairs. The implications of the findings within the larger literature on intergenerational trauma transmission stemming from genocide are discussed.
Parentally bereaved children and posttraumatic growth: insights from an etnographic study of a UK childhood bereavement service
Drawing on data generated from a two-year ethnographic study of the Rocky Centre (achildhood bereavement organisation in the UK), this article explores the positive changes and themes of posttraumatic growth experienced by parentally bereaved young people. Although the broader study generated data from participant observation, interviews and a documentary analysis, this article focuses specifically on the interviews with 13 young people to identify the themes of posttraumatic growth that emerged from the participants' narratives. Of these, four had been recently bereaved and nine had experienced the death of a parent over 10 years ago. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed for themes that reflected the young people's experiences of growing through grief. Those identified were as follows: positive outlook, gratitude, appreciation of life, living life to the full, and altruism. Each theme isdiscussed in turn, and the implications of the findings for research and practice are addressed.
Parent-child interaction: A comparison of parents' perceptions in three groups
Purpose: To evaluate a children's version of the ICF that takes children's dependency on their parents and a developmental perspective into consideration. Method: This study explored how 91 parents perceived child participation in terms of parent/child immediate interaction, and desires for ideal interaction in relation to body impairments and activity limitations. Similarities and differences were investigated in three matched groups of families through questionnaires. Group 1 consisted of parents of children with profound multiple disabilities, Group 2 was developmentally matched and Group 3 was matched according to chronological age. Results: The children with profound multiple disabilities expressed the same amount of emotions as the other groups, but they had difficulties expressing more complex emotions. Parents perceived the children's behaviour styles in a similar way in the three groups. There were significant differences in how the immediate interaction was perceived with parents to children of Group 1 perceiving difficulties in maintaining joint attention and directing attention. Conclusions: The results suggest that parental perceptions of the interaction with their children with profound multiple disabilities in the immediate setting to a certain extent are related to the body impairments of the children but not strongly to communicative skills /activity limitations. Thus, to focus communication intervention on participation and interaction, assessment and questions to parents have to be focused directly on these issues. © 2004 Taylor & Francis Ltd.
Resiliens: risk och sund utveckling
Varför utvecklar sig vissa barn på ett tillfredsställande sätt trots en dålig uppväxtmiljö?
Resiliens handlar om barns motståndskraft mot att utveckla psykiska problem. Mötet med risksituationer och svåra livsvillkor behöver inte leda till problemutveckling. I den här boken riktar författaren uppmärksamheten på just de barn som i mötet med risk visar en framgångsrik anpassning - som utvecklar resiliens.
Resiliens har sitt ursprung i samspelet mellan individuella egenskaper och förhållanden i miljön. Genom att komma underfund med orsakerna till resiliens kan vi finna skyddsfaktorer. Därmed skapas nya möjligheter till intervention och förebyggande åtgärder för barn som befinner sig i risksituationer. Introduktionsboken Resiliens ger ett nytt, resursorienterat perspektiv på barn och ungdomars utveckling. Denna reviderade utgåva är uppdaterad med ny forskning och har dessutom utökats med nya kapitel om resiliens i ett livsloppsperspektiv och i ett biologiskt perspektiv.
Boken vänder sig till blivande och yrkesverksamma socionomer, pedagoger, psykologer och andra inom bland annat hälsovård och socialtjänst som arbetar med barn, ungdomar och familjer i risk.
Resources and Strategies: How Parents Cope with the Care of a Disabled Child
This review has considered the ways parents cope with the chronic strain and daily stressors associated with caring for and bringing up a disabled child. The review has been structured around key concepts from the process model of stress and coping. Coping resources--both personal and socio-ecological--have been described, and the notion of vulnerability when resources are not available has been considered. It is only recently that research has turned to look at the coping strategies parents use. The review drew on research using a variety of methodologies to demonstrate the range of strategies used by parents. The relationship between coping strategies and adjustment was explored, although certain methodological difficulties impede firm conclusions being drawn. Finally, the review examined whether the process model of stress and coping could be usefully operationalised to inform intervention practices with families caring for a disabled child.
Respekt för varandras verksamhet
Respite for family members
Respite Utilization and Responses to Loss Among Family Caregivers: Relationship Matters
Family caregivers of physically and cognitively impaired older adults face multiple challenges when providing care, including responses to tangible and anticipated losses. However, little is known about the grief experiences of family caregivers and how these might differentially influence the care-related behaviors of spouses and adult children. The present study examined the longitudinal relationship between grief reactions in current spousal and adult-children caregivers (N = 72) and in-home respite utilization over 3 months. The Heartfelt Sadness and Longing subscale of the Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory Short Form (S. J. Marwit & T. M. Meuser, 2005) was used to assess the grief experiences of participants, and demonstrated good internal reliability among spousal and adult-child caregivers of older adults with a variety of cognitive and physical conditions. Although there was not an association between spouses' grief subscale scores and later respite use, adult children were more likely to use respite after reporting higher levels of grief reactions. This study contributes to our ongoing understanding of differences between spousal and adult-children caregivers of impaired older adults and also lends further support for the reliability and construct validity of the Heartfelt Sadness and Longing subscale of the Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory.
Parenting With a Sensory or Physical Disability
Parents of Children with Intellectual Disabilities
Parents of children with physical disabilities - perceived health in parents related to the child's sleep problems and need for attention at night
BACKGROUND: Approximately half of all children with moderate to severe physical
disabilities have persistent sleep problems and many of these children need
parental attention at night.
AIM: To study whether sleep problems and need for night-time attention among
children with physical disabilities are associated with perceived parental
health, headache, psychological exhaustion, pain due to heavy lifting, night-time
wakefulness and disrupted sleep.
METHODS: We asked parents of 377 children with physical disabilities aged 1-16
years to complete a questionnaire about their own health. The children all lived
at home with both parents.
RESULTS: Both parents reported poor health, psychological exhaustion, more
night-time wakefulness and disrupted sleep when the child had sleep problems (P <
0.05). Mothers also reported more headache when the child had sleep problems (P =
0.001). Both parents reported more night-time wakefulness and disrupted sleep
when the child needed night-time attention (P < 0.01). In general, mothers
reported significantly poorer health, more night-time wakefulness, disrupted
sleep, headache and psychological exhaustion than fathers (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Sleep problems need to be acknowledged within the paediatric setting
in order to prevent psychological exhaustion and poor health in mothers and
fathers of children with physical disabilities.
Participants' experiences of an early cognitive behavioral intervention for adolescents with symptoms of depression
Cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) has been documented to be effective in treating depression in adolescence, but there is great variability in the clinical outcome of CBT trials. This may in part be due to variations in the content of, and emphasis on different CBT components. Moreover, little is known about adolescents' subjective experiences of CBT interventions, which also might be related to outcome. In this qualitative study, nine adolescents were interviewed about their experiences of the specific components in a CBT group intervention. The results showed that the adolescents experienced the cognitive component of the course as most useful, but somewhat difficult to use. Psycho-education, behavioral activation and the social relationships component were also experienced as beneficial. Their experiences regarding the relaxation training and the homework assignments were mixed. Negative aspects of the intervention included the experience of guilt related to being depressed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)
Participation and disability - a study of participation in school for children and youth with disabilities.
Participation in everyday life is vital to a child's development and well-being and is a basic human right. One definition of participation is engagement in life areas. The objective of this study is to investigate participation in school activities of children and adolescents with disabilities; the study focus on personal factors and factors in the environment, which are closely related to participation. Data were collected in a large survey and a smaller observational study. In the survey, students, parents, teachers, and special education consultants responded to statements about participation and factors related to participation such as autonomy, interaction, availability, support, and environment. In the observational study, participation was observed during various school activities during an entire school day and after school. Children were interviewed about their school day, friendships, and autonomy. The results revealed that participation is multidimensional, with an emphasis on personal experiences, interactions, and context. The theoretical assumption of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) states that the body, participation, and the environment are related. The research results proved this assumption and support the multidimensionality of the participation construct. As indicated in previous research, children and adolescents with disabilities show a lower degree of participation in school than their peers. Participation seems to be more related to autonomy and interactions with significant others than to disability type and general environment. A closer look at various school activities reveals that children with disabilities primarily have a lower degree of participation in math, practical subjects, and science. Being included and having many friends, who provide emotional support, facilitate participation. While, frequently receiving support from teachers and assistants lowered participation. This indicates that there is a relation between support and participation: providing too much support during class can be detrimental to class participation, whereas a good social support network of other children is vital. In this thesis, participation is measured in two ways: by participation frequency and by participation intensity. By counting the number of activities that children participate in, and how often they participate in these activities, a measure of an individual's average participation is obtained, that is, participation frequency. This measure depends more on internal rather than contextual factors, and it changes more often because of internal rather than contextual changes. Intensity measures of participation refer to the amount of involvement within a specific situation, and are contextually dependent. Involvement change based on the situation and the individual's present state. Participation is personal-it is about feeling good about what you are doing and feeling competent in using available opportunities. Participation is dependent on interaction with significant others. Participation for children with disabilities also depends on being provided with necessary support. Participation frequency seems to be less dependent on support than participation intensity. The fact that intensity seem to be more dependent on support and context, shortterm interventions facilitating participation within situations are probably the most fruitful way to enhance participation.
Participation and social participation: are they distinct concepts?
Introduction: The concept of participation has been extensively used in health and social care literature since the World Health Organization introduced its description in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) in 2001. More recently, the concept of social participation is frequently used in research articles and policy reports. However, in the ICF, no specific definition exists for social participation, and an explanation of differences between the concepts is not available.
Aim: The central question in this discussion article is whether participation, as defined by the ICF, and social participation are distinct concepts. This article illustrates the concepts of participation and social participation, presents a critical discussion of their definitions, followed by implications for rehabilitation and possible future directions.
Discussion: A clear definition for participation or social participation does not yet exist. Definitions for social participation differ from each other and are not sufficiently distinct from the ICF definition of participation. Although the ICF is regarded an important conceptual framework, it is criticised for not being comprehensive. The relevance of societal involvement of clients is evident for rehabilitation, but the current ICF definition of participation does not sufficiently capture societal involvement.
Conclusion: Changing the ICF's definition of participation towards social roles would overcome a number of its shortcomings. Societal involvement would then be understood in the light of social roles. Consequently, there would be no need to make a distinction between social participation and participation.
Participation in everyday life and life satisfaction in persons with stroke and their caregivers 3-6 months after onset.
OBJECTIVE: To explore and describe persons with stroke and their caregivers'
restrictions in participation in everyday occupations, i.e. occupational gaps,
3-6 months post-stroke, in relation to life satisfaction, combined life
satisfaction, care-giver burden, perceived impact of stroke, and activities of
daily living.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.
SUBJECTS: Persons with stroke and their caregivers (105 dyads).
METHODS: The Occupational Gaps Questionnaire, Life Satisfaction Checklist,
Caregiver Burden Scale, Stroke Impact Scale and Barthel Index were used.
Correlations were analysed with Spearman's rank, and regression analyses used
life satisfaction as the dependent variable.
RESULTS: At least one person in 86% of the dyads perceived restrictions in
participation, with the most common gap in travelling for pleasure. Correlations
were low between the numbers of occupational gaps and life satisfaction
(R = -0.33, R = -0.31); however, life satisfaction accounted for occupational
gaps both for persons with stroke and for caregivers. A greater number of
occupational gaps were perceived in the dyads with combined low levels of life
satisfaction compared with those with combined high levels of life satisfaction.
CONCLUSION: Participation in everyday occupations is related to life satisfaction
even for caregivers of persons with stroke. The results of this study add to our
knowledge about the stroke-caregiver dyad and will help to inform family-centred
approaches within stroke rehabilitation.
Participation in everyday life and life satisfaction in persons with stroke and their caregivers 3-6 months after onset.
OBJECTIVE: To explore and describe persons with stroke and their caregivers'
restrictions in participation in everyday occupations, i.e. occupational gaps,
3-6 months post-stroke, in relation to life satisfaction, combined life
satisfaction, care-giver burden, perceived impact of stroke, and activities of
daily living.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.
SUBJECTS: Persons with stroke and their caregivers (105 dyads).
METHODS: The Occupational Gaps Questionnaire, Life Satisfaction Checklist,
Caregiver Burden Scale, Stroke Impact Scale and Barthel Index were used.
Correlations were analysed with Spearman's rank, and regression analyses used
life satisfaction as the dependent variable.
RESULTS: At least one person in 86% of the dyads perceived restrictions in
participation, with the most common gap in travelling for pleasure. Correlations
were low between the numbers of occupational gaps and life satisfaction
(R = -0.33, R = -0.31); however, life satisfaction accounted for occupational
gaps both for persons with stroke and for caregivers. A greater number of
occupational gaps were perceived in the dyads with combined low levels of life
satisfaction compared with those with combined high levels of life satisfaction.
CONCLUSION: Participation in everyday occupations is related to life satisfaction
even for caregivers of persons with stroke. The results of this study add to our
knowledge about the stroke-caregiver dyad and will help to inform family-centred
approaches within stroke rehabilitation.
Participation in everyday occupations and life satisfaction in the stroke-caregiver dyad [Elektronisk resurs].
In order to develop knowledge that can be used within rehabilitation after stroke, the general aim was to explore participation in everyday occupations and the relation to life satisfaction in persons with stroke and within the caregiver dyad. Furthermore, the aim was to understand and describe the lived experience of persons enacting agency in everyday occupations during the first year after stroke. The aim of study I was to understand the lived experience of enacting agency (i.e. making things happen by ones' actions in everyday life) and to describe the phenomenon of agency during the year after stroke. This was done with a phenomenological approach. Studies I and II had a prospective, longitudinal design and the aim of study II was to explore the extent of and the factors associated with restrictions in participation in everyday occupations i.e. occupational gaps, 12 months after stroke and to identify factors at 3 months that predicted occupational gaps 12 months after stroke. Studies III-IV used a cross-sectional design and study III described the combined life satisfaction of the stroke-caregiver dyad and investigated the association of the combined life satisfaction with the perceived impact of the stroke and the caregivers' caregiver burden one year after stroke. The aim of study IV was to explore and describe persons' with stroke and their caregivers' restrictions in participation in everyday occupations three months after study inclusion and to depict this in relation to their life satisfaction, the dyads combined life satisfaction, caregiver burden, perceived impact of stroke and ADL ability. The findings in study I showed that persons after a stroke experienced the process of enacting agency as complex negotiations of varied and changing aspects in different situations. The four characteristics that described how the participants enacted agency concerned how they managed their perturbed bodies, took into account the past and envisioned the future, dealt with the world outside themselves, and negotiated through internal dialogues. Restrictions in participation i.e. occupational gaps, were perceived by 83% of persons with stroke and almost half of the caregivers, three months after study inclusion (study IV), and 45% of the persons with stroke, one year after the incident (study II). Three months after stroke, ADL ability, social participation and not being born in Sweden predicted occupational gaps at 12 months (study II). Occupational gaps were associated with life satisfaction one year after stroke (study II) but there was a low correlation between the number of occupational gaps for the persons with stroke and their life satisfaction, 3 months after study inclusion. This also regarded the caregivers (study IV). Almost two-thirds of the stroke-caregiver dyads gave congruent responses regarding their global life satisfaction. Dyads, where both persons had a low life satisfaction; 26% and 38%, respectively (studies III-IV), experienced caregiver burden, stroke impact, and occupational gaps to a greater extent, compared with those dyads where both persons were satisfied (study III-IV). Persons use complex negotiations to participate in everyday occupations after stroke and may need client-centered support. Their process of enacting agency challenges existing definitions of agency. Also, determining predictors of occupational gaps may facilitate identification of persons risking participation restrictions. A dyadic perspective regarding life satisfaction and life after stroke can provide information about potential vulnerable persons or dyads. This knowledge can be used clinically to prevent restrictions in participation in everyday occupations for both individuals and dyads affected by stroke.
Participation in leisure actviities of children and youths with and without disabilities
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines participation as a person's involvement in a life situation, and to participate in leisure activities is one of the most important aspects of health and well-being. When a child is involved and engaged in a leisure activity, it gives the child a sense of belonging, opportunities to make friendships, and possibilities to develop physical and social competences and skills. Children with disabilities tend to be restricted in their abilities to participate in leisure activities due to mobility problems, communication disorders, and pain, but also as a result of negative attitudes from others and problems with transportation and accessibility.
Knowledge of the personal and environmental factors that facilitate or hinder participation in leisure activities for children with disabilities is essential to be able to implement successful interventions with the aim of increasing participation. This requires a valid assessment of participation that can give both an objective and subjective view of the multidimensional construct.
The overall aim of this doctoral thesis is to describe and compare patterns of participation in leisure activities of children with and without disabilities by cultural validation and use of the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment/Preferences for Activities of Children (CAPE/PAC) in the Swedish context. A specific goal is to develop and implement a client-centred model of intervention with the aim of improving participation in leisure activities by children with disabilities.
The result from Study I showed that the slightly modified Swedish version of the CAPE was valid for Swedish children. The outcome of standardized mean diversity score was significantly higher compared with the outcome of the original version of the CAPE, indicating that validation of the item relevance in the new context was necessary. The overall findings in Study II indicated that Swedish children with disabilities participated in a higher diversity of leisure activities, but with less intensity, compared to children without disabilities. Study III showed that there are differences between countries in patterns of participation in leisure activities for children with disabilities in regards to both diversity and intensity. For children without disabilities there were only minor differences between the countries. The results of Study IV showed that a designed intervention approach could be applied in the clinic for increasing participation in leisure activities by children with neuropsychiatric diagnosis.
The overall clinical implications and conclusions from this thesis are three-fold. First, a cultural validation of the CAPE/PAC is necessary when surveying Swedish children's participation in leisure activities. Second, the patterns of participation in leisure activities of children with and without disabilities differ both nationally and internationally, and this provide evidence of the need for changes in national legislations, policies, and therapeutic approaches that promote participation of children with disabilities. Third, an intervention model with a client-centred approach in which children with disabilities define their own leisure activity goals by using the CAPE and PAC appears to be effective in increasing participation in leisure activities.
List of papers:
I. Ullenhag A, Almqvist L, Granlund M, Krumlinde-Sundholm L. Cultural validity of the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment/Preferences for Activities of Children. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2012; 19 (5): 428-38.
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II. Ullenhag A, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Granlund M, Almqvist L. Differences in patterns of participation in leisure activities in Swedish children with and without disabilities {Submitted}
III. Ullenhag A, Bult M.K, Nyquist A, Ketelaar M, Jahnsen R, Krumlinde- Sundholm L ,Almqvist L, Granlund M. An international comparison of patterns of participation in leisure activities for children with and without disabilities in Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2012; 15 (5): 369-85.
Fulltext (DOI)
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Risk and resilience: Adults who were the children of problem drinkers
This welcome text addresses the important issue of what might become of people who are the children of problem drinkers. The authors have produced a lucid and accessible, though extremely scholarly, overview of available factual information, theoretical issues and practical implications related to this fascinating topic. The core of the book is an original study. This builds upon a wealth of evidence suggesting, though not uniformly, that people who are raised by parents at least one of whom is a 'problem drinker', may subsequently be at high risk for alcohol problems or other life problems. The background to the new research is ably set out. Some individual case histories are described at length. Moreover, a comprehensive and critical review of past research is provided. This encompasses epidemiology and a number of theories concerning mechanisms of transmission (e.g. genetic, environmental) of drinking and other behaviours by parents to their children.
The new research that is described was conducted in order to investigate what the consequences might be of being raised by a problem drinker/problem drinkers. The investigation involved a comparison of 164 people aged 16–35 years, who were the offspring of such adults, and a comparison group of 80 people, who were not. These people were interviewed twice, the second interview being conducted one year after the first. There was a good mix of open and closed questions, allowing for the collection of a wealth of information. This enabled the complexity of these relationships to emerge. Not surprisingly, the findings of this investigation were both numerous and quite complex. The offspring of problem drinkers reported more discord and negative experiences, together with less happy and cohesive family lives than the comparison group. Even so, in relation to adult demoralization, disharmony within the family appeared to be a more important variable than parental drinking per se.
More generally, the authors noted that having a parent who drinks in a damaging way may clearly be a predictor of a wide range of personal problems, including heavy/problem drinking or other drug use among their children. However, this is not an inevitable outcome. As noted by the authors '... overall, and with certain exceptions, the children of problem drinking parents studied here, as young adults were as well adjusted as their peers'. This finding is important and, to some readers, will be unexpected. The authors emphasize the wide variations in how young people adjust and react to having a parent who drinks in a harmful way. They also concluded that: 'Positive mental health as a young adult is best predicted by contemporaneously measured variables.'
The practical implications of this study and of other related evidence are considered. It is suggested that the children of problem drinking parents could be advised that they are 'at risk' in certain respects. They acknowledge that this recommendation is debatable from an ethical point of view. They conclude with a plea to break down reluctance to consider the links between the family and alcohol problems and vice versa. Richard Velleman and Jim Orford are to be congratulated for producing a major work. This is likely to remain the key book on this subject for the foreseeable future.
Participation of disabled children in individual decisions about their lives and in public decisions about service development
A literature review was carried out to establish what evidence exists about disabled children's participation in decision-making, both regarding their own lives and about the shape of service delivery. There is evidence that disabled children hold and can express views, given the right environment. However, participation of disabled children needs further development. Measures proposed include addressing organisational systems so that they promote participation, extending advocacy services, the adoption of inclusive approaches and staff training, plus education and information for disabled children and their parents. There remain significant gaps in the research evidence available.
Role perceptions of occupational therapists providing support and education for caregivers of persons with dementia
Rullstolsmobility. Ett samverkansprojekt där målet är att säkra barn och ungdomars aktivitet, delaktighet och involvering i livssituationer.
Rättigheter & möjligheter – en guide till samhällsstöd för barn och ungdomar med funktionshinder och deras familjer
Rättigheter och barnperspektiv (filmad föreläsning). Livets möjligheter - för personer med flerfunktionsnedsättning, deras anhöriga och omgivning
Samarbeid i Laerings- og mestringssenteret – brukermedvirkning og makt
Samarbete med behoven i centrum : de olika vårdinstanserna kan göra rätt, var och en för sig ; ändå är vården och omsorgen till de mest behövande ofta bristfällig ; utredare Ulla Gurner pekar på en rad orsaker ; tema: lust till kunskap.
Samhällets stöd till människor med funktionshinder
Som förälder till barn med funktionsnedsättning har man laglig rätt till stöd från samhället. De flesta insatser måste man söka själv och därför är det bra att känna till vilken typ av hjälp man har rätt till.
Samhällets stöd till människor med funktionshinder
Samhällets stöd till människor med funktionshinder.
Samhörighet och plikt : Om anhörigvårdare med icke-svensk bakgrund (Rapport / FoU i Väst, 2003:4).
Sammanfattning av SBU:s rapport om: Demenssjukdomar En systematisk översikt
Sammenhæng i omsorgkæden for demente og deres pårørende - pleje, støtte og aflastning i tiden før plejehjem.
Samordnad tillsyn av vård och omsorg
I maj 2009 beslutade riksdagen att samordna tillsynen av vård och
omsorg i en och samma myndighet. Beslutet innebär att ansvaret för
tillsynen av socialtjänsten förs över från länsstyrelserna till Socialstyrelsen,
som redan är nationell tillsynsmyndighet för hälso- och
sjukvården.
Med en samordnad tillsyn skapas förutsättningar för en enhetlig och
förutsägbar tillsyn, som bättre möter framtida utmaningar där vård
och omsorg blir alltmer involverade i varandra. En samordnad tillsyn
ska också underlätta för allmänheten att hitta rätt när de vill framföra
klagomål och anmäla brister.
Den 1 januari 2010 tar Socialstyrelsen över ansvaret för
• tillsynen av socialtjänstens äldreomsorg, omsorger om personer
med funktionsnedsättning, individ- och familjeomsorg samt
enskild verksamhet enligt socialtjänstlagen (SoL) och lagen om
stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade (LSS)
• tillsynen av kommunernas verkställighet av beslut och domar
• ansökan om sanktionsavgift
• tillståndsgivning till enskilda verksamheter enligt SoL och LSS
• rådgivning.
Länsstyrelserna kommer att ha fortsatt ansvar för alkohol- och
tobakstillsyn och förebyggande insatser mot alkohol, tobak och
droger. Länsstyrelserna ska också samordna kvinnofridsfrågor och
fördela statsbidrag som rör kvinnofridsfrågor, personliga ombud och
alkohol- och drogförebyggande arbete.
Samordnare för föräldrar till barn med funktionsnedsättning
den 11 juli
Svar på fråga
2011/12:669 Samordnare för föräldrar till barn med funktionsnedsättning
Statsrådet Maria Larsson
Lennart Axelsson har frågat mig om försöksverksamhet med samordnare för föräldrar till barn med funktionsnedsättning har startats, och om inte, när och var kommer det att ske.
Inledningsvis vill jag understryka vikten av att de brister som fortfarande finns i samordningen av stödet till barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning åtgärdas. Regeringens arbete för att förbättra både informationen och samordningen av stödet till barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning är prioriterat. Det är dock angeläget att de åtgärder som vidtas är effektiva och får avsedd effekt.
Landstingen ansvarar för att erbjuda personer som tillhör personkretsen för LSS, det vill säga lagen (1993:387) om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade, rådgivning och annat personligt stöd (se 9 § 1 p. LSS). Insatsen innefattar kvalificerade insatser av rådgivande och allmänt stödjande karaktär från flera olika kompetenskategorier som behövs för att underlätta det dagliga livet för den enskilde och dennes anhöriga. Insatserna kan vara såväl medicinska, psykologiska, sociala som pedagogiska. I förarbetena till bestämmelsen om rådgivning och annat personligt stöd (prop. 1992/93:159, s. 59 f.) betonas särskilt behovet av stöd för den dagliga livsföringen hos såväl föräldrar till ett barn med funktionsnedsättning som barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning och deras anhöriga. Vikten av allsidiga och samordnade insatser betonas härvidlag.
Socialstyrelsen fördelar årligen medel till landstingen för ovanstående insats. För innevarande år disponerar Socialstyrelsen 94 500 000 kronor att fördelas till landstingen på grundval av antalet invånare i respektive landsting (se närmare statsbudgetens utgiftsområde 9 Hälsovård, sjukvård och social omsorg, anslag 4:2, anslagsposten 1 Rådgivning och annat stöd).
För att så långt möjligt säkerställa att en försöksverksamhet med samordnare ska få avsedd effekt och kunna finansieras inom ramen för befintliga medel vill regeringen först kartlägga hur tilldelade anslag för landstingens insatser för råd och annat personligt stöd används i dag och för vilka ändamål. Vidare är det angeläget att inventera de goda exempel som finns på fungerande samverkan mellan olika kompetenskategorier för att erbjuda råd och annat stöd till enskilda enligt intentionerna i LSS. De goda exemplen kan sedan tjäna som utgångspunkt för förslag till utformning av försöksverksamhet. Regeringen avser därför inom kort att ge Socialstyrelsen i uppdrag att genomföra en sådan kartläggning samt föreslå hur en försöksverksamhet med samordnare för barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning samt deras anhöriga skulle kunna bedrivas inom ramen för ovan angivet anslag och syfte. Samordnarens uppgift bör vara att underlätta samverkan mellan olika aktörer för att förbättra samordningen av samhällets stöd till familjer med barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning.
När Socialstyrelsen har redovisat sina förslag kommer sedan regeringen att ta ställning till när och var en försöksverksamhet kan startas.
Samordnare för föräldrar till barn med funktionsnedsättning
av Lennart Axelsson (S)
till statsrådet Maria Larsson (KD)
Familjer som har barn med funktionsnedsättning har varje år kontakt med i genomsnitt 17 personer kring sitt barns funktionsnedsättning och de insatser som barnet behöver. Det visade Riksförbundet för rörelsehindrade barn och ungdomar (RBU) 2008 i rapporten Men dom har ju fått det så bra!? .
Det finns föräldrar som måste ha upp till 90 myndighetskontakter, något som tar både tid och kraft. RBU har sedan 2008 drivit kravet att familjer med barn med funktionsnedsättning ska få hjälp av en särskild hjälpsamordnare. De har fått stöd av många andra. Socialdemokraterna har i riksdagen drivit frågan om försöksverksamhet med samordnare.
År 2011 konstaterade även Riksrevisionen att föräldrar till barn med funktionsnedsättning bär en tung börda med att samordna stöd som barnen får från olika håll och föreslog därför en försöksverksamhet och med särskilda samordnare.
Riksdagens socialutskott konstaterade att samordningsproblemen var stora och skrev i ett betänkande som antogs av riksdagen hösten 2011 att: "Utskottet har fått veta att regeringen har för avsikt att påbörja en försöksverksamhet med samordnare. Utskottet förutsätter att försöksverksamheten ges hög prioritet och påbörjas under 2012."
Såvitt jag vet har inte statens försöksverksamhet startat.
Med anledning av detta vill jag fråga statsrådet:
Varför har inget hänt trots att 1,5 år har gått sedan beslutet?
När kommer försöksverksamheten i gång?
Varför har inte riksdagen informerats om att försöksverksamheten inte har startat?
Samordning av stöd för barn och ungdomar med flerfunktionsnedsättning och deras familjer
Syftet med kunskapsöversikten är att undersöka kunskapsläget om samordning av stöd till föräldrar med barn med flerfunktionsnedsättningar. Forskning visar att livet för familjer där barnen har omfattande funktionsnedsättningar är påfrestande och att kraven på föräldrarna många gånger är så stora, att föräldrarna inte kan leva som andra föräldrar och familjen som andra barnfamiljer. Föräldrastöd finns i olika former, både generellt och riktat, men det föräldrastöd som föräldrar med barn med funktionsnedsättningar efterlyser innebär något helt annat och behöver måste därmed vara anpassat för denna målgrupp. Ämnet för kunskapsöversikten, samordnat föräldrastöd, i relation till målgruppen barn med flerfunktionsnedsättningar och deras familjer är ett område som vi på förhand vet att det finns mycket lite skrivet om. Kunskapsöversikten tar sin utgångspunkt i hur resonemanget förts kring samordning av stöd till föräldrar med barn med funktionsnedsättningar mellan politiker, myndigheter och andra aktörer. I denna kunskapsöversikt har samordning av stöd till barn och ungdomar med omfattande funktionsnedsättningar och deras familjer
beskrivits ur olika perspektiv. Behovet av ett samordnat föräldrastöd för familjer med barn och ungdomar med omfattande funktionsnedsättningar är stort. Kunskapsöversikten visar varför ett samordnat föräldrastöd är betydelsefullt och att det finns olika modeller för hur samverkan kan ske över myndighets-, verksamhets-, och professionsgränser oavsett huvudman. Därutöver behövs oberoende samordnare som har ett övergripande samordningsansvar och inte är kopplade till någon specifik verksamhet. Kunskapsöversikten avslutas med exempel på några intressanta utvecklingsprojekt som arbetar med att öka samordning av
stöd eller underlätta tillgängligheten av stöd till familjer med barn med funktionsnedsättningar.
Partner care at the end-of-life: identity, language and characteristics
The delivery of services and benefits to people supporting older and disabled relatives and friends depends largely on their identification within constructs of 'care-giving' and 'carer'. Those who are married or living with a partner may be particularly resistant to adopting the identity of 'care-giver' or 'care receiver'. This paper investigates the circumstances of couples and their adoption of carer identities, drawing on a study of the financial implications of a partner's death. That study was based on over 750 couples where one partner died, drawn from the British Household Panel Survey, and separate qualitative interviews with people whose partner died in the previous two years. The findings show that carer self-identification was influenced by the partner's health-care needs and service contacts, including welfare benefits receipts. None of the socio-demographic factors considered was statistically linked to whether people described themselves as providing care for their partner, unless there was an underlying association with the partner's health-care needs. The findings underline the problems of using self-reported identities in surveys and estimates of take-up of services and benefits, and the difficulties of delivering entitlements to people who care for their partner at the end-of-life. A challenge for policy makers is how to move beyond formal categories of 'carer' and 'care-giving' to incorporate inter-dependence, emotional commitment and the language of relationships in planning support for frail older people. Adapted from the source document.
Partner violence among women before, during, and after pregnancy: Multiple opportunities for intervention
Objectives
Although partner violence during pregnancy has serious consequences for women's health, little is known about how physical partner violence may change throughout pregnancy transitions. Even less is known about changes in sexual and psychological partner violence throughout pregnancy transitions. In addition, few research studies on pregnancy and partner violence have examined these changes among both victimized women (i.e., women who report physical partner violence at the beginning of their pregnancies) and comparison women (i.e., women who do not report physical partner violence during this same time period).
Methods
This longitudinal research study investigated 76 women's experiences with partner violence beginning 1 year before their pregnancies, and continuing throughout their pregnancies until 1 year after delivery. Four structured interviews were administered to participants, and information was collected concerning the women's partner violence experiences. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the violence rates experienced by the victimized women relative to the comparison women at each time period.
Results
The results show that partner violence rates do change throughout pregnancy transitions, and that these changes are seen for both victimized and comparison women.
Conclusions
Pregnant and postpartum women are in need of comprehensive services that promote both their health and safety. This study offers care providers clinical implications for their work with pregnant and postpartum women, as well as policy and research recommendations.
Partnership working: The key to the AT-technology transfer process of the ACTION service (Assisting Carers using Telematics Interventions to meet Older people's Needs) in Sweden
ACTION (Assisting Carers using Telematics Interventions to meet Older people's Needs) stemmed from an EU-funded project (1997-2000). It is an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) based support service designed together with frail older people and their family carers to help empower them in their daily lives by providing access to web-based educational programmes, support from other ACTION families and dedicated care practitioners via the use of an integrated videophone system. It is currently running as a mainstream service in Bors municipality in West Sweden and as implementation projects in an additional twenty-five municipalities across Sweden. It is well recognised that there are relatively few examples of telecare projects that have successfully managed the transfer to a mainstream service. Based on our fourteen years of experience with the design and implementation of ACTION, we reflect on the major lessons learned. This paper highlights the user centred design model developed and refined during this period, including the range of methods for working in partnership with a variety of stakeholder groups at all stages of the technology transfer process of the ACTION service.
Partnership working: The key to the AT-technology transfer process of the ACTION service (Assisting Carers using Telematics Interventions to meet Older people's Needs) in Sweden
Partnerships in family care : [understanding the caregiving career].
Samtal med barn och ungdomar: erfarenheter från arbetet på BRIS
En bok om samtalsmetodik för dig som möter barn och ungdomar i sammanhang där man pratar om viktiga saker i livet. Författaren lyfter fram teman i samtalet som kan hjälpa barn att skapa begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet i sin vardag. Som läsare får du konkreta verktyg för samtalet och ett användbart förhållningssätt. Boken ger också en fördjupad insikt om vad samtal med barn är och gör med oss själva. Innehållet är allmängiltigt och går att använda i alla sammanhang där man möter barn och ungdomar.
Samtal med barn: Metodiska samtal med barn i svåra livssituationer
Den här boken är skriven för att uppmuntra till flera samtal med barn som har det svårt, och är därför till nytta för alla som arbetar med barn. Genom fler och bättre samtal med barn kommer barnets perspektiv och behov fram. På så sätt kan deras vård och rättigheter förbättras. Boken är värdefull i all relevant yrkesutbildning. Speciellt lämpad är boken för dem som ska möta barn och deras vårdnadshavare i olika beslutssituationer: i hemmet, i skolan, i fosterhem och på institutioner.
Författaren inför ett kommunikationsteoretiskt perspektiv på barns upplevelse, självinsikt och utveckling. Det öppnar för en ny och fördjupad insikt om barnets sociala position i vårdnadsfrågor och för ett samtalsmetodiskt och utvecklingsstödjande sätt att närma sig barnet.
Förutom att författaren bygger upp en teori som generellt kan vara användbar i arbetet med barn, utlöser denna teori konkreta anvisningar om hur vi kan bygga upp kontakt och dialog med barnet utifrån våra egna roller och uppdrag. Boken innehåller rikligt med exempel från olika samtalssituationer med barn.
Samtal pågår
Samtal som familjestödjande praktik: barn som anhöriga när föräldrar har psykiska problem
Rapporten redovisar resultatet av en forskningsstudie om familjestödjande samtal med barn och föräldrar i familjer där mamma och/eller pappa har psykiska problem som föranleder kontakt med vuxenpsykiatrin. Det studerade familjestödet bygger på ett utvecklat samarbete mellan en landstingsdriven vuxenpsykiatrisk mottagning och en familjeenhet inom socialtjänsten i en medelstor kommun i Mellansverige. Den del av familjestödet som har studerats är den serie samtal som erbjuds genom familjeenheten och som genomförs där.
Studiens övergripande syfte var att undersöka hur familjestödjande samtal fungerar och organiseras i samspel mellan barn, föräldrar och professionella. Mer specifikt avsåg studien belysa om och hur barn genom dessa samtal får stöd att prata om föräldrars psykiska problem samt huruvida och på vilket sätt familjestödet kan bistå föräldrarna i deras föräldraskap.
Inom ramen för forskningsstudien samlades data in från 21 familjestödssamtal samt intervjuer med sju föräldrar och fyra barn efter avslutat familjestöd. Dessutom genomfördes sju intervjuer med samtalsledarna som medverkat vid de studerade familjestödssamtalen. Tre familjer följdes genom hela samtalsserien som för dessa familjer omfattade mellan sex och åtta samtal. Samtliga familjestödssamtal spelades in med ljud och bild medan enbart ljud gällde för intervjuerna.
Familjestödssamtalen analyserades med samtalsanalytiska och narrativa metoder. Viktiga teoretiska utgångspunkter var det som brukar kallas institutionella samtal och teorier om socialt samspel i interaktion. Av betydelse var också tidigare forskning om barnsamtal och familje-samtal som kommunikativ praktik och i institutionella kontexter t.ex. familjeterapi, samt internationella och nationella studier om familjestödjande interventioner av typen Beardslees preventiva familjeinterventionoch den finska kortversionen Föra barnen på tal
Samtal som verktyg. En introduktion i samtalsteknik
Samtalet med känslomässig intelligens. En handledning i konsten att samtala
Samtalets betydelse
Detta inspirationsmaterial om samtalets betydelse som anhörigstöd bygger på det material som kommit fram i två blandade lärande nätverks diskussioner och dokumentation under åren 2011 till 2013. Sammanlagt genomfördes sex träffar i respektive nätverk. Ur sammanställningarna, har olika teman och frågeställningar identifierats. Dessa teman utgör rubrikerna i detta inspirationsmaterial.
Samtalets betydelse som anhörigstöd
Samtal utgör en väsentlig del av kommunernas anhörigstöd och är också avgörande för anhörigas kontakter med professionella inom vård- och omsorgsverksamheter. I rapporten presenteras bland annat forskning om anhörigas behov av samtal som stöd i allmänhet samt i mötet med vård och omsorg
Samtalskonst. Palliativ medicin.
Patientkommunikation i praktiken – information dialog och delaktighet
Boken visar vägen till funktionell kommunikation i mötet mellan vårdgivare och patient, det vill säga informationsöverföring och dialog som möjliggör patientens delaktighet i behandling och rehabilitering. Huvuddelen av boken är praktiskt inriktad och tänkt både som en lärobok för sjuksköterske-, sjukgymnast-, dietist- och arbetsterapeutprogrammet och som en praktisk handbok för yrkesverksamma.
Denna titel har tidigare givits ut av Norstedts men ingår numera i Studentlitteraturs sortiment.
Samverkan i Södertälje för en god äldrevård : tema: närvård
Samverkan kring barn i behov av särskilt stöd (BUS).
Samverkan kring föräldrar med utvecklingsstörning eller andra intellektuella begränsningar. Kartläggning av stödbehov som grund för metodutveckling och uppbyggnad av kunskapscentrum
Samverkan kring gravida med missbruksproblem: En studie av Mödra-Barnhälsovårdsteamet i Haga. Nka Barn som anhöriga 2016:2
Studie med syfte att belysa arbetet vid Mödra- och barnhälsovårdsteamet i Haga, som är en vårdenhet specialiserad på gravida kvinnor och nyblivna föräldrar med missbruksproblem samt deras barn. Intresset riktades mot hur arbetet på mottagningen var upplagt, kännetecken hos patientgruppen samt hur och i vilken mån samverkan med andra verksamheters bedrevs. De huvudsakliga resultaten visade att det i patientgruppen fanns en relativt stor variation med avseende på sådant som boendesituation, civilstånd och sysselsättning. Denna rapport kommer endast att vara tillgänglig som pdf.
Samverkan mellan kommuner och landsting inom vård- och omsorgsområdet
Behovet av samverkan mellan kommuner och landsting har blivit allt tydligare. Ur den enskildes perspektiv är det viktigt att metoder för samordnad planering utvecklas samt att en god kvalitet säkerställs. Verksamheter har också utvecklats med utgångspunkt från brukarnas samlade behov. Med denna proposition vill regeringen stödja och stimulera en fortsatt kvalitetsutveckling av samverkan på vård- och omsorgsområdet. Inriktningen är att utöka landstingens och kommunernas befogenheter att utforma arbetet utifrån de lokala förutsättningarna. Kommuner och landsting skall därför genom en ny lag ges möjlighet att samverka i en gemensam nämnd för att gemensamt fullgöra uppgifter inom vård- och omsorgsområdet. Lagändringarna föreslås träda i kraft den 1 juli 2003.
Samverkan på bred front
Patterns of elderly spousal caregiving in dementia care: An observational study.
Sanna har en väldigt busig storebror
illustrationer: Cecilia Ingard
Barn/ungdom
Här får vi läsa om Sannas delade känslor om allt bus som hennes storebror alltid hittar på.
Satisfied carers of persons with enduring mental illness: who and why?
Satsa på anhörigvårdare : att vara anhörigvårdare är vanligast i åldrarna 75-84 år
Saving children from a life of crime. Early risk factors and effective intervention
After decades of rigorous study in the United States and across the Western world, a great deal is known about the early risk factors for offending. High impulsiveness, low attainment, criminal parents, parental conflict, and growing up in a deprived, high-crime neighborhood are among the most important factors. There is also a growing body of high quality scientific evidence on the effectiveness of early prevention programs designed to prevent children from embarking on a life of crime.
Drawing on the latest evidence, Saving Children from a Life of Crime is the first book to assess the early causes of offending and what works best to prevent it. Preschool intellectual enrichment, child skills training, parent management training, and home visiting programs are among the most effective early prevention programs. Criminologists David Farrington and Brandon Welsh also outline a policy strategy - early prevention - that uses this current research knowledge and brings into sharper focus what America's national crime fighting priority ought to be.
At a time when unacceptable crime levels in America, rising criminal justice costs, and a punitive crime policy have spurred a growing interest in the early prevention of delinquency, Farrington and Welsh here lay the groundwork for change with a comprehensive national prevention strategy to save children from a life of crime.
Pedagogiskt familjestöd vid schizofreni
Peer group counselling with bereaved adolescents
An experiment is described which aimed to help bereaved teenagers through peer group counselling, and also to examine the related issue of how reliably we can measure the effectiveness of such counselling. This involved a systematic approach to the subjective impressions of participants, and also used objective measurement techniques. Subjects perceived the group counselling sessions to have had a high value, and certain consistent trends were revealed concerning participants' previous experience of their bereavement and concerning the medium-term effects of adolescent bereavement. Statistical analysis of the objective tests paralleled this with improvements in several areas, though the extent of the statistical significance of those improvements is debatable. Recommendations are made concerning the implications for the pastoral care of bereaved pupils in schools.
The relationship of personal factors and subjective well-being to the use of assistive technology devices
Purpose. To describe a measure and its performance specific to the relationship of personal factors and subjective well-being (SWB) to the use of assistive technology devices (ATDs). The primary hypothesis is that responses to a 33-item personal factors scale and a 12-item SWB scale are good indicators of an individual's predisposition for using, and subsequent match with, a given ATD.
Methods. Data analyses from a number of studies using the 33-item personal factors and the 12-item SWB scales of the Assistive Technology Device Predisposition Assessment with persons of various ages and types of disabilities.
Results. Regardless of type of disability or age of respondent, the ATD PA personal factors and the SWB scales identified important differences in predispositions to use an ATD as well as the subsequent quality of the match of person and device.
Conclusions. A quantifiable relationship exists between the ATD PA's measure of personal factors and the SWB such that it is possible to characterise an individual's predisposition to use a particular ATD. Results also show that the scales are predictive of the quality of the ATD and user match at follow-up. Rehabilitation practitioners who use the ATD PA may achieve enhanced assistive technology service delivery outcomes by using this evidence-based measure.
The relative efficacy of two interventions in altering maltreated preschool children's representational models: implications for attachment theory
A narrative story-stem task was used to evaluate the efficacy of two competing, developmentally informed preventive interventions for maltreated preschoolers and their mothers designed to modify children's internal representations of self and of self in relation to other. One hundred and twenty-two mothers and their preschoolers (87 maltreated and 35 nonmaltreated) served as participants. Maltreating families were randomly assigned to either the preschooler-parent psychotherapy (PPP, n = 23), psychoeducational home visitation (PHV, n = 34), or community standard (CS, n = 30) intervention group at baseline. Thirty-five nonmaltreating (NC) families served as comparisons. Narratives were administered to children at baseline and at the postintervention evaluation. Children in the PPP intervention evidenced more of a decline in maladaptive maternal representations over time than PHV and CS children and displayed a greater decrease in negative self-representations than CS, PHV, and NC children. Also, the mother-child relationship expectations of PPP children became more positive over the course of the intervention, as compared to NC and PHV participants. These results suggest that an attachment-theory informed model of intervention (PPP) is more effective at improving representations of self and of caregivers than is a didactic model of intervention directed at parenting skills. Findings are discussed with respect to their implications for developmental theory, with a specific focus on attachment theory and internal working models of relationships.
The Research Excellence Framework (REF): Assessing the Impact of Social Work Research on Society
This paper reviews one aspect, impact, of the forthcoming assessment of research in UK universities, the Research Excellence Framework (REF), and examines its meaning and potential for enhanced partnerships between social work practice and academia in the context of the current economic crisis. Examples of case studies being developed to show how research has societal impact are described and some of the complexities of what, on the surface appears to echo social work's desire to make a positive difference to the Lives of people in society, are drawn out. The importance of the REF for the integration of social work practice and academia has been rehearsed many times. This paper argues that making an impact is everybody's concern and practitioners and those who use social work services and their carers have a role to play in its creation and identification.
TANDEM: Communication training for informal caregivers of people with dementia
Objectives: Dementia increasingly diminishes the ability to communicate. We aimed to develop and evaluate a psychosocial intervention program that focuses on communication in dementia care. This was intended to enhance the quality of life (QoL) of people with dementia and to reduce the burden on their informal caregivers. Method: A training program for informal caregivers of people with dementia was developed. The training combines the expertise of geriatric psychiatry, geriatric care, and educational psychology. Caregivers acquire and deepen competencies required to improve communication in dementia care. The training was evaluated with a pre-post-control group design and time-series analyses. Twenty-four informal caregivers participated in the study. Results: The results of the study provide evidence that TANDEM training increases caregivers' use of strategies that are relevant for communication in dementia care and the care receivers' QoL. Conclusion: The results of research in this program show the relevance of including caregivers in interventions and the importance of communication for the QoL of people with dementia.
The shifting balance of long-term care in Sweden.
The Significance of Insecure and Disorganized Attachment for Children's Internalizing Symptoms: A Meta- Analytic Study
This meta-analytic review examines the association between attachment and internalizing symptomatology during childhood, and compares the strength of this association with that for externalizing symptomatology. Based on 42 independent samples (N = 4,614), the association between insecurity and internalizing symptoms was small, yet significant (d = 0.15, CI 0.06~0.25) and not moderated by assessment age of internalizing problems. Avoidance, but not resistance (d = 0.03, CI -0.11~0.17) or disorganization (d = 0.08, CI -0.06~0.22), was significantly associated with internalizing symptoms (d = 0.17, CI 0.03~0.31). Insecurity and disorganization were more strongly associated with externalizing than internalizing symptoms. Discussion focuses on the significance of attachment for the development of internalizing versus externalizing symptomatology.
The Significance of Insecure Attachment and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study
This study addresses the extent to which insecure and disorganized attachments increase risk for externalizing problems using meta-analysis. From 69 samples (N = 5,947), the association between insecurity and externalizing problems was significant, d = 0.31 (95% CI: 0.23, 0.40). Larger effects were found for boys (d = 0.35), clinical samples (d = 0.49), and from observation-based outcome assessments (d = 0.58). Larger effects were found for attachment assessments other than the Strange Situation. Overall, disorganized children appeared at elevated risk (d = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.50), with weaker effects for avoidance (d = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.21) and resistance (d = 0.11, 95% CI: -0.04, 0.26). The results are discussed in terms of the potential significance of attachment for mental health.
Teaching communication skills
Teaching individuals with profound multiple disabilities to access preferred stimuli with multiple microswitches
We replicated and extended previous research on microswitch facilitated choice making by individuals with profound multiple disabilities. Following an assessment of stimulus preferences, we taught 6 adults with profound multiple disabilities to emit 2 different responses to activate highly preferred stimuli. All participants learnt to activate both microswitches. Five participants showed a higher overall level of responding when both switches activating preferred stimuli were available concurrently. After completion of microswitch training, a choice assessment was conducted in which participants had access to 2 microswitches concurrently, with 1 connected to the most highly preferred stimulus and the other to a least preferred stimulus. Choice making behavior was shown in 3 participants and provided support for the preference assessment results. The results of the 3 remaining participants showed that both the most highly preferred and the least preferred stimuli may serve as reinforcers for microswitch activation responses. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Tech Tips for Communication Scripts/Stories
Tecken - Ett verktyg för ökad kommunikation
I en språkutvecklande förskolemiljö ligger fokus på barncentrerad kommunikation där det vardagliga samspelet är grunden. Olika sätt att kommunicera tillåts och uppmuntras. Barn ges möjlighet att använda alla sinnen – kroppsspråk, minspel, röstläge, intonation, beröring, blickkontakt och tecken.
Boken handlar om hur användandet av TAKK stärker kommunikationen i förskolan. TAKK innebär att låna tecken från det svenska teckenspråket och använda dessa tecken som ett alternativ och ett komplement i det kommunikativa samspelet. De viktigaste orden i meningen förstärks med tecken samtidigt som vi talar.
Författaren ger inspiration och konkreta förslag för att komma i gång att arbeta med TAKK i förskolegruppen.
Teen Club: a nursing intervention for reducing risk-taking behavior and improving well-being in female African American adolescents
This article describes a nursing intervention called Teen Club that was designed to reduce risk-taking behavior and improve well-being in female African American adolescents. Participants were referred to Teen Club by their nurse practitioners, physicians, and a community health nurse who were working at an urban neighborhood health center's teen clinic. Referrals were based on factors such as parental substance abuse, lack of social and family support, and other characteristics thought to increase vulnerability to risk-taking behavior. The 2-year intervention included weekly group meetings co-led by a European American female community health nurse and a Latino American male community worker, supplemented by case management and home visits by both these persons. Findings from a retrospective group interview conducted with 11 of the 12 original participants are presented. This is the first step in a series of pilot studies designed to refine the Teen Club intervention in anticipation of a future prospective, randomized investigation of this health promotion and disease prevention model of nursing care.
Teen Club: a nursing intervention for reducing risk-taking behavior and improving well-being in female African American adolescents.
This article describes a nursing intervention called Teen Club that was designed to reduce risk-taking behavior and improve well-being in female African American adolescents. Participants were referred to Teen Club by their nurse practitioners, physicians, and a community health nurse who were working at an urban neighborhood health center's teen clinic. Referrals were based on factors such as parental substance abuse, lack of social and family support, and other characteristics thought to increase vulnerability to risk-taking behavior. The 2-year intervention included weekly group meetings co-led by a European American female community health nurse and a Latino American male community worker, supplemented by case management and home visits by both these persons. Findings from a retrospective group interview conducted with 11 of the 12 original participants are presented. This is the first step in a series of pilot studies designed to refine the Teen Club intervention in anticipation of a future prospective, randomized investigation of this health promotion and disease prevention model of nursing care.
Teen dating violence:co-occurence with other victimizations in the national survey of children's exposure to violence (NatSCEV)
Objective: To examine the co-occurrence of physical teen dating violence (TDV) with other forms of victimization. Method: The sample includes 1,680 youth aged 12 to 17 from the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV), a nationally representative telephone survey of victimization experiences. Results: Every victim of physical TDV (100%) reported at least one other type of victimization. Physical TDV is very closely associated with several other forms of victimization in this sample, with adjusted odds ratio ranging from 1.48 to 17.13. The lifetime rate of TDV was 6.4% for all youth, but TDV rates reached 17% for youth who had been physically abused by a caregiver, 25% for youth who had been raped, and 50% for youth (<16 years) who had experienced statutory rape or sexual misconduct by a partner more than 5 years older. Victims of TDV reported, on average, twice as many other types of victimizations as those with no history of TDV. Conclusions: These data indicate that physical TDV is especially closely associated with some forms of child maltreatment, sexual victimization, and polyvictimization. Universal dating violence prevention programs designed for youth who have not yet, or just recently, started dating will typically include a large number of youth who have already been victimized by other forms of violence. Prevention curricula may be more effective if they address the needs of victimized youth, for example, by teaching skills for coping with prior victimization experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)
Teknik eller relation?: kritiska faktorer i psykoterapi
The transmission of trauma in refugee families: associations between intrafamily trauma communication style, children's attachment security and psychosocial adjustment
This study explores the transmission of trauma in 30 Middle Eastern refugee families in Denmark, where one or both parents were referred for treatment of PTSD symptoms and had non-traumatized children aged 4-9 years. The aim of the study was to explore potential risk and protective factors by examining the association between intra-family communication style regarding the parents' traumatic experiences from the past, children's psychosocial adjustment and attachment security. A negative impact of parental trauma on children might be indicated, as children's Total Difficulties Scores on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were significantly higher than the Danish norms. A negative association between children's attachment security as measured by the Attachment and Traumatization Story Task and higher scores on the SDQ Total Difficulties Scale approached significance, suggesting that the transmission of trauma may be associated with disruptions in children's attachment representations. Furthermore a significant association between parental trauma communication and children's attachment style was found.
The Trivial Matters. Everyday power in Swedish eldercare
This is a study about fairly ordinary situations in elder care: how staff deal with older people's influence, how staff talk about older people's complaints, how family members talk about elder mistreatment, and how older people act in order to exert influence in a nursing home. However ordinary, these are situations where relational power is accentuated, accomplished and able to be empirically explored. The aim here is to analyze power and influence as social phenomena in elder care. More specifically, the aims are 1) to analyze the political and bureaucratic frame in which older people have formal "voice" options; 2) to analyze staff members' "folk logic" as they respond to residents' complaints in Swedish nursing homes; 3) to analyze how family members of care recipients define and sustain claims of elder mistreatment; and 4) to ethnographically depict how older people's attempts at influence unfold in everyday interactions in a nursing home and how these attempts can be understood in the context of a "local routine culture."
Several kinds of empirical material have been used: 100 structured telephone interviews with local municipal officials, 13 qualitative interviews with nursing home staff, 21 interviews with family members of care recipients, and ethnographic data comprised of field notes and field-based interviews from five months of observation in a nursing home.
The findings demonstrate the difficulties of turning policies about older people's influence into practice. Yet, the main finding is not the "policy–practice gap" per se, but rather an understanding of how this gap is situationally shaped and maintained. The dissertation shows how the subtleties of actions and talk have powerful implications, and can constitute barriers to older people's influence. Two examples are the "rhetoric of trivialization" and a "local routine culture"; both can easily and quite inconspicuously restrict older people's autonomy and influence. A routine culture is a locally and situationally generated action repertoire and as such provides an understanding of how routines shape power relations in a nursing home. The findings also show how a rhetoric of trivialization can function as a power resource, through which older people's and family members' views are "made trivial" by the ways they are described and rhetorically treated by staff and local officials. Through the use of trivializing accounts, staff members legitimized their neglect of complaints and restrictions of older people's influence. The study argues that by recognizing how older people's influence is "made trivial," we gain an understanding of how to accomplish just the opposite. Local routines and accountability practices have a strong inertia, but the findings indicate that if actors reframe influence and complaints, they may substantially affect power relations in elder care.
Telemedicine from a management perspective : From trials to standard practice! : Report from the project "Telemedicine - regional and national collaboration" (Carelink rapport, 2001:2).
Telephone Group Intervention for Older Stroke Caregivers
Purpose: This study evaluated the effectiveness of telephone groups for older, spousal caregivers of stroke survivors. Method: The 88 caregivers were mostly white females who were 70 years old on average and who had been providing care for an average of 3 years. Participants were randomized to treatment or control conditions, followed for 6 months, and assessed for depression, burden, loneliness, stress, and competence. Treatment participants engaged in an eight-session psychoeducational telephone group. Results: Treatment participants showed decreased stress over time but were not significantly different from control participants in the amount of change in stress. Control participants showed a significant increase in burden during the study; treatment participants showed a significant increase in competence.
Ten steps for preventing student relapse
Ten Steps in Training Volunteer Support Group Facilitators
Terapi som anhörigstöd : fördjupat anhörigstöd : stöd till anhöriga på Östermalm vars närstående flyttat till vård och omsorgsboende. Rapport 2012:6.
För att stödja anhöriga med behov av extra stöd i samband med en närståendes
flytt till äldreboenden erbjöd Östermalms stadsdelsförvaltning under 2011 anhörigstöd
i form av gruppsamtal, så kallat fördjupat anhörigstöd. Målet med det
fördjupade anhörigstödet var att stödja anhöriga som gått igenom den svåra
processen att fatta beslutet om närståendes flytt. En terapeut ledde sammankomsterna
och stadsdelsförvaltningens anhörigkonsulent var behjälplig i detta arbete.
Stiftelsen Äldrecentrum fick i uppdrag av Östermalms stadsdelsförvaltning att
göra en deskriptiv studie av deltagarnas erfarenheter av att vara med i pilotprojektet
med fördjupat anhörigstöd. Syftet var att beskriva vad det fördjupade
anhörigstödet innebär samt att redogöra för deltagarnas erfarenheter. De fem
anhöriga, samtliga kvinnor, som deltog i det fördjupade anhörigstödet intervjuades.
Intervjuer genomfördes även med ledarna för gruppsammankomsterna.
Ett fördjupat anhörigstöd är terapi, där det handlar om att få verktyg för att
kanske välja en annan väg och att gå vidare. Man berör tidigare upplevelser i livet
och kopplar dessa till den anhöriges nuvarande situation. I ett fördjupat anhörigstöd
får den anhörige hjälp att bearbeta sin situation, vilket möjliggör för deltagarna
att komma ur sin kris.
Inom ramen för det fördjupade anhörigstödet genomfördes totalt tio gruppsammankomster.
Deltagarnas erfarenheter av sammankomsterna visade bland
annat att:
Samtliga deltagare var mycket nöjda med det fördjupade anhörigstödet
Träffarna beskrevs som innehållsrika och intensiva.
Deltagarna lyfte fram det positiva med sammankomsterna dels den goda
sammanhållningen i gruppen dels ledarnas engagemang och stöd.
Tre av deltagarna ansåg att de hade fått ut det de hoppades på av det
fördjupade anhörigstödet, en visste inte och en deltagare sa att hon tyckte att
det var positivt att gå dit och att hon hade mått bra i stunden.
När det fördjupade anhörigstödet avslutades erbjöds deltagarna att fortsätta sina
sammankomster själva. Samtliga deltagare har också möjlighet till fortsatt kontakt
med anhörigkonsulenten.
Möjligheten för anhöriga att få hjälp att bearbeta sorg och förlust behöver uppmärksammas
i större utsträckning i det anhörigstöd som ges. Pilotprojektet
"Fördjupat anhörigstöd" är en intressant stödform som visar att behov finns av
stöd till anhöriga i en svår och utsatt situation. Stödformen behöver prövas och utvecklas
ytterligare. Ett område att få mer kunskap om är hur stort behovet av
terapi är för att stödja anhöriga. Intressant vore att prova olika terapiformer. En
annan intressant utveckling skulle vara att genomföra ett fördjupat anhörigstöd i
samverkan mellan kommun och landsting.
That mr. Alzheimer… you never know what he's up to, but what about me? A discourse analysis of how Swedish spouse caregivers can make their subject positions understandable and meaningful
The spouses of people suffering from dementia are commonly first-in-line caregivers. This can have a considerable effect on their own lives, health and marriages. Several studies have focused on spouses' experiences, but very few have focused in any depth on their descriptions of themselves as subjects. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe how spouse caregivers can express themselves when living with and caring for their partners with dementia. The study has a qualitative approach with a discourse analysis design and uses analytical tools such as rhetoric, subject positions and categorization. The results reveal three subject positions: as an actor, as a parent and as a survivor. The results show that as spouses struggle with external and internal clashes as subjects, they therefore need to develop coping strategies. They also experience pronounced loneliness and a risk to their own health. There is thus a need to support these spouses as individuals in their differing and changing needs.
The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies
BACKGROUND:
This study examined the persistence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) into adulthood.
METHOD:
We analyzed data from published follow-up studies of ADHD. To be included in the analysis, these additional studies had to meet the following criteria: the study included a control group and it was clear from the methods if the diagnosis of ADHD included subjects who did not meet full criteria but showed residual and impairing signs of the disorder. We used a meta-analysis regression model to separately assess the syndromatic and symptomatic persistence of ADHD.
RESULTS:
When we define only those meeting full criteria for ADHD as having 'persistent ADHD', the rate of persistence is low, approximately 15% at age 25 years. But when we include cases consistent with DSM-IV's definition of ADHD in partial remission, the rate of persistence is much higher, approximately 65%.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our results show that estimates of ADHD's persistence rely heavily on how one defines persistence. Yet, regardless of definition, our analyses show that evidence for ADHD lessens with age. More work is needed to determine if this reflects true remission of ADHD symptoms or is due to the developmental insensitivity of diagnostic criteria for the disorder.
The AML: A quick-screening device for early identification of school maladaptation
The AML, an l 1-item, 3-factor, quick-screening device for early school maladaptation is described. Test reliability data are reported as well as itemitem and item-scale correlations and factor analytic findings. Norms for Kindergarten-3rd grade are presented, and parametric studies are reported for the variables: sex, grade, and "repeat-in-grade" status. Five additional substantive studies, testifying to the concurrent and empirical validity of the scale, are summarized. Limitations in using the AML are considered. Given its brevity and objectivity, its greatest potentials are in mass, quick-screening of early school dysfunction.
The amount of informal and formal care among non-demented and demented elderly persons - results from a Swedish population-based study
The applicability of a functional approach to social competence in preschool children in need of special support
The overall aim of the thesis, with four empirical studies, was to test the applicability of a functional approach in investigating social competence of children in need of special support within the preschool context. The main theoretical framework was systems theory. Study I and II investigated preschool teachers' definitions of children in need of special support and social competence respectively. Study III was a prevalence study investigating the number of children in need of special support based on traditional disability categories and functional difficulties. In study IV the social competence of children perceived to be in need of special support based on traditional categories and functional difficulties was compared using an observational method. The results in study I showed that teachers adopt either a child perspective or an organizational perspective in defining children in need of special support. The child perspective was related to a greater number of children in need of special support in the preschools, indicating that in preschools with several children in need of special support, teachers are more prone on seeing the needs of individual children, as opposed to the needs of the organisation. Study II found that teachers define social competence in young children in terms of intrapersonal skills, or as interpersonal relations. Study III found that the majority of children in need of special support are undiagnosed children with functional difficulties related to speech- and language and peer interaction. Study IV found similar profiles of social competence between diagnosed children and undiagnosed children perceived to be in need of special support. Overall, the results yielded support for adopting a functional approach in studying the social competence of children in need of special support.
The association between caregiving satisfaction, difficulties and coping among older family caregivers
The association between positive-negative reactions of informal caregivers of people with dementia and health outcomes in eight European countries: a cross-sectional study
AIM: To describe the associations between positive and negative reactions of
informal caregivers of people with dementia and health outcomes across eight
European Countries.
BACKGROUND: Caring for someone with dementia may have implications for the
caregiver's own health and for the care recipient. These consequences could be
associated with caregivers' reactions to the process of care.
DESIGN: Association study based on cross-sectional data.
METHODS: Participants were people with dementia and their informal caregivers
living at home or in long-term care institutions. Data were collected between
November 2010-April 2012 using the Caregiver Reaction Assessment (with dimensions
of self-esteem, lack of family support, financial problems, disrupted schedule
and health problems) and associations were sought with informal caregiver burden,
quality of life and psychological well-being and with dementia sufferers'
neuropsychiatric symptoms, comorbidity and dependency in activities of daily
living using correlation coefficients.
RESULTS: Data from 2014 participants were used. Variability across countries was
noted, as well as differences between care at home and in long-term care
institutions. In general, self-esteem and lack of family support correlated with
caregiver burden and psychological well-being. Associations were also found
between disrupted schedule and caregiver burden, psychological well-being and
quality of life. Health problems were clearly associated with caregiver burden,
psychological well-being and quality of life.
CONCLUSION: Study results support links between the reactions of informal
caregivers of people with dementia and health outcomes. These may have
implications in terms of how services are addressed.
The Worldwide Prevalence of ADHD: A Systematic Review and Metaregression Analysis
OBJECTIVE:
The worldwide prevalence estimates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/hyperkinetic disorder (HD) are highly heterogeneous. Presently, the reasons for this discrepancy remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible causes of the varied worldwide estimates of the disorder and to compute its worldwide-pooled prevalence.
METHOD:
The authors searched MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases from January 1978 to December 2005 and reviewed textbooks and reference lists of the studies selected. Authors of relevant articles from North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East and ADHD/HD experts were contacted. Surveys were included if they reported point prevalence of ADHD/HD for subjects 18 years of age or younger from the general population or schools according to DSM or ICD criteria.
RESULTS:
The literature search generated 9,105 records, and 303 full-text articles were reviewed. One hundred and two studies comprising 171,756 subjects from all world regions were included. The ADHD/HD worldwide-pooled prevalence was 5.29%. This estimate was associated with significant variability. In the multivariate metaregression model, diagnostic criteria, source of information, requirement of impairment for diagnosis, and geographic origin of the studies were significantly associated with ADHD/HD prevalence rates. Geographic location was associated with significant variability only between estimates from North America and both Africa and the Middle East. No significant differences were found between Europe and North America.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our findings suggest that geographic location plays a limited role in the reasons for the large variability of ADHD/HD prevalence estimates worldwide. Instead, this variability seems to be explained primarily by the methodological characteristics of studies.
The Youth Srlf-Report Hostility Scale
Their Story, My Story: Health of Older Men as Caregivers
Their Story, My Story: Health of Older Men as Caregivers
Themes in family care-giving: implications for social work practice with older adults
Themes in Family Care-Giving: Implications for Social Work Practice with Older Adults.
The Clinical Effects of Massive Psychic Trauma in families of holocaust survivors
For years we have been treating numerous concentration camp survivors in the psychiatric clinics and hospitals of Israel. In recent years we have been seeing increasing numbers of the second generation suffering from a wide spectrum of emotional disorders, personality disturbances, borderline and psychotic states which are clearly related to the long-term effects of massive traumatization in the survivor parents. These effects are manifest in four inter-related areas of disturbance within the family—the parents' mental state, the family atmosphere, inter-personal functioning in the family and specific distortions in the parent-child interaction. Excessive talking about holocaust experiences to children, or the opposite —lack of communication, avoidance and denial of these experiences—are patterns frequently found in the children of survivors who seem to be most affected by the massive traumatization of the parents. It is postulated that therapy of the survivor parents can modify the transmissions of affects to the children. Family therapy is indicated whenever possible.
The ComAlong communication boards: parents' use and experiences of aided language stimulation
This study evaluated parents' use and experiences of the ComAlong communication boards, which were provided to them during a parental course on communication development, responsive strategies, and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). Quantitative and qualitative data was collected through a survey of 65 parents and an in-depth case study of four of the parents. Questionnaires, interviews, logbooks, and video recordings showed that parents used the ComAlong boards and experienced an increased understanding of augmentative and alternative communication. Most parents reported that their children showed an interest in the boards and that in some cases started to use the boards functionally in communication. Parents' views, in terms of gains and difficulties of using graphic communication at home, are discussed.
The ComAlong communication boards: parents' use and experiences of aided language stimulation
This study evaluated parents' use and experiences of the ComAlong communication boards, which were provided to them during a parental course on communication development, responsive strategies, and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). Quantitative and qualitative data was collected through a survey of 65 parents and an in-depth case study of four of the parents. Questionnaires, interviews, logbooks, and video recordings showed that parents used the ComAlong boards and experienced an increased understanding of augmentative and alternative communication. Most parents reported that their children showed an interest in the boards and that in some cases started to use the boards functionally in communication. Parents' views, in terms of gains and difficulties of using graphic communication at home, are discussed.
The cope index - a first stage assessment of negative impact, positive value and quality of support of caregiving in informal carers of older people.
The Coping Assessment Battery: Theoretical and empirical foundations
They Won't Come": Increasing Parent Involvement in Parent Management Training Programs for At-Risk Youths in Schools
The absence of parents from schools is seen as an important factor related to the significant number of adolescents at risk of school failure. Effective parenting is known to be a key protective factor for adolescents at risk for school failure and other maladaptive developmental outcomes. While evidence-based parent management training models exist, their use has been limited by problems regarding recruitment and retention when services are offered through traditional means. We review the literature on parent involvement in schools, the effectiveness of parent education programs, and mutual aid activities. Logistical barriers to parent participation in parent management training programs and other school-related activities are examined, and a strategy using twenty-first-century technology will be described as a means to increase parent involvement in schools. (Contains 1 table.)
Three persons with multiple disabilities accessing environmental stimuli and asking for social contact through microswitch and VOCA technology
BACKGROUND:
Direct access to environmental stimuli and opportunity to ask for social contact/attention may be considered highly relevant objectives for persons with multiple disabilities. We assessed the possibility of enabling three of these persons (two children and one adolescent) to combine two microswitches (for accessing environmental stimuli) and a Voice Output Communication Aid (VOCA), which allowed them to ask for caregiver's attention.
METHODS:
Initially, the participants were required to use each of the two microswitches individually and then together. Thereafter, they were taught to use the VOCA. Eventually, the VOCA was available together with the microswitches, and the participants could use any of the three.
RESULTS:
The results, which support preliminary data on this topic, showed that all participants (1) were able to operate the two microswitches as well as the VOCA; and (2) used all three of them consistently when they were simultaneously available.
CONCLUSIONS:
Teaching persons with multiple disabilities to combine a VOCA with conventional microswitches may enrich their general input, emphasize their active social role and eventually enhance their social image.
Three persons with multiple disabilities accessing environmental stimuli and asking for social contact through microswitch and VOCA technology
BACKGROUND:
Direct access to environmental stimuli and opportunity to ask for social contact/attention may be considered highly relevant objectives for persons with multiple disabilities. We assessed the possibility of enabling three of these persons (two children and one adolescent) to combine two microswitches (for accessing environmental stimuli) and a Voice Output Communication Aid (VOCA), which allowed them to ask for caregiver's attention.
METHODS:
Initially, the participants were required to use each of the two microswitches individually and then together. Thereafter, they were taught to use the VOCA. Eventually, the VOCA was available together with the microswitches, and the participants could use any of the three.
RESULTS:
The results, which support preliminary data on this topic, showed that all participants (1) were able to operate the two microswitches as well as the VOCA; and (2) used all three of them consistently when they were simultaneously available.
CONCLUSIONS:
Teaching persons with multiple disabilities to combine a VOCA with conventional microswitches may enrich their general input, emphasize their active social role and eventually enhance their social image.
Through children's eyes: children's experience of living with a parent with an acquired brain injury
While previous literature on brain injury reports high levels of stress and burden in primary caregivers, the impact on children has been overlooked. This paper reports on an in-depth, qualitative research project exploring the experiences of four children living with fathers with an acquired brain injury (ABI). The findings indicate that these children were negatively impacted and at risk of emotional and behavioural difficulties. The children reported a complexity of feelings associated with the trauma and multiple losses, including profound grief, social isolation and fear of family disintegration and violence. Despite the difficulties they faced, the children also demonstrated resilience and reported positive outcomes such as having greater independence. Although only a small pilot study, the current findings highlight the need for both clinicians and researchers to be more proactive in questioning their clients and families about the level of violence following ABI and that disclosure may be more likely to occur with on-going involvement and support. The study concludes that early intervention and systemic support is required to minimize the trauma for these children. Further research is recommended, not only to replicate these findings in a larger sample, but also to explore in-depth children's experience of living with a parent with a brain injury.
Tid för vardagsliv. Kvinnors och mäns tidsanvändning 1990/91 och 2000/01.
Tid, tillhörighet och anpassning
Tidig AKK : stöd för stora och små
Boken riktar sig framför allt till personal som arbetar med små och stora barn som fungerar på tidig kommunikativ nivå / tidig utvecklingsnivå.
Tidig inlärning steg för steg. Barn med synskada och barn med flera funktionshinder
The division of parent care between spouses
The Early intervention program. A parent’s guide
The economic burden of informal care
The economic burden of informal care
The effect of color on the recognition and use of line drawings by children with severe intellectual disabilities
Line drawings are commonly used as communication symbols for individuals with severe intellectual disabilities. This study investigated the effect of color on the recognition and use of line drawings by young children with severe intellectual disabilities and poor verbal comprehension who were beginning picture users. Drawings where the color of the picture matched the object and where the color of the drawing did not match the object were used, as well as black and white line drawings. Tentative findings suggest that some students with intellectual disabilities may find it more difficult to recognize and line drawings where the color does not match the object compared to line drawings where the color of the drawing does match the color of the object.
The effect of peer bereavement support groups on the selfesteem, depression, and problem behavior of parentally bereaved children
Akad. Avh.
The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of peer bereavement support groups for parentally bereaved children, specifically in the areas of self-esteem, depression, and behavior. The sample was drawn from middle school students in a suburban school district who have experienced the death of a parent sometime during their life. Seventeen students were assigned to four groups. Pretesting and posttesting were done utilizing the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale, the Child Behavior Checklist (which includes a Teacher Report Form and a Youth Report Form), the Children's Depression Scale, and a Support Group Rating Scale to measure if participation affected sense of isolation, contributed to normalizing the death experience, and provided a comfortable environment in which to practice newly acquired coping skills. The posttest data from all but the Support Group Rating Scale was analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Support Group Rating Scale was analyzed by comparing percentages of responses in the pretest and posttest data. The Support Group Rating Scale responses were also analyzed using nonparametric tests. The postintervention statistical analysis failed to show any statistically significant effect on any of the hypotheses except one item on the Support Group Rating Scale. This item (13) death with a participant's belief about his or her ability to cope with loss. Information evaluation of the Support Group Rating Scale and the evaluations indicate positive effect. Recommendations based on results are discussed.
The effect of social relationships on psychological well-being: Are men and women really so different?
We assess evidence for gender differences across a range of relationships and consider whether the form and quality of these relationships affect the psychological functioning of men and women differently. Data from a national panel survey provide consistent evidence that men's and women's relationships differ. However, we find little evidence for the theoretical argument that women are more psychologically reactive than men to the quality of their relationships: Supportive relationships are associated with low levels of psychological distress, while strained relationships are associated with high levels of distress for women and for men. However, if women did not have higher levels of social involvement than men, they would exhibit even higher levels of distress relative to men than they currently do. We find little evidence for the assertion that men and women react to strained relationships in gender-specific ways--for example, with alcohol consumption versus depression.
Till dig som vårdar en anhörig eller närstående
Till mångas nytta: om behovet av ett nationellt kunskapscenter för frågor om flera och omfattande funktionsnedsättningar
Rapport från Allmänna Arvsfonden och FUB: för barn, unga och vuxna med utvecklingsstörning
Tillgång eller bromskloss? Om samverkan med anhöriga inom psykistriska verksamheter i kommuner och landsting
Den studie som här presenteras har som syfte att undersöka personalgruppers syn på anhöriga och deras roll inom psykiatriska verksamheter i kommuner och landsting. Den erhållna kunskapen skall ligga till grund för planering av kompetensutvecklande insatser.De frågeställningar som behandlas i undersökningen är:
- Vilka erfarenheter finns av samverkan/möten med anhöriga?
- Hur ser personal på samverkan med anhöriga och anhörigas roll för brukare/patienter och verksamhet.
- Vilka kunskapsbehov finns gällande samverkan med anhöriga?
Ostrukturerade gruppintervjuer genomfördes med nio personalgrupper. Sammanlagt intervjuades tre grupper inom boendestöd, två grupper vid boenden, två grupper inom öppenvården, en individuell intervju inom slutenvården samt en grupp representerande träffpunkter. I denna rapport presenteras det empiriska materialet.
Tillgång eller bromskloss? Om samverkan med anhöriga inom psykistriska verksamheter i kommuner och landsting
Den studie som här presenteras har som syfte att undersöka personalgruppers syn på anhöriga och deras roll inom psykiatriska verksamheter i kommuner och landsting. Den erhållna kunskapen skall ligga till grund för planering av kompetensutvecklande insatser.De frågeställningar som behandlas i undersökningen är:
- Vilka erfarenheter finns av samverkan/möten med anhöriga?
- Hur ser personal på samverkan med anhöriga och anhörigas roll för brukare/patienter och verksamhet.
- Vilka kunskapsbehov finns gällande samverkan med anhöriga?
Ostrukturerade gruppintervjuer genomfördes med nio personalgrupper. Sammanlagt intervjuades tre grupper inom boendestöd, två grupper vid boenden, två grupper inom öppenvården, en individuell intervju inom slutenvården samt en grupp representerande träffpunkter. I denna rapport presenteras det empiriska materialet.
Tillgång till habilitering och rehabilitering för barn och ungdomar med funktionshinder. Uppföljning och utvärdering, 2003-103-2.
Socialstyrelsen har haft regeringens uppdrag att kartl‰gga p vilket s‰ttlandstingens barn- och ungdomshabilitering ‰r tillg‰nglig fˆr barn och ung-domar i olika Âldrar med olika funktionshinder. Fˆr att skapa underlag fˆrarbetet har enk‰ter riktats till landstingen och till barn/ungdomar med fa-miljer som under fˆrsta halvÂret 2002 hade habiliteringsinsatser. En kvalita-tiv studie som omfattar tio familjer har ocks gjorts. Markˆr AB, ÷rebro haransvarat fˆr insamlingen och sammanst‰llningen av materialet, som finnspublicerat i tv rapporter.UtifrÂn den genomfˆrda enk‰ten till barn/ungdomar med familjer kan So-cialstyrelsen konstatera att mÂnga barn och ungdomar med funktionshinderfÂr en bra habilitering och rehabilitering. MÂnga ‰r nˆjda bÂde med innehÂll,omfattning, bemˆtande, inflytande och mˆjligheter att pÂverka. Men Social-styrelsen kan ocks konstatera att de brister som tidigare studier har visatfortfarande kvarstÂr. TillgÂngen till habilitering/rehabilitering ‰r oj‰mnt fˆr-delad, bÂde mellan olika delar i landet och mellan olika grupper av funk-tionshinder.Sammantaget ˆver landet tas alla grupper av barn/ungdomar med funk-tionshinder emot av landstingen fˆr habilitering, men en grupp som p ettst‰lle har god tillgÂng till habilitering kan i en annan del av landet saknaviktiga insatser. ƒven inom ett och samma landsting fˆrekommer betydandevariationer.TillgÂng till habilitering och rehabilitering. Grupper som vanligen hartillgÂng till habilitering/rehabilitering ‰r barn och ungdomar med utveck-lingsstˆrning, med rˆrelsehinder och med neurologiska skador och sjukdo-mar. Barn/ungdomar med brister i tillgÂng till habilitering ‰r framfˆr allt demed funktionsneds‰ttningar till fˆljd av ADHD, autismliknande tillstÂndoch autism. Barn med flera funktionshinder, medicinska funktionshinderoch vissa kommunikationshinder, t.ex. synskada och talsvÂrigheter, fÂr inteheller sina behov av habilitering/rehabilitering tillr‰ckligt v‰l tillgodosedda.Brist p underlag. Landstingen genomfˆr inga kartl‰ggningar fˆr attkunna redovisa och fˆlja vilka barn/ungdomar som har behov av habilite-ring/rehabilitering, hur mÂnga de ‰r, vilken Âlder de har eller vilka typer avfunktionshinder det ‰r frÂga om och hur behoven ser ut.Landstingen kan inte redovisa vilka resurser som riktas till habilite-ring/rehabilitering fˆr barn och ungdomar, varken i pengar eller personal.Inflytande och mˆjlighet att pÂverka. Den enskildes mˆjligheter att pÂ-verka sin habilitering/rehabilitering ‰r begr‰nsade. S‰rskilt tycks detta g‰llabarn vars fˆr‰ldrar inte ‰r fˆdda i Sverige, har lÂg utbildning och/eller lÂginkomst.Individuell habiliteringsplan. Individuella planer enligt h‰lso- och sjuk-vÂrdslagen anv‰nds s‰llan om man ser till landstingens alla verksamheter. Ifˆrsta hand ‰r det den verksamhet som ben‰mns barn- och ungdomshabilite-ring som arbetar med individuell habiliterings/rehabiliteringsplan.
8Samverkan. Det finns brister i samverkan, bÂde internt inom landstingenoch externt mellan landstingens olika verksamheter och t.ex. skolan.Rutiner fˆr kvalitetsutveckling saknas. MÂnga kliniker saknar doku-menterade rutiner fˆr att samla in information och synpunkter frÂn bar-nen/ungdomarna och deras familjer.Information. Familjerna anser ofta att den information som de fÂr frÂnlandstingen ‰r bristf‰llig.Bemˆtande. MÂnga fˆr‰ldrar upplever att det stˆd de fÂr ‰r otillr‰ckligt.Minst nˆjda med den habilitering de fÂr ‰r familjer d‰r barnet/ungdomen harflera funktionshinder. I undersˆkningen framtr‰der tydligt fˆr‰ldrarnask‰nsla av att sj‰lva tvingas vara drivande fˆr att f det stˆd som de behˆver.Personal. Fortfarande saknas tillgÂng till insatser frÂn flera yrkesgrupperfˆr att habilitering fˆr barn och ungdomar skall fungera v‰l, framfˆr alltlogopeder, men ocks psykologer, l‰kare, kuratorer och sjukgymnaster.Socialstyrelsen anser att habilitering/rehabilitering bˆr f en starkarest‰llning inom h‰lso- och sjukvÂrden.Socialstyrelsen bedˆmer att den lagstiftning som finns ‰r tillr‰cklig underfˆruts‰ttning att den till‰mpas. Socialstyrelsen bedˆmer att ytterligare utred-ning av omrÂdet i nul‰get inte skulle gagna barn och ungdomar med funk-tionshinder.Socialstyrelsen anseratt landstingen fˆr att kunna planera sin h‰lso- ochsjukvÂrd med utgÂngspunkt i befolkningens behov regelbundet bˆr genom-fˆra kartl‰ggning av vilka grupper av barn/ungdomar med funktionshindersom finns och hur deras behov ser ut.Landstingens olika verksamheter bˆr av ledningen ges tydliga uppdragom vilka grupper av funktionshindrade som de har ansvar fˆr.SjukvÂrdshuvudm‰nnen bˆr i forts‰ttningen redovisa vilka insatser somfinns fˆr olika grupper av funktionshinder i en s‰rskild organisationsplan.SjukvÂrdshuvudm‰nnen bˆr dessutom tydligt redovisa vilka resurser i formav pengar och personal som gÂr till habilitering/rehabilitering fˆr barn ochungdomar med funktionshinder.Enligt h‰lso- och sjukvÂrdslagen skall individuella habiliterings- och re-habiliteringsplaner erbjudas barn/ungdomar med funktionshinder och derasfamiljer. Det utvecklingsarbete som pÂgÂr n‰r det g‰ller individuell planenligt h‰lso- och sjukvÂrdslagen behˆver lyftas fram och fˆrst‰rkas.Kvalitetsarbetet bˆr ges en mera framtr‰dande st‰llning inom verksam-heter med ansvar fˆr habilitering/rehabilitering och hj‰lpmedel och huvud-m‰nnen bˆr stˆdja forskning och statistikinsamling inom omrÂdet.SjukvÂrdshuvudm‰nnen bˆr ocks verka fˆr att viktiga begrepp inom ha-bilitering och rehabilitering fˆrankras inom verksamheterna
The effectiveness of home-based individual tele-care intervention for stroke caregivers in South Korea
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop effective intervention programmes that can reduce family caregiver burden as they provide care to stroke patients so that family caregivers can adapt to and deal with the new circumstances from the early stages of stroke. We also intended to verify the effectiveness of the developed programme.
Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a repeated-measures analysis. We included five hospitals specialized in stroke care in Seoul Metropolitan areas. Seventy-three patients from these hospitals agreed to participate in this study.
Results: The score of family caregiver burden decreased by 8.07 (±18.67) in the experimental group and increased by 1.65 (±7.47) in the control group, which was a significant difference (t = 2.257, P = 0.027) between pre- and post-intervention. The family caregiver burden of experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (F = 3.649, P = 0.033).
Conclusions: The home-based individual tele-care intervention, in addition to the hospital-based group programme, was cost-effective and supportive in reducing family caregivers' burden by providing relevant information for their needs in timely manner.
The effectiveness of telehealth care on caregiver burden, mastery of stress, and family function among family caregivers of heart failure patients: A quasi-experimental study
Background: Telehealth care was developed to provide home-based monitoring and support for patients with chronic disease. The positive effects on physical outcome have been reported; however, more evidence is required concerning the effects on family caregivers and family function for heart failure patients transitioning from the hospital to home. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of nursing-led transitional care combining discharge plans and telehealth care on family caregiver burden, stress mastery and family function in family caregivers of heart failure patients compared to those receiving traditional discharge planning only. Design: This is a quasi-experimental study design. Methods: Sixty-three patients with heart failure were assessed for eligibility and invited to participate in either telehealth care or standard care in a medical centre from May to October 2010. Three families refused to participate in data collection. Thirty families who chose telehealth care after discharge from the hospital to home comprised the experimental group; the others families receiving discharge planning only comprised the comparison group. Telenursing specialist provided the necessary family nursing interventions by 24-h remote monitoring of patients' health condition and counselling by telephone, helping the family caregivers successfully transition from hospital to home. Data on caregiver burden, stress mastery and family function were collected before discharge from the hospital and one month later at home. Effects of group, time, and group×time interaction were analysed using Mixed Model in SPSS (17.0). Results: Family caregivers in both groups had significantly lower burden, higher stress mastery, and better family function at one-month follow-up compared to before discharge. The total score of caregiver burden, stress mastery and family function was significantly improved for the family caregivers in the experimental group compared to the comparison group at posttest. Two subscales of family function—Relationships between family and subsystems and Relationships between family and society were improved in the experimental group compared to the comparison group, but Relationships between family and family members was not different. Conclusions: The results provide evidence that telehealth care combined with discharge planning could reduce family caregiver burden, improve stress mastery, and improve family function during the first 30 days at home after heart failure patients are discharged from the hospital. Telenursing specialists cared caregivers with the concepts of providing transitional care to help them successful cross the critical transition stage.
Tills döden skiljer oss åt – om att vara äldre omsorgsgivare
"Att vara anhörig är att få höra an till någon, att vara närstående är
att få stå någon nära. Anhörigskap är för de flesta inte att vara en
resurs, en funktion eller en kategori. Anhörigskap är relation, en
relation till en annan människa som man vill ha i sin närhet och vara
nära." Så börjar inledningen till antologin om det obetalda
omsorgsarbetet.
Tillsammans men var för sig. Om särboenderelationer mellan äldre kvinnor och män i Sverige
Tillståndet och utvecklingen inom hälso- och sjukvård och socialtjänst – lägesrapport
Denna lägesrapport beskriver tillståndet och utvecklingen inom hälso- och sjukvården och socialtjänsten. Avsikten med rapporten är att ge en samlad bild av dessa områdens olika verksamheter. Sammanfattningen följer samma struktur som rapporten, som i sin tur bygger på kvalitetsmål och kvalitetsområden för vården och omsorgen. En mer grundlig beskrivning av kvalitetsmålen och kvalitetsområdena finns i rapportens inledning
The effects of familism and cultural justification on the mental and physical health of family caregivers
Time does not heal all wounds. Mortality following the death of a parent
Time does not heal all wounds. Mortality following the death of a parent
Time spent on informal and formal care giving for persons with dementia in Sweden.
Time Taken As A Caring Family
The effects of music therapy-based bereavement groups on mood and behavior of grieving children: a pilot study
The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of music therapy-based bereavement groups on mood and behavior of grieving children. Eighteen subjects were assigned to one of two groups: experimental (8 sessions of group music therapy) or control (no group music therapy). All subjects participated in a battery of psychometric tests which measured behavior, mood, and grief symptoms for both pretests and posttests. Statistical analysis indicated a significant difference among subjects in the experimental group for the Behavior Rating Index for children in the home environment and the Bereavement Questionnaire for Parents/Guardians. Although there were no statistically significant differences,mean scores on the Depression Self-Rating Index and the Behavior Rating Index for children in the school environment of the experimental group dropped following treatment. The investigator concluded that participation in music therapy based bereavement groups served to reduce grief symptoms among the subjects as evaluated in the home. Teacher and self-evaluations were less conclusive. Further research studying the effects of music therapy on grieving children is recommended.
The Effects of Nursing Home Placement on the Perceived Levels of Caregiver Burden.
The effects of Orff-based music therapy and social work groups on childhood grief symptoms and behaviors
This study evaluated and compared the effects of Orff-based music therapy, social work, and wait-list control groups on behavioral problems and grief symptoms of bereaved school-aged children. Social work and music therapy sessions were provided weekly for one hour over an eight-week period. Participants (N = 26) attended three different public elementary schools, and each school was randomly assigned to one of the conditions. Pre and posttest measures consisted of the Behavior Rating Index for Children (BRIC) and the Bereavement Group Questionnaire for Parents and Guardians (BP). The BRIC measured behavioral distress and the BP measured grief symptoms prior to and following participation in the assigned conditions. Statistical analyses indicated that participants in the music therapy group significantly improved in the behaviors and grief symptoms, and those in the social work group experienced a significant reduction in their behavioral problems but not their grief symptoms. Participants in the wait-list control group made no significant improvements in either their grief symptoms or behavioral problems. A reduction in behavioral distress as measured by the BRIC and a reduction in grief symptoms as measured by the BP is the most desired outcome. This study supports the use of Orff-based music therapy interventions for bereaved children in a school-based grief program. Recommendations for future research are included.
The effects of parental unresolved trauma on second generation Cambodian Adolescents
In the Holocaust literature, considerable attention has been given to the psychological impact of Holocaust survivors' trauma on their offspring. There is some evidence to show that parenting styles and parent-child communication regarding the Holocaust are important mechanisms through which survivors' trauma affects the psychological adjustment of their offspring. The present study extends this work to a Cambodian context in focusing on intergenerational effects of trauma stemming from the Khmer Rouge regime. Specifically, the effects of parental unresolved trauma, in terms of the mother's PTSD symptoms, on second generation Cambodian adolescents were examined. Extrapolating from the findings in the Holocaust literature on second generation effects of trauma, it was hypothesized that the severity of the mother's trauma symptoms stemming from the Khmer Rouge regime would be predictive of her child's level of psychological distress, and that this relationship would be mediated by parenting style and parent-child communication. It was also predicted that the child's level of bicultural integration would serve as a protective factor in moderating the impact of the mother's trauma such that a child with a higher level of bicultural integration would be less negatively psychologically affected.
The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology
The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology .
Anda R.F., Felitti V.J., Bremner J.D., Walker J.D., Whitfield C., Perry B.D., Dube S.R. & Giles W.H. ( 2005 ) European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience , ePub, posted online 29 November 2005 .
Background Childhood maltreatment has been linked to a variety of changes in brain structure and function and stress–responsive neurobiological systems. Epidemiological studies have documented the impact of childhood maltreatment on health and emotional well-being.
Methods After a brief review of the neurobiology of childhood trauma, we use the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study as an epidemiological 'case example' of the convergence between epidemiological and neurobiological evidence of the effects of childhood trauma. The ACE Study included 17 337 adult HMO (Health Maintenance Organization) members and assessed eight adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) including abuse, witnessing domestic violence, and serious household dysfunction. We used the number of ACEs (ACE score) as a measure of cumulative childhood stress and hypothesized a 'dose–response' relationship of the ACE score to 18 selected outcomes and to the total number of these outcomes (comorbidity).
Results Based upon logistic regression analysis, the risk of every outcome in the affective, somatic, substance abuse, memory, sexual, and aggression-related domains increased in a graded fashion as the ACE score increased (P < 0.001). The mean number of comorbid outcomes tripled across the range of the ACE score.
Conclusions The graded relationship of the ACE score to 18 different outcomes in multiple domains theoretically parallels the cumulative exposure of the developing brain to the stress response with resulting impairment in multiple brain structures and functions.
The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology
Background
Childhood maltreatment has been linked to a variety of changes in brain structure and function and stress-responsive neurobiological systems. Epidemiological studies have documented the impact of childhood maltreatment on health and emotional well-being.
Methods
After a brief review of the neurobiology of childhood trauma, we use the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study as an epidemiological "case example" of the convergence between epidemiologic and neurobiological evidence of the effects of childhood trauma. The ACE Study included 17,337 adult HMO members and assessed 8 adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) including abuse, witnessing domestic violence, and serious household dysfunction. We used the number of ACEs (ACE score) as a measure of cumulative childhood stress and hypothesized a "dose-response" relationship of the ACE score to 18 selected outcomes and to the total number of these outcomes (comorbidity).
Results
Based upon logistic regression analysis, the risk of every outcome in the affective, somatic, substance abuse, memory, sexual, and aggression-related domains increased in a graded fashion as the ACE score increased (P < 0.001). The mean number of comorbid outcomes tripled across the range of the ACE score.
Conclusions
The graded relationship of the ACE score to 18 different outcomes in multiple domains theoretically parallels the cumulative exposure of the developing brain to the stress response with resulting impairment in multiple brain structures and functions.
Experiences of cultural clashes at home and ethnic victimization in school: "I live between two cultures, and neither of them understands me
The present study aims to examine the extent to which adolescents of immigrant background experience acculturative stress (i.e., cultural clashes with parents and ethnic victimization in school) in multiple contexts, and the reasons why such stress takes a toll on their psychological functioning and views of themselves. The analytic sample includes adolescents of immigrant background residing in Sweden (N = 423, Mage = 13.19, SD = 0.51). Cluster analysis revealed five distinct groups of adolescents, based on their reports of cultural clashes with parents and ethnic victimization in school: (1) low on both acculturative stressors, (2) average on both acculturative stressors, (3) high on cultural clashes only, (4) high on ethnic victimization only, and (5) high on both acculturative stressors. Mediation analysis showed that adolescents who experienced cultural clashes at home and who were also victimized by their peers in school reported higher levels of feeling in between cultures than adolescents in all the other clusters (except those high on cultural clashes only), and in turn reported higher levels of depressive symptoms and lower levels of self-esteem. The present study highlights the importance of understanding immigrant youth's experiences across multiple contexts simultaneously in order to develop a holistic perspective on their adjustment and integration processes.
Äldreomsorgsforskning i Norden : En kunskapsöversikt (Temanord ; 2005:508).
Äldrepolitik för framtiden : 100 steg till trygghet och utveckling med en åldrande befolkning : Slutbetänkande.
Äldrepsykiatri- kliniska riktlinjer för utredning och behandling.
De äldsta och de svårast sjuka faller ansvarsmässigt lätt mellan stolarna när det handlar om tillstånd med psykiska symtom och många får i dag inte den hjälp de behöver. Det finns ett stort behov såväl av ökad kunskap om äldrepsykiatri i all sjukvård för äldre, som av äldrepsykiatrisk spetskompetens och högspecialiserad vård. Därför finns den här boken.
Äldrepsykiatri omfattar alla tillstånd med psykiska symtom hos äldre – demenssjukdomar, affektiva sjukdomar, ångest, psykoser, personlighetsstörningar, kriser med flera. Tillstånden är ofta sammanflätade med varandra eller med somatiska sjukdomar.
Skriften vänder sig till psykiatrer och blivande psykiatrer samt andra läkare med ansvar för äldre, främst inom geriatrik och allmänmedicin. Den kan användas som lärobok för det äldrepsykiatriska delmålet i ST-utbildningen. Då äldrepsykiatrin till sin natur är multidisciplinär, kan hela eller delar av boken även läsas av annan sjukvårdspersonal.
Författare:
Karin Sparring (huvudredaktör)
Ingar Karlsson
Margda Wärn
Maria Eriksdotter
Per Allard
Johan Lökk
Svenska Psykiatriska Föreningen har sedan 1996 utformat kliniska riktlinjer för en rad psykiatriska områden. Äldrepsykiatri – kliniska riktlinjer för utredning och behandling är den elfte skriften i serien Svensk Psykiatri.
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Äldres behov : En kunskapsöversikt och diskussion om framtiden
Äldres hälsa: en utmaning för Europa. Kortversion av Health Ageing-projektet huvudrapport
Äldres levnadsförhållanden 1980-1998. Rapport 93
Äldres levnadsförhållanden 1988-2002 : Hälsa, funktionsförmåga och vård- och omsorgsmönster
Äldres livssituation och behov av stöd : undersökning i Hjo kommun bland personer födda 1928 eller tidigare
Ett halvt århundrade svensk äldreomsorg – var står stat och familj?
Den svenska offentliga äldreomsorgen växte starkt från 1950-talet, och nådde sin högsta nivå på 1980-talet, för att därefter minska under 2000-talet. Med hjälp av riksrepresentativa befolkningsundersökningar från 1954 och fram till 2009 studerar vi mönster i äldres hjälpbehov och insatser från familj och offentlig omsorg. Ansvarsförhållandet mellan stat och familj har skiftat över tid, men omsorg från anhöriga och det offentliga överlappar allt mer. De offentliga insatserna minskar samtidigt som allt fler på sikt får hjälp, men mindre och senare i livet. Allt fler äldre har anhöriga, som ger mer omsorg.
Äldres psykiska ohälsa -en fördjupad lägesrapport om förekomst, verksamheter och insatser. Artikelnr 2008-131-20
I dag lider cirka 20 procent av alla äldre personer av psykisk ohälsa. Inom en snar framtid är 25 procent av alla svenskar 65 år och äldre, vilket gör psykisk ohälsa till en av våra största folksjukdomar.
Rapporten Ökat stöd till äldres med psykisk ohälsa redovisar Socialstyrelsens aktiviteter för att stödja arbetet med att uppmärksamma och arbeta med äldres psykiska ohälsa. Rapporten ger också förslag på fortsatta åtgärder för att stödja arbetet. Som bilagor finns tre vägledningdokument för olika professioner:
Vägledning för verksamhetsansvariga inom socialtjänst, kommunal hälso- och sjukvård samt primärvård'
Vägledning till att uppmärksamma äldre med psykisk ohälsa inom primärvården
Vägledning för att uppmärksamma äldre med psykisk ohälsa inom socialtjänst och kommunal hälso- och sjukvård
Grundläggande kunskaper hos personal
Socialstyrelsen har även tagit fram allmänna råd som ska visa vilka kunskaper personal som arbetar med äldre bör ha.
Nationell satsning på baskompetens
Under 2011 – 2014 pågick en satsning, det så kallade Omvårdnadslyftet, för att stärka personalens baskunskaper om bland annat äldres psykiska ohälsa.
Socialstyrelsen publicerade även en vägledning om kunskapsområden för specialiserade arbetsuppgifter inom äldreomsorgen som bland annat behandlar kunskaper som kan krävas för att arbeta med äldre med psykisk sjukdom.
Äldres upplevelse av IT och isolering i samband med ACTION- användande. (C-uppsats)
Äldres önskemål om vård och omsorgsgivare
Äldrevårdscentralen i Solna : intervjuer med personal och samverkanspartners
Ändlös omsorg och utmätt hälsa – föräldraskapets paradoxer när ett vuxet barn har långvarig psykisk sjukdom. Akad. avh.
Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att fördjupa kunskapen om att vara förälder till vuxet barn med långvarig psykisk sjukdom. Delstudiernas speciella syften är:
Att beskriva hur mammor till vuxet barn med långvarig psykisk sjukdom upplever sin vardag.
Att beskriva hur pappor till vuxet barn med långvarig psykisk sjukdom upplever sin vardag
Att beskriva hur förälder till vuxet barn med psykisk sjukdom uppfattar den psykiatriska vården.
Att undersöka en grupp mammor och pappor till vuxet barn med långvarig psykisk sjukdom i Sverige och deras hälsorelaterade lisvkvalitet i förhållande till en normalpopulation, deras självskattade symptom på ångest, depression och belastning samt erfarenheter av möten med den psykiatriska vården.
Är du full? Nej jag har haft stroke. Om vikten av fullgod rehabilitering.
Bokens författare och huvudperson, Dr Magnus Edner, berättar här utifrån patientens egenupplevda perspektiv om sin komplicerade rehabilitering och långa väg tillbaka efter en stroke med komplicerad symtombild. Läsningen är både nedslående och upplyftande på samma gång.
Nedslående på grund av att vårdens brister och tillkorta-kommanden så tydligt blottläggs, särskilt i relation till oförmågan (oviljan?) att ta ett helhetsansvar kring en rehabiliteringsprocess av ett svårbehandlat tillstånd.
Upplyftande genom att huvudpersonen genom envishet, kunskap och stort stöd från sin familj visar att det går att gradvis förbättras om rätt förutsättningar ges, även lång tid efter en hjärnskadas uppkomst.
Är jag en sån där anhörigvårdare jag?": Utvärdering av projektet "Anhörig-300" I Jämtlands län, mars 2002 (Rapport från FoU-Jämt land; 2002:03).
Ätstörningar och ADHD kan ha samband : Hetsätning kan lindra ADHD-symtom, centralstimulantia ger god hjälp
[Possible connection between eating disorders and ADHD. Bulimia can relieve ADHD symptoms, central nervous stimulants are of good help]In Sweden the risk for female Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa is estimated to 1%. Females have ten times higher prevalence than males. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the contrary has a male 2-3 times dominante. Among adults aprox. 3% has ADHD. ADHD is complex with at least one major associated psychiatric diagnosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether clinical findings, not just related to Eating Disorder (ED), could match ADHD as a co-existing diagnosis, as well as to follow the patients the first months after treatment with Methylfenidate had been induced. Five patients, one male and four females, age 18-43, with a history of Eating Disorder (ED) of 5-35 years, were clinically described with DSM-IV diagnoses, treatment regimen and therapeutic outcome. They suffered from disability in normal social functioning, i.e. education, professional career and family life. All of them had symptoms matching ADHD. In this case report the assumtion is made that treatment with Methylfenidate lead to an decrease of ADHD-symptoms as well as typical ED-symptoms, better social functioning and increased quality of life.
Tidigare forskning har visat på en koppling mellan bulimia nervosa och uppmärksamhets- och hyperaktivitetsstörningar (ADHD). Det har föreslagits att ätstörningspatienter med långvarig psykosocial ohälsa och flera samtidigt förekommande psykiatriska tillstånd bör utredas för att utesluta/bekräfta samexisterande, tidigare odiagnostiserad ADHD.Under de senaste åren har studier redovisats där sambandet mellan bulimia nervosa och ADHD diskuteras. Positiv effekt på såväl ätstörningsrelaterade som ADHD-relaterade symtom vid behandling med centralstimulantia har kunnat konstateras.De fall som beskrivs här ger ytterligare stöd för betydelsen av att låta patienter med bulimia nervosa och andra svåra psykiatriska problem genomgå neuropsykiatrisk utredning och i förekommande fall av ADHD få behandling med centralstimulantia.
Ögonblickets pedagogik: yrkesgrupper i samtal om specialpedagogisk kompetens vid barn-och ungdomshabiliteringen
Avhandlingen gäller specialpedagogisk kompetens hos pedagoger som arbetar i tvärprofessionella team inom barn och ungdomshabiliteringen. Ögonblickets pedagogik står för de reflektioner som görs i mötet med barnet, i dess olika miljöer, och som leder till åtgärder. Dessa avgöranden om specialpedagogisk intervention baseras på teoretiska och praktiska kunskaper, liksom erfarenheter som utvecklats genom det samverkande teamarbetet.Den empiriska studiens syfte var att studera hur pedagogisk kompetens kommuniceras, reflekteras och konstrueras av och mellan medlemmar i yrkesgrupper inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen. Det har studerats genom fokusgrupper som efteråt utvärderats med ett skattningsformulär där deltagarna också givit information om utbildning och arbetsuppgifter. Informanter är pedagoger i fem yrkesgrupper samt i en tvärgrupp, och tre grupper med andra yrkeskategorier verksamma i team inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringar. Analysarbetet genererade en kodnyckel för turtagningsanalys.
Resultatet visar att pedagoger inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen inte har utvecklat specifika professionsstrategier. De har snarast anpassat sig till ett föränderligt uppdrag. Kompetensen hos habiliteringens pedagoger baseras på kunskaper och erfarenheter från tre verksamhetsfält. Den grundläggande kompetensen ligger inom förskolefältet med teoretiska och erfarenhetsbaserade kunskaper om barns utveckling och lek- och lärande. Det var förskollärare som införde lekpedagogiskt arbete i och med lekoteken under 1970-talet. Under 1980-talet utvecklades den samordnade barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen där pedagogik tillsammans med medicinsk-, social- och psykologisk kompetens utgör hörnstenar i det professionella teamarbetet. Det är i det familjeorienterade teamarbetet som den specialpedagogiska kompetensen för barn med funktionshinder utvecklas. Det specialpedagogiska fältet har pedagogerna inom habiliteringen med påbyggnadsutbildningen. Utbildningen är i första hand riktad mot skolan och informanterna efterfrågar forskning och kunskapsbildning som gäller barn-och ungdomshabilteringens problemområden. Pedagogernas yrkesspråk karaktäriseras av en vardagsspråklig terminologi som är väl anpassad till uppdraget. Pedagogerna och deras kollegor i teamen framhåller att pedagogen fungerar, genom sitt yrkesspråk och barnfokus, som överbryggare mellan det medicinska fältet och det pedagogiska sammanhanget i barnets vardagliga miljöer i förskola och i hemmet.
Pedagogernas yrkesgruppssamtal visar sig vara en talgenre där pedagoger huvudsakligen förstärker varandras utsagor, använder metaforer i konstruktionen av den gemensamma förståelsen och i mycket begränsad utsträckning ifrågasätter varandras uppfattningar inom gruppen. Kompetensen är baserad på kunskap om och erfarenheter av barns normala och avvikande utveckling liksom av barns lek och lärande. Pedagogerna i studien lyfter huvudsakligen fram det pedagogiska mötet med vuxna omkring barnet, främst föräldrar och personal i förskolan, då de exemplifierar sin kompetens. Det specifika specialpedagogiska arbetet med barn i grupper och det lekpedagogiska interventionsarbetet är mer sällan omnämnt i yrkesgruppssamtalen.
Nyckelord: Specialpedagogik, pedagogisk kompetens, barn- och ungdomshabilitering, kunskapsområden, verksamhetsfält, yrkesspråk, talgenrer, fokusgrupper, metaforer, tidig intervention, anpassat vardagligt språk, fronesis.
Ögonblickets pedagogik: yrkesgrupper i samtal om specialpedagogisk kompetens vid barn-och ungdomshabiliteringen
Doktorsavhandling i pedagogik
Avhandlingen gäller specialpedagogisk kompetens hos pedagoger som arbetar i tvärprofessionella team inom barn och ungdomshabiliteringen. Ögonblickets pedagogik står för de reflektioner som görs i mötet med barnet, i dess olika miljöer, och som leder till åtgärder. Dessa avgöranden om specialpedagogisk intervention baseras på teoretiska och praktiska kunskaper, liksom erfarenheter som utvecklats genom det samverkande teamarbetet.Den empiriska studiens syfte var att studera hur pedagogisk kompetens kommuniceras, reflekteras och konstrueras av och mellan medlemmar i yrkesgrupper inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen. Det har studerats genom fokusgrupper som efteråt utvärderats med ett skattningsformulär där deltagarna också givit information om utbildning och arbetsuppgifter. Informanter är pedagoger i fem yrkesgrupper samt i en tvärgrupp, och tre grupper med andra yrkeskategorier verksamma i team inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringar. Analysarbetet genererade en kodnyckel för turtagningsanalys.
Resultatet visar att pedagoger inom barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen inte har utvecklat specifika professionsstrategier. De har snarast anpassat sig till ett föränderligt uppdrag. Kompetensen hos habiliteringens pedagoger baseras på kunskaper och erfarenheter från tre verksamhetsfält. Den grundläggande kompetensen ligger inom förskolefältet med teoretiska och erfarenhetsbaserade kunskaper om barns utveckling och lek- och lärande. Det var förskollärare som införde lekpedagogiskt arbete i och med lekoteken under 1970-talet. Under 1980-talet utvecklades den samordnade barn- och ungdomshabiliteringen där pedagogik tillsammans med medicinsk-, social- och psykologisk kompetens utgör hörnstenar i det professionella teamarbetet. Det är i det familjeorienterade teamarbetet som den specialpedagogiska kompetensen för barn med funktionshinder utvecklas. Det specialpedagogiska fältet har pedagogerna inom habiliteringen med påbyggnadsutbildningen. Utbildningen är i första hand riktad mot skolan och informanterna efterfrågar forskning och kunskapsbildning som gäller barn-och ungdomshabilteringens problemområden. Pedagogernas yrkesspråk karaktäriseras av en vardagsspråklig terminologi som är väl anpassad till uppdraget. Pedagogerna och deras kollegor i teamen framhåller att pedagogen fungerar, genom sitt yrkesspråk och barnfokus, som överbryggare mellan det medicinska fältet och det pedagogiska sammanhanget i barnets vardagliga miljöer i förskola och i hemmet.
Pedagogernas yrkesgruppssamtal visar sig vara en talgenre där pedagoger huvudsakligen förstärker varandras utsagor, använder metaforer i konstruktionen av den gemensamma förståelsen och i mycket begränsad utsträckning ifrågasätter varandras uppfattningar inom gruppen. Kompetensen är baserad på kunskap om och erfarenheter av barns normala och avvikande utveckling liksom av barns lek och lärande. Pedagogerna i studien lyfter huvudsakligen fram det pedagogiska mötet med vuxna omkring barnet, främst föräldrar och personal i förskolan, då de exemplifierar sin kompetens. Det specifika specialpedagogiska arbetet med barn i grupper och det lekpedagogiska interventionsarbetet är mer sällan omnämnt i yrkesgruppssamtalen.
- See more at: http://www.skolporten.se/forskning/avhandling/ogonblickets-pedagogik-yrkesgrupper-i-samtal-om-specialpedagogisk-kompetens-vid-barn-och-ungdomshabiliteringen/#sthash.JQdaHFR7.dpuf
Ökad livskvalitet hos anhörigvårdare som får stöd
Ökad livskvalitet hos anhörigvårdare som får stöd
Öppna jämförelser 2008 : vård och omsorg om äldre
Öppna jämförelser 2013 – Vård och omsorg om äldre – Jämförelser mellan kommuner och län
För fjärde gången presenterar Socialstyrelsen och Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting öppna jämförelser av vården och omsorgen om äldre. I rapporten ges en bred bild av vården och omsorgen om äldre och den belyser områden som kan påverkas av både kommunernas och landstingens insatser.
Öppna samtal: från monolog till levande dialog i sociala nätverk
"Det här är en ovanlig bok skriven av en ovanlig man. Boken är ovanlig eftersom den vänder upp och ner på mycket av det vi vanligtvis tänker. Vi är så vana att tänka att problemen kommer inifrån och att förändringarna måste ske inne i den person som har problem. I den här boken sägs att framgångar och misslyckanden kommer utifrån och att förändringar sker först och främst genom det som omger oss - nämligen nätverket, språket, samtalen"
Translucency and learnability of Blissymbols in Setswana-speaking children: an exploration
Although the importance of iconicity in the learning of symbols has been widely acknowledged, there have been few systematic investigations into the influence of culture on the ratings of symbol iconicity. The purposes of this study were two-fold: to determine (a) the translucency ratings of specific Blissymbols as rated by 6- to 7-year-old Setswana-speaking children (one of South Africa's 11 official languages); and (b) whether the ratings changed after second and third exposures in order to determine the learnability of these symbols. This study is partially based on the study by Quist et al. (1998), which utilized Dutch and American participants. Thirty-four Setswana children were exposed to 93 selected Blissymbols. A 3-point semantic differential scale consisting of three faces accompanied each Blissymbol, without the written gloss. This procedure was repeated over a period of 3 days. The results indicated that the majority of Blissymbols were rated as having high translucency ratings. The research further demonstrated significant differences in translucency between first and second exposures, suggesting that learning of the symbols had occurred. The comparison between the results of the current study and the results reported in the Quist et al. study reveal that the translucency ratings of the majority of the selected Blissymbols ranged from moderate to high for all three studies, but that the distribution of symbols across the ratings appears to be different.
Trappan modellen för samtal med barn som upplevt våld i familjen – en utvärdering för metodutveckling
Trauma and mental health of children in Gaza
Små barns behov av en långsiktig trygg bas: en barnpsykologisk kunskapsöversikt
Detta kunskapsunderlag handlar om de yngsta barnens behov i de situationer där
brister i deras omvårdnad kräver särskild samhällelig uppmärksamhet. Rapporten
inleds med en genomgång av anknytningsteorin. Denna används som en
utvecklingspsykologisk referensram för att beskriva barns känslomässiga
utveckling med speciellt fokus på de anknytningsrelationer som skapas under de
första tre till fyra levnadsåren. Människobarnet är vid födseln fysiskt och psykiskt
beroende av den vuxne för sin överlevnad och den eller de föräldrapersoner som
regelbundet tar hand om barnet kommer genom sin omvårdnad att bli barnets
anknytningsperson/er och påverka barnets psykosociala utveckling, både på kort
och på lång sikt.
Barn är programmerade att ta emot omvårdnad, det nyfödda barnet signalerar
sitt behov av att bli omhändertaget, och från 8-9 månader protesterar barnet mot att
skiljas från den som barnet fått erfarenheter av har tillhandahållit omvårdnad. För
barnet är det gynnsamt med minst en, men gärna fler än en, långsiktigt engagerade
föräldrar som med lyhördhet svarar på barnets behov av närhet, tröst och skydd.
Anknytningspersonen bör vara "stor, stark, klok och snäll" för att kunna erbjuda
barnet en trygg bas att utforska världen från och en säker hamn att kunna återvända
till när världen är eller upplevs som farlig. Barn som med hjälp av sin
anknytningsperson lär sig att använda sina egna resurser och lita på andras hjälp
vid behov kan själv reglera sin stress och lättare klara rimliga och åldersrelevanta
utmaningar under uppväxten. En viktig del av anknytningsteorin beskriver små
barns reaktioner på att bli skilda från sin anknytningsperson, där protest, förtvivlan
och losskoppling beskriver de tre reaktionsmönster som kännetecknar barnets
försök att hantera den psykologiska förlusten av trygghet.
En genomgång av den internationella forskningslitteraturen speglar de
variationer som finns i former för barns boende och de situationer där barn inte kan
bo hos sina föräldrar. Vi redogör för förutsättningar och krav som kan ställas när
barn ska övernatta i mer än en omsorgsmiljö, t.ex. hos biologiska föräldrar och
tidigare familjehemsföräldrar. Varje land har sina rättssystem och principer som
styr formerna för samhällsvård av små barn vars liv och hälsa är i fara. Vi redogör
för kunskapen om den långsiktiga psykosociala utvecklingen hos barn på
institution, barn i familje-hem och adopterade barn. Slutsatserna är entydiga, den
mest olämpliga miljön för späda och små barn är att bo på institution (utan sin
förälder), och denna form bör därför inte användas annat än i undantagsfall. De
stora svårigheterna med institutionsvård är de begränsade möjligheterna att erbjuda
långsiktigt, engagerat och stabilt omhändertagande där barnen får möjlighet att
knyta an till en eller ett par specifika personer. Familjehem är den vanligaste
vårdformen i västvärldens kulturer men flera uppföljningar visar att barn i denna
vårdform inte alltid når de goda utvecklingsresultat som barn har rätt till.
Forskningen pekar på brister och poängterar hur denna vårdform kräver stort
engagemang från samhället för att fungera på ett godtagbart sätt. En god
familjehemsvård förutsätter att de sociala myndigheterna ansvarar för att
tillhandahålla utbildning, handledning och långsiktigt stabila förutsättningar så att
de vuxna som ska träda in i de biologiska föräldrarnas ställe och ta emot ett barn i
sin egen familj kan göra det på ett bra sätt. En "triadisk trygg bas", där barn,
familjehem och biologisk familj kan samarbeta är eftersträvansvärt, men kräver
ofta stora insatser och stöd från myndigheterna. Till sist visar adoptionsforskningen
en trend mot alltmer öppna adoptioner, en form som uppfattas positivt av alla
inblandade och som underlättar för barnet att behålla en kontakt med sitt biologiska
ursprung. De öppna adoptionerna har gemensamma drag med den vårdnads-
överflyttning som i Sverige kan föreslås av socialnämnd och prövas i tingsrätt.
Vårdnadsöverflyttning ska alltid övervägas efter det att barnet bott tre år i
samma familjehem, men kan också initieras tidigare. Vissa betydelsefulla
skillnader finns emellertid mellan en öppen adoption och en vårdnadsöverflyttning.
En adoption är, även om den är öppen, definitiv då alla rättsliga relationer mellan
barnet och den biologiska familjen bryts. Denna brytning sker inte vid
vårdnadsöverflyttning, då barnet i dessa fall har kvar umgänges- och arvsrätt.
Varför vårdnadsöverflyttning, som utgår från barnets rätt till fortsatt relation till
sina "psykologiska" föräldrar och som förespråkats i Sverige, används i så
begränsad omfattning bör utredas närmare och de hinder, som försvårar
lagstiftarens intentioner med vårdnadsöverflyttning, bör undanröjas.
I rapportens diskussionsavsnitt behandlas frågan om den bästa formen för akuta
placeringar av små barn, vars liv och hälsa är i omedelbar fara. Vi föreslår att små
barn om möjligt inte ska skiljas från sin förälder och placeras i ett jourfosterhem
för att därefter eventuellt uppleva ytterligare separation och introduceras till en ny
föräldraomgivning. Den biologiska föräldern och barnet bör i stället vistas
tillsammans (såvida inte föräldern är akut farlig för barnet) i form av en gemensam
placering, där föräldern kan få stöd, familjens situation kartläggas och relationen
mellan biologisk förälder och barn observeras under utredningstiden. Om barnet
och föräldern måste skiljas åt ska barnet placeras så att en tät kontakt mellan barn
och förälder kan upprätthållas till dess att slutligt beslut fattats.
I diskussionsavsnittet ger vi också synpunkter på betydelsen av längden på
samhällsvården i förhållande till barns ålder, samt frågor om stöd för kontinuitet
mellan olika personer och miljöer i barnets liv. Hänsyn till barns ålder måste tas i
varje enskilt fall. Barn som varit två av sina första fyra år i ett familjehem har t ex i
de allra flesta fall utvecklat en starkare förankring i familje-hemmet jämfört med
äldre barn som varit där tre av sina tolv år. Yngre barns behov av sina
familjehemsföräldrar kan därför se annorlunda ut än äldres.
I de fall grunden för samhällsvård, i form av förälderns oförmåga att ta hand om
sitt barn, har upphört måste barnens anknytning och behov av omvårdnadsmässig
stabilitet vägas in. I synnerhet små barn måste med tvingande biologisk
nödvändighet rikta sitt anknytningsbehov mot de vuxna som trätt i de biologiska
föräldrarnas ställe. Risken för barnets utveckling, genom att ryckas upp ur den
miljö som barnet rotat sig i och flytta från de familjehems-föräldrar som barnet
upplever som sina "riktiga" föräldrar, måste nogsamt vägas mot de biologiska
föräldrarnas berättigade önskan att återfå sitt barn.
Till sist understryks de specifika hänsyn som måste tas när det gäller barn som
utsatts för allvarlig omsorgssvikt och vars behov av extra trygghet och långsiktig
stabilitet är avgörande för deras fortsatta utveckling. Om socialnämnden beslutar
om familjehemsplacering krävs för att kunna handlägga dessa svåra ärenden: (1)
särskilt välfungerande familjehem (2) en långsiktig planering, (3) en stödjande
organisation för familjehemmet att luta sig mot, (4) särskilt anpassad utbildning
och handledning samt (5) att familjehemmet tillåts fokusera på barnets
välbefinnande och inte belastas med långtgående krav på samarbete med de
biologiska föräldrarna.
Småbarnsföräldrar med rörelsehinder
Smärtkraft : Psykisk sjukdom i familjen, upplevelser och hjälpbehov
Hur är det att vara anhörig till en psykiskt sjuk människa? Boken är ett kritiskt inlägg i debatten mot fantasilöshet och byråkrati i vården, men författaren, själv anhörig, ger också många positiva förslag på goda samarbetsformer som underlättar tillvaron för de drabbade och deras anhöriga.
Prenting Stress Index: Professional Manual (3rd ed).
The PSI addresses the early identification and assessment needs recognized by the Report of the Surgeon General's Conference on Children's Mental Health (January 2001). It is well-suited for use in primary health care and pediatric practices, as well as in other settings and programs that serve at-risk children and families or provide early childhood educational and developmental experiences. The PSI is designed for the early identification of parenting and family characteristics that fail to promote normal development and functioning in children, children with behavioral and emotional problems, and parents who are at risk for dysfunctional parenting. It can be used with parents of children as young as one month.
The PSI was developed on the theory that the total stress a parent experiences is a function of certain salient child characteristics, parent characteristics, and situations that are directly related to the role of being a parent. The PSI identifies dysfunctional parenting and predicts the potential for parental behavior problems and child adjustment difficulties within the family system. Although its primary focus is on the preschool child, the PSI can be used with parents whose children are 12 years of age or younger.
The PSI consists of 120 items and takes less than 30 minutes for the parent to complete. It yields a Total Stress Score, plus scale scores for both Child and Parent Characteristics, which pinpoint sources of stress within the family.
The child characteristics are measured in six subscales: Distractibility/Hyperactivity, Adaptability, Reinforces Parent, Demandingness, Mood, and Acceptability. The parent personality and situational variables component consists of seven subscales: Competence, Isolation, Attachment, Health, Role Restriction, Depression, and Spouse. The PSI is particularly helpful in:
Early identification of dysfunctional parent-child systems.
Prevention programs aimed at reducing stress.
Intervention and treatment planning in high-stress areas.
Family functioning and parenting skills.
Assessment of child-abuse risk.
Forensic evaluation for child custody.
Validated With Diverse Populations
The PSI has been empirically validated to predict observed parenting behavior and children's current and future behavioral and emotional adjustment, not only in a variety of U.S. populations but in a variety of international populations. The transcultural research has involved populations as diverse as Chinese, Portuguese, French Canadian, Italian, and Korean. These studies demonstrated comparable statistical characteristics to those reported in the PSI Manual, suggesting that the PSI is a robust diagnostic measure that maintains its validity with diverse non-English-speaking cultures. This ability to effectively survive translation and demonstrate its usefulness as a diagnostic tool with non-English-speaking populations suggests that it is likely to maintain its validity with a variety of different U.S. populations.
Components
The Manual has 118 pages of information, including reference group profiles and case illustrations, Hispanic norms, and expanded norms by age. A 5th-grade reading level is required.
The PSI consists of a 120-item test booklet with an optional 19-item Life Stress scale and an all-in-one self-scoring answer sheet/profile form. It yields 17 scores, including seven Child Domain scores, eight Parent Domain scores, and a Total Stress score, plus the optional Life Stress score.
The PSI Short Form is a direct derivative of the full-length test and consists of a 36-item self-scoring questionnaire/profile. It yields a Total Stress score from three scales: Parental Distress, Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction, and Difficult Child.
Preparing for family caregiving in specialized palliative home care: an ongoing process
OBJECTIVE: Family caregivers have been given increasing importance in palliative
home care and face a great responsibility as caregivers for patients suffering
from incurable illness. Preparedness for caregiving has been found to moderate
negative effects and promote well-being in family caregivers. The aim of our
study was to explore family caregivers' own experiences of preparing for
caregiving in specialized palliative home care.
METHOD: An interpretive descriptive design was chosen. A strategic sampling
method was applied with a focus on participants who rated their preparedness as
high and low using a structured instrument. Qualitative interviews were completed
with 12 family caregivers. They were analyzed using a constant-comparative
technique.
RESULTS: Family caregivers described their experience of preparing for caregiving
as an ongoing process, rather than something done in advance. The process was
illustrated through three subprocesses: "awaring" (realizing the seriousness of
the situation), "adjusting" (managing a challenging situation), and
"anticipating" (planning for the inevitable loss).
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: Knowledge about the process of preparedness for
caregiving and its subprocesses could be valuable to healthcare professionals,
given the positive effects shown by preparedness in this context. Being able to
recognize the different subprocesses of preparedness for caregiving could provide
healthcare professionals with opportunities to support family caregivers in
managing them. Preparedness for caregiving should be seen as a process to be
supported and promoted continuously in palliative home care, not just at
enrollment.
Preschool Israeli Children Exposed to Rocket Attacks: Assessment, Risk, and Resilience
Preschool children are among the most vulnerable populations to adversity. This study described the effects of 4 weeks of daily exposure to rocket attacks on children living on Israel's southern border. Participants enrolled in this study were 122 preschool children (50% boys) between the ages 3 and 6 years from 10 kindergartens. We assessed mothers' report of children's symptoms according to the DSM-IV and alternative criteria resembling the DSM-5 criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), general adaptation, traumatic exposure, and stressful life events 3 months after the war. The prevalence of PTSD was lower when the diagnosis was derived from the DSM-IV (4%) than from the DSM-5 criteria (14%). Mothers of children with 4 or more stressful life events reported more functional impairment in social, occupational, and other important areas of functioning compared to children with 0 or 1 stressful life event. Children with more severe exposure showed more severe symptoms and mothers had more concerns about the child's functioning (η(p)(2) = .09-.25). Stressful life events and exposure to traumatic experiences accounted for 32% of the variance in PTSD and 19% of the variance in the adaptation scale. Results were explored in terms of risk and resilience factors.
Pre‐school teachers’, other professionals’, and parental concerns on cooperation in pre‐school – all around children in need of special support: the Swedish perspective
The aim of this study was to discover and describe parents', pre‐school teachers', and other professionals' experiences of cooperation regarding children in need of special support. It is a topic that arouses many different feelings and experiences. This study has a qualitative procedure with a phenomenological approach. The data collection in this study consists of interviews from 20 participants. It becomes apparent that pre‐school teachers lack training in cooperation, as well as that further education has not been available to any mentionable extent. In this study it becomes clear that there is a large difference between various pre‐schools regarding knowledge and motivation to provide the extra support that many children need. This study also shows that accessibility to and information from other professionals to parents is basic for them to feel safety and support. Different aspects of cooperation are highlighted and discussed.
Social rapport 2010
Rapporten ger en översikt över vilka de sociala problemen är, varför de uppstår och hur de förändras över tid. Den belyser och analyserar den långsiktiga utvecklingen med tyngdpunkt på det senaste decenniet. Särskilt uppmärksammas de grupper i samhället som är mest eftersatta i ekonomisk och social bemärkelse.
Social skill and parental training plus standard treatment versus standard treatment for children with ADHD- the randomised sostra trial.
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the effects of social-skills training and parental training programme for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
METHODS:
We conducted a randomized two-armed, parallel group, assessor-blinded superiority trial consisting of social-skills training plus parental training and standard treatment versus standard treatment alone. A sample size calculation showed at least 52 children should be included for the trial with follow up three and six months after randomization. The primary outcome measure was ADHD symptoms and secondary outcomes were social skills and emotional competences. RESULTS 56: children (39 boys, 17 girls, mean age 10.4 years, SD 1.31) with ADHD were randomized, 28 to the experimental group and 27 to the control group. Mixed-model analyses with repeated measures showed that the time course (y = a + bt + ct(2)) of ADHD symptoms (p = 0.40), social skills (p = 0.80), and emotional competences (p = 0.14) were not significantly influenced by the intervention.
CONCLUSIONS:
Social skills training plus parental training did not show any significant benefit for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder when compared with standard treatment. More and larger randomized trials are needed.
Social skills rating system manual.
Social support and adjustment to caring for elder family members: A multi-study analysis.
Social support as a mediator of depression in caregivers of patients with end-stage disease
Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People : Progress and Possibilities
Mental health and substance use disorders among children, youth, and young adults are major threats to the health and well-being of younger populations which often carryover into adulthood. The costs of treatment for mental health and addictive disorders, which create an enormous burden on the affected individuals, their families, and society, have stimulated increasing interest in prevention practices that can impede the onset or reduce the severity of the disorders.
Prevention practices have emerged in a variety of settings, including programs for selected at-risk populations (such as children and youth in the child welfare system), school-based interventions, interventions in primary care settings, and community services designed to address a broad array of mental health needs and populations.
Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People updates a 1994 Institute of Medicine book, Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders, focusing special attention on the research base and program experience with younger populations that have emerged since that time.
Researchers, such as those involved in prevention science, mental health, education, substance abuse, juvenile justice, health, child and youth development, as well as policy makers involved in state and local mental health, substance abuse, welfare, education, and justice will depend on this updated information on the status of research and suggested directions for the field of mental health and prevention of disorders.
Socialutskottets betänkande Samordning av stöd till barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning
Det finns stora problem med samordningen av stödet till barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning. Det konstaterar socialutskottet efter att ha tagit del av Riksrevisionens granskning. Trots många satsningar har de olika instanser i samhället som ger stöd till barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning fortfarande problem med att samverka. Följden blir att ansvaret för samordningen ligger hos föräldrarna.
Regeringen planerar att göra en djupare analys av hur stödet och regelverket fungerar, där även åtgärder inom samverkan och samordning ska ingå. Utskottet välkomnar detta. Utskottet har fått veta att regeringen planerar att starta en försöksverksamhet med samordnare. Utskottet förutsätter att försöksverksamheten ges hög prioritet och påbörjas under 2012, samt att regeringen återkommer till riksdagen med en redovisning när försöksverksamheten har utvärderats. Riksdagen avslutade ärendet med detta.
Prevention and Intervention Strategies With Children of Alcoholics
Objective. This article was designed to give pediatricians a basic knowledge of the needs of children who live in families with alcoholism. It briefly presents issues involved in the identification and screening of such individuals and provides primary attention to a variety of preventive and treatment strategies that have been used with school children of alcoholics (COAs), along with evidence of their effectiveness.
Methodology. A literature search including both published and unpublished descriptions and evaluations of interventions with COAs.
Results. The scope and nature of the problems of growing up in an alcoholic home are presented. The risk and protective factors associated with this population have been used as a foundation for preventive and treatment interventions. The most common modality of prevention and intervention programs is the short-term small group format. Programs for COAs should include the basic components of information, problem- and emotion-focused coping skills, and social and emotional support. Physicians are in a unique position to identify and provide basic services and referrals for COAs. School settings are the most common intervention sites, but family and broad-based community programs also have shown promise in alcohol and other drug prevention.
Conclusions. Several COA interventions have demonstrated positive results with respect to a variety of measures including knowledge of program content, social support, coping skills, and emotional functioning. Rigorous studies are needed to understand better the complex ways children deal with parental alcoholism. A need remains for empirically sound evaluations and for the delineation of research findings.
Prevention of progression to severe obesity in a group of obese schoolchildren treated with family therapy
STUDY OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the effect of family therapy on childhood obesity. DESIGN. Clinical trial. One year follow-up. SETTING. Referral from school after screening. PARTICIPANTS. Of 1774 children (aged 10 to 11), screened for obesity, 44 obese children were divided into two treatment groups. In an untreated control group of 50 obese children, screened in the same manner, body mass index (BMI) values were recorded twice, at 10 to 11 and at 14 years of age. INTERVENTION. Both treatment groups received comparable dietary counseling and medical checkups for a period of 14 to 18 months, while one of the groups also received family therapy. RESULTS. At the 1-year follow-up, when the children were 14 years of age, intention- to-treat analyses were made of the weight and height data for 39 of 44 children in the two treatment groups and for 48 of the 50 control children. The increase of BMI in the family therapy group was less than in the conventional treatment group at the end of treatment, and less than in the control group (P = .04 and P = .02, respectively). Moreover, mean BMI was significantly lower in the family therapy group than in the control group (P < .05), and the family therapy group also had fewer children with BMI > 30 than the control group (P = .02). The reduction of triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses, expressed as percentages of the initial values, was significantly greater in the family therapy group than in the conventional treatment group (P = .03, P = .005 and P = .002, respectively), and their physical fitness was significantly better (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS. Family therapy seems to be effective in preventing progression to severe obesity during adolescence if the treatment starts at 10 to 11 years of age.
Prevention programmes for children of problem drinkers: A review.
It is well established that children of problem drinkers have an increased risk of developing mental health problems, including drinking and drug misuse problems, depression, eating disorders, conduct disorders, and delinquency. However, compared to the hundreds of studies that have examined the effects of parental problem drinking on their children, the genetics of problem drinking, and the physical and mental problems of these children, it is disappointing that so few studies have explored the possibilities of prevention. Despite all the research on children of problem drinkers, we have no usable operationalizations of what problem drinking is, or when a child can be defined as a child of a problem drinker. Furthermore, no valid screening or severity assessment instruments are available; there is no solution for the ethical dilemma of the need to involve parents while these parents are at the same time the problem; very few theory-driven prevention programmes have been developed; very little is known about protective factors that could be the focus of prevention programmes; and we have no programmes that can be considered to be 'evidence based'. This paper describes these problems, presents an overview of the prevention research in this area, and gives some directions for future research.
Preventive interventions and sustained attachment security in maltreated children
Thirteen-month-old maltreated infants (n = 137) and their mothers were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: child-parent psychotherapy (CPP), psychoeducational parenting intervention (PPI), or community standard (CS). A fourth group of nonmaltreated infants (n = 52) and their mothers served as a nonmaltreated comparison (NC) group. A prior investigation found that the CPP and the PPI groups demonstrated substantial increases in secure attachment at postintervention, whereas this change was not found in the CS and the NC groups. The current investigation involved the analysis of data obtained at a follow-up assessment that occurred 12 months after the completion of treatment. At follow-up, children in the CPP group had higher rates of secure and lower rates of disorganized attachment than did children in the PPI or the CS group. Rates of disorganized attachment did not differ between the CPP and the NC groups. Intention to treat analyses also showed higher rates of secure attachment at follow-up in the CPP group relative to the PPI and the CS groups. However, groups did not differ on disorganized attachment. Both primary and intention to treat analyses demonstrated that maternal-reported child behavior problems did not differ among the four groups at the follow-up assessment. This is the first investigation to demonstrate sustained attachment security in maltreated children 12 months after the completion of an attachment theory informed intervention. The findings also suggest that, although effective in the short term, parenting interventions alone may not be effective in maintaining secure attachment in children over time.
Primary caregivers of cancer patients in the palliative phase: A path analysis of variables influencing their burden
Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation
present a set of indices of disorganization and disorientation in Strange-Situation [M. Ainsworth] behavior that will permit the identification of D [disorganized/disoriented response] patterning by other workers / begin with a review of previous studies reporting difficulties in placing ("forcing") every infant in a given sample into one of the three traditional categories [secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-ambivalent/resistant]
discuss (a) the process by which we developed and obtained reliability for the set of classification criteria to be presented, (b) the classification criteria themselves, and (c) some theoretical issues in the modification of classification systems (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Producing computer-generated tailored written information for stroke patients and their carers: system development and preliminary evaluation
Purpose: The aim of this project was to design and evaluate a system that would produce tailored information for stroke patients and their carers, customised according to their informational needs, and facilitate communication between the patient and health professional.
Method: A human factors development approach was used to develop a computer system, which dynamically compiles stroke education booklets for patients and carers. Patients and carers are able to select the topics about which they wish to receive information, the amount of information they want, and the font size of the printed booklet. The system is designed so that the health professional interacts with it, thereby providing opportunities for communication between the health professional and patient/carer at a number of points in time.
Results: Preliminary evaluation of the system by health professionals, patients and carers was positive. A randomised controlled trial that examines the effect of the system on patient and carer outcomes is underway.
ProFamilies-Dementia: A programme for elderly people with Dementia and their families
In this paper we describe the development and pilot implementation, in a primary care context, of a programme for helping families adapt to living with a person with Dementia (proFamilies-Dementia). This programme aims to promote the healthy adaptation of the family to the presence of an elderly member with Dementia living in their homes. It comprises three components: a psycho-educational, multi-family discussion group for the families; cognitive stimulation for the elderly person with Dementia; and a mediation service to support the families after participation in the first two components. proFamilies-Dementia was implemented with one group involving five families. The main benefits mentioned by families include: an opportunity to share experiences with others who are living through similar circumstances; the development of an improved sense of competency; and the improvement of family relationships. proFamilies-Dementia reveals potential for promoting the provision of integrated support from health and social services, which usually function as independent and parallel support structures.
ProFamilies-Dementia: A programme for elderly people with Dementia and their families
In this paper we describe the development and pilot implementation, in a primary care context, of a programme for helping families adapt to living with a person with Dementia (proFamilies-Dementia). This programme aims to promote the healthy adaptation of the family to the presence of an elderly member with Dementia living in their homes. It comprises three components: a psycho-educational, multi-family discussion group for the families; cognitive stimulation for the elderly person with Dementia; and a mediation service to support the families after participation in the first two components. proFamilies-Dementia was implemented with one group involving five families. The main benefits mentioned by families include: an opportunity to share experiences with others who are living through similar circumstances; the development of an improved sense of competency; and the improvement of family relationships. proFamilies-Dementia reveals potential for promoting the provision of integrated support from health and social services, which usually function as independent and parallel support structures.
Prognoser i tvångsvårdsärenden om omsorgssvikt
This study set out to analyze how background-context, prognoses and evidence-based facts are referred to in child welfare investigations and judgments concerning coercive care of neglected children. The texts of social investigations and court judgments in 16 cases concerning parents (30) and their children (29) in two counties in Sweden were analyzed by a hermeneutic case study. All cases concerns section 2 in The Care of Young Persons (Special Provisions) Act (1990:52), which states that coercive care shall be decided if, due to neglect or some other situations, there is a "palpable risk of detriment" to the child's health or development. Theoretical framework of sociology of law and of normative legalism were used. The study shows that background-context, prognoses and evidence-based facts seldom are connected in the texts. Background-contexts quantitively dominates, while prognoses are vestigial and rarely enunciates as emanating from evidence-based facts. Instead of describing risk-assessments a plurality of the descriptions in the texts pictures the children as already harmed by neglect. The conclusion of the study is that the sociological conceptions of "a palpable risk" differ a great deal from the legal-theoretical interpretation of the concept.
Program för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa hos barn : En systematisk litteraturöversikt
Det är angeläget att finna metoder för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa hos barn. Det finns tecken på att psykisk ohälsa hos barn kan ha ökat under de senaste decennierna och strukturerade insatser för att komma till rätta med problemen blir allt vanligare såväl inom kommunal verksamhet som inom hälso- och sjukvård. Interventionen utgörs av så kallade program som är standardiserade och finns beskrivna i manual eller motsvarande. Här sammanfattas det vetenskapliga underlaget för två typer av program: dels de som främst syftar till att förebygga utagerande beteenden hos barn och ungdomar, dels de som i första hand syftar till att förebygga inåtvända problem som ångest, depression och självskadebeteende. Program som har en allmänt hälsobefrämjande effekt, t ex för att förebygga drogmissbruk och våldshandlingar ingår följaktligen inte. Programmen är avsedda att ha effekt, inte bara direkt efter att programmet har avslutats utan även i framtiden. Rapporten har tagits fram på förfrågan av Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien och UPP-centrum (Utvecklingscentrum för barns psykiska hälsa) vid Socialstyrelsen. Båda har efterfrågat en systematisk litteraturöversikt för att klarlägga nyttan med att använda program för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa hos barn. Slutsatser:- Av 33 bedömda standardiserade och strukturerade insatser (program) som syftar till att förebygga psykisk ohälsa hos barn har sju ett begränsat vetenskapligt stöd i den internationella litteraturen. Det är föräldrastödsprogrammen Incredible Years och Triple P, familjestödsprogrammet Family Check-Up samt skolprogrammen Good Behavior Game, Coping Power, Coping with Stress och FRIENDS. Effekterna är med få undantag små. Studierna är utförda i andra länder. Eftersom effekterna sannolikt varierar med sociala och kulturella sammanhang är det oklart i vilken utsträckning som programmen kan överföras till Sverige med bibehållen effekt. Programmen kan också behöva anpassas så att de överensstämmer med svenska värderingar och syn på barns rätt.- I Sverige används ett hundratal olika program för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa hos barn, i huvudsak av utagerande typ. Inget av dem har utvärderats i Sverige i randomiserade studier med minst sex månaders uppföljning. Programmen De otroliga åren (översatt från Incredible Years), Triple P och Family Check-Up har enligt internationella studier begränsat vetenskapligt stöd för förebyggande effekt. Programmen KOMET, COPE, SET, StegVis, Beardslees familjeintervention, Connect och DISA har undersökts i minst en kontrollerad studie vardera men har inte tillräckligt vetenskapligt stöd för förebyggande effekt. Övriga program som används i Sverige är inte vetenskapligt utprövade som preventionsprogram.- Program som bygger på att ungdomar med utagerande problem träffas i grupp kan öka risken för normbrytande beteenden. Andra negativa effekter för såväl program för utagerande som för inåtvända problem är tänkbara men ofullständigt belysta.- Det behövs randomiserade studier som undersöker om de program som används har förebyggande effekt i svenska populationer och inte medför risker. Det behövs också hälsoekonomiska studier som undersöker om programmen är kostnadseffektiva.
Projekt anhörig 300 : Anhörigvårdares erfarenheter av stöd
Projekt anhörigstöd - en kartläggande studie av samarbetet mellan kommun och ideella. (Y-uppsats)
Projekt anhörigstöd i T-län : årsrapport 2007
Projekt anhörigstöd i T-län : årsrapport 2007
SOMWeb: a semantic web-based system for supporting collaboration of distributed medical communities of practice
Sorg en grogrund för ohälsa - nationella riktlinjer behövs!
Sorg hos barn: En handledning för vuxna
Syftet med denna bok är att ge vuxna en bättre förståelse av barns sorgereaktioner i olika utvecklingsstadier. Boken tar upp barns tankar och reaktioner när döden drabbar föräldrar, syskon, vänner, far- och morföräldrar. Boken ger många praktiska råd och principer för hur man på ett bra sätt tar hand om barnen när den närmaste familjen drabbas av ett dödsfall. Ska barnen få se den döde? Ska de få vara med på begravningen? Hur ska man göra för att barnen ska få utlopp för tankar och känslor? Hur gör man i klassen eller på förskolan? Denna reviderade och utvidgade upplaga ersätter författarens tidigare utgivna bok Barn i sorg (1990). Boken är lämplig för föräldrar, släktingar, lärare och andra vuxna som möter sörjande barn.
Sorg och stöd bland äldre : Kunskapsöversikt och rekommendationer
Sorg, saknad, sammanhang Böcker om barn och ungdomar i svåra livssituationer
I Sorg - Saknad - Sammanhang har Gunilla Brinck, bibliotekskonsulent vid Länsbiblioteket i Västerbotten, och Anna Lindberg, bibliotekarie på sjukhusbiblioteket vid Norrlands Universitetssjukhus Umeå, samlat och kommenterat ca 300 böcker, huvuddelen skönlitteratur, om barn och ungdomar i svåra livssituationer. Kati Falk, med 25 års erfarenhet av barnpsykiatri, de senaste 10 åren på BUP:s Kris- och Konsultteam i Lund, visar i en inledande artikel på samtalets betydelsefulla roll för att hjälpa barn att hantera det "svåra i livet".
Böckerna är grupperade under tre huvudrubriker:
1. Barn som anhöriga/närstående Förälders/syskons plötsliga död, Sjukdom som leder till döden, Att leva med sjukdom, Självmord m fl,
2. Barn och våld
3. Barn i sjukdom och kris med underrubriker som Att vistas på sjukhus/besöka vårdcentral, Att vara allvarligt sjuk, Psykisk sjukdom m fl.
SOS-syndromet - sorg, oro och samvetsförebråelser hos anhöriga till personer med åldersdement beteende, rapport 24, Projektet Äldre i samhället - förr, nu och i framtiden
Speech, language and aided communication: connections and questions in a developmental context
PURPOSE:
This discussion paper focuses on four potential complexities in the language development of children with severe congenital speech impairments, who use graphic symbols as a primary means of expression.
METHOD:
Some of the literature in relation to language development in aided communication is reviewed.
RESULTS:
Four potentially significant connections are discussed, relating to: (i) the features of graphic symbols; (ii) the complexity of multi-modal communication; (iii) the impact of selection and production on the process of developing a language system; and (iv), the connection between development and learning.
CONCLUSIONS:
It is proposed that the connections outlined are of fundamental significance in guiding intervention planning and in supporting language development in ways that have theoretical coherence.
Speech, language and aided communication: connections and questions in a developmental context
Abstract
PURPOSE:
This discussion paper focuses on four potential complexities in the language development of children with severe congenital speech impairments, who use graphic symbols as a primary means of expression.
METHOD:
Some of the literature in relation to language development in aided communication is reviewed.
RESULTS:
Four potentially significant connections are discussed, relating to: (i) the features of graphic symbols; (ii) the complexity of multi-modal communication; (iii) the impact of selection and production on the process of developing a language system; and (iv), the connection between development and learning.
CONCLUSIONS:
It is proposed that the connections outlined are of fundamental significance in guiding intervention planning and in supporting language development in ways that have theoretical coherence.
Spending my time: Time use and meaningfulness in daily occupations as perceived by people with persistent mental illness
Akademisk avhandling
Engagement in daily occupations, especially those perceived as meaningful, is essential for health and well-being. According to evaluation reports, many individuals with persistent mental illness seem to lack meaningful everyday occupations. The aim of this thesis was to investigate possible relationships between occupation, operationalised as time use and daily rhythm in daily activities, among individuals with persistent mental illness and relationships to different aspects of well-being, and identify sociodemographic and clinical risk factors for any imbalance in daily activities. A further aim was to investigate perceived meaningfulness in daily occupations, with a specific focus on work. The thesis is based on four studies. Studies I-III are based on a randomised sample of 103 participants from a psychiatric outpatient unit, and Study IV included 12 participants that were interviewed about perceived meaningfulness in their work. The results showed that spending much time in activities in everyday life, especially in work and other productive activities, and having a beneficial daily rhythm were associated with several factors of well-being. Spending much time asleep, especially at daytime, was associated with worse well-being. Among the risk factors for imbalance in daily activities was having high levels of general symptoms, which explained most of the risk of spending short periods in work/education, having an abnormal time asleep and an adverse daily rhythm. Further, having a diagnosis of schizophrenia meant an increased risk of spending little time in daily activities.
Being occupied per se, as well as having organised activities and routines, was perceived as meaningful and generated a feeling of occupational balance. Further, social life and a feeling of being needed by others was the aspect of meaningfulness most frequently reported in everyday life. Other aspects of meaningfulness in daily occupations were enjoyment, a sense of achievement and doing occupations to take care of oneself to maintain health. Work, in terms of employment, was perceived as meaningful since it had certain unique characteristics, gave structure to the day, a feeling of normality and acceptance, a balanced everyday life, and increased well-being. However, it was important that the demands at work and the individuals' interests and skills were well matched. A tentative model was suggested, integrating these aspects of meaningfulness in work.
Spindeln i nätet. En kartläggning av demenssjuksköterskor i Stockholms län. 2009:3
Spindeln i nätet. En kartläggning av demenssjuksköterskor i Stockholms län. 2009:3
I Stockholms län finns (hösten 2008) en demenssjuksköterska i tio av länets
kommuner, och demensvårdsutvecklare med delvis liknande funktioner i
ytterligare två. De har bildat ett regionalt nätverk och träffas regelbundet. Sin
nuvarande tjänst har de haft mellan några månader till 11 år. De har alla en lång
erfarenhet av arbete inom äldrevården, och flera av dem har skaffat sig olika
former av vidareutbildning inom demensområdet. Hälften har arbetat som
sjuksköterska i särskilt boende. De har vanligen blivit ombedda att söka tjänsten
utifrån sitt tidigare kända engagemang, och i några fall är de själva initiativtagare
till att tjänsten finns. Fyra av demenssjukskötersketjänsterna och de båda
demensvårdsutvecklartjänsterna finansieras med nationella stimulansmedel och är
således projekttjänster.
Intervjuerna visar att arbetsuppgifterna varierar mellan kommunerna. Skillnader
finns i huvudsak vad gäller graden av samarbete med andra aktörer inom
landstingets äldrevård och den kommunala äldreomsorgen och huruvida tonvikten
i arbetet lutar mot anhörigstöd eller utbildningsfrågor.
En majoritet av demenssjuksköterskorna beskriver sin funktion som "spindeln i
nätet", dvs. de har en övergripande funktion i kommunen som sakkunnig inom
demensfrågor, både för personer med minnesproblem och deras närstående,
personal inom äldreomsorg och sjukvård, kommunledningen och allmänheten.
Information, råd och stöd till personer med minnessvårigheter och deras
närstående framställs som en central uppgift. Där funktionen är bäst etablerad kan
demenssjuksköterskan komma in i ett tidigt stadium redan före diagnos. Det kan
vara personen själv som upplever att han eller hon har minnessvårigheter som tar
kontakt, en närstående eller någon inom vården eller äldreomsorgen.
Demenssjuksköterskan initierar minnesutredningar, hjälper personen och dennes
närstående att hitta och få den hjälp de behöver inom sjukvård och äldreomsorg,
förmedlar kontakter och motiverar att ta emot hjälpen. Stödinsatser som
demenssjuksköterskan informerar om och i vissa fall ansvarar för omfattar t.ex.
dagvård, anhöriggrupper, avlösarservice och öppna verksamheter med kafé och
information. Vägledning i hur man som frisk anhörig bemöter en person med
demenssjukdom visar sig vara en kärnfråga i enskilda stödsamtal med närstående.
De flesta demenssjuksköterskor beskriver ett väl fungerande samarbete med en
eller flera aktörer inom äldreomsorg och sjukvård, vanligast biståndshandläggare
och anhörigkonsulenter. I några kommuner har demenssjuksköterskan och
minnesmottagningen vid den geriatriska kliniken utvecklat rutiner för samarbete
och informationsöverföring. Däremot saknas i de flesta kommuner ett
kontinuerligt samarbete med husläkarverksamheterna.
Flertalet demenssjuksköterskor och de två demensvårdsutvecklarna arbetar med
utbildning för personal inom kommunens äldreomsorg. Medlen från
Kompetensstegen och stimulansmedel har möjliggjort utbildningssatsningar.
Demenssjuksköterskorna kan också fungera som handledare och konsulter vid
2
speciella problem. I några kommuner har man satsat på att utbilda i olika metoder,
som reminiscens och validation och bedömningsinstrumentet GBS.
Utöver sin funktion som sakkunnig i demensfrågor för kommunens invånare samt
personal inom sjukvård och äldreomsorg har samtliga demenssjuksköterskor
också uppdraget att informera allmänheten om demenssjukdomar samt om sin
egen roll i kommen, t.ex. genom kontakt med frivilligorganisationer.
Att följa utvecklingen i demensvården är en central del av funktionen som
sakkunnig i demensfrågor. Demenssjuksköterskorna har därmed också en viktig
roll i utvecklingsarbetet i den egna kommunen. Intervjuerna visar dock på olika
erfarenheter när det gäller att nå fram med sina erfarenheter och idéer till den
kommunala ledningen. Delvis synes detta hänga samman med var i
organisationen de finns. Ju mer centralt, desto större är möjligheten att ha en bra
dialog med kommunledningen.
Ett stort problem som demenssjuksköterskorna ser inom demensvården såväl som
i sin egen yrkesroll är bristen på samverkan mellan olika aktörer, särskilt mellan
de två huvudmännen. En annan svårighet är alltjämt på sina håll att få
husläkarverksamheter att genomföra demensutredningar.
Flera demenssjuksköterskor lyfter fram att det behövs mer utbildning kring olika
demenssjukdomar och lämpliga förhållningssätt på alla nivåer inom sjukvård och
äldreomsorg. Å andra sidan påpekas också att bemanningen inom den kommunala
äldreomsorgen måste ses över så att personalen har möjlighet att omsätta sina
kunskaper i praktiken.
När det gäller utvecklingen av demensvården förespråkar samtliga
demenssjuksköterskor att det behövs personer på husläkarverksamheterna att
samarbeta med, som tillsammans med demenssjuksköterskan kan vara en
"paraplycentral". I sin framtidsvision ser de, med inspiration från exempelvis
Kalmar läns landsting, att det borde inrättas en funktion som demenssjuksköterska
vid husläkarverksamheterna, med särskilt ansvar för demensutredningar och
samverkan med minnesmottagning och kommun. I kommunen hoppas flera
demenssjuksköterskor på utvecklingen av hemtjänstteam som enbart arbetar med
personer med demenssjukdom. Till stöd för dessa funktioner ser de en utveckling
där demenssjuksköterskan tillsammans med fler professioner bildar ett
demensteam som är gemensamt för de båda huvudmännen.
Sammanfattningsvis visar intervjuerna att funktionen demenssjuksköterska är
mångfacetterad och riktar sig mot många olika aktörer. Det varierar dock mellan
kommunerna i vilken utsträckning man i praktiken har möjlighet att vara
"spindeln i nätet". En slutsats är att samarbete med alla aktörer inom demensvården
är en central förutsättning för att demenssjuksköterskan ska kunna bistå
med råd och stöd till personer med minnesproblem och deras närstående redan i
ett tidigt stadium – och därmed förbättra möjligheten till en obruten vårdkedja. Ju
mer heltäckande samarbetet med sjukvården och äldreomsorgen är desto bättre
förutsättningar finns också för demenssjuksköterskan att föra ut kunskap och
3
information till personal. Rutinerna för kontakt och samarbete med t.ex.
husläkarverksamheter, hemtjänst och biståndshandläggare behöver vara så säkra,
tydliga och väl förankrade hos alla parter att de även fungerar i verksamheter med
hög personalomsättning.
En central position i kommunstrukturen och en direkt dialog med
kommunledningen är viktiga förutsättningar för att kommunen ska kunna dra
nytta av demenssjuksköterskans kunskaper i arbetet att utveckla demensvården.
I synnerhet i större kommuner är demenssjuksköterskan ofta tvungen att prioritera
vissa arbetsuppgifter. Ofta lägger man då tonvikten antingen på anhörigstöd eller
på sin utbildnings- och rådgivningsfunktion för personal inom äldreomsorgen. I
en kommun har lösningen varit att demenssjuksköterskan fungerar som en
projektledare och arbetar i ett team om fyra personer som specialiserat sig på olika
uppgifter såsom anhörigstöd, utbildning och utvecklingsarbete. En annan tänkbar
lösning är att flera demenssjuksköterskor specialiserar sig på olika uppgifter.
Spousal care-giving arrangements in Europe. The role of gender, socio-economic status and the welfare state
Abstract
Spouses (and partners) are the most important source of care in old age. Informal care for frail spouses is provided by both sexes and across all socio-economic backgrounds and welfare policy contexts. There are, however, interesting differences as to whether spouses care alone, receive informal support from other family members or formal support from professional helpers, or outsource the care of their spouse completely. The present article contributes to the literature by differentiating between solo spousal care-giving and shared or outsourced care-giving arrangements, as well as between formal and informal care support. Moreover, we show how care-giving arrangements vary with gender, socio-economic status and welfare policy. Adding to previous research, we compare 17 countries and their expenditures on two elder-care schemes: Cash-for-Care and Care-in-Kind. The empirical analyses draw on the most recent wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data from 2015. Our results show that men have a higher propensity to share care-giving than women, albeit only with informal supporters. As expected, welfare policy plays a role insofar as higher expenditure on Cash-for-Care schemes encourage informally outsourced care-giving arrangements, whereas Care-in-Kind reduce the likelihood for informally shared or outsourced care-giving arrangements. Moreover, the influence of these welfare policy measures differs between individuals of different socio-economic status but not between men and women.
Spousal caregiving in late midlife versus older ages: implications of work and family obligations.
Spouses´ experiences of living with a partner with Alzheimer´s disease
Språkutveckling på olika villkor
Spädbarnspsykologi
Stigma, Racism or Choice. Why do depressed etnic elders avoid psychiatrists
Stop to Listen: Findings from the ACT Young Carers Research Project
This research project, funded by the ACT Department of Disability, Housing and
Community Services through the Carers Recognition Grants Program, sought to discover
more about the lived experiences, needs and goals of young carers in the ACT in an
attempt to identify more responsive and accessible service delivery.
For the purposes of this research report, young carers were defined as:
children and young people under the age of 18 who care for a family member
with an illness or disability, or a drug or alcohol or mental health issue.
It has been shown that caring can be a positive experience for children and young people
when they receive adequate levels of support but that when unsupported, young carers
can experience significant physical, emotional, social, educational, and financial hardship.
It is discomforting, therefore, to find that most research has shown that for a range of
political and practical reasons, many young carers and their families are sustained in
positions of significant disadvantage and suffer on without the supports and services that
they both need and deserve.
While there has been considerable discussion about the service needs and experiences of
carers, generally, there has been little research focusing on the specific needs of young
carers and their access to appropriate, responsive and quality services.
This has been for a number of reasons. Firstly, viewed primarily as incapable, children
and young people's roles as social citizens are discredited, which leads to a situation
where communities either disbelieve or problematise their care responsibilities and fail to
afford them the support they need. Secondly, afraid of stigma, inappropriate intervention
or shame, many families have felt compelled to hide young caring from the eyes of the
community. Thirdly, young caring raises a moral and economic tension – do we condone
young caring (including its negative impacts) and save the community significant expense
or do we prohibit it and further problematise those who assume such roles?
This study attempted to navigate its way through this potential minefield by
acknowledging that young caring is a natural, potentially life-affirming and skilldeveloping
experience and by seeking out children and young people's own reflections on
their roles and how they, themselves, see caring impacting on their lives.
Storasyster, lillebror och andra platser i syskonskaran
Varför blir man den man blir? Vår plats i syskonskaran har stor betydelse för hur vi kommer att bli, vem vi förälskar oss i, med vem vi kommer att leva lyckligt eller olyckligt vilken utbildning och vilket arbete vi får och hur vår levnadsbana formas. Tidigare har boken utgivits med titeln Familjemönster och personlighet och sålt i över tjugotusen exemplar.
De intressanta teorier som läggs fram här bygger på Oluf Martensen-Larsens kartläggning av femtontusen svenskars och danskars släktförhållanden. Vi kommer hela livet att alltid vara starkt präglade av vår familjebakgrund, om vi har enbart bröder eller en bara systrar, om vi är äldst, yngst eller kommer i mitten, om vi är inklämda och har fått alltför liten tid och plats eller om vi är födda med flera års avstånd till yngre och äldre syskon.
Oluf Martensen-Larsens forskning visar också hur våra liv påverkas av våra förfäders plats i syskonskaran. Med hjälp av speciella släktscheman kan man kartlägga sitt familjemönster och på så vis få en djupare och mer nyanserad förståelse för varför man blir den man blir.
Strategi för att stärka barnets rättigheter i Sverige
Riksdagen har den 1 december 2010 godkänt den strategi för att stärka barnets rättigheter i Sverige som regeringen har föreslagit i propositionen Strategi för att stärka barnets rättigheter (prop. 2009/10:232). Denna broschyr innehåller den av riksdagen godkända strategin.
Strategiskt grepp om anhörigstödet i Kinda
Stress and well-being among parents of children with rare diseases: a prospective interventions study.
This paper reports a study to assess stress, well-being and supportive resources experienced by mothers and fathers of children with rare disabilities, and how these variables were affected by an intensive family competence intervention.
BACKGROUND:
Despite diagnosis-specific studies, little overall knowledge exists about life-consequences for families of children with rare disorders.
METHOD:
We used a prospective design with baseline data and two follow-ups (at 6 and 12 months) after an intervention. The intervention aimed at empowering parents in managing their child's disability. Parents from all parts of Sweden visiting a national centre for families of children with rare disabilities were consecutively selected (n = 136 mothers, 108 fathers). Instruments of parental stress, social support, self-rated health, optimism and life satisfaction and perceived physical or psychological strain were used. Stratified analyses were carried out for mothers and fathers, and related to parental demands: single mothers, full-time employment, participation in a parent association, child's age and type of disability.
RESULTS:
We found high parental stress, physical and emotional strain among mothers, especially among single mothers. Fathers showed high stress related to incompetence, which decreased after the intervention. Decreased strain was found among full-time working mothers and fathers after the intervention. Parents' perceived knowledge and active coping and mothers' perceived social support were increased at follow-up. Factors related to parents' overall life satisfaction (57-70% explained variance) changed after the intervention, from being more related to internal demands (perceived strain, incompetence and social isolation) to other conditions, such as problems related to spouse, paid work and social network.
CONCLUSION:
Parents, especially fathers and full-time working parents, may benefit from an intensive family competence programme.
Stress experineced by informal caregivers. On conflicting demands in every day life
Stress in caregivers of aphasic stroke patients: A randomized controlled trial.
Background: Communication difficulties due to aphasia following stroke are particularly stressful to caregivers.
Objective: To examine the impact of a psychoeducation programme on caregivers' burden and stress and communication between the caregiver and aphasic stroke patient.
Design: Randomized wait-list controlled trial with immediate or three-month delayed treatment.
Setting: Three public hospital rehabilitation services in Sydney, Australia.
Subjects: Thirty-nine caregivers of aphasic stroke patients, up to 12 months post stroke: 19 given immediate treatment and 20 in a delayed treatment control group.
Interventions: Four-session weekly caregiver programme that included elements of education, support and communication skills conducted by a speech pathologist, social worker and clinical psychologist.
Main measures: The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was used to measure caregiver stress, the Relatives' Stress Scale was used to measure caregiver burden and a communication questionnaire was designed specifically for this project.
Results: Thirty-one caregivers completed the study. Caregivers in the immediate treatment group had significant reductions in GHQ measured stress (GHQ mean (SD) at baseline= 6.26 (5.67), GHQ post treatment 3.21 (SD 4.20), P = 0.006). There was no improvement in wait-listed caregivers. Improvement was not maintained at three-month follow-up. There were no significant effects of the programme on communication skills or on caregiver burden.
Conclusions: Stroke caregiver support, education and training programmes have short-term effects on caregiver stress levels but are likely to require ongoing involvement to maintain their effect.
Stress, Anxiety and Depression Among Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.
In a replication of a previous study of the incidence and contributing factors in anxiety, depression and stress in Victorian parents of a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a sample of 107 Gold Coast parents completed a questionnaire that assessed their demographic backgrounds, anxiety and depression scores on standardised inventories, and also tapped several aspects of those factors that may have contributed to their wellbeing. Over 90% of parents reported that they were sometimes unable to deal effectively with their child's behaviour. Nearly half of the participants were severely anxious and nearly two thirds were clinically depressed. Factors that emerged as significant in differentiating between parents with high versus low levels of anxiety and depression included access to family support, parents' estimation of family caregivers' expertise in dealing with the behavioural difficulties of a child with ASD, and parental health. Parents' suggestions for personal support services are reported, and some comparisons across the data from the two states are made, with suggestions for further research into parent support mechanisms.
The Enhancing Connections Program: Pilot study of a cognitive behavioral intervention for mothers and children affected by breast cancer
In 2005, approximately 211,240 women in the US will be diagnosed with early stage breast cancer and an estimated 22% will be child rearing. Research reveals that both mothers and children have elevated distress attributed to the cancer; struggle with how to talk about and deal with the impact of the cancer; and both fear the mother will die. The Enhancing Connections Program (EC) was developed to reduce this cancer-related distress and morbidity. The program involves five, 1-hour educational counseling sessions delivered at 2-week intervals by specially trained clinicians. This study reports on the program's short-term impact on mothers' and children's adjustment. Thirteen households were recruited within 7.5 months of the mother's diagnosis with early stage breast cancer. Impact was evaluated within a single group design using data obtained from standardized questionnaires with established reliability and validity. Results revealed significant improvements in the mother's depressed mood, anxiety, and self-confidence to assist her child (mother report). There were also significant decreases in the child's behavioral problems (mother and father report); the child's cancer-related worries (child report); and the child's anxiety/depressed mood (mother and father report). Further evaluation is warranted within a clinical trial.
The enhancing connections program: Pilot study of a cognitive-behavioral intervention for mothers and children affected by breast cancer
In 2005, approximately 211,240 women in the US will be diagnosed with early stage breast cancer and an estimated 22% will be child rearing. Research reveals that both mothers and children have elevated distress attributed to the cancer; struggle with how to talk about and deal with the impact of the cancer; and both fear the mother will die. The Enhancing Connections Program (EC) was developed to reduce this cancer-related distress and morbidity. The program involves five, 1-hour educational counseling sessions delivered at 2-week intervals by specially trained clinicians. This study reports on the program's short-term impact on mothers' and children's adjustment. Thirteen households were recruited within 7.5 months of the mother's diagnosis with early stage breast cancer. Impact was evaluated within a single group design using data obtained from standardized questionnaires with established reliability and validity. Results revealed significant improvements in the mother's depressed mood, anxiety, and self-confidence to assist her child (mother report). There were also significant decreases in the child's behavioral problems (mother and father report); the child's cancer-related worries (child report); and the child's anxiety/depressed mood (mother and father report). Further evaluation is warranted within a clinical trial
The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30: a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology
BACKGROUND: In 1986, the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) initiated a research program to develop an integrated, modular approach for evaluating the quality of life of patients participating in international clinical trials. PURPOSE: We report here the results of an international field study of the practicality, reliability, and validity of the EORTC QLQ-C30, the current core questionnaire. The QLQ-C30 incorporates nine multi-item scales: five functional scales (physical, role, cognitive, emotional, and social); three symptom scales (fatigue, pain, and nausea and vomiting); and a global health and quality-of-life scale. Several single-item symptom measures are also included. METHODS: The questionnaire was administered before treatment and once during treatment to 305 patients with nonresectable lung cancer from centers in 13 countries. Clinical variables assessed included disease stage, weight loss, performance status, and treatment toxicity. RESULTS: The average time required to complete the questionnaire was approximately 11 minutes, and most patients required no assistance. The data supported the hypothesized scale structure of the questionnaire with the exception of role functioning (work and household activities), which was also the only multi-item scale that failed to meet the minimal standards for reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient > or = .70) either before or during treatment. Validity was shown by three findings. First, while all interscale correlations were statistically significant, the correlation was moderate, indicating that the scales were assessing distinct components of the quality-of-life construct. Second, most of the functional and symptom measures discriminated clearly between patients differing in clinical status as defined by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status scale, weight loss, and treatment toxicity. Third, there were statistically significant changes, in the expected direction, in physical and role functioning, global quality of life, fatigue, and nausea and vomiting, for patients whose performance status had improved or worsened during treatment. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were highly consistent across the three language-cultural groups studied: patients from English-speaking countries, Northern Europe, and Southern Europe. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the EORTC QLQ-C30 as a reliable and valid measure of the quality of life of cancer patients in multicultural clinical research settings. Work is ongoing to examine the performance of the questionnaire among more heterogenous patient samples and in phase II and phase III clinical trials.
The evaluation of a learner-centred training programme for spouses of adults with chronic aphasia using qualitative case study methodology
Background: Family education, training, and counselling programmes have been cited as one way to complement traditional interventions for the individual with aphasia. However, the literature still represents the speech‐language pathologist as the expert in a directive role. Aims: This article describes the second phase of a research study aimed at addressing the psychosocial sequelae of aphasia by developing and studying the effects of a learner‐centred training programme for spouses of adults with chronic aphasia designed to improve conversational interaction between couples. The first phase of this research included the development of a communication‐training programme that integrated principles and strategies from speech‐language pathology and adult education (Sorin‐Peters, 2002). The second phase described in this paper included the delivery and evaluation of the programme using a qualitative case study methodology. The use of the qualitative case study methodology to study the psychosocial consequences of aphasia is described in a companion paper (Sorin‐Peters, 2004). This paper presents the results of one qualitative case study in detail to demonstrate how the qualitative case study methodology was implemented, and a summary of the cross‐case analysis for the five couples, examining the effectiveness of the programme. Methods & Procedures: Using videotaped data, the Couple Questionnaire, and a semi‐structured interview, this study examined changes in attitudes and communication behaviours in five couples immediately after conversation partner training and at 2 months follow‐up. All data were transcribed and analysed for patterns of change. Outcomes & Results: Communication outcomes included changes in conversational interaction as well as in the transaction of information in conversation for all five couples. These included positive changes in the management of conversational repair. There was more balanced control after training and the cognitive competence of the partners with aphasia was revealed following the training. In addition, different conversational genres emerged throughout the programme that could be organised hierarchically. Results indicated ways in which the adult learning principles were actualised across the five cases. Themes emerged related to the expression of emotion about aphasia, including feelings of anger, sadness, and grief, and increased acceptance of the aphasia after the training. Themes related to marital issues emerged and were intertwined with emotions and communication. Conclusions: The adult learning model approach promoted positive and comprehensive changes, and perhaps more than those achieved via existing medical‐model or psychosocial approaches. The adult learning approach to individuals with chronic aphasia extends the existing psychosocial model by acknowledging both the spouse's and person with aphasia's competence as adult learners, by viewing the person with aphasia not only as part of a social unit, including the family, but also as part of a broader system, including multiple environmental and cultural factors that interact interdependently to effect change, and by focusing on the importance of communication for the expression of emotions and the maintenance and development of marital relations. The results suggest the benefits of the expansion of the speech‐language pathologist's role with couples with aphasia to include an adult learning approach to improving conversational interaction between people with aphasia and their spouses.
The evaluation of a learner-centred training programme for spouses of adults with chronic aphasia using qualitative case study methodology
Background: Family education, training, and counselling programmes have been cited as one way to complement traditional interventions for the individual with aphasia. However, the literature still represents the speech‐language pathologist as the expert in a directive role. Aims: This article describes the second phase of a research study aimed at addressing the psychosocial sequelae of aphasia by developing and studying the effects of a learner‐centred training programme for spouses of adults with chronic aphasia designed to improve conversational interaction between couples. The first phase of this research included the development of a communication‐training programme that integrated principles and strategies from speech‐language pathology and adult education (Sorin‐Peters, 2002). The second phase described in this paper included the delivery and evaluation of the programme using a qualitative case study methodology. The use of the qualitative case study methodology to study the psychosocial consequences of aphasia is described in a companion paper (Sorin‐Peters, 2004). This paper presents the results of one qualitative case study in detail to demonstrate how the qualitative case study methodology was implemented, and a summary of the cross‐case analysis for the five couples, examining the effectiveness of the programme. Methods & Procedures: Using videotaped data, the Couple Questionnaire, and a semi‐structured interview, this study examined changes in attitudes and communication behaviours in five couples immediately after conversation partner training and at 2 months follow‐up. All data were transcribed and analysed for patterns of change. Outcomes & Results: Communication outcomes included changes in conversational interaction as well as in the transaction of information in conversation for all five couples. These included positive changes in the management of conversational repair. There was more balanced control after training and the cognitive competence of the partners with aphasia was revealed following the training. In addition, different conversational genres emerged throughout the programme that could be organised hierarchically. Results indicated ways in which the adult learning principles were actualised across the five cases. Themes emerged related to the expression of emotion about aphasia, including feelings of anger, sadness, and grief, and increased acceptance of the aphasia after the training. Themes related to marital issues emerged and were intertwined with emotions and communication. Conclusions: The adult learning model approach promoted positive and comprehensive changes, and perhaps more than those achieved via existing medical‐model or psychosocial approaches. The adult learning approach to individuals with chronic aphasia extends the existing psychosocial model by acknowledging both the spouse's and person with aphasia's competence as adult learners, by viewing the person with aphasia not only as part of a social unit, including the family, but also as part of a broader system, including multiple environmental and cultural factors that interact interdependently to effect change, and by focusing on the importance of communication for the expression of emotions and the maintenance and development of marital relations. The results suggest the benefits of the expansion of the speech‐language pathologist's role with couples with aphasia to include an adult learning approach to improving conversational interaction between people with aphasia and their spouses.
The existential life situations of spouses of persons with dementia before and after relocating to a nursing home
OBJECTIVES: The aim was to describe the existential life situations of spouses
who care for persons with dementia, before and after relocation to nursing homes.
METHOD: This was a qualitative study among 11 spouses of persons with dementia,
recruited via purposeful sampling. Data were collected through interviews and
analysed with interpretive content analysis.
RESULTS: Before the relocation to nursing homes, the spouses' existential life
situations were characterized by feelings of shame and guilt, being isolated in
the home. Spouses were also exposed to psychological threats, physical violence,
and had feelings of placing one's own needs last. After the relocation, spouses
described feelings of guilt and freedom, living with grief and thoughts of death,
feelings of loneliness in the spousal relationship, and striving for acceptance
despite a lack of completion.
CONCLUSION: The existential life situation of spouses of persons with dementia is
about being in limit situations which changes when the ill person relocates to a
nursing home. This is important knowledge for health care staff to bear in mind
at nursing homes when encountering spouses.
The experience of burden in the care of elderly persons with dementia
The experience of burnout among home caregivers of patients with dementia: relations to depression and quality of life
The experience of older people of entering into the phase of asking for public home help - a qualitative study
The Experience of surviving traumatic brain injury
The experiences of working carers of older people regarding access to a web-based family care support network offered by a municipality
Abstract [en]
Policy makers in Sweden and other European Member States pay increasing attention as to how best support working carers; carers juggling providing unpaid family care for older family members while performing paid work. Exploring perceived benefits and challenges with web-based information and communication technologies as a means of supporting working carers' in their caregiving role, this paper draws on findings from a qualitative study. The study aimed to describe working carers' experiences of having access to the web-based family care support network 'A good place' (AGP) provided by the municipality to support those caring for an older family member. Content analysis of interviews with nine working carers revealed three themes: A support hub, connections to peers, personnel and knowledge; Experiencing ICT support as relevant in changing life circumstances; and Upholding one's personal firewall. Findings indicate that the web-based family care support network AGP is an accessible, complementary means of support. Utilising support while balancing caregiving, work obligations and responsibilities was made easier with access to AGP; enabling working carers to access information, psychosocial support and learning opportunities. In particular, it provided channels for carers to share experiences with others, to be informed, and to gain insights into medical and care issues. This reinforced working carers' sense of competence, helping them meet caregiving demands and see positive aspects in their situation. Carers' low levels of digital skills and anxieties about using computer-based support were barriers to utilising web-based support and could lead to deprioritising of this support. However, to help carers overcome these barriers and to better match web-based support to working carers' preferences and situations, web-based support must be introduced in a timely manner and must more accurately meet each working carer's unique caregiving needs.
The extended palliative phase of dementia: an integrative literature review
Abstract [en]
This article presents an integrative literature review of the experience of dementia care associated with the extended palliative phase of dementia. The aim was to highlight how dementia is defined in the literature and describe what is known about the symptomatology and management of advanced dementia regarding the needs and preferences of the person with dementia and their family carer/s. There was no consistent definition of advanced dementia. The extended palliative phase was generally synonymous with end-of-life care. Advanced care planning is purported to enable professionals to work together with people with dementia and their families. A lack of understanding of palliative care among frontline practitioners was related to a dearth of educational opportunities in advanced dementia care. There are few robust concepts and theories that embrace living the best life possible during the later stages of dementia. These findings informed our subsequent work around the concept, 'Dementia Palliare'.
The Family Bereavement Program: efficacy evaluation of a theory-based prevention program for parentally bereaved children and adolescents
This article presents an experimental evaluation of the Family Bereavement Program (FBP), a 2-component group intervention for parentally bereaved children ages 8-16. The program involved separate groups for caregivers, adolescents, and children, which were designed to change potentially modifiable risk and protective factors for bereaved children. The evaluation involved random assignment of 156 families (244 children and adolescents) to the FBP or a self-study condition. Families participated in assessments at pretest, posttest, and 11-month follow-up. Results indicated that the FBP led to improved parenting, coping, and caregiver mental health and to reductions in stressful events at posttest. At follow-up, the FBP led to reduced internalizing and externalizing problems, but only for girls and those who had higher problem scores at baseline.
The Family Environment Scale manual
The family talk intervention for families when a parent is cared for in palliative care – potential effects from minor children's perspectives
Abstract:
Background: Children show long-term psychological distress if family communication and illness-related information are poor during and after a parent's illness and death. Few psychosocial interventions for families with minor children living with a parent who has a life-threatening illness have been evaluated rigorously. Even fewer interventions have been family-centered. One exception is the Family Talk Intervention (FTI), which has shown promising results regarding increased illness-related knowledge and improved family communication. However, FTI has not yet been evaluated in palliative care. This study therefore aimed to explore the potential effects of FTI from the perspectives of minor children whose parent is cared for in specialized palliative home care. Methods: This pilot intervention study involves questionnaire and interview data collected from children after participation in FTI. Families were recruited from two specialized palliative home care units. To be included, families must include one parent with life-threatening illness, at least one child aged 6–19 years, and understand and speak Swedish. Twenty families with a total of 34 children participated in FTI; 23 children answered the questionnaire, and 22 were interviewed after participation. Results: The children reported that FTI increased their knowledge about their parents' illness. They said the interventionist helped them to handle school-related problems, establish professional counselling, and find strength to maintain everyday life. Children aged 8–12 reported that talking with their parents became easier after FTI, whereas communication was unchanged for teenagers and between siblings. Children also reported having been helped to prepare for the future, and that they benefitted from advice about how to maintain everyday life and minimize conflicts within the family. Conclusions: Children who participated in FTI reported that it was helpful in many ways, providing illness-related information and improving family communication when a parent has a life-threatening illness. Other potential positive effects reported by the children were that FTI facilitated their preparation for the future, decreased family conflicts, and started to build up resilience.
The family talk intervention for families when a parent is cared for in palliative care – potential effects from minor children's perspectives
Abstract:
Background: Children show long-term psychological distress if family communication and illness-related information are poor during and after a parent's illness and death. Few psychosocial interventions for families with minor children living with a parent who has a life-threatening illness have been evaluated rigorously. Even fewer interventions have been family-centered. One exception is the Family Talk Intervention (FTI), which has shown promising results regarding increased illness-related knowledge and improved family communication. However, FTI has not yet been evaluated in palliative care. This study therefore aimed to explore the potential effects of FTI from the perspectives of minor children whose parent is cared for in specialized palliative home care. Methods: This pilot intervention study involves questionnaire and interview data collected from children after participation in FTI. Families were recruited from two specialized palliative home care units. To be included, families must include one parent with life-threatening illness, at least one child aged 6–19 years, and understand and speak Swedish. Twenty families with a total of 34 children participated in FTI; 23 children answered the questionnaire, and 22 were interviewed after participation. Results: The children reported that FTI increased their knowledge about their parents' illness. They said the interventionist helped them to handle school-related problems, establish professional counselling, and find strength to maintain everyday life. Children aged 8–12 reported that talking with their parents became easier after FTI, whereas communication was unchanged for teenagers and between siblings. Children also reported having been helped to prepare for the future, and that they benefitted from advice about how to maintain everyday life and minimize conflicts within the family. Conclusions: Children who participated in FTI reported that it was helpful in many ways, providing illness-related information and improving family communication when a parent has a life-threatening illness. Other potential positive effects reported by the children were that FTI facilitated their preparation for the future, decreased family conflicts, and started to build up resilience.
The Family Therapy of Drug Abuse and Addiction
The genetics of addictions: uncovering the genes
The addictions are common chronic psychiatric diseases that today are prevented and treated using relatively untargeted and only partially effective methods. The addictions are moderately to highly heritable, which is paradoxical because these disorders require use; a choice that is itself modulated by both genes and environment. The addictions are interrelated and related to other psychiatric diseases by common neurobiological pathways, including those that modulate reward, behavioural control and the anxiety or stress response. Our future understanding of addictions will be enhanced by the identification of genes that have a role in altered substance-specific vulnerabilities such as variation in drug metabolism or drug receptors and a role in shared vulnerabilities such as variation in reward or stress resiliency.
The genetics of alcoholism and related disorders
The growth of phrases. User-centred design for activity-based voice output communication aids
Gothenburg Monographs in Linguistics 42; Institutionen för filosofi, lingvistik och vetenskapsteori
The growth of phrases. User-centred design for activity-based voice output communication aids
An activity-based vocabulary for Voice Output Communication Aids (VOCAs) was designed and evaluated through a user-centred, iterative design process, using expressions from the Gothenburg Spoken Language Corpus as well as other recorded, natural conversations. The growth and development of the vocabulary, called Phrases, was closely linked to its evaluation. The iterative design process included prototyping, collaboration with users, and modifications to the different versions of Phrases. The aims of the thesis were to investigate and visualise what goes on in interactions involving VOCAs, investigate the utility of a spoken language corpus in constructing AAC vocabulary, to evaluate the usability of Phrases, and to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of phrase creation to that of phrase selection. Four young adults with cerebral palsy, who used Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC), took part in the evaluation, as did sixty adults without speech impairments. The Phrases vocabulary was primarily built around pre-stored expressions for shop interactions and general quickfire expressions, including greetings, acknowledgements, feedback and expressions for communication management. It was tested in real and role-played shopping activities, and in an experiment. The results showed that phrase selection under certain circumstances can be faster than phrase creation, and that pre-stored phrases can enhance both the speed and enjoyment of VOCA-mediated conversations, providing that the users have learned where to find the expressions. The quickfire section was appreciated by all participants, but the activity shopping turned out to be of lesser importance to the four participants using AAC than was presumed from the beginning. Using a VOCA in a service encounter such as shopping turned out to be a complex undertaking for individuals with severe motor impairments. A model from Cultural-Historical Activity Theory provided useful insights into the contributing factors. The evaluations of the second version of Phrases gave valuable suggestions for the modification of future versions, such as making the activity structure more transparent, keeping phrases which were used while removing others, and adding new activities. Sammanfattning på svenska: Avhandlingen "The Growth of Phrases. User-centred Design for Activity-based Voice Output Communication Aids" presenterar och analyserar vokabulär för talande samtalshjälpmedel som designats och utvärderats genom en användarcentrerad, iterativ designprocess. Vokabuläret, som kallas Phrases (fraser), är baserat på yttranden från Göteborgs Talspråkskorpus och andra inspelningar av naturliga samtal. Den iterativa designprocessen bestod av prototyputveckling, successiv utvärdering, samarbete med användare samt modifieringar av de olika versionerna av Phrases. Målen för avhandlingen var att undersöka och visualisera vad som sker i samspel där talande samtalshjälpmedel finns med, undersöka nyttan av en talspråkskorpus för att skapa vokabulär för AKK (Alternativ och Kompletterande Kommunikation), utvärdera användbarheten hos Phrases och att undersöka hur verkningsfullt och effektivt det är att välja bland fraser jämfört med att själv skapa dem. Fyra unga vuxna med cerebral pares, som använde AKK, och sextio vuxna personer utan talsvårigheter deltog i utvärderingen. Vokabuläret Phrases var främst uppbyggt kring färdiga uttryck för att samtala i affär, kompletterade med allmänna snabbuttryck ("quickfires") för att hälsa, tacka, ge återkoppling och hantera kommunikationen. Phrases testades i verkliga affärssituationer och i rollspel samt i ett experiment. Resultaten visade att det under vissa omständligheter kan vara snabbare att använda färdiga fraser än att skapa dem ord för ord, och att färdiga fraser kan öka både hastigheten och nöjet i att använda samtalshjälpmedel, förutsatt att användarna har lärt sig var de ska hitta uttrycken. Modulen med snabbuttryck uppskattades av alla deltagare, men själva aktiviteten att handla i affär var inte så viktig som förväntat för de fyra AKK-användarna. Att som kund använda samtalshjälpmedel i en affär påverkades i praktiken av många faktorer. För att undersöka hur dessa hängde samman användes en modell från kulturhistorisk aktivitetsteori som gav värdefulla insikter. Utvärderingen av version nummer två av Phrases pekade mot att aktivitetsstrukturen behöver göras ännu tydligare i framtida versioner. Flertalet fraser bör bibehållas, men somliga kan tas bort och nya aktiviteter bör läggas till.
'the hard thing is the changes:' the importance of continuity for older men caring for their wives
The Hidden Costs of Informal Elder Care
The hope experience of older bereaved women who cared for a spouse with terminal cancer.
The iconicity of picture communication symbols for children with English additional language and mild intellectual disability
The purpose of this study was to examine the iconicity of 16 Picture Communication Symbols (PCS) presented on a themed bed-making communication overlay for South African children with English as an additional language and mild intellectual disability. The survey involved 30 participants. The results indicated that, overall, the 16 symbols were relatively iconic to the participants. The authors suggest that the iconicity of picture symbols could be manipulated, enhanced, and influenced by contextual effects (other PCS used simultaneously on the communication overlay). In addition, selection of non-target PCS for target PCS were discussed in terms of postulated differences in terms of distinctiveness. Potential clinical implications and limitations of the study, as well as recommendations for future research, are discussed.
The impact of a nurse-led support and education programme for spouses of stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:
The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of a nurse-led support and education programme for improving the spouses' perceived general quality of life, life situation, general well-being and health state.
BACKGROUND:
Stroke is a disease with great consequences for the patients and their families. The spouses often feel obligated to care for the patient, providing psychological and physical support and having to cope with the patient's physical and cognitive impairments. This might lead to increased problems, as family members struggle to adapt to their new roles and responsibilities.
DESIGN AND METHODS:
Longitudinal, randomized controlled trial. One hundred spouses were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups, 50 in each group. The intervention group participated in a support and education programme, six times during six months, led by stroke specialist nurses. Both groups were followed for 12 months.
RESULTS:
No significant differences were found, between intervention and control groups, over time. In the sub analyses, we found that the group attending 5-6 times had a significant decrease in negative well-being and increased quality of life over time, while the group attending fewer times had a significant decrease in positive well-being and health state, similar to the control group, which also had a significant decrease in negative and general well-being.
CONCLUSIONS:
A support and education programme might have a positive effect on spouses' well-being, on condition that they attend at least five times.
RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE:
To facilitate the spouses' role as informal caregivers to the stroke patients, further development of the support and education programme used in the present study is needed, including empowerment approach and implementation of coping strategies.
The impact of continued contact with biological parents upon the mental health of children in foster care
This study examined depression and externalizing problems of children in foster care using a subsample of data (n =362) from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being. Our findings indicated that more frequent contact with the biological mother was marginally associated with lower levels depression and significantly associated with lower externalizing problem behaviors. The association with externalizing problem behavior was significant even after controlling for gender and exposure to violence. Further, differences with regard to gender were revealed. Specifically, girls had higher depression scores than boys even after controlling for exposure to violence. Results suggest that supporting frequent, consistent, visitation may impact the levels of depression and externalizing programs children in foster care exhibit.
The Impact of Ethnic Identity upon the Adjustment and Satisfaction of Jewish and African American Residents in a Long-Time Care Facility
The impact of leisure options on the frequency and spontaneous communication production of a young child with multiple disabilities
Leisure options were used to facilitate the communication development of a young child with severe multiple disabilities who used augmentative communication. The intervention consisted of selecting a number of leisure options through consultation with the child's mother and teacher about the child's leisure preferences and making available the leisure options at each intervention session. Twelve intervention sessions were carried out over a three month period. The results of this descriptive study showed that with the introduction of leisure options as part of intervention, the child demonstrated increased vocalisations, words and word approximations, communicative gestures and use of signs. The child also showed an increased desire to communicate. The findings indicate the usefulness and efficacy of leisure options as a potential intervention procedure in promoting the communication development of children with disabilities.
The impact of parental problem drug use on children: what is the problem and what can be done to help?
AIM:
To review the literature on the impact of parental problem drug use on children, and indicate the efficacy of key evaluated interventions to reduce the impact of parental drug use on children.
METHODS:
Comprehensive narrative review of English language published research and intervention spanning the last three decades identified through searching library databases and citation.
FINDINGS:
Problem drug use can impede parenting and the provision of a nurturing environment. Although small-scale, localized and resource-intensive these key evaluated interventions show cautious optimism that problem drug-using parents can reduce drug use and achieve better family management. Children have rarely been directly the focus of intervention.
CONCLUSIONS:
Wider application and more rigorous evaluation of interventions in this area are needed. Given the scale of the problem it is important to establish how statutory services can apply the lessons of these more localized interventions.
The Impact of Social Embarrassment on Caregiving Distress in a Multicultural Sample of Caregivers
The impact of sociodemographic factors on the utilisation of support services for family caregivers of elderly dependents—Results from the German sample of the EUROFAMCARE study
Objectives: As in nearly all European countries, demographic developments in Germany have led to both a relative and an absolute increase in the country's elderly population. The care and support needed by these people is primarily provided by relatives or friends and close acquaintances within the home environment. The major challenges for society are to sustain, promote and support these informal resources. In order to achieve this, it is crucial that family caregivers are provided with situation-specific services that support them and relieve their burden of care. The major challenges for society are therefore to sustain, promote and support informal resources and to provide the opportunity for the use of services aimed at assisting and relieving the burden of family caregivers. Methods: In the context of the EUROFAMCARE study, 1,003 family caregivers from Germany were interviewed at home about their experiences using a standardized questionnaire. Included in the study were primary caregivers providing at least four hours of personal care or support per week to a relative aged 65 years or older. Subjects solely providing financial support were excluded. In this paper, a linear regression analysis has been conducted to analyze impact of sociodemographic factors on the utilization of support services. Results: The family caregivers were 54 years on average (SD=13.4), 76% of them were female. The dependent elderly were 80 years on average (SD=8.3), and 69% of them were women. 60% of them were receiving long-term care insurance benefits. Use of support services aimed directly at family caregivers is very low. After including certain services aimed primarily at those in need of care but also often serving as a source of relief for family caregivers, the percentage of caregivers using support services increased slightly. Among sociodemographic characteristics, caregivers' gender and education level have the greatest influence on services use. Other influential factors are caregivers' perception of their caregiving burden and their assessment of the dependent family member's need for assistance and support.
The Impact of the Picture Exhange Communication System on Requesting and Speech Development in Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Similar Characteristics
By definition children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) experience difficulty understanding and using language. Accordingly, visual and picture-based strategies such as the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) show promise in ameliorating speech and language deficits. This study reports the results of a multiple baseline across participants investigating the implementation of the PECS with three preschool children with characteristics of ASD. The first four phases of PECS were taught to the participants: basic picture exchange, increasing distance use of PECS, discriminating among a variety of pictures, and communicating in sentences composed of pictures. Relative to the impact of PECS's implementation in providing the participants with a functional communication system, word approximations, and intelligible word and phrase use, results indicated that two of the three participants mastered PECS. However, participants did not significantly increase in use of word approximations and intelligible words.
The Impact of Work Interferences on Family Caregiver Outcomes.
The impacts of parental loss and adverse parenting on mental health: findings from the national comorbidity survey-replication
There has been much controversy regarding the psychological impact of the death of a parent, partly arising from neglect of potential moderating factors. The present study uses data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) to investigate the relative impacts of age at death of parent, adverse parenting practices, and time since loss on mental health outcomes in 2,823 bereaved adults. Logistic regression analyses controlling for sex and race revealed that younger age at the time of parental death was associated with poorer mental health outcomes. Further, adverse parenting practices during childhood were related to greater psychopathology in adulthood. Results also indicated that psychological distress following the death of a parent reduces over time. Notably, each of these factors significantly predicted psychopathology when controlling for all other variables. Findings are discussed in the context of current theories of attachment and psychopathology.
The implementation of elder-care in France and Sweden: a macro and micro perspective
This paper presents results from a comparative project on the implementation of elder-care in France and Sweden. The transition to requiring care is understood as a process, and elder-care is seen as a part of a more general organisation of social care that reflects different welfare traditions. An overview of elder-care on the institutional level in the two countries is supplemented by case studies from the perspective of older people which identify ways of co-operation between actors, such as public eldercare providers, family members and help provided by profit and non-profit organisations. The interviews include approximately 20 older persons in each country as well as a small number of administrators and adult children. The study sheds light on how policies are implemented on the local level and puts the focus on who actually does what and when for older persons with care needs. The different roles played by the state, the family, the market and civil society are examined. Family members in France take on a more active role both as co-ordinators of care and as actual caregivers. The study shows that gender and social class remain associated with caring but that such differences are much larger in France than in Sweden.
The importance of parenting in the development of disorganized attachment: evidence from a preventive intervention study in adoptive families
BACKGROUND:
As infant disorganized attachment is a serious risk factor for later child psychopathology, it is important to examine whether attachment disorganization can be prevented or reduced.
METHOD:
In a randomized intervention study involving 130 families with 6-month-old adopted infants, two attachment-based intervention programs were tested. In the first program, mothers were provided a personal book, and in the second program mothers received the same personal book and three home-based sessions of video feedback. The third group did not receive intervention (control group).
RESULTS:
The intervention with video feedback and the personal book resulted in enhanced maternal sensitive responsiveness (d=.65). Children of mothers who received this intervention were less likely to be classified as disorganized attached at the age of 12 months (d=.46), and received lower scores on the rating scale for disorganization than children in the control group (d=.62). In the book-only intervention group children showed lower disorganization ratings compared to the control group, but no effect on the number of infants with disorganized attachment classifications was found.
CONCLUSION:
Our short-term preventive intervention program with video feedback and a book lowered the rate of disorganized attachment. The effectiveness of our intervention documents the importance of parenting in the development of infant attachment disorganization.
The important support - to give and receive
The incidence and course of depression in bereaved youth 21 months after the loss of a parent to suicide, accident, or sudden natural death
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
This study examined effects of bereavement 21 months after a parent's death, particularly death by suicide.
METHOD:
The participants were 176 offspring, ages 7-25, of parents who died by suicide, accident, or sudden natural death. They were assessed 9 and 21 months after the death, along with 168 nonbereaved subjects.
RESULTS:
Major depression and alcohol or substance abuse 21 months after the parent's death were more common among bereaved youth than among comparison subjects. Offspring with parental suicide or accidental death had higher rates of depression than comparison subjects; those with parental suicide had higher rates of alcohol or substance abuse. Youth with parental suicide had a higher incidence of depression than those bereaved by sudden natural death. Bereavement and a past history of depression increased depression risk in the 9 months following the death, which increased depression risk between 9 and 21 months. Losing a mother, blaming others, low self-esteem, negative coping, and complicated grief were associated with depression in the second year.
CONCLUSIONS:
Youth who lose a parent, especially through suicide, are vulnerable to depression and alcohol or substance abuse during the second year after the loss. Depression risk in the second year is mediated by the increased incidence of depression within the first 9 months. The most propitious time to prevent or attenuate depressive episodes in bereaved youth may be shortly after the parent's death. Interventions that target complicated grief and blaming of others may also improve outcomes in symptomatic youth with parental bereavement.
The influence of bereavement on Body Mass Index: Results from a national Swedish survey’
BACKGROUND:
Previous findings suggest that the loss of a family member is associated with health and mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between bereavement experiences and BMI, and whether there are socio-demographic differences in this association.
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the association between bereavement experiences and BMI, and whether there are socio-demographic differences in this association.
METHODS:
We used cross-sectional data with retrospective questions from the Swedish Level of Living Survey (LNU) of 2000, including 5,142 individuals. The bereavement experiences examined in the study include the loss of a sibling, a parent or a spouse, and time since the death of a parent. BMI (kg/m2) was calculated using self-reported measurements of weight and height. The association between bereavement and BMI was evaluated through linear regressions.
RESULTS:
After controlling for possible confounders, most of the models detected an association between bereavement and BMI. The fully-adjusted model showed that loss of parents was associated with a 0.45 increase in BMI (SE = 0.20). The effect also seemed to be dependent on time since the loss and social class position.
CONCLUSIONS:
The present study is the first to examine associations between different types of familial losses and BMI. We find an association between the death of a family member and BMI, but it appears to be related to time since the death, type of bereavement experience and social class.
The influence of community-based services on the burden of spouses caring for their partners with dementia
The Influence of Context and Practitioner Attitudes on Implementation of Person-Centered Assessment and Support for Family Carers Within Palliative Care.
BACKGROUND: The Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool (CSNAT) intervention is an evidence-based, person-centered approach to carer assessment and support within palliative care. As such, it requires a change in practice from a practitioner- to a carer-led assessment and support process. A paucity of research has investigated factors affecting implementation of evidence-based interventions within palliative care. OBJECTIVE: To examine differences between high and low adopters of the CSNAT intervention in terms of practitioner attitudes to the intervention and organizational context. METHODS: Phase IV study of the implementation of the CSNAT intervention at scale in 36 UK palliative care services over 6 months. Survey at baseline and 6 months of practitioners at implementation sites, informed by the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) Framework. Survey tools: (a) questionnaire to assess attitudes to the CSNAT intervention; (b) Alberta Context Tool (ACT) to assess organizational context. Monthly data on intervention use enabled service classification as "high" or "low" adopters. RESULTS: Surveys returned at baseline were 157/462 and at 6 months were 69/462. Compared with low adoption services, high adopters were more likely to be hospice, at home, and day services; have a higher ratio of internal facilitators to total staff numbers; and higher scores for ACT "informal interactions" denoting more discussions about care between colleagues. Both had similarly positive attitudes to the CSNAT intervention pre-implementation, but by 6 months low adoption services developed significantly more negative attitudes, while high adoption services attitudes mostly remained the same or improved. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION: Implementation may be more successful for services that offer regular opportunities to use the intervention in practice, have sufficient levels of facilitators, stimulate more staff discussion, and encourage maintenance of positive motivation. Implementation of person-centered interventions needs to plan for such factors. This has informed an implementation toolkit for the CSNAT intervention.
The Influence of Ethnicity and Length of Time since Immigration on Physical Activity
The influence of fracture on activity, social participation and quality of life among older adults. Results from the population study Good Ageing in Skåne.
The aims of this thesis where the target population has been older adults suffering from osteoporosis related fractures were firstly to study the association between functional impairment due to pain, and activity expressed as walking speed (WS) and Timed Get up and-Go (TUG), and to examine the associations between functional impairment and social participation (SP) and quality of life (QoL). Secondly, to study the association between activity and SP and QoL. Thirdly, to study the effect of informal and/or formal support on SP.
In study I activity 3 years after trauma and stratified for pain was examined. For fractured, both with and without pain, higher WS was noted for subjects with the last fracture more than 3 years ago compared to subjects fractured less than 3 years ago. The median time for fractured in pain and a trauma more than 3 years ago walking 15m at a self selected speed was 14 s compared to 20 s (p = 0.04) for subjects in pain and fractured less than 3 years ago. Both fracture and pain independently explained levels of WS.
In study II the association between functional impairment and SP and QoL was investigated. QoL included Life satisfaction index A (LSI- A) and SF-12 consisting of a mental component (MCS) and a physical component (PCS). Fractured with and without pain were compared to non-fractured controls and in 12 out of 21 activities fewer fractured in pain took part compared to controls. Regarding QoL, fractured in pain scored lower for MCS, PCS and LSI-A, compared to controls.
In study III the association between WS, TUG and QoL and SP was examined. In a logistic regression model adjusting for confounders, significant associations remained between SP and WS, TUG where an increased probability of taking part increased with a faster performance.
In study IV the extent of SP due to formal and/or informal care was examined. Adjusted odds ratios for SP using non support as a reference, showed that subjects with informal support did not have a lower probability for participating while subjects with informal and/or formal support had a significant lower probability for SP.
In conclusion, fractured had a limitation in activity. For both fractured with and without pain a limitation in WS was observed up to three years after trauma suggesting that there is rehabilitation potential the first years after fracture. A health condition with fracture and a functional impairment due to pain, or a deterioration WS or TUG are associated with a restriction in SP and a lowered QoL. The results also substantiate the influence of informal support i.e. care given by relatives and friends have decisive influence to maintain SP and thereby an active lifestyle.
The influence of temperament and mothering on attachment and exploration: an experimental manipulation of sensitive responsiveness among lower-class mothers with irritable infants
6-month-old infants selected on irritability shortly after birth and their mothers were randomly assigned to 2 intervention and 2 control groups to test the hypothesis that enhancing maternal sensitive responsiveness will improve quality of mother-infant interaction, infant exploration, and attachment. The intervention lasted 3 months and ended when the child was 9 months of age. When infants were 9 months of age, intervention group mothers were significantly more responsive, stimulating, visually attentive, and controlling of their infant's behavior than control group mothers. Intervention infants had higher scores than control infants on sociability, self-soothing, and exploration, and they cried less. Quality of exploration also improved, with intervention infants engaged in cognitively sophisticated kinds of exploration more than control infants. At 12 months of age, significantly more intervention group dyads were securely attached than control group dyads.
The informal caregiver's burden of dependent people: theory and empirical review
Subjective burden over 12 months in parents of patients with schizophrenia. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, XVII
Substance exposure in utero and developmental consequences in adolescence: A systematic review
BACKGROUND:
The impacts of maternal substance use have been observed in both research and clinical experience. Several studies have shown that preschool children are at heightened risk of developing various cognitive, behavioral, and socioemotional difficulties. Most knowledge has been generated concerning alcohol consumption during pregnancy and the postnatal effects thereof. Less is known about substance use other than alcohol (for instance, opiates, marijuana, and cocaine) during pregnancy and the long-term developmental consequences.
OBJECTIVE:
The aims of this review are to identify relevant published data on adolescents who have been exposed in utero to alcohol and/or other substances and to examine developmental consequences across functions and mental health at this point in life.
METHODS:
PubMed, Embase, and PsychInfo were searched for publications during the period of 1980-2011 and titles and abstracts selected according to prespecified broad criteria.
RESULTS:
Twenty-five studies fulfilled all of the specific requirements and were included in this review. Most research covered prenatal alcohol exposure. Other substances, however, included cocaine, marijuana, opiates, and poly-substances. Results showed that prenatal exposure to alcohol has long-term cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional developmental consequences depending on amount and timing of exposure in utero. Less evidence exists for long-term consequences of exposure in utero to other substances than alcohol. However, recent brain-imaging studies have provided important evidence of serious effects of other substance exposure on the developing brain and recent follow-up studies have found an association with deficits in language, attention, areas of cognitive performance and delinquent behavior in adolescence.
Substance-Abusing Parents in the Criminal Justice System: Does Substance Abuse Treatment Improve Their Children's Outcomes?
The expansion of the criminal justice system over the last several decades helped to focus attention on children of incarcerated parents, many of whom have parents with substance abuse problems. Since the 1990's, a national grassroots campaign has been underway to make substance abuse treatment an alternative to incarceration for parents who commit non-violent crimes. The question of interest in this article is what evidence there is, if any, that treating parental substance abuse changes children's outcomes. To answer this question, a systematic search was conducted for evidence that parental substance abuse treatment either (1) prevents children from developing serious problems (e.g., substance abuse, emotional/behavioral problems, and delinquency) or (2) ameliorates problems if children have already developed them. The key finding is that existing research is limited to studies primarily of the birth outcomes of children born to pregnant and perinatal substance-abusing mothers. Little is known about how treating parents' substance abuse problems affects the outcomes of older children or children of substance-abusing fathers.
Successful Aging From the Perspective of Family Caregivers
Suicide attempts and severe psychiatric morbidity among former child welfare clients – a national cohort study
BACKGROUND:
Few large sample studies have examined psychiatric morbidity among former child welfare/protection clients. In this study, risks for suicide attempts and severe psychiatric morbidity in younger years were assessed for former child welfare clients in ten national birth cohorts, comparing them with general population peers and inter-country adoptees.
METHODS:
We used national register data for almost one million people: 22,305 former child welfare clients who had experienced interventions before their teens, 955,326 general population cohort peers and 12,240 inter-country adoptees. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to estimate risks of hospitalisation for suicide attempts and psychiatric disorders from age 13 to age 18-27.
RESULTS:
Former child welfare clients were in year of birth and sex standardised risk ratios (RRs) four to five times more likely than peers in the general population to have been hospitalised for suicide attempts. They were five to eight times more likely to have been hospitalised for serious psychiatric disorders in their teens, four to six times in young adulthood. High excess risks were also found for psychoses and depression. Individuals who had been in long-term foster care tended to have the most dismal outcome. Adjusting for birth parents' hospitalisations with a psychiatric diagnosis or for substance abuse, and for birth-home-related socio-economic factors, reduced excess risks to around twofold.
CONCLUSIONS:
Irrespective of issues of causality, findings suggest that former child welfare/protection clients should be considered a high-risk group for suicide attempts and severe psychiatric morbidity. Results have substantial practice implications for mental health and social agencies serving this group in adolescence and/or young adulthood.
Suicide attempts and severe psychiatric morbidity among former child welfare clients- A national cohort study
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Few large sample studies have examined psychiatric morbidity among former child welfare/protection clients. In this study, risks for suicide attempts and severe psychiatric morbidity in younger years were assessed for former child welfare clients in ten national birth cohorts, comparing them with general population peers and inter-country adoptees.
METHODS:
We used national register data for almost one million people: 22,305 former child welfare clients who had experienced interventions before their teens, 955,326 general population cohort peers and 12,240 inter-country adoptees. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to estimate risks of hospitalisation for suicide attempts and psychiatric disorders from age 13 to age 18-27.
RESULTS:
Former child welfare clients were in year of birth and sex standardised risk ratios (RRs) four to five times more likely than peers in the general population to have been hospitalised for suicide attempts. They were five to eight times more likely to have been hospitalised for serious psychiatric disorders in their teens, four to six times in young adulthood. High excess risks were also found for psychoses and depression. Individuals who had been in long-term foster care tended to have the most dismal outcome. Adjusting for birth parents' hospitalisations with a psychiatric diagnosis or for substance abuse, and for birth-home-related socio-economic factors, reduced excess risks to around twofold.
CONCLUSIONS:
Irrespective of issues of causality, findings suggest that former child welfare/protection clients should be considered a high-risk group for suicide attempts and severe psychiatric morbidity. Results have substantial practice implications for mental health and social agencies serving this group in adolescence and/or young adulthood.
Support for Alzheimer's caregivers: psychometric evaluation of familial and friend support measures
Support for carers of older people: The roles of the public and voluntary sectors in Sweden.
Support for carers of older people: The roles of the public and voluntary sectors in Sweden.
Support for family caregivers: what do service providers say about accessibility, availability and affordability of services?
Support for Young Informal Carers of Persons with Mental Illness: A Mixed-Method Study
The aim of this study was to explore how young (16-25 year old) informal carers of a person with a mental illness experience and use support. In a mixed method approach, we interviewed 12 young carers, and 241 completed a self-administered questionnaire. While the young carers strive to maintain control, their main support seems to be others in their lives, who often define the situation differently. The carers said web-support, counseling, and group counseling might be helpful, yet very few had any professional support. Young carers are greatly in need of support and it should be provided.
Support Interventions for Family Members of Adults with Mental Illness: A Narrative Literature Review.
Abstract
The aim of this review was to describe research related to support interventions for adult family members of people with mental illness and the significance that support may have. The results indicate the importance of flexible and individualized forms of support from both professionals and people with personal experience as a family member of someone with mental illness. In many cases, the intervention studies revealed that family members' burden decreased, their knowledge of the disease and treatment increased, and their ability to cope with the situation was improved. The results highlight the importance of support both from professionals and peers.
Support needs of informal hospice caregivers: a qualitative study
Support needs of informal hospice caregivers: A qualitative study
Support to family caregivers in western Sweden using information techniques - experiences from
Support/services among family caregivers of persons with dementia – perceived importance and services received
Objective
The aim of this study was to examine what family caregivers of persons with dementia perceive as important types of support/services in relation to experienced negative impact (NI) due to the caregiver situation, and to investigate if caregivers receive the support/services perceived as important.
Method
The study was based on the Swedish part of the EUROFAMCARE project and included 110 caregivers of persons with dementia. Data were collected primarily through structured telephone interviews. The caregivers were divided into two groups, a higher NI group and a lower NI group, based on the NI scale from the COPE index.
Results
Getting information and having someone to talk to were perceived as very important types of support/services by the highest proportion of caregivers in both groups. Data indicated only one significant difference; a higher proportion of caregivers in the higher NI group reported being able to participate in activities outside of caring as very important. There was also an indication that a higher proportion of caregivers in the lower NI group perceived information about the disease as very important. Support/services perceived as important by the caregivers were received both to a high and a low degree.
Conclusion
The results from this study suggest that there is almost no difference between groups of caregivers experiencing higher and lower NI regarding their perception of what are important types of support/services. The caregivers rated different types of support/services within the areas of information, relief and counselling as very important. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Support/services and family carers of persons with stroke impairment: Perceived importance and services received
Objective: To examine what family carers of persons with stroke impairment perceive as important support and service quality characteristics in relation to their experienced strain/burden, and to explore to what extent family carers receive support/services perceived as important. Design: Data from a cross-sectional study. Subjects: A sample of 183 family carers in Sweden, 64 experiencing lower and 119 experiencing higher strain/burden, a subsample of the EUROFAMCARE project. Methods: Carers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Results: There are few differences between carers experiencing high and low strain/burden in what they perceive and receive in terms of important support and service quality characteristics. Information, relief, and counselling support/services are highly valued. It is also important that services improve quality of life, and have good process qualities regarding interaction with staff and individualization. Most services regarded as important are received by less than 60% of carers. Conclusion: The variation is rather high on an individual level in terms of what carers regard as important, indicating that factors other than negative impact may influence their perceptions of support/service and service quality. Thus, it is important to know carers' perceptions in order to individualize support/service, and thus make it more available and efficient.
Support/services and family carers of persons with stroke impairment: Perceived importance and services received
OBJECTIVE:
To examine what family carers of persons with stroke impairment perceive as important support and service quality characteristics in relation to their experienced strain/burden, and to explore to what extent family carers receive support/services perceived as important.
DESIGN:
Data from a cross-sectional study.
SUBJECTS:
A sample of 183 family carers in Sweden, 64 experiencing lower and 119 experiencing higher strain/burden, a subsample of the EUROFAMCARE project.
METHODS:
Carers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire.
RESULTS:
There are few differences between carers experiencing high and low strain/burden in what they perceive and receive in terms of important support and service quality characteristics. Information, relief, and counselling support/services are highly valued. It is also important that services improve quality of life, and have good process qualities regarding interaction with staff and individualization. Most services regarded as important are received by less than 60% of carers.
CONCLUSION:
The variation is rather high on an individual level in terms of what carers regard as important, indicating that factors other than negative impact may influence their perceptions of support/service and service quality. Thus, it is important to know carers' perceptions in order to individualize support/service, and thus make it more available and efficient.
Supporting caregivers in ethnically diverse communities: focus on Alzheimer's disease
Supporting carers of people diagnosed with schizophrenia: evaluating change in nursing practice following training
BACKGROUND:
United Kingdom legislation and clinical standards for schizophrenia challenge nurses to re-examine the support that they provide to carers. Nurses are in a key position to provide this support but may lack the necessary skills to do so. The training programme evaluated in the present study aimed to address this problem.
STUDY AIM:
To evaluate change in clinical practice brought about by post-registration training for mental health nurses in supporting carers of people diagnosed with schizophrenia.
DESIGN/METHODS:
The study was undertaken in collaboration between the Universities of Dundee and Glasgow, and Tayside National Health Service (NHS) Trust (Scotland). Respondents were nine nurses who completed training and then delivered a planned programme of support to carers. Data on nursing practice were gathered through semi-structured interviews with nurses before training and after providing support. Following the support intervention, carers also commented on the nurses' practice.
FINDINGS:
Eight of the nine nurses reported changes in practice in five key areas: They built collaborative relationships with carers, developed a carer focused approach to their practice, acknowledged and supported the carer role, and made progress in identifying carer needs and accessing resources to meet these needs. Nurses experienced difficulties supporting carers who had mental health problems or previous negative experiences of services. Those who lacked community experience also found it difficult to adjust to working in a community setting. Although clinical supervision helped them to work through these difficulties, they remain largely unresolved.
CONCLUSIONS:
Findings from this study indicate that appropriate training may enable nurses to improve the support provided to carers of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. This study represents an important stage in determining the nature of support offered to carers by nurses. While developed to help nurses to meet clinical standards set for schizophrenia in the UK, findings may have clinical significance for nurses in other countries.
Supporting families living with parental substance misuse: the M-PACT (Moving Parents and Children Together) programme
The Moving Parents and Children Together (M-PACT) programme is one of the growing number of interventions tailored to meet the multiple and complex needs of children and families affected by parental substance misuse. This paper pulls together the qualitative findings from 13 evaluated M-PACT programmes in England. Sixty-four families attended an M-PACT programme, including 82 children and 75 adults. Qualitative data were collected from 37 children, 36 adults and over 30 group facilitators. Six themes are discussed: engaging with M-PACT, shared experiences, understanding addiction, changes in communication, healthier and united families, and ending M-PACT. The majority of families benefitted in a range of ways from the programme: meeting others who were experiencing similar problems, greater understanding about addiction and its impact on children and families improving communication within the family. In many families there was more openness and honesty, stronger relationships and more time as families, and a reduction in arguments and conflict. The key findings are discussed in terms of the potential for interventions of this kind to reduce family-related harm from parental substance misuse.
Supporting family caregivers
Supporting Family Carers through Telephone-Mediated Group Programs: Opportunities for Gerontological Social Workers
Supporting Family Carers through Telephone-Mediated Group Programs: Opportunities for Gerontological Social Workers.
Supporting frail older people and their family carers at home using information and communication technology: Cost analysis
Supporting hospice volunteers and caregivers through community-based participatory research
Drawing on the results of community-based research with a local hospice organisation, this article addresses the need to enhance social support for caregivers of people with life-threatening illnesses. The goal of the research was to involve palliative care stakeholders in the identification, prioritisation and implementation of social support interventions for caregivers who provide palliative care support as hospice volunteers and as family members of those at end-of-life. Guided by a community-based participatory research approach, primary data were collected from 39 volunteer and family member caregivers through four focus groups and nine personal diaries in July 2008. Content analysis and modified constant comparison techniques resulted in emergent themes and priorities relating to challenges, existing coping strategies and resources, and potential support interventions. The findings revealed communication, emotional support, education, advocacy and personal fatigue as the most important challenges to be addressed through support interventions at the organisational (professional support, volunteer mentoring and continuing education) and household levels (caregiver assessments, telephone support and follow-up). There was convergence in how caregivers perceived and access existing social supports, yet a crucial divergence in the availability of resources among volunteers and family members. The findings are discussed in the light of the capacity for hospices to implement social supports and the potential efficacy of the community-based participatory research approach for enhancing social support for caregivers in other parts of health-care and social care.
Supporting patients and their caregivers after-hours at the end of life: the role of telephone support.
Supporting persons with dementia and their spouses' everyday occupations in the home environment.
The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate how persons with dementia and their informal caregivers do every day activities together and to evaluate the result from an intervention designed to encourage mutual engagement. The sample in all four studies consisted of 30 cohabiting couples, where one part was a healthy spouse caring for a partner diagnosed with mild to moderate stage dementia. Study I had a twofold focus: to identify the supportive acts that caregivers spontaneously use in everyday occupations, as well as to describe the consequences of those acts on the person with dementia. Study II describing the individual participants perception of their own, their spouses and their mutual engagements in everyday occupations. In Study III and IV a home-based collaborative intervention including training on a functional as well as activity level, was evaluated. In Study III the effects of the intervention was evaluated through assessing the individual and mutual episodic memory-functions in the persons with dementia and their caregivers. In Study IV the intervention effect on caregivers communication and interaction skills when performing an everyday occupation together with their spouses with dementia was evaluated. The findings in Study I showed that the caregivers to the persons with dementia used a wide range of supports when working together with their partners. Most of these supports were shown to be beneficial to the occupational performance of the person with dementia, although some support that had negative impact on the performance of the latter was identified. The findings in Study II showed that both spouses perceived a loss of social and activity engagements as a consequence of the changes due to one having dementia. The caregivers described dilemmas they faced, but they also had management approaches to handle the altered everyday life. The results in Study III and IV showed that the collaborative intervention had a positive effect on the individual memory-performance of the persons with dementia. Also, Study III showed that the persons with dementia had a learning potential regarding individual episodic memory-functions when included in collaboration. In conclusion, the findings of these studies showed that the persons with dementia and their spouses engagements in everyday occupations were perceived as altered by both of them. The caregivers and the persons with dementia demonstrated different resources in finding strategies to solve the consequences of dementia in their everyday life. The identification of how persons with dementia and their spouses can learn strategies to collaborate might be useful in designing future interventions.
Supporting the communication, language, and literacy development of children with complex communication needs: State of the science and future research priorities
Children with complex communication needs (CCN) resulting from autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome and other disabilities are severely restricted in their participation in educational, vocational, family, and community environments. There is a substantial body of research that demonstrates convincingly that children with CCN derive substantial benefits from augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) in their development of communication, language and literacy skills, with no risk to their speech development. Future research must address two significant challenges in order to maximize outcomes for children with CCN: (1) investigating how to improve the design of AAC apps/technologies so as to better meet the breadth of communication needs for the diverse population of children with CCN; and (2) ensuring the effective translation of these evidence-based AAC interventions to the everyday lives of children with CCN so that the possible becomes the probable. This article considers each of these challenges in turn, summarizing the state of the science as well as directions for future research and development. © 2012 Copyright 2012 RESNA.
Supporting the Communication, Language, and Literacy Development of Children with Complex Communication Needs: State of the Science and Future Research Priorities
Children with complex communication needs (CCN) resulting from autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome and other disabilities are severely restricted in their participation in educational, vocational, family, and community environments. There is a substantial body of research that demonstrates convincingly that children with CCN derive substantial benefits from augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) in their development of communication, language and literacy skills, with no risk to their speech development. Future research must address two significant challenges in order to maximize outcomes for children with CCN: (1) investigating how to improve the design of AAC apps/technologies so as to better meet the breadth of communication needs for the diverse population of children with CCN; and (2) ensuring the effective translation of these evidence-based AAC interventions to the everyday lives of children with CCN so that the possible becomes the probable. This article considers each of these challenges in turn, summarizing the state of the science as well as directions for future research and development.
Supporting the dementia family caregiver: the effect of home care intervention on general well-being.
Susceptibility and precipitating factors in depression: sex differences and similarities
Argues that the well-documented sex difference in depression may be due to a sex difference in susceptibility, in precipitating factors, or in both. Data from a large mental health survey (2,515 White over-18 residents of 2 cities) were used to study precipitating factors. It was found that women were exposed more often to more of the factors that relate to depression; with a few exceptions, the factors related to depression similarly for men and women. Matching on these factors did not eliminate the sex difference in depression. This suggests that there may be a sex difference in susceptibility. Current theories of depression are incorporated into a sequential model of how learned factors might contribute both to susceptibility and to the sex difference. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Sustained Benefit of Supportive Intervention for Depressive Symptoms in Caregivers of Patients With Alzheimer´s Disease
Swedish experiences of a negotiated approach to carer assessment: the Carers Outcome Agreement Tool
Swedish experiences of a negotiated approach to carer assessment: the Carers Outcome Agreement Tool
Swedish parents of children with Down syndrome: a study on the initial information and support, and the subsequent daily life.
In this study 165 Swedish parents of young children with Downs's syndrome (DS) were investigated regarding their perception of the quality of the first information and support received after the birth of the child. The parents' opinions were compared with clinical routines at the paediatric clinics regarding these issues. Strong clinical ambitions fell short, however, since 70 % of the parents felt insufficiently informed; 56 % felt unsupported, and the timing of the disclosure varied between 0 hour to >5 days. On the basis of a grounded theory analysis the parents' written narratives regarding the quality of the first information and support were analysed to better understand the reasons underlying the parental dissatisfaction. Criticisms were raised by the parents concerning: the low communication skills by professionals; the lack of privacy; too much negative information; and an unmet desire to early meet other DS parents. The implications of being DS parents regarding their daily life were examined by measuring parental health, stress, sense of coherence, employment and sick leave rates. Results were compared with those in a randomly selected group of parents of healthy age-matched children. The similarities between the DS and control parents were more pronounced than the differences regarding divorce rates, siblings in the family, time spent on child care, employment and sick leave rates, and their self-perceived health, stress, and sense of coherence. However, self-perceived health of the DS mothers was impaired and stress was increased. A small group of DS parents (5 mothers and 1 father) had an extremely high rate of sick leave and no such group was seen in the control parents. In addition, the DS mothers stayed at home because of the child's sickness most frequently and the DS fathers stayed at home for this reason more than control mothers.Conclusions: Existing guidelines for optimal first information and support of new parents of children with DS are not always followed in Sweden. Qualitative clinical improvements from the parents' perspective are proposed. Most DS parents live an ordinary family life in respect to the measured parameters, but the risk for health deterioration, particularly in DS mothers, might need attention
Svensk forskning om fosterbarnsvård: en översikt
Symbol communication in special schools in England: the current position and some key issues
In this article, originally submitted to B J S E's Research Section, Chris Abbott of King's College, London, and Helen Lucey of the Open University report on the outcomes of a survey of special schools in England. The aim of the research, funded by the Nuffield Foundation, was to understand the nature and extent of symbol use for communication and literacy. A questionnaire was used to collect data on topics including: the types of symbols in use; the methodologies operated; ownership of symbol choice; and agreed policies within and outside school. The researchers had an excellent response in this important survey, undertake n after a period of rapid growth in symbol use in special schools and elsewhere. Chris Abbott and Helen Lucey provide a discussion of the results of their survey and of the issues that arise from the findings and the many comments added by respondents. They close their article with a call for further detailed research, both in the UK and in co-operation with practitioners in other countries, into the ways in which symbol use can meet the needs of learners.
Symptoms of depression in non-routine caregivers: the role of caregiver strain and burden
Symptoms of internalizing and externalizing problems: modeling recovery curves after the death of a parent
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The death of a parent is a major family disruption that can place children at risk for later depression and other mental health problems.
DESIGN:
Theoretically based randomized controlled trial for parentally bereaved children.
SETTING/PARTICIPANTS:
Two-hundred and forty-four children and adolescents and their caregivers from 156 families were randomly assigned to the Family Bereavement Program (FBP) intervention condition (90 families; 135 children) or to a control condition (66 families; 109 children). Data collection occurred from 1996 to 1998.
INTERVENTION:
Children and caregivers in the intervention condition met separately for 12 two-hour weekly sessions. Skills targeted by the program for children included positive coping, stress appraisals, control beliefs, and self-esteem. The caregiver program targeted caregiver mental health, life stressors, and improved discipline in the home. Both child and caregiver programs focused on improved quality of the caregiver-child relationship.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Child and caregiver reports of internalizing and externalizing symptoms.
RESULTS:
Longitudinal growth curve modeling was performed to model symptoms over time from the point of parental death. The rate of recovery for girls in the program condition was significantly different from that of girls in the control condition across all outcomes. Boys in both conditions showed reduced symptoms over time.
CONCLUSIONS:
The methodology offers a conceptually unique way of assessing recovery in terms of reduced mental health problems over time after an event and has contributed to further understanding of FBP intervention effects. The intervention program facilitated recovery among girls, who did not show reduction in behavior problems without the program, while boys demonstrated decreased symptoms even without intervention.
Symptoms of internalizing and externalizing problems: modeling recovery curves after the death of a parent
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The death of a parent is a major family disruption that can place children at risk for later depression and other mental health problems.
DESIGN:
Theoretically based randomized controlled trial for parentally bereaved children.
SETTING/PARTICIPANTS:
Two-hundred and forty-four children and adolescents and their caregivers from 156 families were randomly assigned to the Family Bereavement Program (FBP) intervention condition (90 families; 135 children) or to a control condition (66 families; 109 children). Data collection occurred from 1996 to 1998.
INTERVENTION:
Children and caregivers in the intervention condition met separately for 12 two-hour weekly sessions. Skills targeted by the program for children included positive coping, stress appraisals, control beliefs, and self-esteem. The caregiver program targeted caregiver mental health, life stressors, and improved discipline in the home. Both child and caregiver programs focused on improved quality of the caregiver-child relationship.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Child and caregiver reports of internalizing and externalizing symptoms.
RESULTS:
Longitudinal growth curve modeling was performed to model symptoms over time from the point of parental death. The rate of recovery for girls in the program condition was significantly different from that of girls in the control condition across all outcomes. Boys in both conditions showed reduced symptoms over time.
CONCLUSIONS:
The methodology offers a conceptually unique way of assessing recovery in terms of reduced mental health problems over time after an event and has contributed to further understanding of FBP intervention effects. The intervention program facilitated recovery among girls, who did not show reduction in behavior problems without the program, while boys demonstrated decreased symptoms even without intervention.
Synstimulering - den tidiga synutvecklingen
Många barn med flerfunktionsnedsättning behöver synstimulering. Handboken Synstimulering – den tidiga utvecklingen av Gunilla Jangdin går igenom det lilla barnets synutveckling och visar hur synstimulans och samspel kan utvecklas trots omfattande flerfunktionsnedsättning i kombination med en synskada. Det är en lättläst och mycket användbar bok för alla föräldrar som vill förstå och stimulera sitt barns utveckling.
Syskon till barn med autism, Aspergers syndrom och andra autismliknande tillstånd
Systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions relevant for young offenders with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, or self-harm
Background Mood and anxiety disorders, and problems with self-harm are significant and serious issues that are common in young people in the Criminal Justice System. Aims To examine whether interventions relevant to young offenders with mood or anxiety disorders, or problems with self-harm are effective. Method Systematic review and meta-analysis of data from randomised controlled trials relevant to young offenders experiencing these problems. Results An exhaustive search of the worldwide literature (published and unpublished) yielded 10 studies suitable for inclusion in this review. Meta-analysis of data from three studies (with a total population of 171 individuals) revealed that group-based Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) may help to reduce symptoms of depression in young offenders. Conclusions These preliminary findings suggest that group-based CBT may be useful for young offenders with such mental health problems, but larger high quality RCTs are now needed to bolster the evidence-base.
Systematic Review on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Survivors of the Wenchuan Earthquake
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) widely occurs among victims or witness of disasters. With flashbacks, hyperarousal, and avoidance being the typical symptoms, PTSD became a focus of psychological research. The earthquake in Wenchuan, China, on May 12, 2008, was without precedent in magnitude and aftermath and caused huge damage, which drew scientists' attention to mental health of the survivors. We conducted a systematic overview by collecting published articles from the PubMed database and classifying them into five points: epidemiology, neuropathology, biochemistry, genetics and epigenetics, and treatment. The large body of research during the past 6 years showed that adolescents and adults were among the most studied populations with high prevalence rates for PTSD. Genomic and transcriptomic studies focusing on gene × environment studies as well as epigenetics are still rare, although a few available data showed great potential to better understand the pathophysiology of PTSD as multifactorial disease. Phytotherapy with Chinese herbs and acupuncture are rarely reported as of yet, although the first published data indicated promising therapy effects. Future studies should focus on the following points: (1) The affected populations under observation should be better defined concerning individual risk factor, time of observation, spatial movement, and individual disease courses of patients. (2) The role of social support for prevalence rates of PTSD should be observed in more detail. (3) Efficacy and safety of Chinese medicine should be studied to find potential interventions and effective treatments of PTSD.
Systematic Review on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Survivors of the Wenchuan Earthquake
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) widely occurs among victims or witness of disasters. With flashbacks, hyperarousal, and avoidance being the typical symptoms, PTSD became a focus of psychological research. The earthquake in Wenchuan, China, on May 12, 2008, was without precedent in magnitude and aftermath and caused huge damage, which drew scientists' attention to mental health of the survivors. We conducted a systematic overview by collecting published articles from the PubMed database and classifying them into five points: epidemiology, neuropathology, biochemistry, genetics and epigenetics, and treatment. The large body of research during the past 6 years showed that adolescents and adults were among the most studied populations with high prevalence rates for PTSD. Genomic and transcriptomic studies focusing on gene × environment studies as well as epigenetics are still rare, although a few available data showed great potential to better understand the pathophysiology of PTSD as multifactorial disease. Phytotherapy with Chinese herbs and acupuncture are rarely reported as of yet, although the first published data indicated promising therapy effects. Future studies should focus on the following points: (1) The affected populations under observation should be better defined concerning individual risk factor, time of observation, spatial movement, and individual disease courses of patients. (2) The role of social support for prevalence rates of PTSD should be observed in more detail. (3) Efficacy and safety of Chinese medicine should be studied to find potential interventions and effective treatments of PTSD.
Systematik för säker evidens
I slutet av 2012 kom Socialstyrelsen ut
med rapporten Effekter av stöd till anhö
-
riga som vårdar äldre med demenssjukdom
eller sköra äldre – en systematisk översikt.
Syftet med översikten var att utvärdera effekter
av utbildningsprogram, psykosocialt
stöd och kombinationsprogram som ges till
anhöriga som vårdar sköra äldre eller äldre
med demenssjukdom. I översikten under
-
söktes enbart studier som mätt effekter både
för den anhöriga och för
den närstående sjuka.
Så länge jag minns finns du. En minnesbok för barn
En minnesbok för barn som förlorat en förälder, ett syskon eller någon annan närstående.
I boken finns frågor att skriva svar på, och svaren blir en hjälp att minnas. Här finns också plats att rita bilder och klistra in foton. Och många värdefulla tips, till exempel om att prata med andra som kände den saknade och kanske be någon av dem att skriva något.
Att arbeta med boken innebär att arbeta med sina minnen - både glada och svåra - och sin sorg över den man saknar. Boken innehåller texter och illustrationer från personer som själva förlorat någon närstående, t ex Barbro Lindgren, Pernilla Stalfelt och Ilon Wikland.
Så väljer du rätt äldreomsorg : [en guide för äldre och anhöriga]
Boken ger dig tips och råd när du ska välja äldreomsorg - åt dig själv eller åt en närstående. Den är lätt att slå i och kan läsas från början till slut eller i valda delar beroende på dina behov eller önskemål. Vad finns det för olika slags hjälp att få? Vad har du för rättigheter och vad är rimligt att begära? Vad är viktigt att tänka på när du ska välja mellan olika utförare? Vad gör du som anhörig om du inte är nöjd med den vård som din närstående får? Dessa frågor och många fler besvaras i boken. Precis som vi behöver information inför till exempel föräldraskap och skolstart behöver vi också vägledning inför ålderdomen. Det kan vara mycket att sätta sig in i, men med boken Så väljer du rätt äldreomsorg får du en bra översikt och en god förberedelse inför dina vägval.
Så väljer du rätt äldreomsorg. En guide för äldre och anhöriga
Så väljer du rätt äldreomsorg - en guide för äldre och anhöriga är en enkel och matnyttig guide för dig som funderar på hur du vill ha det när du blir äldre.
Boken ger dig tips och råd när du ska välja äldreomsorg - åt dig själv eller åt en närstående. Den är lätt att slå i och kan läsas från början till slut eller i valda delar beroende på dina behov eller önskemål. Vad finns det för olika slags hjälp att få? Vad har du för rättigheter och vad är rimligt att begära? Vad är viktigt att tänka på när du ska välja mellan olika utförare? Vad gör du som anhörig om du inte är nöjd med den vård som din närstående får? Dessa frågor och många fler besvaras i boken.
Precis som vi behöver information inför till exempel föräldraskap och skolstart behöver vi också vägledning inför ålderdomen. Det kan vara mycket att sätta sig in i, men med boken Så väljer du rätt äldreomsorg får du en bra översikt och en god förberedelse inför dina vägval.
Claes Björck är beteendevetare och konsult med lång erfarenhet som chef både inom den kommunala och inom den privata äldreomsorgen. Anna Bidö är frilansjournalist med många års erfarenhet av arbete som vårdbiträde inom äldreomsorgen.
Så är det : LSS i praktiken - ett individperspektiv
Målet med Lagen om stöd och service för vissa funktionshindrade, LSS, är att den enskilde får möjlighet att leva som andra. Genom speglingar av parallella plan; den officiella lag- och konventionstexten; forskning; gestaltade vardagssituationer och dagboksutdrag, undersöker författaren vad LSS innebär i praktiken.
Förutom LSS' honnörsord leva som andra; delaktighet; integritet; självbestämmande och kontinuitet, berörs även angelägna frågor som bemötande; hälsa; kommunikation; att vara anhörig (föräldra- och syskonperspektivet) och acceptans av en annorlunda livssituation.
"Så är det", som Simon ofta säger när han, lite förnöjt, konstaterar att saker och ting förhåller sig på ett visst sätt.
Boken vänder sig i första hand till dig som i ditt arbete möter barn eller vuxna med utvecklingsstörning och deras anhöriga. En annan viktig målgrupp är beslutsfattare; politiker och chefer.
Eva Borgström är socionom med lång erfarenhet av arbete inom funktionshinderrörelsen. Hon är också mamma till bokens huvudperson, Simon.
Särskilda insatser till anhörig/närstående som vårdar svårt sjuka i hemmet. Slutrapport
Särskilt boende för äldre under kortare tid (Underlag för experter).
Särskilt stöd i grundskolan. En sammanställning av senare års forskning och utvärdering
Studien omfattar huvudsakligen rapporter från Skolverket och Myndigheten för skolutveckling och svenska avhandlingar. Studien knyter an till Skolverkets skrift Allmänna råd för arbete med åtgärdsprogram genom att studien tar upp en stor del av den forskning och utvärdering som ligger till grund för de Allmänna råden. Skriften vänder sig både till skolansvariga i kommunen och till skolledare och lärare i skolan
Ta ansvar för samverkan: helhetsperspektiv på samhällsstödet till barn och unga med funktionshinder. En idéskrift
Den här skriften vill visa hur alla de olika insatser som görs för barn och unga med funktionshinder kan samverka för att vara väl sammansatta, komma i rätt tid och överensstämma med barnets och ungdomens faktiska behov vid det aktuella tillfället. För att det ska vara möjligt måste alla de verksamheter och professionella som ger stöd se helheten i barnets situation, den helhet som vardagen utgör. Med ett sådant perspektiv och med en förståelse för den egna verksamhetens roll i helheten, finns en grund för att ta ansvar för samverkan.
Tailoring a family-based alcohol intervention for Aboriginal Australians, and the experiences and perceptions of health care providers trained in its delivery
Background
Aboriginal Australians experience a disproportionately high burden of alcohol-related harm compared to the general Australian population. Alcohol treatment approaches that simultaneously target individuals and families offer considerable potential to reduce these harms if they can be successfully tailored for routine delivery to Aboriginal Australians. The Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) and Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT) are two related interventions that are consistent with Aboriginal Australians' notions of health and wellbeing. This paper aims to describe the process of tailoring CRA and CRAFT for delivery to Aboriginal Australians, explore the perceptions of health care providers participating in the tailoring process, and their experiences of participating in CRA and CRAFT counsellor certification.
Methods
Data sources included notes recorded from eight working group meetings with 22 health care providers of a drug and alcohol treatment agency and Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service (November 2009-February 2013), and transcripts of semi-structured interviews with seven health care providers participating in CRA and CRAFT counsellor certification (May 2012). Qualitative content analysis was used to categorise working group meeting notes and interview transcripts were into key themes.
Results
Modifying technical language, reducing the number of treatment sessions, and including an option for treatment of clients in groups, were key recommendations by health care providers for improving the feasibility and applicability of delivering CRA and CRAFT to Aboriginal Australians. Health care providers perceived counsellor certification to be beneficial for developing their skills and confidence in delivering CRA and CRAFT, but identified time constraints and competing tasks as key challenges.
Conclusions
The tailoring process resulted in Aboriginal Australian-specific CRA and CRAFT resources. The process also resulted in the training and certification of health care providers in CRA and CRAFT and the establishment of a local training and certification program.
The shifting balance of long-term care in Sweden
This study describes the Swedish debate on the role of family and state in care of elderly persons. It provides empirical evidence on the shifting balance of family, state, and market in the total panorama of elderly care. Secondary analysis of older (1954) and more recent data sources (1994 and 2000) is used to assess living arrangements and care patterns for persons 75 years or older living in the community. Results revealed that total spending on aged adults has stagnated, and institutional care is shrinking in absolute and relative terms, but public Home Help for elders in the community is decreasing even more. Family members increasingly shoulder the bulk of care, but privately purchased care also seems to expand. This study calculates how public and informal care changed between 1994 and 2000: Informal care is estimated to have provided 60% of all care to elders in the community in 1994 and 70% in 2000. The results parallel a crisis of legitimacy of public elderly care in Sweden. They also call into question various metaphors used to describe patterns of care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA )
The shifting balance of long-term care in Sweden
The Shifting Balance of Long-Term Care in Sweden
Abstract
PURPOSE:
This study describes the Swedish debate on the role of family and state in care of elderly persons. It provides empirical evidence on the shifting balance of family, state, and market in the total panorama of elderly care.
DESIGN AND METHODS:
Secondary analysis of older (1954) and more recent data sources (1994 and 2000) is used to assess living arrangements and care patterns for persons 75 years or older living in the community.
RESULTS:
Total spending on aged adults has stagnated, and institutional care is shrinking in absolute and relative terms, but public Home Help for elders in the community is decreasing even more. Family members increasingly shoulder the bulk of care, but privately purchased care also seems to expand. This study calculates how public and informal care changed between 1994 and 2000: Informal care is estimated to have provided 60% of all care to elders in the community in 1994 and 70% in 2000.
Tangible Symbols as an AAC Option for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies
We reviewed nine studies evaluating the use of tangible symbols in AAC interventions for 129 individuals with developmental disabilities. Studies were summarized in terms of participants, tangible symbols used, communication functions/skills targeted for intervention, intervention procedures, evaluation designs, and main findings. Tangible symbols mainly consisted of three-dimensional whole objects or partial objects. Symbols were taught as requests for preferred objects/activities in five studies with additional communication functions (e.g., naming, choice making, protesting) also taught in three studies. One study focused on naming activities. With intervention, 54% (n = 70) of the participants, who ranged from 3 to 20 years of age, learned to use tangible symbols to communicate. However, these findings must be interpreted with caution due to pre-experimental or quasi-experimental designs in five of the nine studies. Overall, tangible symbols appear promising, but additional studies are needed to establish their relative merits as a communication mode for people with developmental disabilities.
Tangible Symbols as an AAC Option for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies
We reviewed nine studies evaluating the use of tangible symbols in AAC interventions for 129 individuals with developmental disabilities. Studies were summarized in terms of participants, tangible symbols used, communication functions/skills targeted for intervention, intervention procedures, evaluation designs, and main findings. Tangible symbols mainly consisted of three-dimensional whole objects or partial objects. Symbols were taught as requests for preferred objects/activities in five studies with additional communication functions (e.g., naming, choice making, protesting) also taught in three studies. One study focused on naming activities. With intervention, 54% (n = 70) of the participants, who ranged from 3 to 20 years of age, learned to use tangible symbols to communicate. However, these findings must be interpreted with caution due to pre-experimental or quasi-experimental designs in five of the nine studies. Overall, tangible symbols appear promising, but additional studies are needed to establish their relative merits as a communication mode for people with developmental disabilities.
The significance of neighbours in a changing world
The size of family care in Sweden
Taxonomy for child well-being indicators: A framework for the analysis of the well-being of children
Recent years have brought a dramatic rise in the number of efforts to measure and monitor the status of children. Yet, despite numerous efforts and reports with 'Child indicators' in the title, the field of social child indication is fragmented and lacking a unifying taxonomy. The more ambitious the analysis and the more elaborate the statistics, the stronger the need for a common language used by all. This article tries to suggest such a taxonomy.
Teachers' and speech-language pathologists' perceptions about a tangible symbols intervention: Efficacy, generalization, and recommendations
Twenty-nine special education teachers (n=21) and speech-language pathologists (n=8) were interviewed about a tangible symbols intervention conducted with 51 children (321 years) with multiple disabilities and visual impairment. The intervention, which took place over a 7-month period, addressed the use of tangible symbols in the context of a structured protocol for implementing the daily schedule. These educators reported that students learned the meaning of symbols, exhibited improved behavior, and learned part or all of the daily routine, among other benefits. Supports and barriers to student learning (later coded as student characteristics or intervention characteristics) were discussed. Interviewees suggested improvements to the intervention and for generalization to the home setting, including labeling in the family's first language. © 2011 International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication.
Technology and home care: implementing systems to enhance aging in place.
Technology and Web-based support
Technology as an extension of the human body : exploring the potential role of technology in an elderly home care setting
The transmission of trauma in refugee families: associations between intrafamily trauma communication style, children's attachment security and psychosocial adjustment
This study explores the transmission of trauma in 30 Middle Eastern refugee families in Denmark, where one or both parents were referred for treatment of PTSD symptoms and had non-traumatized children aged 4-9 years. The aim of the study was to explore potential risk and protective factors by examining the association between intra-family communication style regarding the parents' traumatic experiences from the past, children's psychosocial adjustment and attachment security. A negative impact of parental trauma on children might be indicated, as children's Total Difficulties Scores on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were significantly higher than the Danish norms. A negative association between children's attachment security as measured by the Attachment and Traumatization Story Task and higher scores on the SDQ Total Difficulties Scale approached significance, suggesting that the transmission of trauma may be associated with disruptions in children's attachment representations. Furthermore a significant association between parental trauma communication and children's attachment style was found.
The transmission of trauma in refugee families: associations between intrafamily trauma communication style, children's attachment security and psychosocial adjustment
This study explores the transmission of trauma in 30 Middle Eastern refugee families in Denmark, where one or both parents were referred for treatment of PTSD symptoms and had non-traumatized children aged 4-9 years. The aim of the study was to explore potential risk and protective factors by examining the association between intra-family communication style regarding the parents' traumatic experiences from the past, children's psychosocial adjustment and attachment security. A negative impact of parental trauma on children might be indicated, as children's Total Difficulties Scores on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were significantly higher than the Danish norms. A negative association between children's attachment security as measured by the Attachment and Traumatization Story Task and higher scores on the SDQ Total Difficulties Scale approached significance, suggesting that the transmission of trauma may be associated with disruptions in children's attachment representations. Furthermore a significant association between parental trauma communication and children's attachment style was found.
Teknik för anhöriga som hjälper och vårdar : on a bicycle made for two : behovsstudie
Teknik för anhöriga som hjälper och vårdar, on a bicycle made for two: Behovsstudie
Teknik för äldre II [Elektronisk resurs] : slutrapport
Teknik för äldre är ett regeringsuppdrag som samordnats av Hjälpmedelsinstitutet. Det har verkat sedan 2007 med en budget om 22 miljoner kronor årligen. Teknik för äldre har stöttat utvecklingen av bra produkter och tjänster som underlättar vardagen och boendet för äldre och anhöriga. Företag, organisationer och kommuner har kunnat ansöka om ekonomiskt stöd för att driva utvecklingsprojekt. 100 projekt har fått stöd inom Teknik för äldre I (2007-2009) och 61 projekt inom teknik för äldre II (2010-2012). Bidrag om sex miljoner kronor vardera har lämnats till kommunala försöksverksamheter i Göteborgs stad, Norrköpings kommun och Västerås stad. Inom Teknik för äldre II har projekt prioriterats som bidragit till tillgängligt boende, bättre stöd till anhöriga och utveckling av äldreomsorgen med hjälp av välfärdsteknologi. Informations- och kommunikationsinsatser har också varit i fokus.
The Trivial Matters: Everyday power in Swedish elder care
This is a study about fairly ordinary situations in elder care: how staff deal with older people's influence, how staff talk about older people's complaints, how family members talk about elder mistreatment, and how older people act in order to exert influence in a nursing home. However ordinary, these are situations where relational power is accentuated, accomplished and able to be empirically explored. The aim here is to analyze power and influence as social phenomena in elder care. More specifically, the aims are 1) to analyze the political and bureaucratic frame in which older people have formal "voice" options; 2) to analyze staff members' "folk logic" as they respond to residents' complaints in Swedish nursing homes; 3) to analyze how family members of care recipients define and sustain claims of elder mistreatment; and 4) to ethnographically depict how older people's attempts at influence unfold in everyday interactions in a nursing home and how these attempts can be understood in the context of a "local routine culture."
Several kinds of empirical material have been used: 100 structured telephone interviews with local municipal officials, 13 qualitative interviews with nursing home staff, 21 interviews with family members of care recipients, and ethnographic data comprised of field notes and field-based interviews from five months of observation in a nursing home.
The findings demonstrate the difficulties of turning policies about older people's influence into practice. Yet, the main finding is not the "policy–practice gap" per se, but rather an understanding of how this gap is situationally shaped and maintained. The dissertation shows how the subtleties of actions and talk have powerful implications, and can constitute barriers to older people's influence. Two examples are the "rhetoric of trivialization" and a "local routine culture"; both can easily and quite inconspicuously restrict older people's autonomy and influence. A routine culture is a locally and situationally generated action repertoire and as such provides an understanding of how routines shape power relations in a nursing home. The findings also show how a rhetoric of trivialization can function as a power resource, through which older people's and family members' views are "made trivial" by the ways they are described and rhetorically treated by staff and local officials. Through the use of trivializing accounts, staff members legitimized their neglect of complaints and restrictions of older people's influence. The study argues that by recognizing how older people's influence is "made trivial," we gain an understanding of how to accomplish just the opposite. Local routines and accountability practices have a strong inertia, but the findings indicate that if actors reframe influence and complaints, they may substantially affect power relations in elder care.
The Usage of Digital Resources by Swedish Suicide Bereaved in Their Grief Work: A Survey Study
Abstract:
This study examined Swedish suicide bereaved individuals' use of different resources in their grief work and how they value these resources. The material consisted of a web-based survey, which was analyzed with quantitative methods. The results showed that the psychosocial ill-health was severe among the suicide bereaved participants and that a majority used digital resources in their grief work. The propensity to engage in online support groups or memorial websites was not predicted by the severity of psychosocial consequences following the suicide. However, multiple regressions showed that higher online support group activity predicted more satisfaction with current psychosocial health, while memorial websites seemed to have the opposite effect. This study not only indicates that some digital resources, for example, online support groups, may be an effective way of coping with grief related to suicide loss, but also suggests that memorial websites may increase rumination and in this way cause emotional distress
The use of an internet-based ask the doctor service involving family physicians: Evaluation by a web survey
The use of information technology in home healthcare : Requirements and application development (Linköping studies in science and technology. Diss. 1066).
The population's wish to receive care in the own home instead of at a hospital fits well with the Health Services' development in the direction of increasing home healthcare even when severe illness is involved. However, when care is moved from the hospital to the home the demands for high quality care still remain. Information and telecommunication technologies used in applications which are tailored to support caregivers and patients in home healthcare, can be part of the facilitation of this development towards an increasing home healthcare service. Remote monitoring of the patient in the home can support assuring this quality of care but such monitoring involves considering several requirement areas.This thesis describes problem areas in both basic and advanced home healthcare where information technology can be a part of the solution. Further, the thesis describes requirement areas to be considered when monitoring patients in the home, both in regard to subjective and objective variables. The requirement areas, which are described in the thesis, include security, mobility, and responsibility. Network solutions for home healthcare are discussed and two information technology applications in home healthcare are described. The first application concerns diabetes care and the second application concerns the use of digital pen technology for symptom assessments in advanced palliative home healthcare.
The use of multisensory environments in schools for students with severe disabilities: Perceptions from teachers
Although multisensory environments (MSE) are popular in schools educating students with severe disabilities, little is known about how teachers are using them. This paper reports on interviews with five teachers from two special schools who agreed to be videorecorded while using the room with their classes and who were interviewed about their perspectives on MSEs and about the activities observed in their classes. Most teachers seemed to believe that use of the MSE or the equipment in it would have automatic and remarkably wide ranging benefits for their students. There was more limited evidence of focused programing, teaching and monitoring practices that would result in functional outcomes for students. Given lack of empirical support for educational outcomes from MSE use, the authors call for more research on use of MSEs and for education authorities, schools, and teachers to more actively monitor and evaluate the effects of their use.
The Use of Socially Assistive Robots for Dementia Care
Innovative solutions for dementia care are required to address the steady rise in adults living with dementia, lack of adequate staffing to provide high-quality dementia care, and the need for family caregivers to provide care for their loved ones in the home. This article provides an overview of the use of socially assistive robots (SARs) to offer support as therapists, companions, and educators for people living with dementia. Social, ethical, and legal challenges associated with the use of robotic technology in patient care and implications for the use of SARs by nurses are discussed. These items considered, the authors conclude that SARs should be considered as a viable way to assist people living with dementia to maintain their highest possible level of independence, enhance their quality of life, and provide support to overburdened family caregivers. Further research is needed to evaluate the merits of this technological approach in the care of adults with dementia.
The use of Talking Mats to support people with dementia and their carers to make decisions together
Policy guidelines insist that people with dementia should be involved in decisions about key life choices and transitions. However, as dementia affects both cognitive and communication difficulties, it becomes increasingly difficult to do this, and innovative and effective ways to support people with dementia and their carers to interact with each other are needed. This project, funded by Joseph Rowntree Foundation, examined if Talking Mats, a low-tech communication framework, could support family carers and people with dementia to discuss issues around daily living with each other. The fieldwork phase took place from September 2008 to May 2009. Eighteen couples (person with dementia and their family carer) from Scotland and the North of England were involved. The couples were visited in their own homes and asked to discuss together four topics (Personal Care; Getting Around; Housework; Activities) under two different conditions: (i) using the Talking Mats framework and (ii) using their usual communication methods (UCMs). After the interviews, each participant was asked separately to complete a short questionnaire (Involvement Measure), which included five questions to evaluate how involved s/he felt in each type of discussion and a final question to measure satisfaction with the overall discussion. The findings show that both people with dementia and their carers feel more involved in discussions about how they are managing their daily living when using the Talking Mats framework, compared with their UCM. They also feel more satisfied with the outcome of those discussions. The use of Talking Mats could result in increased well-being and positive adjustment to accepting increasing levels of care for people with dementia. In addition, it could improve the relationship between the person with dementia and family carers, if all involved feel that the views of the person with dementia and the family carer have truly been acknowledged. Adapted from the source document.
The Validity of The eating disorder examination
The EDE is a semistructured interview which has been developed as a measure of the specific psychopathology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. To establish its discriminant validity it was administered to 100 patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa and to 42 controls. The two groups differed significantly on all items. Five subscales were derived on rational grounds and evaluated on the two populations. The alpha coefficients for each subscale indicated a satisfactory degree of internal consistency. The EDE provides clinicians and research workers with a detailed and comprehensive profile of the psychopathological features of patients with eating disorders.
The value of the work. On employed informal carers in Sweden
The World Health Organisation's terminology and classification: application to severe disability
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to describe the international classification system proposed by the World Health Organisation for describing individuals with disability. Initially the 'International classification of impairment, disability and handicap' (ICIDH) was used. This has been replaced by the 'International classification of functioning, disability and health' (ICF). Both of these systems will be described and followed by a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of using the WHOs classification framework. An application to the field of severe disability will be made throughout.
Method: Providing a theoretical framework for classification of disability in accordance with the system proposed by the WHO.
Results: The ICF is a useful tool that contributes to uniformity of international terminology and standardization in the disability field. It is not a minority model, and focuses on strengths and skills.
Conclusions: An international classification system such as the ICF offers a conceptual framework for information that is relevant to the long-term consequences of disability. Although any type of classification system has certain limitations, the advantages present within the ICF outweigh the limitations.
Transitions in men's caring identities: experiences from home-based care to nursing home placement.(Report).
To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3743.2007.00092.x Byline: Henrik Eriksson, Jonas Sandberg Keywords: caring; gender; informal care; nursing home Abstract: Objectives. The aim of this study is to describe, from a gender identity perspective, the experiences of older men involved in the process of caring for a partner at home and the placement into a nursing home. Background. Few studies have paid attention to the importance of gender when considering the social experiences of older men providing care for an ill spouse and finally placing a partner in a nursing home. Further understanding is much needed of how older men experience the process of caring for a spouse from a gender identity perspective. Design. A qualitative constructivist approach was adopted for this study. Participants. Data consists of interviews with seven men that have been informal carers and experienced the placement of their wife in a nursing home. Methods. Interviews were analysed with a constructivist approach. Results. The results indicate that men go through two transitions in their gender identity during the caregiving process and placement. From the mutual loving relationship of being a loving husband, the social responsibility of daily care of their wives changes the situation into that of being a caring husband, and finally with the move to a nursing home there is a transition from intimate care to a relationship based on friendship. Conclusions. The results show that older caregiving men undergo a process involving a reconstruction of gender identity. To formally recognize men's caring activities and to make them sustainable, we believe that men in an informal caring relationship need support. Relevance to clinical practice. Nurses need to recognize the identity struggles resulting in sadness and suffering that are related to changes in men's lives during the caregiving process. Understanding the dynamics and changes that occur when men take on a caring task is important for the development of their role as carers. Article History: Submitted for publication: 21 November 2006 Accepted for publication: 25 June 2007 Article note: Henrik Eriksson, Department of Caring and Public Health Sciences, Malardalen University, Box 325, 631 05, Eskilstuna, Sweden, Telephone: +46 16 153747, E-mail: henrik.eriksson@mdh.se
Translation of Two Evidence-Based Programs for Training Families to Improve Care of Persons With Dementia
The need for evidence-based non-pharmacological community programs to improve care of older adults with dementia is self-evident, considering the sheer numbers of affected individuals; the emotional, physical, and financial toll on affected individuals and their caregivers; the impact on our health care system; and the growing availability of evidence regarding the potential for psychosocial interventions to enhance care and decrease costs. To address this need, the Administration on Aging has begun funding translation of evidence-based programs into community settings. Two programs, Reducing Disability in Alzheimer's Disease and STAR-Community Consultants (STAR-C), were selected by the Ohio Department of Aging (in collaboration with the Alzheimer's Association Chapters in Ohio) and the Oregon Department of Health Services (in partnership with Area Agencies on Aging and the Oregon Chapter of the Alzheimer's Association) to be implemented by their staff. Both programs are designed to improve care, enhance life quality, and reduce behavioral problems of persons with dementia and have demonstrated efficacy via randomized controlled trials. This article addresses the developmental and ongoing challenges encountered in the translation of these programs to inform other community-based organizations considering the translation of evidence-based programs and to assist researchers in making their work more germane to their community colleagues.
Translucency and Complexity: Effects on Blissymbol Learning Using Computer and Teacher Presentations
Purpose: A single-subject alternating treatment design was used to (a) evaluate the influence of translucency (i.e., the guessability of the symbol when the referent is known) and complexity (i.e., the number of lines or strokes that compose the symbol) on Blissymbol acquisition and (b) compare the effectiveness of computer-based instruction (CBI) and traditional teacher-based instruction (TBI) on students' accuracy in identifying Blissymbols.
Method: Three students with communication disorders were taught to identify 40 Blissymbols using the two instructional formats.
Results: Findings revealed that high translucency Blissymbols were learned significantly faster than low translucency Blissymbols for all participants. High complexity assisted learning when translucency was high, but hindered learning when translucency was low. These results were evident in both interventions.
Översyn av anhörigstödet i Nacka
En översyn har gjorts av anhörigstödet i Nacka. Syftet är att ge ett förslag till inriktningsbeslut och att utreda tillhörigheten för anhörigkonsulentfunktionen. Översynen har främst genomförts med hjälp av intervjuer och samråd med berörda tjänstemän och intresseorganisationer. Av översynen framgår att det har skett en positiv utveckling av anhörigstödet, men den pekar också på behov av fortsatt utveckling inom några områden. Bland annat framhåller intresseorganisationerna att det finns behov av större förståelse för anhörigas situation, mer vägledning och personligt stöd till anhöriga, mer individuellt anpassad avlösning och mer uppsökande verksamhet. Behov finns av en organisation som möjliggör utveckling av såväl det strategiska arbetet med anhörigstöd, som direkta stödinsatser och anhörigperspektiv i handläggningen. Slutsatsen blir att föreslå att anhörigstödet samordnas med det förebyggande arbetet. Det innebär att det strategiska arbetet med anhörigstöd samordnas av Sociala kvalitetsenheten och att Verksamheten Sociala Stödresurser föreslås få ett samlat uppdrag att arbeta med enskilda kontakter, gruppverksamhet, föreläsningar och informationsinsatser
Transmission of Holocaust Trauma-An Integrative View
Much has been written about how children of Holocaust survivors tend to absorb the psychological burdens of their parents. But questions remain regarding such parental transmission of Holocaust trauma. What was in fact passed on from parent to child? How does the transmission occur? Do parents invariably transmit and are children equally susceptible? The purpose of this article is to discuss these issues and present a model in which the process of trauma transmission can be understood more consistently. After a brief description of that which was transmitted, four prevalent theories of trauma transmission are described, including the psychodynamic, sociocultural, family system, and biological points of view. Thereafter, some of the mitigating and aggravating factors are presented that are assumed to decrease or increase the risk of children to absorb the trauma of their parents and to develop specific second-generation psychopathology as a result. In conclusion, an integrative view is suggested that attempts to define the possible influence of biological predisposition, individual developmental history, family system and social situation on transgenerational influence of Holocaust trauma.
Trauma, Exile and Mental Health in Young Refugees
OBJECTIVE:
To review evidence of trauma and exile-related mental health in young refugees from the Middle East.
METHOD:
A review of four empirical studies: i) a qualitative study of 11 children from torture surviving families, ii) a cohort study of 311 3-15-year-old asylum-seeking children, iii) a qualitative study of 14 members of torture surviving families and iv) a follow-up study of 131 11-23-year-old refugees.
RESULTS:
The reactions of the children were not necessarily post-traumatic stress disorder specific. Seventy-seven per cent suffered from anxiety, sleep disturbance and/or depressed mood at arrival. Sleep disturbance (prevalence 34%) was primarily predicted by a family history of violence. At follow-up, 25.9% suffered from clinically relevant psychological symptoms. Traumatic experiences before arrival and stressful events in exile predicted internalizing behaviour, witnessing violence and frequent school changes in exile predicted externalizing behaviour. School participation, Danish friends, language proficiency and mother's education predicted less long-term psychological problems.
CONCLUSION:
Psychological problems are frequent in refugee children, but the extents are reduced over time in exile. Traumatic experience before arrival is most important for the short-term reaction of the children while aspects of life in exile are important for the children's ability to recover from early traumatization.
Trauma-focused CBT for traumatic grief in military children
Treating paternal alcoholism with learning sobriety together: Effects on adolescents versus preadolescents
The purpose of this study was to determine whether Learning Sobriety Together, a treatment for substance abuse that combines behavioral couples therapy and individual counseling, had comparable secondary benefits on the internalizing and externalizing behaviors of adolescent versus preadolescent siblings living in homes with their alcoholic fathers (N = 131) and their non-substance-abusing mothers. During a 17-month assessment period, the association between parents' functioning (i.e., fathers' drinking as determined by percentage of days abstinent and parents' dyadic adjustment) and children's adjustment (as rated by mothers, fathers, and children's teachers) was stronger for preadolescents than for their adolescent siblings, particularly in terms of children's externalizing behaviors. Interventions that reduce paternal drinking and improve couple functioning may serve as an important preventative intervention for preadolescents in these homes, whereas adolescents may need more intensive interventions to address internalizing and externalizing symptoms.
Treating paternal drug abuse using Learning Sobriety Together: Effects on adolescents versus children
The focus of this study was whether couples-based treatment for substance abuse had comparable secondary benefits on the internalizing and externalizing behaviors of adolescent versus child siblings living in their homes. Couples took part in a couples-based treatment for substance abuse that combines Behavioral Couples Therapy and individual counseling (i.e., Learning Sobriety Together). During a 17-month assessment period, the relationship between parents' functioning (i.e., fathers' drug use as determined by percent days abstinent and parents' dyadic adjustment) as rated by mothers, fathers, and children's teachers and internalizing behavior (as rated by mothers' only) was stronger for children than their adolescent siblings, particularly in terms of children's externalizing behaviors. Interventions that reduce paternal drug use and improve couple functioning may reduce internalizing and externalizing symptoms for children in their homes; however, adolescents may need more intensive interventions to address internalizing and externalizing symptoms.
Keywords: Children of drug abusers, Couples therapy
Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents
This is the authoritative guide to conducting trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), a systematic, evidence-based treatment for traumatized children and their families. Provided is a comprehensive framework for assessing posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and other symptoms; developing a flexible, individualized treatment plan; and working collaboratively with children and parents to build core skills in such areas as affect regulation and safety. Specific guidance is offered for responding to different types of traumatic events, with an entire section devoted to grief-focused components. Useful appendices feature resources, reproducible handouts, and information on obtaining additional training. TF-CBT has been nationally recognized as an exemplary evidence-based program.
Treatment Dropout and Missed Appointments Among Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
OBJECTIVE:
Knowledge of factors associated with treatment dropout and missed appointments in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is very limited. On the basis of proposed hypotheses that past behavior patterns are more predictive of current behaviors of treatment dropout and missed appointments than are sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, we examined the associations of sociodemographic variables, clinical variables, risk-taking behavior, educational and occupational instability, and behaviors during mandatory schooling with the primary outcome measures of treatment dropout and missed appointments.
METHOD:
In a naturalistic cohort study of 151 adult outpatients with ADHD initiating assessment in a Danish ADHD unit from September 1, 2010, to September 1, 2011, the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale v1.1 symptom checklist (ASRS) and a thorough clinical interview were used to assess ADHD according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to estimate reported associations.
RESULTS:
A total of 27% of patients dropped out of treatment and a total of 42% had ≥ 3 missed appointments during treatment. Mood and anxiety disorders significantly lowered the odds of treatment dropout (odds ratio [OR] = 0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.05-0.65), whereas having started but not completed 2 or more educational programs apart from mandatory schooling significantly increased the odds of dropout (OR = 3.01; 95% CI, 1.32-6.89). Variables significantly associated with most missed appointments were low educational level (OR = 2.19; 95% CI, 1.12-4.31), 3 or more employments of less than 3 months' duration (OR = 2.86; 95% CI, 1.30-6.28), and having skipped class often/very often during mandatory schooling (OR = 2.65; 95% CI, 1.29-5.43). Additionally, the predominantly inattentive ADHD (ADHD-I) subtype lowered the odds of missed appointments (OR = 0.17; 95% CI, 0.05-0.62).
CONCLUSION:
Our results suggest that past behavior in terms of highest dropout rates in the educational and occupational systems and highest rates of skipping class during mandatory schooling is equally associated with current behavior of treatment dropout and missed appointments as are sociodemographic and clinical factors.
Treatment of Cerebral Palsy and Motor Delay
“... vi som anhörigkonsulenter måste bli bättre på att formulera vad vi gör för något…” - En kvalitativ studie om anhörigkonsulenters upplevelse av arbetet med anhöriga
Sammanfattning
Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka anhörigkonsulenters erfarenheter av arbetet med
anhörigstöd samt upplevelsen av samverkansprocesser med andra aktörer. Studien gjordes med en kvalitativ ansats där empirin samlades in genom sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med
anhörigkonsulenter i olika kommuner i Sverige. Empirin analyserades och sammanställdes genom
en tematisk analys. Vidare analyserades resultatet i relation till studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter
vilka var det salutogena perspektivet och tillhörande känslan av sammanhang [KASAM] samt
strukturella aspekter av samverkan. Resultatet visar att anhörigkonsulenterna upplever anhörigas
behov som varierande utifrån deras skilda situationer. Tre övergripande behov uppfattas av
anhörigkonsulenterna vilka är ett informationsbehov, behov av nya perspektiv och behov av att
sätta sig själv i fokus. Resultatet visar att anhörigkonsulenterna upplever att de arbetar med ett
individuellt utformat stöd för att möta anhörigas stödbehov men att arbetet görs inom vissa
fastställda ramar. Det finns generellt tre insatser som erbjuds anhöriga vilka är individuella samtal,
gruppsamtal och aktiviteter av olika slag. Några kommuner erbjuder även andra insatser vilket
tyder på att stödet till anhöriga varierar mellan olika kommuner. Anhörigkonsulenterna upplever
samverkan som individberoende men som en stor och viktig del av arbetet, dels för att nå ut till
anhöriga, dels för att implementera anhörigperspektivet internt inom kommunerna.
Inclusion and Participation in a Support Programme for Bereaved Adolescents – Relational Perspectives From an Ethnographic Field Study in a Swedish Context
Abstract
The death of a parent is a life-changing event, and different programmes are developed to support children. This study explored how parental bereaved adolescents were included and (inter)acted in a Swedish support programme. The conducted ethnographic field study included six adolescents, their parents, and eight volunteers. The empirical material was thematically analysed through a theoretical lens inspired by Bourdieu. Three themes emerged: 'Different strategies for adolescents' inclusion in the programme,' 'Medico-psychological understanding of grief and suffering,' and 'Reproduction of the logic of the school.' Adolescents were included in the programme through different strategies, where adults functioned as gatekeepers. The programme reproduced the school logic and was based on a medico-psychological grief/bereavement understanding. Volunteers had pedagogic authority and concomitant symbolic power, ruling adolescents to do what they must do in the meetings, silently socialising them into the medical logic. The adolescents only interacted and communicated with each other during breaks.
Unga inneboende patienter med självdestruktivt beteende : tema: suicidprevention och trygghet
Med anledning av ett projekt inom Division Psykiatri vid USiL (Universitetssjukhuset i Lund) som syftar till att föreslå åtgärder för patienter med självskadebeteende.
Unga med självskadebeteende : en sårbar grupp som går att läka
Unga människor med rörelsehinder – förankring, marginalisering och social exkludering. Avhandling i socialt arbete
The aim of the thesis was to describe the specific barriers young people with disabilities experience in their ambition to get a job. The aim was also to investigate how these young people's social and economic situation has been affected by their disability.The results are based on two reports: one qualitative, consisting of interviews with 12 individuals with physical disabilities, and one quantitative in the form of a questionnaire answered by 706 persons. In the case of the questionnaire, the response rate was 48 per cent. Both reports are based on the same criteria, namely, that the respondents should have a physical disability, be 20–35 years of age and be participating in some form of employment policy program.The results from both studies show that individuals with physical disabilities encounter different types of barriers on the labour market, which can be categorised as being either at the individual level or at the social level. The barriers at the individual level are low education, long-term unemployment, grave physical disability and lack of work experience. The barriers identified at the social level are primarily poorly adapted workplaces, a too high working pace, employers' negative attitudes, insufficient knowledge of the competence of disabled persons and an overly generous social welfare system. All these factors constitute a direct obstacle to employing persons with a physical disability.The results from the interview study show that the respondents have few social relations. The majority of the respondents have social intercourse solely with family members or parents. Most of the respondents in the questionnaire study state that they have frequent social relations with friends and acquaintances. Both the interview study and the questionnaire study reveal that the respondents' financial position has worsened as a result if their physical disability.Conclusions that can be drawn from this thesis are that young people with physical disabilities encounter different barriers in their attempts to get a job and to maintain social relations. Based on the results, some of the respondents can be regarded as being socio-economically marginalised
Unga och jämställdhet
Analys av unga
och jämställdhet
På uppdrag av regeringen har Ungdomsstyrelsen
under 2013 genomfört en tematisk analys
av unga och jämställdhet. Utgångspunkten för
analysen är de mål som finns inom ungdomspolitiken
och jämställdhetspolitiken.
Den nationella ungdomspolitiken har två
övergripande mål:
1. alla ungdomar ska ha verklig
tillgång till välfärd
2. alla ungdomar ska ha verklig
tillgång till inflytande.
Jämställdhetspolitikens övergripande mål är att:
• kvinnor och män ska ha samma makt att forma
samhället och sina egna liv.
Detta följs av fyra delmål:
1. jämn fördelning av makt och inflytande
2. ekonomisk jämställdhet
3. jämn fördelning av det obetalda hemoch
omsorgsarbetet
4. mäns våld mot kvinnor ska upphöra.
Av dessa är det högst prioriterade målet att
mäns våld mot kvinnor ska upphöra.
Jämställdhet har till stor del kommit att handla
om kvinnors tillträde till det offentliga rummet
och andra sfärer som historiskt sett varit förbehållna
män. Framförallt har villkor på arbetsmarknaden,
representation inom politiken och
utbyggd barnomsorg och föräldraförsäkring utvecklats.
Men flera rapporter har även genom
åren beskrivit och utrett mäns relation till jämställdhet,
och det pågår en stor utredning om
Sammanfattning
män och jämställdhet som presenteras i början
av 2014.
Den huvudsakliga strategin som används för
att nå de jämställdhetspolitiska målen är jämställdhetsintegrering,
vilket innebär att samtliga
beslut inom alla politikområden ska präglas av
ett jämställdhetsperspektiv.
Sedan mitten av 2000-talet följer regeringen
upp ungdomspolitiken genom indikatorer och
tematiska studier. Inom jämställdhetspolitiken
har redovisningen varierat genom åren men ett
nytt uppföljningssystem är under uppbyggnad.
Sedan 2012 presenterar Statistiska centralbyrån
indikatorer inom området.
Fokus 13 är indelad i kapitel som följer de fem
huvudområdena för ungdomspolitiken:
1. utbildning och lärande
2. arbete och försörjning
3. hälsa och utsatthet
4. inflytande och representation
5. kultur och fritid.
Inom dessa områden analyserar vi situationen
utifrån de jämställdhetspolitiska mål som är relevanta.
Vi beskriver också större förändringsarbeten
inom det aktuella området. Rapporten
avslutas med en diskussion och förslag på områden
som Ungdomsstyrelsen menar behöver
utvecklas.
Att belysa jämställdhet bland unga berör en
rad politikområden, vilket omöjliggör en uttömmande
beskrivning. I huvudsak utgår vi från
myndighetens egen kunskap i form av Ungdomsstyrelsens
återkommande ungdomsenkät
som riktar sig till ett slumpmässigt urval persofoto:
Colourbox.com
Inlaga.indd 7 2013-12-18 15:58:28
8
ner i åldern 16–25 år. Vi använder även Ungdomsstyrelsens
attityd- och värderingsstudie
som riktar sig till ett slumpmässigt urval unga i
åldern 16–29 år och vuxna från 35 år.
Utöver Ungdomsstyrelsens enkäter har vi använt
indikatorerna för ungdoms- och jämställdhetspolitiken
och kompletterat med statistik
och fördjupad kunskap från andra myndigheter.
Vi har också initierat fördjupningsstudier om
ungas oavlönade hem- och omsorgsarbete, om
grupprocesser, maskulinitet och våld samt om
Ungdomsstyrelsens egen bidragsgivning kopplad
till unga och jämställdhet.
En annan viktig kunskapskälla är de fokusgruppsintervjuer
som vi har gjort med unga i
högstadieskolor på fyra orter runtom i landet.
Syftet har varit att fånga vilka erfarenheter unga
har kring jämställdhet i sin vardag och hur de resonerar
i dessa frågor. I denna sammanfattning
lyfter vi fram några viktiga tendenser.
Ungas syn på jämställdhet
Vi beskriver ungas syn på jämställdhet utifrån
våra enkätstudier och den intervjustudie vi genomfört.
Våra enkäter visar att unga i högre grad
än äldre ser jämställdhet som en viktig samhällsfråga.
Samtidigt är det vanligare bland unga att
svara att jämställdheten har gått för långt. I alla
åldrar är det vanligare att tjejer och kvinnor har
en positiv inställning till jämställdhet.
• Jämställdhet lyfts fram som en av de tre viktigaste
samhällsfrågorna just nu av 19 procent
av tjejerna och 11 procent av killarna i åldern
16–29 år (2013). I gruppen 35–74 år är andelarna
endast 7 procent av kvinnorna och 5 procent
av männen.
• Det är få unga i åldern 16–25 år som inte tycker
att jämställdhet är viktigt, men det är vanligare
bland killar (8 procent jämfört med 2 procent
bland tjejer 2012).
• Det är något vanligare att unga tycker att jämställdheten
har gått för långt jämfört med äldre
2013. Det är också vanligare att killar och män
instämmer i detta jämfört med tjejer och kvinnor.
• Killar instämmer i större utsträckning än tjejer
i könsstereotypa påståenden. Bland killarna
i åldern 16–25 år instämmer 21 procent i påstå-
endet att män är bättre chefer än kvinnor jämfört
med 7 procent av tjejerna (2012). Det är även
17 procent av killarna som instämmer i att kvinnor
bör ta ett större ansvar än män för sysslor i
hemmet och 14 procent instämmer i att kvinnan
bör ta det största ansvaret för barnen i en familj
(jämfört med 6 respektive 7 procent av tjejerna).
Inom ramen för uppdraget har vi genomfört en
intervjustudie. Genom denna ges en översiktlig
bild av områden som unga själva lyfter fram
som viktiga.
• Många återkommer till att tjejer, av olika anledningar
och på olika sätt, inte tar lika mycket
plats som killar. Oron för att bli ifrågasatt, hånad
eller ansedd som dum bromsar många av tjejernas
vilja att ta det offentliga utrymmet i anspråk.
I killgrupperna beskrivs upplevelser av att inte
bli tagen på allvar eller att bli sedd som stökig
för att man är kille.
• De flesta av tjejerna betonar vikten av att klara
arbetet i skolan, medan resonemangen varierar
bland killarna.
Inlaga.indd 8 2013-12-18 15:58:28
9
• Tjejers och killars förhållningssätt till idrott
skiljer sig åt mellan olika skolor och intervjugrupper.
En del tjejer är fysiskt aktiva i olika
idrottsformer och på olika nivåer. En del tjejer
uppger dock att de slutat med idrott för att hinna
med skolan, något som inte förekommer bland
killarna. Många killar säger att de är fysiskt aktiva
i olika sporter, vissa uttrycker ambitioner att
bli professionella idrottare.
• Utseende är något som på olika sätt kommer
upp i tjejgrupperna. Oftast finns en komplexitet
där tjejerna både reflekterar och ifrågasätter feminina
utseendeideal samtidigt som de strävar
efter att leva upp till dessa. I de intervjuer vi
gjort med killar talar de inte själva om utseendet
på samma sätt.
• Killars beteenden i grupp diskuterades i några
av intervjuerna. Killars sätt att uttrycka sig genom
att vara del av en grupp som hörs och syns
framträder.
Det är tydligt att unga upplever att det finns
olika förväntningar på tjejer och killar i skolans
miljö. Skolan är en arena där ojämställdhet
skapas men där det även finns möjligheter att
genomföra förändringar för att uppnå ökad jämställdhet
bland unga.
Utbildning och lärande
Det ungdomspolitiska området utbildning och
lärande omfattar både formell och icke formell
utbildning samt informellt lärande. Att kvinnor
och män ska ha samma möjligheter och villkor
i fråga om utbildning ingår även i regeringens
jämställdhetspolitiska delmål om ekonomisk
jämställdhet. Inom området ser vi en rad skillnader
mellan tjejer och killar. Många skillnader
har varit stabila över en längre tid. Särskilt
utmärkande är de könsbundna studievalen, att
killar generellt har sämre resultat än tjejer inom
skolsystemets alla delar och en ökande stress
bland unga tjejer.
Vi ser att tjejer och killar trivs olika bra i skolan.
Det är vanligare att tjejer är stressade jämfört
med killar. Omvänt så upplever killar i nå-
got mindre utsträckning att tjejer och killar blir
rättvist behandlade av lärarna. Det är också en
lägre andel bland dem som är nöjda med sin utbildning.
• Det är vanligare bland tjejer i årskurs 7–9 att
tycka att det är roligt att gå till skolan, 67 procent
jämfört med 49 procent bland killarna (2012).
• Redan i årskurs 7–9 finns tendenser att tjejer
är mer stressade än killar. På gymnasienivå är
könsskillnaderna när man mäter stress markanta.
Bland unga som känner sig stressade varje
dag eller minst en gång i veckan är könsskillnaderna
störst för egna krav och förväntningar på
skolarbetet (55 procent av tjejerna, 33 procent
av killarna), läxor/hemuppgifter (63 procent
av tjejerna, 43 procent av killarna) och betyg
(46 procent av tjejerna, 27 procent av killarna)
(2012).
Inlaga.indd 9 2013-12-18 15:58:28
10
• Av killarna i årskurs 7–9 uppger 24 procent
att hälften eller mindre än hälften av lärarna behandlar
tjejer och killar rättvist, jämfört med 10
procent av tjejerna (2012).
• Bland unga i åldern 20–25 år uppger 66 procent
av tjejerna och 55 procent av killarna att de
är ganska eller mycket nöjda med sin utbildning
(2012).
Tjejer och kvinnor presterar i genomsnitt bättre
än killar och män på alla utbildningsnivåer –
från grundskolan, via gymnasieskolan och upp
till högskolan.
• I årskurs 9 fick tjejerna bättre betyg än killarna
i alla ämnen utom idrott och hälsa läsåret
2011/12. Tjejerna nådde målen i större utsträckning
och deras slutbetyg från gymnasieskolan
är också bättre än killarnas på samtliga 17 nationella
program i gymnasieskolan. Dock visar
uppföljningen av resultaten från våren 2013 på
den största förbättringen i killars resultat sedan
meritvärdessystemet infördes 1998.
• Med den nya gymnasieskolan (Gy2011)
skärptes behörighetskraven till gymnasieskolan,
främst till de högskoleförberedande programmen.
Detta ledde till ökade könskillnader.
Könsskillnaden är störst för naturvetenskapsoch
teknikprogrammet, 2013 var 85 procent av
tjejerna och 81 procent av killarna behöriga.
• Tjejer fullföljer sina studier i större utsträckning
än killar. Bland unga som började i gymnasieskolan
hösten 2009 hade 72 procent av tjejerna
och 66 procent av killarna slutfört studierna
inom tre läsår. Även inom högskolan har kvinnor
generellt sett en högre examensfrekvens än
män.
I gymnasieskolan och på högskolan studerar
tjejer och killar ofta skilda ämnen och utbildningar.
Könsfördelningen ligger vanligen utanför
intervallet 40–60 procent.
• Bland dem som slutförde gymnasiestudier
läsåret 2011/12 var det endast på det naturvetenskapliga
programmet som andelen tjejer och
killar fördelade sig jämnt.
• Några gymnasieutbildningar hade en särskilt
sned könsfördelning. På fordons-, bygg- samt
el- och energiprogrammen utgjorde killar mer
än 90 procent av dem som slutförde utbildningen
läsåret 2011/12. På hantverksprogrammet
utgjorde tjejer mer än 90 procent. Könsfördelningen
varierar också mellan olika inriktningar
inom programmen.
• Forskarutbildningen har gått från en stark manlig
dominans till en jämn könsfördelning. Andelen
kvinnor var endast 8 procent bland dem som
tog doktorsexamen 1969/70. Läsåret 2000/01
passerade dock andelen kvinnor 40 procent.
Inlaga.indd 10 2013-12-18 15:58:28
11
Arbete och försörjning
I kapitlet om arbete och försörjning beskriver
vi flera områden som är kopplade till ungas
etablering. De övergripande ungdomspolitiska
målen att alla unga ska ha verklig tillgång till
välfärd och inflytande har en stark koppling till
arbete och försörjning. Området är också centralt
i jämställdhetspolitiken och berörs särskilt
av delmålen om jämn fördelning av makt och
inflytande, ekonomisk jämställdhet och en jämn
fördelning av det obetalda hem- och omsorgsarbetet.
Tjejer etablerar sig senare i arbetslivet, arbetar
i högre grad deltid och uppger att familjebildning
påverkar yrkeslivet i större utsträckning än
killar. Det är något vanligare att killar är arbetslösa
och långtidsarbetslösa jämfört med tjejer.
Vi ser också skillnader i lön mellan könen.
• Etableringsåldern, det vill säga den ålder när
tre fjärdedelar av en årskull har arbete, låg 2012
på 28 år för tjejer och 26 år för killar.
• Bland sysselsatta i gruppen 20–24 år arbetade
över 50 procent av tjejerna deltid 2012, medan
motsvarande andel bland killarna i samma åldersgrupp
var 26 procent. Andelen som arbetar
deltid är lägre bland både kvinnor och män i äldre
åldersgrupper, men skillnaden mellan könen
är ännu större bland dem.
• I kvalitativa studier lyfter tjejer oftare än killar
fram att familjebildning kommer att påverka deras
framtida yrkesliv. Studier visar dock att tjejer
och killar lägger ungefär lika mycket tid på
det obetalda hem- och omsorgsarbetet, men att
de delvis ägnar sig åt olika sysslor. När unga blir
föräldrar uppstår däremot betydande skillnader
mellan könen.
• I grupperna 20–24 år och 25–29 år uppger 15
procent av killarna att de någon gång har varit
ofrivilligt arbetslösa i mer än sex månader, jämfört
med 10 procent av tjejerna (2013). Bland
de i åldern 18–24 år som har varit inskrivna hos
arbetsförmedlingen i mer än 6 månader var 56
procent killar och 44 procent tjejer 2012. Andelarna
var desamma 2011.
• Löneskillnaden mellan könen är större bland
äldre än bland yngre, men även bland unga 18–
24 år har killar en högre lön än tjejer om vi ser
till medellön (lönerna har räknats upp till heltid).
Löneskillnader kan, förutom kön, bero på
ett flertal aspekter som skillnader i arbetslivserfarenhet,
utbildning, diskriminering, yrke och
inom vilken sektor som arbetet utförs.
Det finns en tydlig könssegregation bland unga
på arbetsmarknaden, vilket återspeglar den uppdelning
vi ser inom utbildningsväsendet.
• Av de 30 vanligaste yrkeskategorierna bland
unga i åldern 16–24 år har endast tre en jämn
könsfördelning 2011 (inom spannet 40–60 procent).
Detsamma gäller för gruppen 25–29 år.
Tidigare analyser kring de trettio vanligaste yrkena
i gruppen 20–64 år visar att det är få yrkeskategorier
som har en jämn könsfördelning
(2010).
Det finns olika sätt att mäta ekonomisk utsatthet.
Vi ser att det är vanligare att tjejer har svårt
att betala löpande utgifter och att de i större
utsträckning tar emot pengar från närstående.
Omvänt är det vanligare att killar har så allvarliga
svårigheter med sin ekonomi att de riskerar
vräkning och att deras skulder blir föremål för
Kronofogden.
Inlaga.indd 11 2013-12-18 15:58:28
12
• Det var 18 procent av tjejerna i åldern 16–25 år
som vid flera tillfällen haft svårighet att betala
löpande utgifter under det senaste året, jämfört
med 14 procent av killarna 2012.
• I gruppen 16–19 år var det vanligare bland tjejer
än bland killar att under det senaste året ofta
ha fått ekonomisk hjälp av föräldrar eller annan
anhörig, 47 procent av tjejerna och 39 procent
av killarna (2012).
• Det var 5,3 procent av killarna i åldern 16–25
år som hade så allvarliga skulder att de var föremål
för indrivning hos Kronofogdemyndigheten
jämfört med 2,7 procent av tjejerna 2012.
En annan del av ungas etablering handlar om
boende där vi också ser vissa skillnader. Det är
vanligare bland killar i åldern 20–25 år att bo
kvar hemma hos sina föräldrar (44 procent jämfört
med 29 procent bland tjejerna). Bland tjejerna
är det 49 procent som bor i en egen hyresrätt
i första hand jämfört med 33 procent bland
killarna (2011).
Oavlönat hem- och
omsorgsarbete
På uppdrag av Ungdomsstyrelsen har Marie
Evertsson och Katarina Boye, vid Stockholms
universitet, genomfört en fördjupningsstudie
om ungas oavlönade hem- och omsorgsarbete.
De har studerat den tid som läggs på obetalt
arbete och inställningen till jämställdhet bland
tjejer och killar i åldern 19–30 år (2010). I studien
görs en jämförelse med motsvarande åldersgrupp
2000.
Resultaten visar att könsskillnaderna i gruppen
19–30 år i rutinartat hushållsarbete var små redan
2000 och minskade ytterligare till 2010. I
familjer med barn tycks könsskillnaderna däremot
ha ökat. Om det beror på sammansättningen
i urvalsgruppen eller om det tyder på mer stabila
förändringar i mammors och pappors ansvarsfördelning
är en fråga för framtida forskning.
• Inställningen till jämställdhet har varit relativ
stabil mellan 2000 och 2010. Runt 55 procent av
killarna och drygt 65 procent av tjejerna tycker
att det är mycket viktigt att satsa på ett samhälle
där kvinnor och män delar lika på ansvar för
hem och barn.
• Fördelningen av hushållsarbetet bland unga
har blivit mer jämn mellan 2000 och 2010. Detta
beror framför allt på att tjejerna minskat tiden
för rutinartat hushållsarbete. I genomsnitt ägnade
tjejerna 10,5 timmar och killarna 9,0 timmar
per vecka åt hushållsarbete (2010).
• Killar ägnar mindre tid än tjejer åt rutinartat
hushållsarbete men det är vanligare att killar
hjälper anhöriga och släktingar utanför hemmet
med hushållsarbete (inklusive reparationer och
underhåll).
• Kvinnors hushållsarbetstid ökar betydligt när
de blir föräldrar och är som störst när barnet
är under två år. Hushållsarbetstiden ökar ytterligare
för kvinnan om familjen får fler barn.
Mäns tid ökar i lägre grad när de får sitt första
barn, sjunker lite med barnets ålder och ökar
inte heller med ytterligare barn. Resultaten visar
att tjejer med barn hushållsarbetar i högre grad
än killar, även om de arbetar lika många timmar
på arbetsmarknaden och har lika hög lön som
killarna. Detta tyder på att den ojämna arbetsdelningen
inte främst är ekonomiskt motiverad.
Inlaga.indd 12 2013-12-18 15:58:28
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Hälsa och utsatthet
För att beskriva ungas hälsa analyserar vi självskattad
hälsa, psykiskt välmående, psykosomatiska
symptom och trygghet. En stor del av kapitlet fokuserar
på våld och utsatthet eftersom delmålet om
att stoppa mäns våld mot kvinnor samt rätten till
kroppslig integritet är det som är högst prioriterat
inom jämställdhetspolitiken.
En majoritet av de unga mår bra, men det finns
samtidigt betydande andelar som inte gör det. Killar
uppger ett bättre allmänt hälsotillstånd än tjejer
och är i större utsträckning nöjda med sin hälsosituation.
Det är vanligare att tjejer oroar sig för sitt
utseende, sin vikt och att inte duga.
• Det egna allmänna hälsotillståndet bedöms som
bra eller mycket bra av 75 procent av tjejerna och
81 procent av killarna i åldern 16–25 år. Omvänt bedömer
7 procent av tjejerna och 4 procent av killarna
sin hälsa som ganska eller mycket dålig. Könsskillnaderna
är störst i gruppen 16–19 år (2012).
• Bland tjejer i åldern 16–29 år oroar sig 23 procent
ofta för sitt utseende och 28 procent oroar sig ofta
för sin vikt (6 respektive 8 procent bland killar). I
samma åldersgrupp oroar sig 25 procent av tjejerna
för att inte duga jämfört med 11 procent av killarna.
Mellan 16 och 29 år tycks dock killars oro tillta nå-
got med ökad ålder, medan tjejers oro istället minskar
något (2013).
Könsskillnaderna är påtagliga när vi tittar på psykisk
ohälsa och stressrelaterade symptom. Framfö-
rallt tjejer har haft en negativ hälsoutveckling sedan
slutet på 1980-talet, även om trenden är tydlig
också för killar fast från ett lägre utgångsläge. Vi
ser tendenser till att tjejer och killar hanterar psykisk
ohälsa på olika sätt och att ohälsan har olika
konsekvenser.
• Andelen som uppger att de är stressade flera
gånger i veckan är 50 procent bland tjejerna
och 24 procent bland killarna i åldern 16–25 år.
Bland tjejerna är 17 procent stressade varje dag
jämfört med 5 procent bland killarna (2012).
• Under 2012 uppgav 25 procent av tjejerna i
åldern 16–24 år att de lider av ängslan, oro eller
ångest, jämfört med 14 procent av killarna.
Jämfört med 1988/89 så har dessa andelar nästan
tredubblats för tjejer och mer än tredubblats
för killar. Konsekvenserna av psykiska besvär
tycks även vara större för tjejer.
• En jämförelse bland 16–29-åringar visar att
det mellan 2002 och 2013 har skett en viss ökning
av andelen unga som uppger att de ofta har
svårt att somna, lider av huvudvärk eller har ont
i magen.
• Tjejer och killar som mår dåligt hanterar i viss
mån sin situation på olika sätt. Killar uppger i
mindre utsträckning än tjejer att de pratar med
personer i sin omgivning när de mår dåligt. De
söker även stöd hos vuxna utanför familjen i
mindre utsträckning än tjejer. Intervjustudier
tyder också på att killar är mindre verbala än
tjejer när de söker stöd. Det finns också starka
samband mellan ekonomiska svårigheter och
psykisk ohälsa, i synnerhet bland tjejer. Bland
både tjejer och killar är oro för och brist på inflytande
kring den egna ekonomin förenat med
högre grad av psykisk ohälsa.
• Användningen av antidepressiva läkemedel
har ökat bland både tjejer och killar mellan 2007
och 2012. Under 2012 tog 4,4 procent av tjejerna
och 2,3 procent av killarna i gruppen 15–19
år antidepressiva läkemedel.
Inlaga.indd 13 2013-12-18 15:58:28
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• Trots att tjejer i större utsträckning än killar
lider av psykiska besvär och vårdas för självmordsförsök
är 70 procent av de som faktiskt
avlider till följd av självmord i åldern 15–24
år killar. Killar är även överrepresenterande i
samband med alkohol- och narkotikarelaterade
dödsfall samt i fordonsolyckor med dödlig utgång.
Ungas våldsutsatthet och våldsutövande är
betydligt högre än för andra åldersgrupper. Tjejers
och killars våldsutsatthet ser många gånger
olika ut, gemensamt är dock att förövarna i stor
utsträckning är killar och män. Trots detta förbises
ofta både ålder och kön i analyser och diskussioner
om våld.
• Av killar i åldern 16–24 år uppger 9 procent
att de utsatts för misshandel under det senaste
halvåret 2012 jämfört med 4 procent av tjejerna.
I gruppen 19–24 år var risken nästan fem gånger
så hög bland killar som bland tjejer att hamna
på sjukhus till följd av våldsskador under 2011.
• Enkätstudier visar att 89 procent av alla misshandelsförövare
i gruppen 16–24 år var killar
och 11 procent var tjejer under perioden 2009–
2011. Bland offren för misshandel i åldersgruppen
var 71 procent killar och 29 procent tjejer.
• Det finns betydande variationer inom ungdomsgruppen
när det gäller utsatthet för våld.
Ungdomsstyrelsen har i tidigare utredningar visat
att unga hbtq-personer och tjejer och killar
med funktionsnedsättning är extra utsatta. De
upplever sämre hälsa och har i större utsträckning
än andra utsatts för hot och våld.
Killar drabbas framförallt av fysiskt våld från
en okänd förövare på allmän plats, medan tjejer
i större utsträckning är utsatta för våld i bostaden,
på arbetet eller i skolan.
• Tjejer är i högre grad utsatta för våld i nära
relationer än killar. Unga ensamstående mammor
är i högre grad drabbade än andra studerade
grupper. Av de tjejer som utsattes för misshandel
under 2011 uppger 22 procent att våldet skett i
bostaden och 28 procent uppger att förövaren
var en närstående (jämfört med 6 respektive 3
procent av de utsatta killarna). Det är även en
högre andel av de tjejer som utsatts för hot och
trakasserier som har utsatts av en närstående
jämfört med andelen killar.
• Unga tjejer är överrepresenterade som offer för
sexualbrott och förövaren är många gånger en
jämnårig eller något äldre kille. Bland tjejer i åldern
16–24 år uppger 3,4 procent att de har varit
utsatta för sexualbrott jämfört med 0,5 procent
bland killar (2011).
• Den upplevda otryggheten och rädslan för att
vistas i det offentliga rummet kvällstid är betydligt
vanligare hos tjejer än hos killar. En större
andel tjejer än killar upplever även att otryggheten
påverkar deras livskvalitet. Så många som
29 procent av tjejerna i åldern 16–24 år uppger
att de under det senaste året ofta valt att ta en
annan väg eller ett annat färdsätt på grund av
oro att utsättas för brott jämfört med 5 procent
av killarna (2012).
• Bland unga i åldern 16–25 år uppger 33 procent
av killarna och 16 procent av tjejerna att de
tycker det är okej att andra har sex mot ersättning
(2012). I ungdomsenkäten 2012 uppger 2,1
procent av killarna och 0,8 procent av tjejerna
Inlaga.indd 14 2013-12-18 15:58:28
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att de själva har erfarenhet av att ta emot ersättning
för sex. En betydande andel av dem som
köper sex av unga är själva unga och den största
andelen är män.
• Av de våldtäkter mot personer över 18 år som
anmäldes under 2012 var offren i 96 procent av
fallen kvinnor och 98 procent av de misstänkta
förövarna var män. Mer än hälften (53 procent)
av förövarna var killar mellan 15 och 29 år.
• Det är fyra gånger så vanligt att tjejer får ovälkomna
sexuella förslag på nätet jämfört med
killar. Under 2012 hade 44 procent av tjejerna i
åldern 16–25 år någon gång varit med om att en
person på nätet försökt förmå dem att prata om
sex, skicka bilder eller agera framför en webbkamera
mot deras vilja jämfört med 12 procent
av killarna.
Grupper, maskuliniteter och våld
På uppdrag av Ungdomsstyrelsen har Tove Pettersson,
vid kriminologiska institutionen på
Stockholms universitet, gått igenom forskning
som belyser gruppens betydelse för ungas våldsutövande
och skapandet av maskulinitet. Hon
belyser likheter mellan vardagliga situationer i
exempelvis skolan och mer allvarliga våldsbrott
som begås av killar och män i grupp.
Analysen visar hur användandet av våld mot
någon inför en grupp kan vara betydelsefullt
för att uppnå status. Grupperna i studien präglas
av en stark manlig, homosocial gemenskap,
där lojalitet värderas högt. Homofobi och den
symboliska betydelse som "bögen" tillskrivs är
centralt i studierna. Sexistiska och nedvärderande
attityder och beteenden mot kvinnor är också
framträdande.
Hotet om att själv bli utsatt genom att inte leva
upp till de krav på maskulinitet som gruppen
ställer har en stark disciplinerande effekt. Forskare
inom skilda fält påtalar hur normer kring
dominans, överordning, styrka eller att inte vara
feg ofta präglar maskulinitetskonstruktioner.
Flera av de normer som förknippas med brottslighet
är värderingar som även återfinns bland
killar i andra sammanhang.
Sammantaget visar genomgången att killars
och mäns tillvaro många gånger är begränsad.
Små avvikelser från de maskulina normerna,
exempelvis genom att göra något som uppfattas
som feminint, kan lätt leda till trakasserier
och begränsade möjligheter att få delta i kamratgruppen
på lika villkor. Detta får betydelse
även i andra i sammanhang och både tjejer och
andra killar utsätts för killgruppernas maskulinitetskonstruktioner
genom såväl sexism som
våldsbrott.
Det här innebär att gruppen är viktig i
våldsförebyggande arbete, framför allt i ungdomsgruppen
och då speciellt för killar. Dels
för att gruppen är särskilt betydelsefull under
ungdomsåren, dels för att killar i grupp tycks
konstruera maskulinitet som är starkare förknippad
med dominans, överordning och våld än det
som sker individuellt.
Därför är det angeläget att utveckla våldspreventivt
arbete med särskilt fokus på grupper.
Flera våldspreventiva program från andra länder
har också ett inslag av ett åskådarperspektiv, där
fokus ligger på agerandet hos närvarande som
inte själva deltar i våldshändelsen.
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Inflytande och
representation
Inflytande och representation är nära kopplat till
huvudmålen inom både jämställdhetspolitiken
och ungdomspolitiken. Det ungdomspolitiska
målet anger att unga ska ha verklig tillgång till
inflytande och välfärd och det jämställdhetspolitiska
målet att kvinnor och män ska ha makt
att forma samhället och sina egna liv. Vår studie
visar att tjejer och killar i lika stor utsträckning
uppger intresse för samhällsfrågor och vad som
händer i andra länder (2012). Vi ser dock att tjejers
och killars erfarenheter i andra avseenden
skiljer sig åt:
• En högre andel killar än tjejer uppger att de är
intresserade av politik, 45 procent jämfört med
31 procent (2012). Skillnaden har ökat de senaste
åren. När vi undersöker faktiska politiska
aktiviteter framstår det istället som att tjejer i
något högre grad är aktiva.
• En högre andel tjejer än killar i åldern 20–25
år uppger att de vill vara med och påverka lokalt
2012 (43 respektive 38 procent). Av de som inte
vill vara med och påverka är det en större andel
tjejer än killar i åldern 16–25 år som uppger att
det är för att de kan för lite om hur de ska bete
sig (27 procent respektive 16 procent).
• Killar i åldern 16–25 år var i högre grad än
tjejer benägna att chatta, debattera och kommentera
politik på internet 2012 (22 respektive
11 procent). Tjejer väljer i större utsträckning
än killar att köpa vissa produkter av politiska,
etiska eller miljömässiga skäl (35 respektive 27
procent).
• En något högre andel tjejer än killar röstar i
nationella val. Samtidigt var det fler killar än
tjejer, 18–25 år, som nominerades och valdes
in i riksdag och landstingsfullmäktige 2010. I
kommunfullmäktigevalen var könsfördelningen
nästan jämn. Det är vanligare att tjejer hoppar av
sina politiska uppdrag än att killar gör det.
• Samtliga politiska ungdomsförbund, utom
Grön ungdom och Ung vänster, hade fler killar
än tjejer som medlemmar 2011. Könsfördelningen
håller sig dock inom spannet 40–60
procent för alla ungdomsförbund utom Ung pirat
och Sverigedemokratisk ungdom (SDU) som
har en fördelning på 80–85 procent killar och
15–20 procent tjejer, samt Grön ungdom med en
fördelning på 61 procent tjejer och 39 procent
killar.
Ungdomsstyrelsens
bidragsgivning till unga
och jämställdhet
En av Ungdomsstyrelsens centrala uppgifter är
att ge bidrag till ideella organisationer. Vi har
i denna studie analyserat ansökningar och slutrapporter
för projekt som under de senaste fem
åren haft ett jämställdhetssyfte och som riktat
sig till unga.
Kartläggningen visar att flest projekt som beviljats
bidrag har arbetat för det jämställdhetspolitiska
delmålet om lika makt och inflytande.
Det näst vanligaste är att arbeta för att mäns våld
mot kvinnor ska upphöra, där de flesta projekt
drivits av tjej- och kvinnojourer eller syftat till
att motverka hedersrelaterat våld. Få projekt
syftar till ekonomisk jämställdhet och det finns
inga projekt som arbetar för en jämnare fördelning
av det obetalda hemarbetet bland unga.
De flesta projekt i kartläggningen har tagit
fram metodmaterial, genomfört utbildningar för
unga och yrkesverksamma samt kompetensutvecklat
personer i den egna verksamheten. Det
Inlaga.indd 16 2013-12-18 15:58:28
17
har blivit vanligare att arbeta med jämställdhet
utifrån ett normkritiskt perspektiv mellan 2008
och 2012 och flera projekt syftar till att utjämna
maktstrukturer i den egna organisationen.
Många projekt riktar sig till "alla" unga eller
syftar till att stärka tjejer, men få projekt har
främst killar som målgrupp. Det finns en risk
att jämställdhetsarbete blir en fråga för endast
kvinnor eller tjejer. Villkoren för de olika bidrag
som fördelas påverkar i sig utfallet av de projekt
som drivs av organisationer i det civila samhället.
Inom många bidragsformer finns det särskilt
avsatta medel för exempelvis kvinnor.
Kultur och fritid
Den fria tiden är en viktig arena för ungas lärande
och självförverkligande. I regeringens strategi
för ungdomspolitiken framhålls tillgången till
kultur som grundläggande i en demokrati samt
som ett kraftfullt redskap för ett aktivt deltagande
i samhället. Idrotten är också en viktig del av
många ungas fritid. Det jämställdhetspolitiska
delmål som ligger närmast detta område handlar
om jämn fördelning av makt och inflytande.
Det är vanligare bland tjejer att uppleva att de
har för lite fritid och tjejer är även i mindre utsträckning
aktiva i föreningar. Killar tycks värdera
fritidsaktiviteter högre.
• Det är vanligare att tjejer upplever att de har
för lite fritid och nivåerna har varit relativt stabila
mellan 2004 och 2012. Bland tjejer i åldern
16–25 år uppgav 42 procent att de hade för lite
fritid, jämfört med 28 procent bland killarna
(2012).
• Tjejer och killar är ungefär lika nöjda med sin
fritid, men det är vanligare att tjejer i åldern 16–
25 år har avstått från att besöka en fritidsaktivitet
på grund av rädsla för att bli dåligt bemött,
17 procent av tjejerna och 12 procent av killarna
(2012).
• Fritiden är det som värderas högst på frågan
om vad som är viktigast just nu bland unga i
åldern 16–24 år, före andra områden som parförhållande,
fast arbete och bilda familj. På frå-
gan om vad som ger livet mest mening var familjen
det vanligaste svarsalternativet för såväl
tjejer som killar i åldern 16–29 år. Bland killar
var fritiden det näst vanligaste svarsalternativet
(21 procent) medan det bland tjejer istället var
vänner (16 procent) följt av fritid (7 procent)
(2013).
Många tjejer och killar idrottar och motionerar,
men det sker delvis i olika sammanhang och
i olika utsträckning. Killar är överrepresenterade
inom föreningsidrotten samtidigt som det är
något vanligare bland tjejer att motionera. Tjejer
lämnar föreningsidrotten i större utsträckning än
killar när de kommer upp i tonåren.
• Andelen tjejer som motionerar minst en gång i
veckan har legat runt 80 procent de senaste åren
(2008–2012) medan andelen killar har varit nå-
got lägre, runt 70 procent.
• Killar är överrepresenterade inom föreningsidrotten.
Bland det totala antalet deltagartillfällen
2011 var könsfördelningen 61 procent killar
och 39 procent tjejer. Andelen aktiva tjejer
minskar med ökad ålder.
• I många fall är män överrepresenterade på ledande
positioner inom idrotten.
• Vissa idrotter är tydligt könskodade. De tre
specialförbund som har flest deltagartillfällen är
fotboll, innebandy och ishockey. Det är också
Inlaga.indd 17 2013-12-18 15:58:28
18
de specialförbund som har lägst andel tjejer och
högst andel killar som deltagare. Ridsport och
gymnastik är de specialförbund där främst tjejer
deltar, men dessa har betydligt färre deltagartillfällen.
• Tjejer med utländsk bakgrund är den grupp
som i minst utsträckning är representerad inom
föreningsidrotten. Unga hbtq-personer har betydligt
lägre deltagande än övriga inom motion
och idrott. Killar som identifierar sig som heterosexuella
deltar i föreningsidrotten i större
utsträckning än killar med annan sexuell tillhö-
righet.
Tjejer är i högre grad aktiva kulturutövare och
utövar i ungdomsåren fler kulturformer samtidigt
jämfört med killar. I åldern 13–25 år är killar
dock överrepresenterade i de verksamheter
som får offentligt stöd.
• Inom breda kulturområden som att sjunga,
spela musik, dansa och utöva teater är tjejer i
åldern 16–25 år mer aktiva än killar minst en
gång i veckan, 38 procent jämfört med 29 procent
(2012).
• Tjejer deltar i större utsträckning i dans, skrivande
och teater på sin fritid, medan killar i
större utsträckning deltar i musikaktiviteter
(2010). Bland tjejerna i åldern 16–25 år var det
även 21 procent som var aktiva i minst tre av
kulturaktiviteterna musik, dans, bild, skrivande
eller teater någon gång det senaste året jämfört
med 8 procent bland killarna. Andelen som inte
hade utövat någon av de nämnda aktiviteterna
på sin fritid var 39 procent bland killarna och 24
procent bland tjejerna (2010).
• Sett till antal deltagare är tjejer överrepresenterade
inom musik- och kulturskolans verksamhet
2012 (69 procent jämfört med 31 procent killar). I
verksamheten deltar främst barn under 13 år. I studieförbundens
studiecirkelsverksamhet med kulturinriktning
för unga i åldern 13–24 år är förhållandet
istället det motsatta, 40 procent tjejer jämfört med
60 procent killar (2012).
• Läsförståelsen hos unga har minskat generellt.
Ungefär en fjärdedel av de 15-åriga killarna i Sverige
saknade funktionell läsförmåga 2010. Bland
unga med de lägsta resultaten i Sverige är andelen
killar betydligt högre än andelen tjejer (24 respektive
10 procent).
I fördelningen av statliga offentliga medel till
ungas organisering, idrott och kultur i åldersgruppen
13–25 år får killar den största andelen.
• Det offentliga stödet till idrotten går huvudsakligen
till föreningsidrott, där en högre andel killar
än tjejer är aktiva. Den senaste mätningen visar att
killar står för drygt 60 procent av deltagartillfällena
och tjejer för knappt 40 procent 2011.
• En stor del av statens stöd till ungas kulturutövande
går genom studieförbundens studiecirklar. I studiecirklarna
med kulturinriktning finns en liknande
övervikt av killar, 60 procent killar och 40 procent
tjejer i åldern 13–24 år deltog i sådana cirklar 2012.
• Ungdomsstyrelsen kan se att antalet tjejer och
killar ökar bland det totala antalet medlemmar
som finns i de ungdomsorganisationer vi fördelar
statsbidrag till. Dock verkar fördelningen här bli
alltmer skev, 2010 var 47 procent av organisationernas
medlemmar tjejer och 53 procent killar. Två
år senare var 41 procent tjejer och 59 procent killar
(2012).
Inlaga.indd 18 2013-12-18 15:58:28
19
Förändringsarbete inom
de fem huvudområdena
I varje kapitel ger vi en sammanfattande bild av
jämställdhetssatsningar som har riktats till unga
i åldern 13–25 år, med fokus på de senaste fem
åren.
Utbildning och lärande är ett område där jämställdhetsarbetet
har belysts grundligt relativt
nyligen både inom grund- och gymnasieskolan
och inom högskolan. Flera initiativ har tagits
på utbildningssystemets olika nivåer, både i
form av särskilda satsningar och i form av att
integrera jämställdhetsperspektivet i ordinarie
verksamhet och utbildningar. Det finns dock
tendenser att de särskilda satsningar som görs
blir kortsiktiga och inte lyckas skapa långsiktig
förändring. Vi ser också att unga själva sällan
involveras mer direkt i det jämställdhetsarbete
som bedrivs i skolans värld.
Inom området arbete och försörjning är initiativ
för ökad jämställdhet bland unga inom arbetslivet
ett underutvecklat område. Det finns
få studier som belyser dessa frågor på djupet,
och vi ser få initiativ för ökad jämställdhet bland
unga inom detta fält. Detta märks både i en genomgång
av arbetet inom ramen för Program
för hållbar jämställdhet (HÅJ) som Sveriges
Kommuner och Landsting driver 2008–2013 för
att stödja arbetet med jämställdhetsintegrering
på lokal och regional nivå, och i de många ungdomsprojekt
som delfinansierats av Europeiska
socialfonden under 2007–2013.
Vi har i rapportens kapitel om hälsa och utsatthet
särskilt fokuserat på ungas psykiska ohälsa
och arbete kopplat till att förhindra mäns våld
mot kvinnor samt rätt till kroppslig integritet.
Det finns betydande satsningar för att synkronisera
samhällets insatser kopplade till barns och
ungas psykiska ohälsa och för att stärka elevhälsans
arbete. Unga är också särskilt prioriterade
i psykiatrisatsningen 2012–2016. För att stärka
arbetet att bekämpa mäns våld mot kvinnor har
regeringen arbetat utifrån tre handlingsplaner
och under 2011–2014 arbetar de med fokusområden
som bland annat handlar om stärkt samordning,
åtgärder mot sexuellt våld, prostitution
och människohandel samt stärkt förebyggande
arbete.
Det finns flera initiativ och satsningar som
handlar om ungas inflytande och representation,
dock finns det få satsningar som är riktade
specifikt mot unga som också är kopplat
till jämställdhet. En viktig lärdom är att även
om olika aktörer och myndigheter arbetar med
både jämställdhet och inflytande bland unga, så
är dessa områden sällan sammanlänkade. Istället
finns flera exempel på hur aktörer inom det
civila samhället bedrivit arbetet där båda dimensionerna
finns med samtidigt. Vi ser det bland
annat genom att Ungdomsstyrelsens stöd till
projekt på temat unga och jämställdhet i mycket
hög grad varit inriktade mot ungas inflytande
och representation.
När det gäller ungas kulturaktiviteter och fritid,
så har vissa initiativ tagits för att öka jämställdheten
bland unga. Det finns både lokala
exempel och nationella initiativ för att öka jämställdheten
inom idrotten och kulturlivet. Vår
undersökning visar dock att arbetet inom båda
dessa områden har en lång bit kvar innan vi
uppnår en jämställd fritid för tjejer och killar.
Förändringsarbetet inom idrotten kan inte sägas
ha kommit särskilt långt (samtidigt som tjejer är
överrepresenterade bland styrelseledamöter under
30 år i centrala styrelser) och de satsningar
som har gjorts inom kulturområdet berör endast
delvis unga 13–25 år och inte alltid med ett jämställdhetsperspektiv
som en del av arbetet. Den
samlade kunskapen om ungas fritid på nätet är
också bitvis låg och kan utvecklas framåt.
Inlaga.indd 19 2013-12-18 15:58:29
20
En viktig fråga är också hur vi skapar goda
förutsättningar för att ta tillvara erfarenheter
och kunskaper från de satsningar som görs på
jämställdhet. Här finns det positiva initiativ som
portalen www.jamstall.nu där man hittar exempel
inom området. Samtidigt ser vi att arbetet
med att ta tillvara kunskaper och erfarenheter
har kommit olika långt. Exempelvis finns många
utredningar och utvärderingar om jämställhetsarbetet
inom skolan, men desto färre som belyser
situationen för unga inom både arbetslivet
och på fritiden.
Diskussion och förslag
Det är inte möjligt att enkelt konstatera hur det
ser ut när det gäller jämställdhet bland unga i
Sverige. Jämställdhet är mångfacetterat och
orsakssamband ofta komplexa. Det genomförs
också en rad olika typer av analyser inom området.
Det finns flera olika index för att mäta
och jämföra jämställdhetssituationen på internationell
nivå. Genom åren har det tagits fram ett
tiotal sådana mått. Sverige och flera andra nordiska
länder brukar placera sig högt i sådana mätningar.
I vår rapport ser vi både positiva och negativa
trender när det gäller jämställdhet bland
unga. Vissa skillnader mellan könen är istället
relativt konstanta över tid. Inom flera områden
framträder dock en mer komplex bild som gör
det svårt att entydigt tala om förbättringar eller
försämringar.
När det gäller ungas inställning till jämställdhet
har denna varit stabil under 2000–talet.
Unga generellt värderar jämställdhet som en
viktigare fråga än äldre. Stödet för jämställdhet
är mer utbrett bland tjejer och kvinnor än bland
killar och män.
Bland positiva trender finns en alltmer jämn
könsfördelning bland unga doktorander vid universitet
och högskolor. Segregationen mellan
könen i vilka program de läser på gymnasiet är
stor, men har minskat något de senaste tio åren.
Bland negativa trender finns särskilt tjejers hälsoutveckling
sedan 1980-talet. Nya behörighetsregler
i gymnasiet verkar också förstärka
skillnaderna mellan könen i vilka program de
läser, vilket är en utveckling som behöver följas
framöver.
Vi ser genom rapporten att ojämställdhet begränsar
både tjejer och killar, och att de har olika
handlingsutrymme i många sammanhang. Tjejer
och killar möter skilda förväntningar i skolan,
både från personal och från andra elever, vilket
riskerar att förstärka skillnaderna mellan könen.
Här verkar det också finnas betydande variationer
mellan skolor när det gäller lokala normer
för tjejer och killar. Det är viktigt att skolan är en
plats där alla kan mötas av likvärdiga förväntningar.
Att det finns en betydande segregering i
val av utbildning, av yrke såväl som av fritidsaktiviteter
är en indikation på de begränsningar
som kan finnas.
Inom flera områden har tjejer sämre levnadsvillkor.
Psykisk ohälsa och stress är särskilt utbrett.
Det gäller även utsatthet för sexuellt våld
och våld i nära relationer. Familjebildning tenderar
också att få större konsekvenser för tjejer
i relation till både arbetslivet och till det oavlö-
nade hem- och omsorgsarbetet. Bland killar är
det vanligare med allvarligare ekonomiska problem,
och de är överrepresenterade när det gäller
våldsutövande och även utsatthet för många
former av våld. Vi ser hur maskulinitetsnormer
påverkar våld och även hur killar verbaliserar,
eller inte verbaliserar sitt mående.
Inlaga.indd 20 2013-12-18 15:58:29
21
Jämställdhetspolitiken tar sin utgångspunkt
i relationen mellan könen och den ojämna fördelningen
av makt och inflytande. Det är viktigt
att också uppmärksamma att det finns personer
som varken identifierar sig som tjejer eller killar,
och att analyser ofta har en heterosexuell
utgångspunkt och kärnfamiljen som modell.
De statistiska undersökningar som finns är väldigt
begränsade när det gäller att fördjupa vår
kunskap om levnadsvillkoren för flera delar av
ungdomsgruppen som vi vet lever i en särskilt
utsatt situation. Här behövs fortsatta kvalitativa
studier för att spegla villkoren och kunna formulera
relevanta politiska frågor.
Förändringsarbetet har kommit olika långt
om vi ser till huvudområdena i ungdomspolitiken.
Inom utbildning och lärande har många
satsningar och utredningar gjorts och det finns
mycket samlad erfarenhet och kunskap för ett
fortsatt arbete. För arbete och försörjning ser vi
att det har varit ovanligt med initiativ för ökad
jämställdhet för unga. Inom hälsa och utsatthet
kan vi konstatera att det finns betydande satsningar
för att utveckla de insatser som ges, och
att barn och unga är särskilt prioriterade i satsningen
kring psykisk ohälsa 2012–2016, dock
saknas ett tydligt jämställdhetsperspektiv. Flera
initiativ har tagits för att stärka kunskapen och
insatserna inom området unga och våld. Ungdomsstyrelsen
har sedan tidigare lagt flera förslag
hur detta arbete kan förstärkas ytterligare.
Inom inflytande och representation finns det
få offentliga initiativ som kombinerar frågorna
om ungas inflytande och jämställdhet. Detta är
istället vanligare bland aktörer inom det civila
samhället, som också får stöd från det offentliga
bland annat genom Ungdomsstyrelsen och
Allmänna arvsfonden. Inom området kultur och
fritid finns lokala exempel och nationella initiativ
för att öka jämställdheten inom idrotten och
kulturlivet. Vi ser att arbetet inom idrotten kan
utvecklas och att satsningar inom kulturen endast
delvis når unga.
För ett långsiktigt arbete behöver projekt och
särskilda initiativ pågå samtidigt som jämställdhetsintegreringsarbetet.
Kunskaper och erfarenheter
från förändringsarbete skulle kunna samlas
på ett mer systematiskt sätt än idag. Vi ser
också behov av att killar och mäns engagemang
behöver höjas inom jämställdhetspolitiken för
att nå långsiktig förändring.
Ungdomsstyrelsen lägger sex förslag som kan
komplettera och vidareutveckla arbetet och kunskapsutvecklingen
för ökad jämställdhet mellan
tjejer och killar:
• Synliggör barn och unga i uppföljningen av
jämställdhetspolitiken
• Förtydliga jämställdhetsperspektivet i satsningen
kring psykisk ohälsa 2012–2016
• Granska arbetsmarknadsåtgärder utifrån ett
jämställdhetsperspektiv
• Förstärk arbetet mot sexuella trakasserier i
skolan
• Fokus på grupper och maskulinitet i forskning
och i ett avgränsat försök med våldspreventivt
program i Sverige
• Utveckla indikatorerna för uppföljning av ungas
kultur och fritid, och därmed möjligheterna
att följa upp jämställdheten på området.
Unga vid Vändpunkten. Att arbeta med ungdomar vars föräldrar missbrukar
Ungdomars psykosociala hälsa
Ungdomsvård på hemmaplan. Idéerna, framväxten, praktiken
Juveniles who are rowdy, who commit crime, abuse drugs, have difficulty functioning in school or in the home are the subject of constant attention: from indignant voices in newspaper reports, to demands in parliament for action, all the way to the informal conversations at the lunch table and in the home in front of the television. This dissertation is about society's attempts to normalize them, in a time when institutional care has gained a bad reputation. All over the western world there are attempts to replace institutions with qualified non-institutional measures. In Sweden a rather broad range of activities has emerged under designations such as home-based solutions, intermediary care or simply alternatives to institutional care. Among these we can find both all-embracing and innovative endeavours and more limited expansions of established patterns of thought. Although there are numerous studies of individual ventures, often in the form of project evaluations, there are no approaches with an overall perspective on the field. This dissertation seeks to remedy this by studying ideas articulated when activities are planned and how daily life between juveniles and employees is formed in a typical home-based solution. These studies are conceptualized through a description of the development of juvenile care during the 20th century. The study is based on the methods of discourse analysis and focuses on how communication is shaped and given a specific function in an institutional order. The first study shows how the social worker as a rescuing subject is linked with the juvenile as an object needing rescue through the technology involved in the home-based solution. Four main forms of home-based care are identified in accordance with the way they relate to the mother organization (integrated free-standing), and the way they handle problems that arise (ad hoc a priori). The study of the special school "Pilen" analyses in detail how everyday life is shaped and maintained. Therapeutic work is perceived in the dissertation as actions accompanied by power with the intention of achieving dominance within a social space. In the special school it becomes evident how the employees' claims for power encounter the juveniles' counter-power, and how this is expressed in a reciprocal positioning game. The juveniles often have great potential to neutralize the employees' direct interventions. At the same time, they have little opportunity to change the social and cultural framework which dictates why they are there and hence also little opportunity to avoid being captured in the category of "problem children". In this way the special school was simultaneously a sanctuary from the excessive pressures of ordinary school and a place of banishment from it, and from what is perceived as the reference of normality.
Universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes for children and adolescents: Cochrane systematic reviews
AIMS:
Alcohol misuse by young people causes significant health and social harm, including death and disability. Therefore, prevention of youth alcohol misuse is a policy aim in many countries. Our aim was to examine the effectiveness of (1) school-based, (2) family-based and (3) multi-component universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes in children and adolescents.
METHODS:
Three Cochrane systematic reviews were performed: searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Project CORK and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials up to July 2010, including randomised trials evaluating universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes in school, family or multiple settings in youths aged 18 years or younger. Two independent reviewers identified eligible studies and any discrepancies were resolved via discussion.
RESULTS:
A total of 85 trials were included in the reviews of school (n = 53), family (n = 12) and multi-component (n = 20) programmes. Meta-analysis was not performed due to study heterogeneity. Most studies were conducted in North America. Risk of bias assessment revealed problems related to inappropriate unit of analysis, moderate to high attrition, selective outcome reporting and potential confounding. Certain generic psychosocial and life skills school-based programmes were effective in reducing alcohol use in youth. Most family-based programmes were effective. There was insufficient evidence to conclude that multiple interventions provided additional benefit over single interventions.
CONCLUSIONS:
In these Cochrane reviews, some school, family or multi-component prevention programmes were shown to be effective in reducing alcohol misuse in youths. However, these results warrant a cautious interpretation, since bias and/or contextual factors may have affected the trial results. Further research should replicate the most promising studies identified in these reviews and pay particular attention to content and context factors through rigorous evaluation.
Universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes for children and adolescents: Cochrane systematic reviews.
AIMS:
Alcohol misuse by young people causes significant health and social harm, including death and disability. Therefore, prevention of youth alcohol misuse is a policy aim in many countries. Our aim was to examine the effectiveness of (1) school-based, (2) family-based and (3) multi-component universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes in children and adolescents.
METHODS:
Three Cochrane systematic reviews were performed: searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Project CORK and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials up to July 2010, including randomised trials evaluating universal alcohol misuse prevention programmes in school, family or multiple settings in youths aged 18 years or younger. Two independent reviewers identified eligible studies and any discrepancies were resolved via discussion.
RESULTS:
A total of 85 trials were included in the reviews of school (n = 53), family (n = 12) and multi-component (n = 20) programmes. Meta-analysis was not performed due to study heterogeneity. Most studies were conducted in North America. Risk of bias assessment revealed problems related to inappropriate unit of analysis, moderate to high attrition, selective outcome reporting and potential confounding. Certain generic psychosocial and life skills school-based programmes were effective in reducing alcohol use in youth. Most family-based programmes were effective. There was insufficient evidence to conclude that multiple interventions provided additional benefit over single interventions.
CONCLUSIONS:
In these Cochrane reviews, some school, family or multi-component prevention programmes were shown to be effective in reducing alcohol misuse in youths. However, these results warrant a cautious interpretation, since bias and/or contextual factors may have affected the trial results. Further research should replicate the most promising studies identified in these reviews and pay particular attention to content and context factors through rigorous evaluation.
Unjustly neglected: Siblings of people with a schizophrenic psychosis
Objective: Siblings of individuals suffering from schizophrenia are an underrepresented group in research focussing on the needs of carets and relatives of psychiatric patients. The present study aims to investigate differences between siblings and parents as well as spouses, as regards help seeking, utilisation of an open group for relatives, their subjective burden and quality of life. Methods: 147 relatives of in-patients and patients attending a day hospital where assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Family Problem Questionnaire (FPQ), the WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) and a questionnaire inquiring about the relatives' utilisation of various sources of information and help throughout the course of the illness. Results: Siblings reported less contact to the patients compared to the two other groups. However, their subjective burden was comparable to that Of Spouses, who were the group with the highest amount of contact. Siblings' quality of life showed by far less impairment than that of spouses and parents. They reported significantly less utilisation of any source of information and help and were far less likely to be invited to the group for relatives. Conclusions: Siblings of patients with schizophrenia are a particularly neglected group regarding support aimed at relatives. They are heavily distressed, yet there is little offer of professional support for them. It seems indicated to draw increased attention to this specific group of relatives.
Unraveling the Mystery of Health How People Manage Stress and Stay Well
Unravelling the unknown: A therapeutic dialogue beetween hospice counselors and carers of people with dementia
Unrecognized attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults presenting for outpatient psychotherapy
Adult patients with significant childhood and current symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but whose ADHD had not been previously recognized, were evaluated by three clinical consultants working with diverse referral populations. These 60 adults shared common characteristics of physical and mental restlessness, impulsivity, disabling distractibility, low self-esteem, self-loathing, and a gnawing sense of underachievement. Specific learning or behavior problems were often present. These patients were chronically disaffected. The diagnosis of ADHD appeared to be missed because these individuals presented with atypical symptoms or had found ways to compensate for their deficits. Descriptive generalizations are offered concerning their coping strategies. These adults had sought previous psychiatric care for non-ADHD symptoms but had numerous unsuccessful treatment attempts. Most patients had been treated for mood or anxiety disorders. Traditional defense analysis had little beneficial effect and aggravated problems of self-esteem; modifications of the psychotherapeutic process are recommended. In open clinical trials without formal measures, the majority of such patients appeared to respond to low doses of antidepressants (i.e., desipramine 10-30 mg daily) and seemed to lose the therapeutic effect at higher antidepressant doses.
Upp till 18 – fakta om barn och ungdom
Beskriver barns levnadsförhållanden i siffror, generellt och över tiden. Här finns uppgifter om bl.a. barns hälsa, situationen i förskolan och skolan, fridtidsvanor och familjeförhållanden. Ett särskilt kapitel behandlar barn i utsatta situationer.
Lyfter fram skillnader mellan olika grupper barn beroende på exempelvis ålder, kön, ursprung och familjesituation. Även förändringar över tid följs upp.
Uppbrott och förändring. När ungdomar med utvecklingsstörning flyttar hemifrån
Uppdrag om förslag till försöksverksamhet med samordnare för barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning
Socialstyrelsen får i uppdrag att genomföra en kartläggning av landstingens användning av anlagsmedel för rådgivning och annat personligt stöd enligt lagen (1993:387) om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade (LSS). Socialstyrelsen ska även föreslå en försöksverksamhet med samordnare för barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning.
Vidare får Socialstyrelsen i uppdrag att genomföra en förstudie om hur information om samhällets stöd till barn med funktionsnedsättning på bästa sätt görs tillgänglig för målgruppen.
Uppdraget ska redovisas till Regeringskansliet (Socialdepartementet) senast den 18 januari 2013.
Socialstyrelsen får under 2012 använda högst 1 miljon kronor för att genomföra uppdraget.
The co-design of an online support programme with and for informal carers of people with heart failure: A methodological paper
Abstract
Aim: To describe the co-designing process of an online support programme with and for informal carers of people with heart failure.
Design: A co- design process built on core concepts and ideas embedded in co-design methodology.
Data sources: Our co-design process included three phases involving 32 informal caregivers and 25 content creators; (1) Identification of topics and content through literature searches, focus group interviews and user group sessions; (2) Development of the online support programme and; (3) Refinement and finalization which included testing a paper prototype followed by testing the online version and testing and ap-proval of the final version of the support programme.
Outcomes: The co-design process resulted in a support programme consisting of 15 different modules relevant to informal carers, delivered on a National Health Portal.
Conclusion: Co- design is an explorative process where researchers need to balance a range of potentially conflicting factors and to ensure that the end users are genuinely included in the process.
Relevance to clinical practice: Emphasizing equal involvement of end users (e.g. car-ers or patients) in the design and development of healthcare interventions aligns with contemporary ideas of person-centred care and provides a valuable learning oppor-tunity for those involved. Furthermore, a co-designed online support programme has the capacity to be both accessible and meet end users' information and support needs, thereby optimizing their self-care abilities. Additionally, an online support programme
Early parental death and its association with children’s mental and economic well-being in adulthood: a nationwide population-based register study
Background This study examined the association between early parental death and children’s subsequent mental health, years of schooling, and labour-market outcomes (ie, employment and earnings) in adulthood. Methods We used nationwide register-based data for Finnish citizens born between 1971 and 1986 (n=962 350). Logistic and linear regression models were used to examine the association of early parental death before the age of 21 years with subsequent mental health and labour-market outcomes in adulthood at ages 26–30. The estimated models accounted for an extensive set of demographic and parental characteristics based on longitudinal register data. Results Early-life parental death was found to be consistently associated with a higher risk of hospitalisation due to mental health disorders, higher use of mental health-related medications, and absence from work due to illness in adulthood. The associations were negative regardless of the gender of the child or parent, but the estimated odds ratios were usually quantitatively larger for males than females. When examining the type of outcome, we observed the largest quantitative effects were observed using substance-use disorders and intentional self-harm as outcomes. Moreover, we documented considerable reductions in years of schooling, employment, and earnings in adulthood. Conclusions Parental death before the age of 21 was significantly associated with an increased risk of being diagnosed with a mental disorder and lower level of economic well-being measured by labour-market success in adulthood.
Usability of a new electronic assistive device for community-dwelling persons with mild dementia
Objective: To evaluate a newly developed integrated digital prosthetic, the COGKNOW Day Navigator (CDN), to support persons with mild dementia in their daily lives, with memory, social contacts, daily activities and safety. Methods: A user participatory method was applied in the development process, which consisted of three iterative 1-year cycles with field tests in Amsterdam, Belfast and Luleå. In the successive cycles 16, 14 and 12 persons with dementia and their carers participated. Data on usability were collected by means of interviews, observations, questionnaires, logging and diaries. The CDN prototype consists of a touch screen, a mobile device, sensors and actuators. Results: The evaluation showed that persons with dementia and carers valued the CDN overall as user-friendly and useful. Conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the system in daily life were limited due to insufficient duration of the testing period caused by delays in development and some instability of the final prototype. Conclusion: With the suggested adaptations, the CDN is expected to be a useful tool for supporting community-dwelling persons with mild dementia and their carers.
Usage and design evaluation by family caregivers of a stroke intervention web site
Background
Four out of 5 families are affected by stroke. Many caregivers access the Internet and gather healthcare information from web-based sources.
Design
The purpose of this descriptive evaluation was to assess the usage and design of the Caring~Web© site, which provides education/support for family caregivers of persons with stroke residing in home settings.
Sample and Setting
Thirty-six caregivers from two Midwest states accessed this intervention in a 1-year study. The average participant was fifty-four years of age, white, female, and the spouse of the care recipient.
Methods
In a telephone interview, four website questions were asked twice-/bi-monthly and a 33-item Survey at the conclusion of the study evaluated the website usage and design of its components. Descriptive analysis methods were used and statistics were collected on the number of visits to the website.
Results
On average, participants logged on to the website one to two hours per week, although usage declined after several months for some participants. Participants positively rated the website's appearance and usability that included finding the training to be adequate.
Conclusion
Website designers can replicate this intervention for other health conditions.
Use of a symptom scale to study the prevalence of a depressive syndrome in young adolescents
The entire student enrollment (n = 624) in a public junior high school in Raleigh, North Carolina were visited in their homes between October 1978 and February 1979. Eleven (2.9%) of 384 students completing the Center for Epidemiologic Studies self-report depression scale reported symptoms patterns consistent with the Research Diagnostic Criteria for major depressive disorder. These 11 subjects were concentrated in the top 12% of the distribution of symptom scores and had symptom prevalences exceeding those in the overall study population by a factor of three or more. Black males from low income households predominated. A self-report questionnaire may be usable to detect a depressive "syndrome" in young adolescents. The prevalence of such a syndrome is similar to prevalence estimates for adults and young adolescents, but considerably lower than estimates derived from total scale scores and cutoff points. A syndrome-oriented analytic approach for symptom scales should be explored as an alternative to the use of cutoff scores for epidemiologic studies of psychiatric disorders.
Use of eye‐pointing by children with cerebral palsy: what are we looking at?.
BACKGROUND:
Children with cerebral palsy often show significant communication impairment due to limited or absent speech. Further, motor impairment can restrict the use of movement, including pointing, to signal interest and intent. For some children, controlled gaze can be an effective 'point-substitute': such 'eye-pointing' can be used to request items, establish mutual interest in an event, or select vocabulary within an alternative or augmentative communication (ACC) system. However, in clinical practice there is a lack of clarity about how the term 'eye-pointing' is used, how 'eye-pointing' is recognized or how it relates to social development.
AIMS:
To present a clinical description of the term 'eye-pointing' with reference to children with severe cerebral palsy who cannot speak or finger-point. To consider this description within a wider discussion of the importance of gaze in communication development.
METHODS & PROCEDURES:
Cumulative clinical observations during assessment of children referred to a specialist multidisciplinary communication clinic have provoked discussion between the authors on what factors precipitate use of the term 'eye-pointing' in young children with severe cerebral palsy. In particular, discussion has centred on whether use of the term is appropriate in individual cases and whether guidance is available about how gaze should be observed in this developmentally vulnerable group of children. A literature search was also conducted in order to explore whether the use and meaning of the term is established.
CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS:
In interactions with non-speaking children, determining whether a child is using eye-gaze communicatively requires observation and interpretation of several factors. These processes will be informed by reflection on what is known about other aspects of the child's communication and interaction skills. Within the literature, the term 'eye-pointing' is sometimes used when describing the communication functions of individuals using augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems, and is occasionally qualified by a definition. No papers have been found that set out a clinical description universally applicable to children with severe motor impairment. Moreover, guidance is lacking on how possible episodes of 'eye-pointing' might be confidently distinguished from other episodes of directed gaze in young, developing communicators. The discussion of the term makes reference to the importance of gaze in early communication development, and explores factors that might influence gaze and its interpretation in young children with cerebral palsy. A description of eye-pointing for this group is offered. The authors suggest that this will bring practical benefits to those supporting the communication development of children with severe cerebral palsy.
Use of safe-laser access technology to increase head movement in persons with severe motor impairment: a series of case reports
The purpose of this article is to describe the impact of an intervention involving safe-laser pointing technology on six persons with locked-in syndrome. When these individuals were invited to participate in this project (4 weeks to 18 years post onset), none were able to speak and none were able to access an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device. All communicated using eye movements (e.g., looking up or down), eye blinks, dependent scanning strategies with eye movement signals, or eye linking. Following intervention with the Safe-Laser Access System, three of the six participants developed head movement sufficient to control AAC technology. Two participants continue to develop head control; however, their progress has been slowed by repeated illnesses. One participant has discontinued his involvement with the project because of medical and psychological concerns. These six participants represent consecutive referrals to the project.
Combining informal care with paid work: An exploration of working carers’ situation with regards to their health status, gendered patterns of care, support and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract [en]
Working carers (WKCs) combine paid work with informal care. Little is known about this important group of carers, which is expected to increase in number due topopulation ageing and economic trends. WKCs are beneficial for society but thecombination of work and care roles has consequences for their social and financialcircumstances as well as their health. This thesis explores the caregiving situation ofWKCs.
Study I was a scoping review of research on the challenges of and solutions for thecombination of paid work and care and the role of technologies in supportingWKCs. Results included a conceptual framework which identified high and/orcompeting demands as a key challenge solved by formal support. Web-based andcommunication technologies were seen to be a potential beneficial solution tosupport WKCs. Nevertheless, barriers existed in some instances, preventing theiroptimal use.
Studies II and III were based on data from a 2018 survey of a stratified randomsample of the Swedish population. Study II described informal care provision andreceived support among Swedish female and male WKCs. Female compared tomale WKCs cared more often alone, with more intensity, experienced care as moredemanding while their ability to work was reduced to a greater extent. Study III determined the caregiving-related factors associated with WKCs’ reducedability to work and experience of caregiving as demanding. A key finding was thatpsychological stress and financial problems due to caregiving increased the odds ofboth experiencing caregiving as demanding and a reduced ability to work, whilefinding caregiving satisfying decreased the odds of both.
Study IV was an interview study of WKCs’ experiences during the COVID-19pandemic. WKCs’ positive experiences included the delivery of support by distancevia digital technologies and more time with the care-recipient. Negative experiencesincluded the fear of becoming sick, new challenges at work, and the cancellation ofhome and community-based services for the care recipient.
This thesis contributes new knowledge on the situation of WKCs in Sweden. Itsfindings have implications for how policy can more appropriately and effectivelyaddress WKCs’ needs and preferences for support and their combination of workand care roles.
User responses to assisted living technologies (ALTs) -- a review of the literature
Using content analysis to link texts on assessment and intervention to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health - version for Children and Youth (ICF-CY).
OBJECTIVE:
To explore how content analysis can be used together with linking rules to link texts on assessment and intervention to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health - version for children and youth (ICF-CY).
METHODS:
Individual habilitation plans containing texts on assessment and intervention for children with disabilities and their families were linked to the ICF-CY using content ana-lysis. Texts were first divided into meaning units in order to extract meaningful concepts. Meaningful concepts that were difficult to link to ICF-CY codes were grouped, and coding schemes with critical attributes were developed. Meaningful concepts that could not be linked to the ICF-CY were assigned to the categories "not-definable" and "not-covered", using coding schemes with mutually exclusive categories.
RESULTS:
The size of the meaning units selected resulted in different numbers and contents of meaningful concepts. Coding schemes with critical attributes of ICF-CY codes facilitated the linking of meaningful concepts to the most appropriate ICF-CY codes. Coding schemes with mutually exclusive categories facilitated the classification of meaningful concepts that could or could not be linked to the ICF-CY.
CONCLUSION:
Content analysis techniques can be applied together with linking rules in order to link texts on assessment and intervention to the ICF-CY.
Using dynamic assessment with learners who communicate nonsymbolically
Many individuals with severe disabilities converse primarily by prelinguistic or nonsymbolic communication, using an idiosyncratic repertoire of gestures, vocalizations, and other behaviors. These learners may or may not be intentional in their communication with others, are difficult to understand, may make requests by engaging in problem behavior, and communicate with few conventions other than those developed in their interactions with partners. Traditional static assessment methods often fail to describe accurately the communication abilities of these learners. In this article, the characteristics of dynamic assessment are reviewed and guidelines to assess the abilities of learners and to explore partner and environment factors are provided. In addition, the pilot outcomes of a process for conducting a dynamic assessment are presented.
Using Internet to provide cognitive behavior therapy
A new treatment form has emerged that merges cognitive behaviour therapy with the Internet. By delivering treatment components, mainly in the form of texts presented via web pages, and provide ongoing support using e-mail promising outcomes can be achieved. The literature on this novel form of treatment has grown rapidly over recent years with several controlled trials in the field of anxiety disorders, mood disorders and behavioural medicine. For some of the conditions for which Internet-delivered CBT has been tested, independent replications have shown large effect sizes, for example in the treatment of social anxiety disorder. In some studies, Internet-delivered treatment can achieve similar outcomes as in face-to-face CBT, but the literature thus far is restricted mainly to efficacy trials. This article provides a brief summary of the evidence, comments on the role of the therapist and for which patient and therapist this is suitable. Areas of future research and exploration are identified.
Using mixed methods to evaluate the use of a caregiver strain measure to assess outcomes of a caregiver support program for caregivers of older adults.
Using Multimodal Annotation Tools in the Study of Multimodal Communication Involving Non speaking Persons
The creation of large, richly annotated, multimodal corpora of human interactions is an expensive and time consuming task. Support from annotation tools that make the annotation process more efficient is required, especially if the annotation effort involves really large amounts of data. Therefore we investigated how different properties of specific annotation tasks can have an impact on the design of a tool focused on that general class of tasks. In this paper we present our view on the considerations that should drive the design of new tools geared to specific tasks. The main dimensions that we consider are: observation vs interpretation, explicit and implicit input layers, segmentation, feedback, constraints, relations and the content of the annotation elements.
Using research evidence to inform and evaluate early childhood intervention practices
This article includes descriptions of a process used to conduct practice-based research syntheses and the manner in which synthesis findings are used to inform and evaluate early childhood intervention practices. The main focus of a practice-based research synthesis is the unbundling of an intervention practice to identify those practice characteristics that are associated with desired outcomes and benefits. Also described are how the characteristics identified as most important are used to develop evidence-based practices and how the characteristics can be used as benchmarks to assess the likelihood that an untested practice will be effective. The article concludes with a discussion of the tension between research and practice and how that tension might be mitigated.
Using the Communication Matrix to Assess Expressive Skills in Early Communicators
Many children born with severe and multiple disabilities have complex communication needs and may use no speech or only minimal speech to communicate. Meaningful assessment of their expressive skills to identify communication strengths along a developmental trajectory is an essential first step toward appropriate intervention. This article describes the foundations, structure, properties, and use of the Communication Matrix, an assessment instrument developed specifically to address the challenges of describing the expressive communication skills of children with severe and multiple disabilities. The widely used online version of this assessment tool collects data in an associated database. Sample data on children with specific disabilities generated by this database are presented to illustrate the clinical and research potential of this free assessment service.
Using the Communication Matrix to Assess Expressive Skills in Early Communicators
Many children born with severe and multiple disabilities have complex communication needs and may use no speech or only minimal speech to communicate. Meaningful assessment of their expressive skills to identify communication strengths along a developmental trajectory is an essential first step toward appropriate intervention. This article describes the foundations, structure, properties, and use of the Communication Matrix, an assessment instrument developed specifically to address the challenges of describing the expressive communication skills of children with severe and multiple disabilities. The widely used online version of this assessment tool collects data in an associated database. Sample data on children with specific disabilities generated by this database are presented to illustrate the clinical and research potential of this free assessment service.
Using the ICF in goal setting: Clinical application using Talking Mats
Purpose. The purpose of this article is to suggest how Talking Mats® can be used in accordance with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) proposed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) when setting intervention goals.
Method. A theoretical framework for using Talking Mats® when setting intervention goals in accordance with the ICF is provided.
Conclusions. An international system such as the ICF offers a conceptual framework that can be used to set appropriate goals for intervention. Talking Mats® on the other hand can be seen as the strategy through which individuals can be empowered to participate in this goal-setting activity.
Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) to Describe Children Referred to Special Care or Paediatric Dental Services.
Children in dentistry are traditionally described in terms of medical diagnosis and prevalence of oral disease. This approach gives little information regarding a child's capacity to maintain oral health or regarding the social determinants of oral health. The biopsychosocial approach, embodied in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health - Child and Youth version (ICF-CY) (WHO), provides a wider picture of a child's real-life experience, but practical tools for the application of this model are lacking. This article describes the preliminary empirical study necessary for development of such a tool - an ICF-CY Core Set for Oral Health. An ICF-CY questionnaire was used to identify the medical, functional, social and environmental context of 218 children and adolescents referred to special care or paediatric dental services in France, Sweden, Argentina and Ireland (mean age 8 years ± 3.6 yrs). International Classification of Disease (ICD-10) diagnoses included disorders of the nervous system (26.1%), Down syndrome (22.0%), mental retardation (17.0%), autistic disorders (16.1%), and dental anxiety alone (11.0%). The most frequently impaired items in the ICF Body functions domain were 'Intellectual functions', 'High-level cognitive functions', and 'Attention functions'. In the Activities and Participation domain, participation restriction was frequently reported for 25 items including 'Handling stress', 'Caring for body parts', 'Looking after one's health' and 'Speaking'. In the Environment domain, facilitating items included 'Support of friends', 'Attitude of friends' and 'Support of immediate family'. One item was reported as an environmental barrier - 'Societal attitudes'. The ICF-CY can be used to highlight common profiles of functioning, activities, participation and environment shared by children in relation to oral health, despite widely differing medical, social and geographical contexts. The results of this empirical study might be used to develop an ICF-CY Core Set for Oral Health - a holistic but practical tool for clinical and epidemiological use.
Using the Internet to provide cognitive behaviour therapy
A new treatment form has emerged that merges cognitive behaviour therapy with the Internet. By delivering treatment components, mainly in the form of texts presented via web pages, and provide ongoing support using e-mail promising outcomes can be achieved. The literature on this novel form of treatment has grown rapidly over recent years with several controlled trials in the field of anxiety disorders, mood disorders and behavioural medicine. For some of the conditions for which Internet-delivered CBT has been tested, independent replications have shown large effect sizes, for example in the treatment of social anxiety disorder. In some studies, Internet-delivered treatment can achieve similar outcomes as in face-to-face CBT, but the literature thus far is restricted mainly to efficacy trials. This article provides a brief summary of the evidence, comments on the role of the therapist and for which patient and therapist this is suitable. Areas of future research and exploration are identified.
The use and application of intensive care unit diaries: An instrumental multiple case study
Abstract
Aims and objectives
The study aim was to explore the use of an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) diary within four different ICUs units in Sweden and thereby contribute to practice guidelines regarding the structure, content and use of an ICU diary.
Background
ICU diaries are used to aid psychological recovery among critical care patients, but differences remain in diary writing both within and across countries. Few studies have focused on the combined views and experiences of ICU patients, family members and nursing staff about the use of ICU diaries.
Design
An instrumental multiple case study design was employed.
Methods
Three focus groups interviews were carried out with 8 former patients and their family members (n = 5) from the research settings. Individual interviews were carried out with 2 patients, a family member and a nurse respectively. Observations, field notes, documentary analysis and conversations with nursing staff were also conducted. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) was followed.
Results
The qualitative findings firstly consisted of a matrix and descriptive text of the four ICU contexts
and current practices. This highlighted that there were similarities regarding the aims and objectives of the diaries. However, differences existed across the case study sites about how the ICU diary was developed and implemented. Namely, the use of photographs and when to commence a diary. Second, a thematic analysis of the qualitative data regarding patients’ and family members’ use of the ICU diary, resulted in four themes: i) the diary was used to take in and fully understand the situation; ii) the diary was an opportunity to assimilate warm, personalised and human care; iii) the diary was used to manage existential issues; and iv) the diary was a tool in daily activities.
Conclusions
Analysis of the instrumental case study data led to the identification of core areas for inclusion in ICU diary practice guidelines. Introduction
Uppföljning av anhörigperspektivet och stöd till anhöriga Ett förslag på uppföljningsområden och mått
Socialstyrelsen har regeringens uppdrag att presentera ett förslag som möjliggör en kontinuerlig nationell uppföljning av anhörigperspektivet inom hälso- och sjukvården och omsorgen samt av det stöd som kommuner och regioner erbjuder anhöriga. Uppdraget handlar om att analysera möjligheterna att inhämta resultat på nationell nivå i syfte att följa anhörigperspektivet och stödet till anhöriga samt att ge förslag på mått anpassade för att kunna följa dessa områden. I denna rapport presenteras förslag på uppföljningsområden hämtade ur den nationella anhörigstrategin samt förslag på mått, nyckeltal och indikatorer.
Personlig assistans som yrke
Den övergripande handikappolitiska målsättningen är att främja jämlikhet i levnadsvillkor och full delaktighet i samhällslivet för människor med funktionshinder. Assistansreformen, som är en av denna handikappolitiks viktigaste åtgärder, har inneburit att en ny yrkeskategori vuxit fram – personliga assistenter. Det beräknas att ungefär 50 000 personer arbetar som personliga assistenter i Sverige. Inför framtiden uppskattas behovet öka till cirka 60 000.
Den här studiens syfte är att utifrån svensk forskning och annan empirisk kartläggning sammanställa och analysera de yrkesmässiga problem som personliga assistenter möter i sitt arbete. Häri ingår att kartlägga frågeställningar relaterade till de personliga assistenternas yrkesroll och identifiera områden som bör utvecklas. I rapporten återges studier av personliga assistenters arbetssituation och upplevelser av yrkesområdet. Aktuell lagstiftning refereras i förekommande fall i fotnot men då rapportens syfte inte är att återge denna eller andra regler kring området hänvisar författaren till andra källor för sakkunnig återgivning av dessa.
Många personliga assistenter berättar om arbetsglädje, givande samvaro med den assistansanvändare de bistår, variationsrika arbetsdagar och om upplevelser av ett viktigt och meningsfullt arbete. Den särskilda arbetssituationen som ofta inbegriper en arbetsplats i brukarens hem, en nära och intim samvaro samt insyn i privata relationer innebär dock att yrkesrollen innehåller en rad potentiella svårigheter. Samtidigt som många vittnar om tillfredsställelse med arbetet som personlig assistent har yrket låg status, en låg lönebild, betraktas som ett genomgångsyrke och omfattas av rekryteringsproblem. Det sistnämnda har även påverkat vilka områden som forskningen främst berört. Vidare förekommer det sällan en uppdelning på olika anordnare utan kooperativ, kommunala och privata anordnare beskrivs gemensamt.
I myndighetsrapporter och forskningssammanställningar framträder tydligt att personlig assistans är ett bristyrke såväl som ett genomgångsarbete. Vid en granskning av anställningsförhållanden, anställningstrygghet, tjänstgöringsgrad, arbetstider och lön framträder brister som ger upphov till oro bland de personliga assistenterna samt innebär en osäker anställningssituation. De personliga assistenterna uppfattar ibland en oklar ansvarsuppdelning mellan arbetsgivare och arbetsledning, vilket kan innebära utsatthet och ett svagt stöd i arbetssituationen. Studier av arbetslednings-/chefsuppgifter som introduktion, arbetsbeskrivning, utvecklingssamtal, handledning, fortbildning, personalmöten och kvalitetsarbete visar att de personliga assistenternas arbetsförhållanden skiljer sig markant åt. Här framkommer att det hos många assistansanordnare finns anledning till organisatoriska förbättringar.
Arbetsmiljöverket har bedrivit en relativt omfattande arbetsmiljötillsyn riktad gentemot assistansanordnare. Genom att arbetsområdet är nytt har det funnits oklarheter om ansvar och arbetsformer, framförallt till följd av att arbetsplatsen i många fall är förlagd till assistansanvändarens hem. I många fall saknas rutiner för ett fungerande arbetsmiljöarbete. Det handlar om systematisk information, riskinventering, uppföljning etc. Genom de inspektioner som genomförts inom vissa distrikt har information och förtydliganden kunnat spridas vilket påverkat arbetsmiljöarbetet och arbetsmiljön på ett positivt sätt.
Förutom de organisatoriska bristerna kan arbetsmiljöproblemen hänföras dels till risker för fysisk skada till följd av tunga lyft och belastning, dels till psykosociala arbetsmiljörisker till följd av exempelvis oklara arbetsbeskrivningar, kommunikationsproblem eller oklarheter i kontakten med assistansanvändare eller anhöriga samt otillräckligt arbetsledarstöd. Särskilt framstår de personliga assistenternas ensamarbete, utan kontakt med kollegor, som ett av de största arbetsmiljöproblemen. Detta kan kombineras med att assistenter upplever hot och våld i sitt arbete samt att assistansanvändarnas livsstil kan orsaka konkreta arbetsmiljöproblem för den personliga assistenten. Det framgår i ett flertal studier av personlig assistans att assistenterna uppfattar sitt yrke som betydelsefullt. Här innefattas en tillfredställelse med att medverka till att förbättra livssituationen för assistansanvändaren samt att det är en privilegierad arbetssituation att kunna ägna sig åt en person, utan kraven att på kort tid behöva räcka till för många personers hjälpbehov.
Just arbetet med en enskild person kan dock även innebära nackdelar ur ett arbetstillfredsställelseperspektiv. Det kan upplevas som påfrestande att umgås intensivt med en person hur väl man än kommer överrens. Många assistenter upplever även att en stor del av arbetet innebär väntan och passivitet vilket kan vara nog så påfrestande. En nära relation kan innebära svårigheter att skilja mellan arbete och fritid och mellan yrkesroll och privatliv. Vidare är det inte ovanligt att assistansanvändarens funktionshinder innebär en försämring över tid och det är känslomässigt svårt att se hur en person man kommit nära försämras.
I en analys skildras vad forskning och andra empiriska kartläggningar belyst avseende den personliga assistentens relationer till olika personer och grupper som man möter i sin yrkesutövning. I fokus är i första hand relationen till assistansanvändaren, vilket innefattar diskussion kring arbetsuppgifter, fördelning av arbetet och arbetsbeskrivning. Det framgår att för den personliga assistenten kan det vara av stor vikt att arbetsuppgifterna är tydligt klargjorda då assistenterna annars kan uppfatta sig som utnyttjade. Vidare skildras asymmetrin i förhållandet mellan assistansanvändare och assistent, där det i flera studier framgår att brukaren är beroende av sin assistent men att även assistenten befinner sig i ett sårbart läge genom assistansanvändarens arbetsledning och självbestämmande över av vem, hur och när assistansen ska utföras.
För många assistenter ingår även motivationsarbete i arbetsuppgifterna. Att arbeta för en assistansanvändare med begränsad autonomi kan vara en utmaning. Assistenterna ställs inför uppgiften att styra brukaren och samtidigt balansera detta gentemot rätten till självbestämmande. Det framgår i studierna att det kan vara frustrerande när assistansanvändarens preferenser är skilda från assistentens. Här framträder även att assistenterna upplever svårigheter med att hantera de krav som ställs på sjukgymnastik och aktiviteter från anhöriga eller andra yrkesgrupper när dessa förväntningar går emot assistansanvändarens vilja.
Ett särskilt stycke tar upp anhörigassistentens situation. Här belyser studierna att funktionen som assistent till en nära anhörig innebär en särskild assistansroll. Många anhörigassistenter upplever sig inte heller som i första hand personliga assistenter. Förutom att arbetsbördan ofta är stor och går utöver den egentliga arbetstiden känner dessa assistenter såväl tillfredsställelse med att kunna bistå som omgivningens misstro och en oro inför framtiden. I övrigt behandlas assistentens relation till assistansanvändarens familj, assistans till barn, relationen till anhöriga, mellan assistenter, till arbetsgivare, till god man, andra yrkeskategorier och till allmänheten. Det framgår av forskning, myndighetsrapporter och citat från intervjuer med personliga assistenter att yrkesrollen personlig assistent har låg status. Allmänhetens bild, säger en assistent, är att vem som helst kan arbeta som personlig assistent. De låga formella kraven på utbildning, efterfrågan på assistenter, lönen, ryktet om att assistansarbetet är ett tillfälligt genomgångsarbete och arbetets karaktär med personlig omvårdnad och hemarbete förstärker bilden. Beskrivningarna av den personliga assistenten som brukarens armar och ben, redskap, en tyst skugga som smälter in i tapeten etc. bidrar också till en negativ yrkesbild i en tid då framåtanda, självständighet och initiativförmåga premieras och betraktas som eftersträvansvärda egenskaper inom arbetslivet i övrigt.
I rapportens avslutande kapitel sammanfattas de i forskningsstudierna och övriga empiriska kartläggningar identifierade utvecklingsområdena inom personlig assistans som yrke. Utan inbördes ordning är det som här lyfts fram otrygghet i anställningen, ensamarbete, lön, osäkerhet vad gäller arbetsuppgifter, arbetsmiljö, arbetsgivaransvar och arbetsledning, svårigheter att hålla isär yrkesutövande och privatliv, tjänstgöringsgrad, fortbildning, yrkesstatus samt yrkesidentitet.
Avslutningsvis diskuteras utbildning för personliga assistenter, en eventuell profilering samt kunskapsuppbyggnad som områden som bör utvecklas. Utbildning till personlig assistent är en omtvistad frågeställning. Då det bedrivs ett antal utbildningar på gymnasienivå, som arbetsmarknadsutbildning, vid folkhögskolor och som uppdragsutbildning vid universitet finns det all anledning att närmare granska detta område. I den fortsatta diskussionen om relevant utbildning för personliga assistenter borde dessa utbildningar inventeras och utvärderas. Dessutom föreslås att en eventuell profilering av assistansyrket ska övervägas utifrån dels den kompetenshöjning det innebär samt att detta skulle öppna upp för utvecklingsmöjligheter inom yrket. Slutligen konstateras att det finns en begränsad vetenskaplig kunskapsproduktion kring personlig assistans. Utifrån det stora antal personer som berörs som assistansanvändare, anhöriga och personliga assistenter är detta anmärkningsvärt och otillfredsställande.
Personlig assistent – kompis, startmotor eller någons armar och ben?
Personlig assistent som yrke
I denna rapport analyseras de yrkesmässiga problem som personliga assistenter möter i sitt arbete utifrån befintlig svensk forskning och annan empirisk kartläggning.
Personlig assistent: en rättighet, ett yrke.
Boken består av tre delar där del I beskriver Historik - Lagar kring personlig assistans. Del II tar upp den personliga assistentens arbetssituation och beskriver hur det kan vara att arbeta som personlig assistent. Sista delen speglar brukarens situation, beskriver hur det kan upplevas att ta emot personlig assistans, arbetsgivaransvar samt hjälpmedelsberoende och hjälpmedelsansvar.
Boken kan användas i utbildning av personliga assistenter som ett diskussionsunderlag i utbildningssituationer för assistenter eller handläggare av assistans. Olika teman kan tas upp på personalmöten med brukare och assistenter, för att öka förståelsen för ett ömsesidigt arbete. Anhöriga till brukare eller brukaren själv kan få tips att tänka på inför uppläggning av assistans. En ökad förståelse för familjer och handikappade personers livssituation är också en avsikt med boken.
Denna bok kan överhuvudtaget användas som ett stöd för dem som på något sätt i sitt privatliv, arbete, studier eller yrkesutövande kommer i kontakt med personer som är berättigade till, eller arbetar som personlig assistent.
Perspectives and expectations for telemedicine opportunities from families of nursing home residents and caregivers in nursing homes
Perspectives from the frontlines: palliative care providers' expectations of Canada's compassionate care benefit programme
Perspectives from the frontlines: palliative care providers' expectations of Canada's compassionate care benefit programme.
Perspectives of elderly people receiving home help on health, care and quality of life.
Perspektiv på barns delaktighet som anhöriga
Perspektiv på en skola för alla.
Perspektiv på en skola för alla
Frågan om en skola för alla eller inkluderande undervisning väcker många känslor och tankar. Vad betyder egentligen en skola för alla och hur förhåller vi oss till den? Är inklusion bara ett politiskt, socialt och ideologiskt mål eller betyder det någonting mer? I denna reviderade upplaga presenterar författarna nya forskningsrön om inkludering.
Sibling Outcomes from a Randomized Trial of Evidence-Based Treatments with Substance Abusing Juvenile Offenders
This study examined the substance use and delinquency outcomes for the nearest age siblings of substance abusing and delinquent adolescents that participated in a randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of integrating evidence-based practices into juvenile drug court. The sample of 70 siblings averaged 14.4 years of age, 50% were male, 71% were African-American, and 27% were white. Measures of sibling substance use and delinquency were collected at four points in time (i.e., pretreatment, 4 months, 12 months, 18 months). Multilevel Longitudinal Models were used to evaluate whether changes in sibling substance use and delinquency paralleled the treatment effects observed for their substance abusing delinquent brothers and sisters in the juvenile drug court study. Parallel sibling outcomes were obtained for substance use but not for criminal behavior, and possible reasons for the divergence in these results were discussed. The findings add meaningfully to the literature on the effects of evidence- and family-based treatments on siblings.
Sibling Outcomes from a Randomized Trial of Evidence-Based Treatments with Substance Abusing Juvenile Offenders. Available from: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/233374807_Sibling_Outcomes_from_a_Randomized_Trial_of_Evidence-Based_Treatments_with_Substance_Abusing_Juvenile_Offenders [accessed Oct 26, 2015].
Sibling Relation Across the Life Span
When one begins to examine the existing literature dealing with siblings, one soon becomes aware that many separate domains of sibling research exist and that there is little connection between them; for example, sibling relationships in early childhood, genetic and environmental influences on individual differences between siblings, dysfunctional sibling relation ships, adult sibling helping relationships, sibling violence and abuse, and so on. The author's aim in writing this book was to attempt to bring together for the first time studies from diverse areas of sibling research into a single volume. The book is a summary and integration of the various domains of sibling studies, extending across the life span where studies exist to make this possible. Although many gaps in the sibling research literature within and between domains of study and over the life span still exist, it is hoped that this book will motivate others to help fill in the gaps by suggesting direc tions where further research is needed.
Siblings coping strategies and mental health services: A national study of siblings of persons with schizophrenia
OBJECTIVE:
This study examined the helpfulness of coping strategies and the relative importance of mental health services in coping with schizophrenia from the perspective of siblings.
METHODS:
This article presents selected survey data from a national study of 746 respondents that investigated the impact of schizophrenia on siblings' lives. The authors developed the Friedrich-Lively Instrument to Assess the Impact of Schizophrenia on Siblings (FLIISS), a closed-ended questionnaire that included questions about coping strategies and mental health services.
RESULTS:
Respondents identified services for the ill sibling, including symptom control, adequate housing, and long-term planning, as more important than direct services for themselves. The top-ranked coping strategies were education about schizophrenia, a supportive family, and seeing the ill sibling suffer less because symptoms were controlled. Understanding that families were not to blame for schizophrenia was the most helpful coping strategy for nearly three-fourths of siblings. Siblings had little contact with providers in the past; yet the majority of siblings wanted providers to be available to answer questions and clarify their role in future care. At the time of the study, respondents provided social support and helped with crises, but few coordinated the total care.
CONCLUSIONS:
Siblings identified multiple ways that providers can support and assist them in coping with the impact of schizophrenia. Education and support for siblings without schizophrenia and services for their ill siblings will become increasingly important for the well-being of siblings as they are faced with the responsibility of being the primary caregivers in the future.
Siblings experiences of having a brother or sister with autism and mental retardation: a case study of 14 siblings from 5 families
The aim of this study was to describe the present and past experiences of 14 siblings from five families in terms of having a brother or sister with autism and mental retardation. Personal interviews were conducted with the siblings before their brothers or sisters were moved to a newly opened group home. Qualitative content analysis was used for the analysis of the transcribed texts. The analysis resulted in seven content categories: precocious responsibility, feeling sorry, exposed to frightening behavior, empathetic feelings, hoping that a group home will be a relief, physical violence made siblings feel unsafe and anxious, and relations with friends were affected negatively. The conclusion is that these siblings' experiences revealed stressful life conditions. Counseling for the family and for siblings is recommended to help them deal with their feelings and problems. For the siblings in these five families, a group home was a relevant alternative as a temporary or permanent placement for the child with autism and mental retardation.
Pictures as Communication Symbols for Students with Severe Intellectual Disability
The use of pictographic symbols for expressive or receptive communication can be a valuable skill for persons with severe intellectual disability. This article reviews knowledge about picture recognition and use derived from cross-cultural studies, studies with young children, and studies with persons with intellectual disability in an attempt to clarify how picture skills emerge and how pictures come to be used as symbols for the objects they depict.
Piers-Harris Children´s Self-Concept Scale: Revised Manual 1984
Pilot Controlled Trial of Mindfulness Meditation and Education for Dementia Caregivers
Pilot evaluation of a group therapy program for children bereaved by suicide
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Thousands of children are bereaved each year by suicide, yet there exists very little literature specifically on the psychological care, programs, and interventions available to help them.
AIMS:
(1) To build and validate theoretical models for the Group Therapy Program for Children Bereaved by Suicide (PCBS); (2) to test these models in a preliminary evaluation.
METHODS:
In the first part, we built theoretical models, which were then validated by scientists and clinicians. In the second part, the sessions of the PCBS were observed and rated. The participating children were tested pre- and postprogram.
RESULTS:
Positive changes were observed in the participating children in terms of basic safety, realistic understanding and useful knowledge, inappropriate behaviors, physical and psychological symptoms, child-parent and child-child communication, capacity for social and affective reinvestment, actualization of new models of self and the world, self-esteem, awareness and use of tools, cognitive, verbal, written and drawing abilities, cognitive dissonance, ambivalence, antagonism, and isolation.
CONCLUSIONS:
The changes reported in the bereaved children show that the PCBS has some efficacy.
Pilot trial of a disclosure intervention for HIV+ mothers: the TRACK program
OBJECTIVE: The Teaching, Raising, And Communicating with Kids (TRACK) program was a longitudinal pilot-trial intervention designed to assist mothers living with HIV (MLHs) to disclose their serostatus to their young children (age 6-12 years). METHOD: MLH and child dyads (N = 80 dyads) were recruited and randomized to intervention or control; the intervention group had 3 individual sessions and 1 follow-up phone call. The sessions focused on preparing MLHs for disclosure through behavioral exercises using Derlega's model (V. J. Derlega, B. A. Winstead, K. Greene, J. Serovich, & W. N. Elwood, 2004) of HIV disclosure. Both MLHs and their child were assessed across multiple time points (baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months) regarding disclosure of HIV status, and specific outcome variables (i.e., relationship context, mother's health, child's mental health, and family outcomes). RESULTS: MLHs in the intervention group were 6 times more likely to disclose their HIV status than those in the control group (OR = 6.33, 95% CI [1.64, 24.45]), with 33% disclosing in the intervention group compared with 7.3% in the control group. MLHs in the intervention group showed increases in disclosure self-efficacy across time, increased communication with their child, and improvement in emotional functioning. Children of MLHs in the intervention group exhibited reductions in depression and anxiety, and increases in happiness. CONCLUSIONS: TRACK was found to be successful in helping MLHs disclose their HIV status to their children, with positive outcomes noted for both MLHs and their children.
Pilot trial of a disclosure intervention for HIV+ Mothers: The TRACK program
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
The Teaching, Raising, And Communicating with Kids (TRACK) program was a longitudinal pilot-trial intervention designed to assist mothers living with HIV (MLHs) to disclose their serostatus to their young children (age 6-12 years).
METHOD:
MLH and child dyads (N = 80 dyads) were recruited and randomized to intervention or control; the intervention group had 3 individual sessions and 1 follow-up phone call. The sessions focused on preparing MLHs for disclosure through behavioral exercises using Derlega's model (V. J. Derlega, B. A. Winstead, K. Greene, J. Serovich, & W. N. Elwood, 2004) of HIV disclosure. Both MLHs and their child were assessed across multiple time points (baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months) regarding disclosure of HIV status, and specific outcome variables (i.e., relationship context, mother's health, child's mental health, and family outcomes).
RESULTS:
MLHs in the intervention group were 6 times more likely to disclose their HIV status than those in the control group (OR = 6.33, 95% CI [1.64, 24.45]), with 33% disclosing in the intervention group compared with 7.3% in the control group. MLHs in the intervention group showed increases in disclosure self-efficacy across time, increased communication with their child, and improvement in emotional functioning. Children of MLHs in the intervention group exhibited reductions in depression and anxiety, and increases in happiness.
CONCLUSIONS:
TRACK was found to be successful in helping MLHs disclose their HIV status to their children, with positive outcomes noted for both MLHs and their children.
Placing a spouse in a care home for older people : (re)-constructing roles and relationships
This thesis explores the process of placing a spouse in a care home for older people from the perspectives of the key actors involved. Due to the lack of previous studies in this area in Sweden and the desire to generate new insights that have the potential to inform practice developments a grounded theory methodology was adopted.Data were collected using semi-structured interviews (70 in total) with spouses, adult children, community based staff and staff in care homes. Analyses of these data suggested that placement is best interpreted as a temporal experience comprising four stages: making the decision, making the move, adjusting to the move and reorientation. Each of the key actors offered differing insights into the way that the process as a whole was experienced with it emerging that in the initial two phases the primacy focus was on the practical and instrumental aspects of the move, with the emotional consequences being largely overlooked. This is a key issue as spouses were usually unprepared for the sense of separation and loss that the placement caused. Subsequently, spouses placed particular importance on maintaining their sense of involvement with their partner by a variety of 'keeping' activities. However, children and staff in care homes shared varying degrees of 'awareness' which influenced the way that relationships were forged.Based on a synthesis of the data the core category and basic social process that emerged was termed '(re)-constructing roles and relationships'. This highlights the subtle and dynamic way that placement unfolds and reinforces the importance of understanding the process from multiple perspectives. In addition to providing new theoretical insights the thesis identifies a number of ways in which the placement process could be improved and suggests the need for more open and explicit discussion of a number of aspects, particularly the ways in which expectations of roles and relationships change over time. Thls is essential if spouses are to be better prepared and supported both for the sense of separation from their partner and for the need to integrate into the care home setting.
Six-year follow-up of a preventive intervention for parentally bereaved youths
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the efficacy of the Family Bereavement Program (FBP) to prevent mental health problems in parentally bereaved youths and their parents 6 years later.
DESIGN:
Randomized controlled trial.
SETTING:
Arizona State University Prevention Research Center from November 2002 to July 2005.
PARTICIPANTS:
Two hundred eighteen bereaved youths (89.34% of 244 enrolled in the trial 6 years earlier) and 113 spousally bereaved parents.
INTERVENTIONS:
The FBP includes 12 group sessions for caregivers and youths; the literature control (LC) condition includes bereavement books for youths and caregivers.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Comparisons of youths in the FBP and LC on a measure of mental disorder diagnosis, 5 measures of mental health problems, and 4 measures of competent functioning; and comparisons of spousally bereaved parents on 2 measures of mental health problems.
RESULTS:
Youths in the FBP as compared with those in the LC had significantly lower externalizing problems as reported by caregivers and youths (adjusted mean, -0.06 vs 0.13, respectively; P = .02) and on teacher reports of externalizing problems (adjusted mean, 52.69 vs 56.27, respectively; P = .001) and internalizing problems (adjusted mean, 47.29 vs 56.27, respectively; P = .002), and they had higher self-esteem (adjusted mean, 33.93 vs 31.91, respectively; P = .005). Parents in the FBP had lower depression scores than those in the LC (adjusted mean, 5.48 vs 7.83, respectively; P = .04). A significant moderated program effect indicated that for youths with lower baseline problems, the rate of diagnosed mental disorder was lower for those in the FBP than in the LC.
CONCLUSION:
This study demonstrates efficacy of the FBP to reduce mental health problems of bereaved youths and their parents 6 years later.
Six-year intervention outcomes for adolescent children of parents with the human immunodeficiency virus
HYPOTHESIS: Having a parent with the human immunodeficiency virus has a significant negative impact on an adolescent child's adjustment.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the adjustment of adolescent children to having a parent with the human immunodeficiency virus over 6 years, following the delivery of a coping skills intervention. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial with repeated evaluations that was analyzed with an intention-to-treat analysis. A skill-based intervention was delivered in 3 modules over 24 sessions, with the third module being delivered only if parents died. SETTING AND PATIENTS: A representative sample of parents with the human immunodeficiency virus (n = 307) and their adolescent children (n = 423) was recruited from the Division of AIDS Services in New York City; 51.5% (n = 158) of the parents died. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Employment and school enrollment, receiving public welfare support, early parenthood, mental health symptoms, and the quality of romantic relationships. RESULTS: Over 6 years, significantly more adolescents in the intervention condition than the control condition were employed or in school (82.58% vs 68.94%), were less likely to receive public welfare payments (25.66% vs 36.65%), were less likely to have psychosomatic symptoms (mean, 0.24 vs 0.31), were more likely to report better problem-solving and conflict resolution skills in their romantic relationships (mean score, 4.38 vs 4.20), expected to have a partner with a good job (mean, 4.57 vs 4.19), and expected to be married when parenting (mean, 3.05 vs 2.40). With marginal significance, the percentage of parents in the intervention condition (34.6%) was less than in the control condition (44.1%).
CONCLUSION: Physicians must consider the psychosocial consequences of illness-related challenges on children and provide interventions.
Sjuksköterskors inställning till familjers betydelse i omvårdnaden : En nationell studie (Rapport från institutionen för hälso- och beteendevetenskap, Högskolan i Kalmar, 2006:2).
Sjukt viktigt
"Sjukt viktig" är en pysselbok för barn som av någon anledning kommer i kontakt med sjukvården, det kan vara för egen del men också när någon i dess närhet är sjuk. Boken är tänkt att underlätta för barnet att förstå vad det är som ska hända, händer eller som har hänt, allt får akut vård till planerade sjukhusbesök. Boken är uppbyggd så att barnet själv får vara aktiv och genom pyssel "bygga upp" den situatuion som råder. Boken innehåller även en handledningsdel för den som ska hjälpa barnet att förstå.
Sjukvårdspersonalens upplevelser av ett funktionshindrat barns födelse
Självskadebeteende hos unga kvinnor : litteraturredovisning av nyare artiklar rörande självskadebeteende, dess bakgrund och behandling
Skapa förståelse tillsammans. – Stödgrupper för barn och föräldrar med psykisk ohälsa
Skilda världar: specialisering eller integration i socialtjänstens individ- och familjeomsorg.
Skolans metoder för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa hos barn – en nationell inventering i grundskolor och gymnasieskolor
Skolan kan ha en viktig roll för att främja psykisk hälsa bland barn och unga och för att tecken på psykisk ohälsa bland eleverna upptäcks tidigt. Hur dessa möjligheter ska tas till vara är en viktig fråga i det fortsatta preventiva arbetet. Ytterst handlar det om skolans förutsättningar att förmedla kunskap. En hälsofrämjande och förebyggande verksamhet som är väl utformad kan förändra hela skolans klimat och förbättra skolans möjligheter att klara sitt kärnuppdrag
UPP-centrum genomförde i början av år 2008 en enkätundersökning i ett urval grund- och gymnasieskolor för att få en uppfattning om vilka program och strukturerade arbetssätt som dessa använder för att upptäcka och åtgärda tidiga tecken på psykisk ohälsa. Undersökningen ingick i ett större uppdrag från regeringen att inventera metoder som används för att förebygga psykisk ohälsa hos barn.
Enkäten bestod i huvudsak av frågor inom följande områden:
Vilka program/strukturerade arbetssätt man använder i skolan för tidig upptäckt av barn som riskerar att utveckla psykisk ohälsa?
Vilka metoder/strukturerade arbetssätt man använder i skolan för att åtgärda/stödja barn som riskerar att utveckla psykisk ohälsa?
Deltar skolan i någon form av samverkan och i så fall med vem/vilka?
Vilka behov finns det av kunskapsstöd och rekommendationer?
Resultaten måste tolkas med försiktighet eftersom svarsfrekvensen bara uppgick till 58 procent, men de tyder ändå på att skolorna använder en relativt stor mängd program och strukturerade arbetssätt med ett universellt preventivt syfte i sitt arbete med att motverka mobbning och normbrytande beteende. Inte minst har många skolor utarbetat egna sådana program och strukturerade arbetssätt. Drygt hälften av skolorna hade utvärderat de program och arbetssätt som de använder. Även när det gäller föräldrastöd och föräldrasamverkan har många skolor utarbetat egna program och strukturerade arbetssätt, men många använder också etablerade program och arbetssätt. En tredjedel av de svarande skolorna använde inget program eller strukturerat arbetssätt för föräldrastöd och föräldrasamverkan. Bland dem som använde sådana program och arbetssätt hade omkring hälften utvärderat det.
En stor majoritet av skolorna uppgav att det finns nedskrivna rutiner eller handlingsplaner för hur man ska gå till väga när någon ur personalen tidigt upptäcker elever som visar tecken på psykisk ohälsa. Det var också en tydlig majoritet av de svarande skolorna som sade att de samverkar med andra verksamheter utanför skolan i syfte att upptäcka, förebygga eller åtgärda psykisk eller psykosocial ohälsa. Vanligast var samverkan med socialtjänsten och barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin, men även polisen var en vanlig samverkanspart. Färre skolor sade att de har samverkansavtal med andra verksamheter, och ännu färre att de hade dokumenterat och utvärderat samverkan.
Områden som skolorna nämnde som viktiga för kunskapsstöd var om barn och unga i olika riskmiljöer, funktionsnedsättning/diagnoser samt olika program för tidig upptäckt samt för stöd och behandling. Skolorna tillfrågades också om behovet av allmänna råd eller rekommendationer för att välja program eller arbetssätt i arbetet att upptäcka, åtgärda och förebygga psykisk ohälsa och i så fall inom vilka områden. Även om de flesta efterfrågar allmänna råd och rekommendationer i allmänhet pekar en del av svaren på att vissa områden är mer angelägna än andra. Det gäller bl.a. depressioner, självskadebeteende, ätstörningar, mobbning samt föräldrastöd och föräldrasamverkan.
Sammanfattningsvis leder resultaten till tre centrala slutsatser inför det fortsatta arbetet med skolans roll och insatser för elever med psykisk ohälsa:
Skolans uppdrag och roll behöver förtydligas i förhållande till arbetet med att förebygga psykisk ohälsa hos barn och unga. Ingen annan verksamhet har så breda och långvariga kontakter med barn och unga som skolan. Skolans arbete för elevernas personliga utveckling kan, direkt och indirekt, påverka deras psykiska hälsa. Det kan öka möjligheterna att tidigt upptäcka tecken på psykisk ohälsa och att ge rätt stöd åt barn och unga med tecken på psykisk ohälsa. Det finns också ett tydligt samband mellan skolans kunskapsmål och psykisk hälsa.
Det behövs fortsatta studier av de program och strukturerade arbetssätt som skolan använder för att tidigt upptäcka tecken på ohälsa bland elever och om de program och arbetssätt som används för att ge elever med tecken på psykisk ohälsa stöd. Dessutom behövs fördjupade analyser av vad andra program och arbetssätt, som används i t.ex. arbetet mot mobbning, kan betyda för möjligheterna att förebygga psykisk ohälsa hos barn.
Skolan behöver bättre tillgång till kunskaper om barns psykiska hälsa och om hur de kan arbeta med att upptäcka tidiga tecken på psykisk ohälsa och själva eller i samverkan med andra ge elever med tecken på psykisk ohälsa rätt stöd.
Skolprojekt inom Familjevården – projektrapport SkolFam 2 i Norrköping
Skolverkets Allmänna råd
Skolverkets allmänna råd för att stödja vid bedömning och betygsättning för kommunal vuxenutbildning, särskild utbildning för vuxna och utbildning i svenska för invandrare.
Skolverkets sektorsansvar för handikappolitiken. Rapport med anledning av regeringsuppdrag
Skrämda barn Klinisk barnpsykologi, utveckling på avvägar
Boken vill belysa hur den psykiska utvecklingen hos barn kan ta sig olika vägar. Psykisk ohälsa ses därvid som en avvikelse från normalutvecklingen. Utifrån frågeställningar som varför barn blir rädda, ängsliga eller arga beskriver författarna vad det är som gör att vissa barn kan behöva professionell hjälp för att utvecklas i rätt riktning.
Boken består av två delar. I den första ges en allmän introduktion till den kliniska barnpsykologin. Författarna redogör för bland annat utvecklingspsykopatologin och anknytningsteorin. Genomgående presenteras utvecklingen som ett ständigt pågående samspel mellan barnets medfödda egenskaper och den omgivande miljöns sätt att svara på barnets behov och personliga uttryckssätt. Barnets föräldrar har därvidlag en unik betydelse, vilket inte innebär att andra miljöfaktorer, som syskon och jämnårigas betydelse, förringas. I denna del presenteras och diskuteras också det psykiatriska diagnosbegreppet och dess tillämpbarhet inom klinisk barnpsykologi.
I den andra delen använder författarna sin långa kliniska erfarenhet för att presentera olika former av psykisk ohälsa hos barn. I de olika kapitlen belyses med konkreta kliniska exempel utredning och förslag till behandling av barn med inåtvända (ångest och depression), utagerande (ilska och bråk) eller mer neuropsykologiska besvär.
Boken riktar sig till studerande inom psykologi, pedagogik, socialt arbete och andra vårdutbildningar. Den vänder sig också till yrkesverksamma inom barnhälsovård, skola, socialtjänst m.m. och till vidareutbildningar i psykoterapi.
Socialförsäkringsrapport
Preventing Child Placement in Substance-Abusing Families: Research-Informed Practice
The authors present finding from their study of a placement prevention program designed to facilitate addiction treatment for substance-abusing mothers and other primary caregivers reported for child maltreatment. Relationships between involvement in the program, the status of addiction treatment, and the variety of outcomes for caregivers and their children were tested. Findings indicate that nearly half of the participants were able to complete addiction treatment and achieve sobriety. Those who used the program's child day care component were three times more likely to complete treatment. Implications for confronting the problem of substance-abusing caregivers in the child welfare system are drawn.
Preventing Child Placement in Substance-Abusing Families: Research-Informed Practice.
The authors present finding from their study of a placement prevention program designed to facilitate addiction treatment for substance-abusing mothers and other primary caregivers reported for child maltreatment. Relationships between involvement in the program, the status of addiction treatment, and the variety of outcomes for caregivers and their children were tested. Findings indicate that nearly half of the participants were able to complete addiction treatment and achieve sobriety. Those who used the program's child day care component were three times more likely to complete treatment. Implications for confronting the problem of substance-abusing caregivers in the child welfare system are drawn.
Socialt arbete med små barn
Barnavårdsarbetet anses vara bland det svåraste som socialsekreterare ställs inför. Detta beror bl.a på de motstridiga förväntningar och partsintressen som ska tillgodoses. Å ena sidan ska de stödja föräldrarna och visa respekt för deras självbestämmanderätt.
Socialt innehåll i äldreomsorgen
Socialtjänststatistik 1982-1989
Preventing preschool externalizing behavior problems through video-feedback intervention in infancy
In the present study (1) intervention effects on children's preschool behavior problems were evaluated in a high risk sample with an overrepresentation of insecure adult attachment representations in 77 first-time mothers, and (2) predictors and correlates of child problem behavior were examined. Early short-term video-feedback intervention to promote positive parenting (VIPP) focusing on maternal sensitivity and implemented in the baby's first year of life significantly protected children from developing clinical Total Problems at preschool age. Also, compared with the control group, fewer VIPP children scored in the clinical range for Externalizing Problems. No intervention effects on Internalizing clinical problem behavior were found. The VIPP effects on Externalizing and Total clinical Problems were not mediated by VIPP effects on sensitivity and infant attachment or moderated by mother or child variables. Maternal satisfaction with perceived support appeared to be associated with less children's Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems. More research is needed to find the mechanisms triggered by VIPP, but the outcomes could be considered as promising first steps in the prevention of disturbing, externalizing behavior problems in young children.
Society and the adolescent self-image
Promoting preparedness for family caregiving – a randomized controlled intervention in palliative care
Background: Patients with incurable illness are increasingly being cared for in their homes with the help of palliative home care. However, in this system family caregivers also play an important role and often take a great responsibility for the patient's care. Family caregivers often lack preparedness for the situation, which could have negative consequences on their health and wellbeing.
Methods: The overall aim of this thesis was to develop and test a psycho-educational intervention for family caregivers in specialised palliative home care and to study processes and effects of the intervention. The psycho-educational intervention was developed based on the theoretical framework of Andershed and Ternestedt with focus on family caregivers' need for education and practical and emotional support. The intervention was delivered by health professionals and tested as a randomised controlled trial (RCT) at 10 specialised palliative home care settings, including an intervention arm and a control arm with standard support. The thesis includes four studies of which two (I, II) had a qualitative design and focused on processes involved in or considered relevant for the intervention. Two studies (III, IV) had a quantitative approach and focused on the effects of the intervention. The overall aim of the intervention was to improve family caregivers' feelings of preparedness for caregiving. In total, 194 family caregivers participated in the RCT with 96 family caregivers in the control arm and 98 in the intervention arm.
Aim and results of studies: The aim of Study I was to study how family caregivers' experienced their preparedness for caregiving in palliative care. The results showed that preparing for caregiving was viewed as an ongoing process by family caregivers and that it was related to the process of preparing for the patient's death.
The aim of Study II was to explore the experiences of delivering and participating in the intervention from the perspectives of health professionals and family caregivers. The intervention was generally perceived as a positive experience and both groups highlighted that it could be used a tool to support family caregivers to become better prepared.
The aim of Study III was to investigate the effects of the intervention compared to standard support in short- term and long-term. The results showed that the intervention had significantly improved family caregivers' feelings of preparedness for caregiving both in short-term and long-term.
The aim of Study IV was to investigate the characteristics of family caregivers who did not benefit from the intervention. The results indicated that family caregivers who did not benefit were significantly less vulnerable at baseline than those who did. Hence, they might not have had the same need for the intervention to become better prepared.
Conclusion: In conclusion of the four studies, the psycho-educational intervention could be valuable as a part of the health professional work to support family caregivers and increase their chances to become better prepared for caregiving. For the development of future interventions, it is important that family caregivers who are perceived as vulnerable are not excluded from participating, because they could be in most need of them.
Promoting secure attachment: 57 evaluation of the effectiveness of an early intervention pilot programme with mother-infant dyads in Santiago, Chile
Promoting self-determination in students with developmental disabilities
Self-determination and control over one's own life is critical for all individuals, including
individuals with developmental disabilities (Kennedy, 1996). Self-determination provides the
conceptual foundation for policy, vision, and social systems in the field of developmental
disabilities. As the field has evolved from early assumptions about "handicap" and "disability"
the central role of the individual has been captured by the construct of "self-determination." A
need exists to link the vision with both existing empirical evidence, and overt description of the
practices that will help us better realize a society in which self-determination represents the
lifestyle of all citizens. Promoting self-determination has become best practice in the education
of students with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The purpose of this practice guide
is to review and summarize existing practices that enhance self-determination and the
empirical support associated with those practices. Self-determination offers a broad vision with
personal implications. It is a construct with multiple facets and as such there will be no single
practice or package of practices for achieving self-determination that applies to all people or all
contexts. We offer in this practice guide first a summary of the way in which self-determination
has been conceptualized for the purposes of this Practice Guide and by the Gateway to SelfDetermination
project, then an organizational framework for linking practices that will enhance
self-determination, and finally a brief summary of the research literature supporting use of
these practices. Our hope is that this guide will not only provide recommendations for
educators, but also prove useful in fostering research, policy, and systems efforts to expand the
role of self-determination in the lives of people with disabilities
Prostitution i Sverige. Huvudrapport. Kartläggning och utvärdering av prostitutionsgruppernas insatser samt erfarenheter och attityder i befolkningen
Denna rapport är huvudrapporten "Prostitution i Sverige – Kartläggning och utvärdering av prostitutionsgruppernas insatser samt erfarenheter och attityder i befolkningen" och den kan läsas separat som en sammanfattning. Vill man ha mer detaljerad information hänvisas till respektive delrapport. I den första delrapporten "Sälja och köpa sex i Sverige 2011. Förekomst, hälsa och attityder" redovisas en webbaserad epidemiologisk undersökning vars avsikt var att kartlägga erfarenheter av att köpa och sälja sex i befolkningen 18-65 år. I rapporten läggs en bakgrund till det kontext i vilket prostitutionsgruppernas arbete bedrivs. I del 2-4 beskrivs prostitutionsgruppernas organisation och arbetssätt "Kartläggning av insatser mot prostitutionen i Stockholm, Göteborg och Malmö" (delrapport 2) samt de klienter verksamheterna mött under ett år inom programmen för Försäljare av Sexuella Tjänster (FAST) "Ett års kontakter med prostitutionsenheterna och beskrivning av insatser till personer med prostitutionserfarenhet (FAST)"(delrapport 3) och Köpare av Sexuella Tjänster (KAST) "Ett års kontakter med prostitutionsenheterna. En beskrivning av insatser till personer med erfarenhet av att köpa sex/problematiskt sexuellt beteende (KAST)" (delrapport 4). Det centrala fokus för regeringens och Socialstyrelsens uppdrag har varit att göra en utvärdering av det behandlingsarbete som bedrivs av prostitutionsgrupperna för stöd och hjälp till försäljare av sexuella tjänster och köpare av sexuella tjänster. Dessa studier "Utvärdering av samtalsbehandling med försäljare av sexuella tjänster (FAST)" och "Utvärdering av samtalsbehandling med köpare av sexuella tjänster (KAST)" kompletteras med en kvalitativ studie om tidigare klienters erfarenhet av given behandling "Intervjuer med personer som tidigare fått behandling vid FAST". Rapporten avslutas med en intervjustudie med 11 unga kvinnor som sålt sex via Internet, "Online är jag någon annan.......Unga kvinnor med erfarenhet av att sälja sexuella tjänster online".
Protection against perceptions of powerlessness and helplessness during palliative care: the family members' perspective
OBJECTIVE: Resilience in relation to coping with stress, loss, and bereavement has recently received increased attention. The aim of the current study was to describe aspects that are experienced as a protection against powerlessness and/or helplessness during advanced palliative home care (APHC) or as a help when coping with such perceptions. METHOD: Both family members during ongoing APHC and family members 3-9 months after the patient's death responded (in total, N = 233; response rate 72%) to a postal questionnaire with mainly open-ended questions. The text responses were analyzed using Manifest Content Analysis. RESULTS: Protection against powerlessness and helplessness had been facilitated by a stable patient condition, the patient coping well, a trusting relationship with the patient, practical and emotional support from family and friends, access to palliative expertise, and staff support that was both individually-focused and cooperative. Other aspects that had helped or protected family members against powerlessness and helplessness were a belief that they had their own reliable knowledge to manage the difficult situation, talking to someone, doing good for the patient, distracting activities, acceptance, meaning and hope, and an inner feeling of security. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: The findings are discussed in relation to existential psychology, the dual process model of coping with bereavement, and repressive coping. Clinical implications are suggested.
Protection against perceptions of powerlessness and helplessness during palliative care: the family members' perspective
Resilience in relation to coping with stress, loss, and bereavement has recently received increased attention. The aim of the current study was to describe aspects that are experienced as a protection against powerlessness and/or helplessness during advanced palliative home care (APHC) or as a help when coping with such perceptions.
Both family members during ongoing APHC and family members 3–9 months after the patient's death responded (in total, N = 233; response rate 72%) to a postal questionnaire with mainly open-ended questions. The text responses were analyzed using Manifest Content Analysis.
Protection against powerlessness and helplessness had been facilitated by a stable patient condition, the patient coping well, a trusting relationship with the patient, practical and emotional support from family and friends, access to palliative expertise, and staff support that was both individually-focused and cooperative. Other aspects that had helped or protected family members against powerlessness and helplessness were a belief that they had their own reliable knowledge to manage the difficult situation, talking to someone, doing good for the patient, distracting activities, acceptance, meaning and hope, and an inner feeling of security.
The findings are discussed in relation to existential psychology, the dual process model of coping with bereavement, and repressive coping. Clinical implications are suggested.
Providing Support at Time of Death From Cancer: Results of a 5-Year Post-Bereavement Group Study
Despite advances in the quality and availability of hospice and palliative care for people with end stage cancers, research addressing the psychosocial needs of family members and concerned others during the dying process has been limited primarily to caregivers. In addition, many of these studies focused on the recently bereaved. In this study, the authors sought to broaden that perspective by examining the psychosocial needs of secondary survivors, a term that applies to caregivers, family members, and others who felt a caring bond with a dying person. A qualitative exploration of needs expressed by secondary survivors following the conclusion of a structured 8-week psychoeducational grief group experience revealed that secondary cancer survivors experience a sense of isolation and powerlessness that is often unrecognized by physicians, nurses, oncology social workers, or other health care professionals. Furthermore, these secondary survivors needed support that extends well beyond activities that are traditionally associated with the physical and emotional care of the dying. Social work intervention strategies directed toward helping secondary survivors assert personal needs, develop greater proximity with the health care team, and prepare for the processes associated with end-of-life may be helpful later during bereavement.
Psychiatric disorders among children of parents with cancer: A Swedish register-based matched cohort study
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk of psychiatric disorders among children of parents with cancer in a nationwide population-based setting. METHODS:
Based on Swedish national registers, the study included 101 339 children with parental cancer diagnosed either during pregnancy (N = 1047) or after birth (N = 100 292) that were born during 1983 to 2000. For each exposed child, we randomly selected 10 unexposed children from the general population after individual matching by year of birth and sex. The matched cohort was followed during 2001 to 2010. Clinical diagnoses of psychiatric disorders and use of prescribed psychiatric medications were identified for all children. Cox regression and logistic regression were used to evaluate the associations of parental cancer with psychiatric disorder diagnosis and psychiatric medication use, respectively. RESULTS: Parental cancer during pregnancy was not associated with the risk of psychiatric disorders overall, although paternal cancer during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of psychiatric medication use among females. Parental cancer after birth was associated with higher risks of psychiatric disorder diagnoses, particularly stress reaction and adjustment disorders (males: hazard ratio [HR]: 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.43; females: HR: 1.27, 95% CI, 1.14-1.41), and use of psychiatric medication (males: odds ratio [OR]: 1.09, 95% CI, 1.04-1.13; females: OR: 1.14, 95% CI, 1.10-1.18). The positive associations were stronger for parental cancer with poor expected survival and for parental death after cancer diagnosis.
CONCLUSIONS: Parental cancer, primarily the life-threatening cancer, might confer a higher risk of psychiatric disorders among children. These findings have potential implications for health care professionals in providing targeted support to children living with a parent with cancer.
Psychiatric symptoms, high risk behaviors and HIV positivity among methadone patients
Psychiatric symptoms, high risk behaviors and HIV positivity among methadone patients.
Psychoeducational multi-family group treatment with adolescents at high risk for developing psychosis
In this study, we investigate the feasibility and acceptability of a 9-month psychoeducational multi-family group (PMFG) intervention for adolescents who are at ultra-high-risk (UHR) for developing psychosis. The treatment programme was adapted from those previously shown to be effective in patients with established psychotic illness, but emphasizes content relevant to adolescence and to a pre-onset phase of illness. Participants report that psychoeducational presentations are highly useful, they attend the PMFG group sessions regularly and report feeling comfortable in meetings and benefiting from them, and adolescents demonstrate improvement in symptoms and functional outcome. This study was not a randomized controlled trial and multiple interventions were introduced simultaneously; thus, changes in outcome cannot be attributed to the PMFG intervention per se. Nonetheless, these results establish the acceptability of PMFG to adolescents and families, and encourage further research into the potential positive impact of PMFG with this at-risk population.
Psychometric evaluation of the shared care instrument in a sample of home health care family dyads
Psychometric evaluation of the Texas revised inventory of grief in a sample of bereaved family caregivers
Abstract
The Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (TRIG) was developed to measure the intensity of grief after the death of a close person. It consists of two scales: TRIG I (past behaviors) and TRIG II (present feelings). Because of inconsistencies in previous validations, the instrument needs to be further validated, hence the aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the TRIG in a sample of bereaved family caregivers in Sweden. The TRIG was translated to Swedish according to standard principles, and 129 bereaved family caregivers completed the questionnaire. Parallel analysis was used to decide the number of factors to extract, followed by confirmatory factor analysis. An ordinal version of Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate the internal consistency of the scales. Construct validity was tested against the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The factor analyses resulted in one factor being retained for both scales. The internal consistency was excellent (α > 0.9) for both scales. Construct validity was supported by strong correlations between TRIG I and TRIG II as well as moderate correlations between the TRIG scales and HADS. In conclusion, the TRIG has sound psychometric qualities and the two scales should be treated as unidimensional measures of grief. Hence, the instrument is suited to be used in the context of palliative care.
Psychometric properties of KIDSCREEN-27 among childhood cancer survivors and age matched peers: a Rasch analy
There is a growing population of children and adolescents that have survived their cancer diagnosis. Therefore, it is of great importance to perform follow-up studies with relevant, valid and sensitive measures. It is of interest both to follow changes over time and to compare results from childhood cancer survivors with those from persons without this experience, to fully understand the impact and complexity of childhood cancer in regard to different aspects of quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of KIDCSREEN-27 for use with survivors of childhood cancer.
Methods
KIDSCREEN-27 consists of five dimensions measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children and adolescents; 63 survivors, (4–6 years post- diagnosis) aged 12–22 and 257 from a comparison group were assessed. KIDSCREEN-27 was evaluated using a Rasch Partial Credit Model (PCM). The aspects studied were the properties of the rating scale including threshold values, internal scale validity, unidimensionality, person response validity, and differential item functioning (DIF) comparing the survivors with peers.
Results
The rating scales revealed almost expected patterns of responses, and the threshold ordering for two of three rating scales displayed acceptable results. The items demonstrated acceptable goodness-of-fit MnSq values in 23 of 27 items (85.2%). The explained variance within each dimension was above the set criterion (50%) for all dimensions except Autonomy & Parent Relations (39.8%). Person goodness-of-fit showed acceptable results in four of five dimensions. No DIF was detected with regard to cancer experience (survivors/comparison group).
Conclusions
Based on the performed Rasch analysis, KIDSCREEN-27 is recommended, with the exception of Autonomy & Parent Relations, due to non-satisfactory unidimensionality, for use among adolescents and young adults who have survived childhood cancer. Still, it is recommended that future research should include a larger sample of childhood cancer survivors in order to monitor some items more thoroughly and explore different levels and patterns of HRQoL in KIDSCREEN-27.
Psychometric Properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
OBJECTIVE:
To describe the psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a brief measure of the prosocial behavior and psychopathology of 3-16-year-olds that can be completed by parents, teachers, or youths.
METHOD:
A nationwide epidemiological sample of 10,438 British 5-15-year-olds obtained SDQs from 96% of parents, 70% of teachers, and 91% of 11-15-year-olds. Blind to the SDQ findings, all subjects were also assigned DSM-IVdiagnoses based on a clinical review of detailed interview measures.
RESULTS:
The predicted five-factor structure (emotional, conduct, hyperactivity-inattention, peer, prosocial) was confirmed. Internalizing and externalizing scales were relatively "uncontaminated" by one another. Reliability was generally satisfactory, whether judged by internal consistency (mean Cronbach a: .73), cross-informant correlation (mean: 0.34), or retest stability after 4 to 6 months (mean: 0.62). SDQ scores above the 90th percentile predicted a substantially raised probability of independently diagnosed psychiatric disorders (mean odds ratio: 15.7 for parent scales, 15.2 for teacher scales, 6.2 for youth scales).
CONCLUSION:
The reliability and validity of the SDQ make it a useful brief measure of the adjustment and psychopathology of children and adolescents.
Psychopathology and Substance Abuse in Parents of Young Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
OBJECTIVE:
To compare the prevalence of psychological disorders in parents of young children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid disruptive behavior disorders (DBD).
METHOD:
Subjects included 98 three- to seven-year-old children with DSM-IV ADHD (68 with ADHD and comorbid oppositional defiant or conduct disorder [ADHD+ODD/CD]) and 116 non-ADHD comparison children recruited in 1995-96 during the first wave of a longitudinal study. Biological mothers were administered interviews to assess ADHD and DBD in their children and mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders in themselves. In addition, they were queried about symptoms of childhood ADHD and DBD, and antisocial personality disorder in themselves and their children's biological fathers.
RESULTS:
Child ADHD was associated with increased rates of maternal and paternal childhood ADHD relative to comparison children. Child ADHD+ODD/CD was associated with maternal mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and stimulant/cocaine dependence, and paternal childhood DBD. Mothers of children with ADHD+ODD/CD also reported increased drinking problems in their children's fathers.
CONCLUSIONS:
These findings indicate that many young children with ADHD, particularly those with comorbid ODD/CD, require comprehensive services to address both their ADHD and the mental health needs of their parents.
Psychopathology and Substance Abuse in Parents of Young Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
OBJECTIVE:
To compare the prevalence of psychological disorders in parents of young children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid disruptive behavior disorders (DBD).
METHOD:
Subjects included 98 three- to seven-year-old children with DSM-IV ADHD (68 with ADHD and comorbid oppositional defiant or conduct disorder [ADHD+ODD/CD]) and 116 non-ADHD comparison children recruited in 1995-96 during the first wave of a longitudinal study. Biological mothers were administered interviews to assess ADHD and DBD in their children and mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders in themselves. In addition, they were queried about symptoms of childhood ADHD and DBD, and antisocial personality disorder in themselves and their children's biological fathers.
RESULTS:
Child ADHD was associated with increased rates of maternal and paternal childhood ADHD relative to comparison children. Child ADHD+ODD/CD was associated with maternal mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and stimulant/cocaine dependence, and paternal childhood DBD. Mothers of children with ADHD+ODD/CD also reported increased drinking problems in their children's fathers.
CONCLUSIONS:
These findings indicate that many young children with ADHD, particularly those with comorbid ODD/CD, require comprehensive services to address both their ADHD and the mental health needs of their parents.
Psychosocial dimensions of family burden among two groups of carers looking after psychiatric patients
In this study we examined the relationship between level of family burden adn extent of psychological distress among family members of 52 psychiatric patients. Our sample consisted of 31 chronic and 21 subchronic patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The paper focused on the influence of psychosocial factors, such as the sense of personal control and coping strategies upon the extent and the perception of burden. The carers of chronic patients more frequently used a passive way of coping with everyday problems. Passivity and variability on behalf of the carers were significantly correlated with areas of objective burden. Consistent with a stress-process model, we found that the factor of mastery correlated significantly with family burden and distress scores. The findings of the study are discussed in the context of community family interventions.
Psychosocial effects on siblings of children with autism and mental retardation: a population-based study
The probands of this study were 60 children and young adults between 5 and 20 years of age, 20 of whom had siblings with autism, 20 of whom had siblings with mental retardation, and 20 of whom had siblings who were free of handicap. The three proband groups were matched for gender, birth order and socioeconomic status. The children were questioned about their sibling relationships and about particular problems they faced concerning their handicapped brothers or sisters and about problems concerning themselves. Parents were interviewed about the healthy child's behaviour and social adjustment. Mothers completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory concerning themselves. Siblings of handicapped children and especially siblings of children with autism were more concerned about the future. They also felt lonely more often and many of them had peer problems. They often regarded their handicapped siblings as a burden. They tended to have only one sibling. Siblings often did not know why their handicapped brother or sister was different from other children. There were more behaviour disturbances in the siblings of handicapped children and mothers with a child with autism reported more 'stressful events'. There were no differences as regards the personality of the mothers and the self-concept of the children between the three groups.
Psychosocial effects on siblings of children with autism and mental retardation: a population-based study.
The probands of this study were 60 children and young adults between 5 and 20 years of age, 20 of whom had siblings with autism, 20 of whom had siblings with mental retardation, and 20 of whom had siblings who were free of handicap. The three proband groups were matched for gender, birth order and socioeconomic status. The children were questioned about their sibling relationships and about particular problems they faced concerning their handicapped brothers or sisters and about problems concerning themselves. Parents were interviewed about the healthy child's behaviour and social adjustment. Mothers completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory concerning themselves. Siblings of handicapped children and especially siblings of children with autism were more concerned about the future. They also felt lonely more often and many of them had peer problems. They often regarded their handicapped siblings as a burden. They tended to have only one sibling. Siblings often did not know why their handicapped brother or sister was different from other children. There were more behaviour disturbances in the siblings of handicapped children and mothers with a child with autism reported more 'stressful events'. There were no differences as regards the personality of the mothers and the self-concept of the children between the three groups.
Psychosocial factors and caregivers' distress: effects of familism and dysfunctional thoughts
Psychosocial intervention for family caregivers of people with dementia reduces caregiver´s burden: development and effect after 6 and 12 months
A number of different intervention programmes have been described in the literature for caregivers of people with dementia, but the nature of intervention has varied widely. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of psychosocial intervention on family caregiver's level of burden and satisfaction, and possible influence of the caregiver's relationship and health and the patient's severity of the disease on the effects of intervention. All persons, 70 years and older, from two districts of a municipality (2721 individuals) who were in receipt of any form of social services were invited to participate in a screening of cognitive decline, and 1656 home visits were made. Those with symptoms of cognitive decline, and having a family caregiver, were invited for a further medical examination. Data were analysed from 308 family caregivers: 153 caregivers who underwent intervention and 155 control caregivers who did not. Repeated measures were carried out 6 and 12 months later. Outcomes were measured using instruments that had been tested for reliability and validity, and all patients were diagnosed according to DSM-IV dementia criteria. Caregivers who underwent the psychosocial intervention (5-week programme and 3-month conversation group) reported significantly lower strain and disappointment after 6 months, and this trend remained after 12 months. Satisfaction, measured in terms of purpose, increased in the intervention group and decreased in the control group. The best effect on caregivers in the intervention group was found early in the progression of dementia and in caregivers with impaired health. These findings emphasize the importance of identifying family caregivers early in the caring process to optimize well-being. This study demonstrates that psychosocial intervention with a clearly defined aim that includes giving information and having a conversation group have significant, positive effects on burden and satisfaction for caregivers of people with dementia.
Psychosocial intervention for family caregivers of people with dementia reduces caregiver's burden: development and effect after 6 and 12 months
Psychosocial well-being in bereavement among family members with a special focus on young adults who have lost a parent to cancer.
Doktorsavhandling
Introduction: The loss of a loved one is a distressing life event for family members which often affects psychosocial well-being. Young adults who have lost a parent may be a particularly vulnerable group of bereaved individuals. This age group is often characterized by a certain instability, as the individual has left childhood but has not yet established an adult life, which could further compromise psychosocial well-being after the death of a parent. Young adults who have lost a parent to cancer comprise a sparsely studied group, and increased knowledge about their needs is called for.
Aim: The general aim of this thesis was to explore the psychosocial well-being of family members in bereavement, with a special focus on young adults who have lost a parent to cancer.
Methods: Two different study populations were used to examine the overall aim of this thesis. In Study I, 25 family members who lost a loved one within a palliative care service were interviewed about their supportive interactions with health care staff and their emotional experiences associated with these interactions. The interviews were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Studies II–IV involved 77 young adults, aged 16–28 years, who had lost a parent to cancer and who participated in a support group within the palliative care context. They responded to a comprehen-sive questionnaire at three time-points within the first 18 months after their parent's death. In Study II, loss- and restoration-oriented bereavement stressors, as well as psychosocial well-being, were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Study III investi-gated longitudinal variations in psychosocial well-being and Study IV examined the relationship between self-esteem and symptoms of anxiety and depression. In both of these studies, descriptive and analytical statistics were used.
Results: Study I showed that: clear information presented in an honest dialogue fosters certainty and security; empathetic and flexible encounters with health care staff promote feelings of warmth and comfort; patient- and family-oriented health care staff gave a sense of value; the atmosphere and physical environment contrib-uted to dignity and harmony; and bereavement support provided feelings of strength. Support groups for parentally bereaved young adults were mentioned as being espe-cially important. Studies II–IV revealed an overall poor psychosocial well-being, for example, many young adults reported symptoms of anxiety and low life satisfaction. However, normal levels of self-esteem and a strong belief in a meaningful future might indicate resilience in grief. Minor improvements in psychosocial well-being were found within the first 18 months after the loss. Higher self-esteem was shown to be associated with less symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Conclusion: The results support the suggestion that young adults who have lost a parent to cancer constitute a specific group in bereavement. The indicated resilience may protect the young adults from long-term problems despite their poor psycho-social well-being. Furthermore, supportive interactions that are perceived as helpful may contribute to the development of good psychosocial well-being.
Psychosoziale Probleme von Kindern körperlich kranker Eltern- ein literatur uberblick.
Psychotherapeutic Issues with Family Members of Persons with Physical Disabilities
The need for individual psychotherapy for family members of persons with physical disabilities is growing as medical interventions improve and survival rates increase. The family members' grief reactions are one part of the adjustment process. Psychological difficulties that develop are influenced by a number of considerations. The family member as psychotherapy patient is part of a family unit whose balance, functioning and development has been disrupted. Factors relevant to physical disability, family systems approaches, and psychodynamic theory are influential in the treatment. The extent and type of a relative's disability determines the practical and personal impact for the patient as does the relationship of the patient to the person with the disability. A spouse, parent, child or sibling will each experience different practical and emotional consequences within the context of his/her ages, stage of life, and culture. The circumstances of the onset of the disability, the quality of the relationship, and the psychodynamic balance within each person and within the relationship are important issues to consider. All of the above affect the meaning of the disability for each family member personally, interpersonally, intrapsychically, and within the family unit. Because of limited experience with these emotionally loaded issues, possibilities for countertransference are significant. Recommendation is made for increased exposure to the area of physical disability in the training of psychotherapists.
Psychotic symptoms and paranoid ideation in a population-based sample of 95-year-olds
OBJECTIVE:
To examine the 1-year prevalence of psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia in nondemented 95-year-olds, and to examine the relation between psychotic symptoms and other psychiatric symptoms, sensory impairments, and cognitive functioning.
PARTICIPANTS:
The representative sample was 95-year-olds living in Göteborg, Sweden (N = 338). Individuals with dementia were excluded (N = 175), leaving 163 subjects for this study.
DESIGN:
This was a cross-sectional population study, including psychiatric and physical examinations, cognitive tests, and interviews with close informants.
MEASUREMENTS:
Diagnosis of schizophrenia, psychotic symptoms, paranoid ideation and dementia according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Revision (DSM-III) were measured. Cognitive function was tested with the Mini-Mental State Exam. Other psychiatric symptoms were measured by the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale.
RESULTS:
The one-year prevalence of any psychotic symptom was 7.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.8-12.5); including hallucinations 6.7% (95% CI 3.4-11.8) and delusions 0.6% (95% CI 0.0-3.4). Four (2.4%) individuals fulfilled DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia. Individuals with psychotic symptoms or paranoid ideation did not differ regarding cognitive functioning compared with individuals without these symptoms. Individuals with hallucinations and paranoid ideation had an increased frequency of previous paranoid personality traits compared with individuals without psychotic symptoms and paranoid ideation. No individuals with psychotic symptoms had a formal thought disorder, incoherence of speech, or flat affect.
CONCLUSION:
The authors found a high prevalence of psychotic symptoms, paranoid ideation, and schizophrenia in the very old. Most of the symptoms were elucidated by information from key informants, illustrating the importance of including relatives in the evaluation of elderly persons.
Psykiatri eller inte? Radikal psykiatrikritik under 1960- och 1970-talen
Från psykiskt sjuk till psykiskt funktionshindrad belyser de förändrin gar som ägt rum inom den svenska psykiatrin sedan början av 1990-talet , med speciell tyngdpunkt på psykiatrireformen 1994 och dess konsekven ser. Denna reform har bland annat lett till att den kommunala socialtj änsten fått ett allt större ansvar för omsorgen om personer med långva riga och svåra psykiska funktionshinder. Teman som lyfts fram är försk jutningen från begreppet ?psykisk sjukdom? till ?psykiskt funktionshin der?, vår kunskap kring psykiska funktionshinder och hur drabbade pers oner hanterar dessa i sin vardag. Vidare diskuteras de nya roller som anhöriga och frivilligorganisationer fått efter avvecklingen av de gam la mentalsjukhusen; de krav på delaktighet och inflytande över det egn a livet som psykiskt funktionshindrade ställer, något som också föränd rar villkoren för dem som arbetar med dessa frågor. Boken vänder sig s peciellt till personer som utbildar sig inom vård och omsorg.
Psykiatri för baspersonal. Kunskap för evidensbaserad praktik
Välutbildad och kunnig baspersonal inom landstingspsykiatrin och socialtjänsten är en förutsättning för god vård och omsorg om psykiskt funktionshindrade. Psykiatri för baspersonal förmedlar såväl vetenskaplig som praktisk kunskap, och ger också en djupare förståelse för personer med psykiska funktionshinder.
Den här andra upplagan av boken innehåller ett nyskrivet kapitel om barn som anhöriga till föräldrar med psykisk ohälsa. Några av de andra ämnen som tas upp är återhämtning, etik, stigmatisering, tvångsvård, sysselsättning, hjälpmedel, samsjuklighet och case management. Boken innehåller också kapitel om skötares och boendestödjares yrkesroller samt inblick i brukarnas/patienternas upplevelser.
I boken finns en tydlig studieanvisning med diskussionsfrågor kopplade till respektive kapitel. Det gör boken lämplig att studera i grupp på arbetsplatsen för att på så sätt höja kompetensnivån och kvaliteten.
Psykiatri för baspersonal är skriven av forskare och praktiker som är experter inom sina områden. Huvudredaktörer är Ingemar Ljungqvist, psykiatrisjuksköterska, och Håkan Jenner , professor i pedagogik med inriktning mot ungdoms- och missbrukarvård.
Psykiska funktionshinder – stöd och hjälp vid kognitiva funktionsstörningar
I boken ges kunskaper om vad kognitiva störningar är, hur de yttrar sig i vardagen och hur man skall bemöta och stödja individen. Boken vänder sig till alla som i sin dagliga verksamhet har till uppgift att lämna stöd, service, och vård till psykiskt funktionshindrade. Det kan vara personliga ombud, vårdpersonal, boendestödjare, personal vid daglig verksamhet och liknande.
Politiker och beslutsfattare inom skilda verksamhetsområden som har ansvar för att fatta beslut som ofta kan vara av livsavgörande betydelse för individen, kommer att ha nytta av boken.
Psykologilexikon
Psykologilexikon [Online].
Psykoser – ett humanistiskt och biologiskt perspektiv
Denna bok är resultatet av 40 års psykiatriska erfarenheter – erfarenheter som lett till övertygelsen om att det är nödvändigt att samtidigt hålla både ett humanistiskt och ett naturvetenskapligt perspektiv levande när man ska förstå och arbeta med de olika psykostillstånden. Man kan aldrig bortse från biologiska faktorer, men man får heller aldrig glömma att den psykotiske är en tänkande och kännande människa med unika förutsättningar och erfarenheter. Cullberg menar att gränsen mellan "normalt" och "psykotiskt" är godtycklig och flytande. Vi behöver bara gå till våra egna nattliga drömmar och fantasier för att inse att vi alla inom oss bär på möjligheter till psykotiskt tänkande. Skillnaden är bara att vi normalt kan korrigera oss i vår förmåga att bedöma verkligheten
Public contra voluntary services: Welfare pluralism, substitution or complementarity?
Public expenditure costs of carers leaving employment in England, 2015/2016.
In the context of global population ageing, the reconciliation of employment and unpaid caring is becoming an important social issue. The estimation of the public expenditure costs of carers leaving employment is a valuable measure that is of considerable interest to policy makers. In 2012, the Personal Social Services Research Unit estimated that the public expenditure costs of unpaid carers leaving employment in England were approximately £1.3 billion a year, based on the costs of Carer's Allowance and lost tax revenues on forgone incomes. However, this figure was known to be an underestimate partly because it did not include other key benefits that carers who have given up work to care may receive. This paper presents a new estimate of the public expenditure costs of carers leaving employment. Key sources of information are the 2009/2010 Survey of Carers in Households, 2011 Census and 2015/2016 costs data. As well as Carer'sAllowance, the estimate also now includes the costs of other benefits that carers leaving work may receive, namely, Income Support and Housing Benefit. The results show that the estimated numbers of carers who have left employment because of caring have increased from approximately 315,000 to 345,000. Due mainly to the inclusion of a wider range of benefits, the public expenditure costs of carers leaving employment in England are now estimated at £2.9 billion a year. The new estimate comprises £1.7 billion in social security benefits paid to people who have left their jobs because of unpaid caring, plus another £1.2 billion in taxes forgone on this group's lost earnings. The paper concludes that, if there was greater public investment in social care, such as "replacement care" to support carers in employment, and fewer carers then left employment, public spending on benefits would be lower and revenues from taxation would be higher.
Public financial support receipt and non-medical resource utilization in Alzheimer's disease results from the PLASA study
A major health policy objective is to encourage and sustain informal caregiving networks for people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This goal can be reached by providing financial assistance to patients facing difficulties in the accomplishment of activities of daily living, in order to encourage utilization of professional service and therefore alleviate informal caregiver burden. The main issue is to understand if and how financial assistance is correlated with the distribution between informal and professional care. We used a cross-sectional sample of 1131 French elderly patients (65 or older) with mild to moderate AD. Informal and professional service resource use was measured in hours per month using a validated instrument, the Resource Use in Dementia questionnaire. Our results confirmed the utter dominance of informal care, which represented more than 80% of total care even among patients receiving public financial support. However financial support receipt was associated with differences in care utilization: higher use of total non-medical care (formal and informal) and lower proportion of informal care in total non-medical care. Our results suggested the presence of a threshold effect that would influence non-medical care demand decisions. Even if on average the use of informal care in total was 13.3% lower among patients receiving public financial support, informal care use represented more than 80% of total non-medical care use. Providing robust evidence of these associations is crucial to further identify the right dosage between professional service demand and informal care utilization that could be associated with a lower burden and therefore a lower probability of institutionalization.
Putting Evidence into Practice: nursing assessment and interventions to reduce family caregiver strain and burden.
På andras villkor – skolans möte med elever med funktionshinder
I studien undersöks och analyseras vad som är väsentligt för tillgängligheten i grund- och gymnasieskolan och vad som kan ses som hindrande. Slutsatserna handlar inte i första hand om de tekniska och materiella lösningarna utan snarare om sådant som kan sammanfattas i kompetens, kreativitet och professionalism. Sådant som bidrar till att göra eleverna delaktiga i sin egenutveckling.
På den assistansberättigades uppdrag. God kvalitet i personlig assistans – ändamålsenlig användning av assistansersättning
På nära håll är ingen normal. Handikappdiskurser i Sveriges television 1956-2000
På väg mot en god demensvård. Samhällets insatser för personer med demenssjukdomar och deras anhöriga. Departementspromemorian. Ds 2003:47
Pårørendesamtaler med barn og unge
Qualitative evaluation of a problem-solving intervention for informal hospice caregivers
Background: Informal hospice caregivers may experience compromised well-being as a result of significant stress. Although quite limited, problem-solving interventions with this population have garnered empirical support for improved caregiver well-being. Aim: Researchers sought to answer the following question: which specific intervention processes impacted informal hospice caregivers who participated in a problem-solving intervention? Design: Researchers conducted a thematic analysis of open-ended exit interviews with informal hospice caregivers who had participated in a structured problem-solving intervention. Setting/participants: Participants were friends and family members who provided unpaid care for a home hospice patient receiving services from one of two hospice agencies located in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Results: During their participation in the problem-solving intervention, caregivers actively reflected on caregiving, structured problemsolving efforts, partnered with interventionists, resolved problems, and gained confidence and control. Conclusions: The study findings provide much needed depth to the field's understanding of problem-solving interventions for informal hospice caregivers and can be used to enhance existing support services. © 2012 The Author(s).
Qualitative Evaluation of a School-Based Support Group for Adolescents With an Addicted Parent
BACKGROUND:
Adolescents with an addicted parent are at risk for physical, emotional, and social problems. They are particularly at risk for developing substance abuse. School-based support groups have been suggested as a beneficial treatment and prevention strategy.
OBJECTIVE:
To examine the features, critical attributes, processes, and benefits of school-based support groups for adolescents with an addicted parent.
METHODS:
A qualitative evaluation using the ethnographic method was conducted at two Midwestern suburban high schools.
RESULTS:
The study resulted in a comprehensive description of school-based support groups and an outline presenting benefits of participation for adolescents with an addicted parent. The benefits of group participation included increased knowledge, enhanced coping, increased resilience, improved relationships, and improved school performance.
DISCUSSION:
Findings from this study suggest that school-based support groups are beneficial to adolescents with addicted parents. Experiential knowledge is the foundation of these self-help groups. School-based support group participation enhanced self-knowledge and led to self-care and self-healing. The school-based support groups expanded the adolescents' awareness, resulting in their ability to make critical choices that facilitated changes in the dysfunctional pattern. Support group participation empowered youth to make these changes.
Qualitative research and evaluation methods. 4th ed.
Drawing on more than 40 years of experience conducting applied social science research and program evaluation, author Michael Quinn Patton has crafted the most comprehensive and systematic book on qualitative research and evaluation methods, inquiry frameworks, and analysis options available today. Now offering more balance between applied research and evaluation, this Fourth Edition illuminates all aspects of qualitative inquiry through new examples, stories, and cartoons; more than a hundred new summarizing and synthesizing exhibits; and a wide range of new highlight sections/sidebars that elaborate on important and emergent issues. For the first time, full case studies are included to illustrate extended research and evaluation examples. In addition, each chapter features an extended "rumination," written in a voice and style more emphatic and engaging than traditional textbook style, about a core issue of persistent debate and controversy.
Qualitative studies of stroke: a systematic review
Background and Purpose— Qualitative studies are increasingly used to investigate social processes and phenomena influencing health behaviors and service provision. We aimed to identify the scope of published qualitative studies of stroke, consider their relevance to development and delivery of services for people with stroke, and make recommendations for future work.
Methods— Literature review of published articles was identified by systematically searching online literature databases using keywords from the start of each database until 2002. Articles were reviewed by 2 authors, using a standardized matrix for data extraction. The 2003 European Stroke Initiative recommendations for stroke management were used to categorize the literature for consideration of its contribution to stroke research.
Results— We included 95 articles. Their empirical contribution includes an emphasis on recording the "human" experience of stroke; identification of needs as perceived by patients and their families, differences in priorities between patients and professionals, and barriers to best-quality care. We identified 12 papers that were specifically undertaken to develop or evaluate interventions.
Conclusions— Qualitative studies have addressed a wide range of issues related to the impact of stroke on individuals and caregivers, and to the organization and delivery of services. Significant problems remain in ensuring the delivery of best-quality stroke care, which such studies have the potential to address. Maximizing this potential requires greater collaboration between nonclinical and clinical scientists, service providers, and users to formulate research questions of interest as well as new research strategies, such as meta-analysis, to pool qualitative research findings and multisited investigations.
Qualitative study on the impact of falling in frail older persons and family caregivers: Foundations for an intervention to prevent falls
Abstract
Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to explore the impact of falling for frail community-dwelling older persons with and without cognitive impairments who have experienced a recent fall and their primary family caregivers. The secondary aim was to define components for a future fall prevention programme.
Methods: Grounded theory interview study, with 10 patients (three cognitively unimpaired, four with mild cognitive impairment and three with dementia) and 10 caregivers.
Results: All patients described a fear of falling and social withdrawal. Caregivers reported a fear of their care recipient (CR) falling. Most patients were unable to name a cause for the falls. Patients rejected the ideas that falling is preventable and that the fear of falling can be reduced. Some caregivers rated the consequences of their CRs' cognitive problems as more burdensome than their falls and believed that a prevention programme would not be useful because of the CRs' cognitive impairment, physical problems, age and personalities.
Conclusion: Falling has major physical and emotional consequences for patients and caregivers. A fall prevention programme should focus on reducing the consequences of falling and on promoting self-efficacy and activity. The causes of falls should be discussed. The programme should include dyads of patients and caregivers because caregivers are highly involved and also suffer from anxiety. Before beginning such a programme, providers should transform negative expectations about the programme into positive ones. Finally, caregivers must learn how to deal with the consequences of their CRs' falling as well as their cognitive impairment.
Quality of Care in the Psychiatric Setting: Perspective of the Patient, Next of Kin and Care staff
The overall aim of this thesis was to describe quality of care from different perspectives in the psychiatric setting, to develop an instrument for measuring quality of care from the in-patient perspective and to use this instrument empirically. A qualitative descriptive design involving a phenomenographic analysis was used in Studies I, III and IV, and a descriptive and comparative design with statistical analysis in Study II.In Study I, 20 patients were interviewed. The results showed that quality of care was perceived as a positive, normative concept namely as good quality of care. Five descriptive categories emerged: the patient's Dignity is respected; the patient's sense of Security with regard to care; the patient's Participation in care; the patient's Recovery; and the patient's care Environment. In addition, two conceptions that had not explicitly emerged in previous studies on quality of care were identified: Being helped to reduce the shame and Being looked upon as like anyone else.In Study II a definition of quality of care from a patient perspective was formulated on the basis of the results in Study I. A two-part instrument the Quality in Psychiatric Care (QPC) was developed for measuring the patients' expectations regarding quality of care (QPC-1) and their subsequent experience of it (QPC-2). One hundred and sixteen patients answered both parts of the instrument. Overall, the quality of care was rated high in both parts. However, experienced quality of care was significantly lower than the patient's expectations in all the dimensions of the instrument: Total dimension, Dignity, Security, Participation, Recovery and Environment. Patients who perceived that the time of discharge was consistent with the stage of their illness experienced significantly higher Recovery; patients with good psychiatric health also experienced this, but had in addition significantly higher levels of Participation. This new instrument exhibited too high Cronbach's alpha values (QPC-1 0.87–0.98, QPC-2 0.85–0.98), which means the instrument needs to be further tested in order to improve its psychometric properties.Twelve next of kin were interviewed in Study III. The next of kin described quality of care mainly from their own perspective, but also to a large extent from the patient's perspective as well. They described it in both positive and negative terms. Five descriptive categories resulted: Dignity, Security, Participation, Recovery and Health-promoting surroundings. Good relations and communication between staff, patients and next of kin emerged as the central factors regarding the quality of care. The next of kin asked for information about mental illnesses and wanted to co-operate and participate in the patient's care. They avoided telling others about their family member's psychiatric illness because of a feeling of shame and guilt.In Study IV, 20 care staff and care associates were interviewed. They described quality of care both from the patient's perspective and from a professional perspective. They perceived the concept as a positive one and as being of great importance for the patient's health and life situation. Four descriptive categories resulted: the patient's Dignity is respected; the patient's Participation in the care; the patient's Recovery; and the patient's care Environment plays an important role.The main contribution of this thesis with regard to the concept of quality of care in the psychiatric setting is its emphasis on the significance of the different perspectives described above, as such knowledge is vital when planning and implementing and evaluating quality of psychiatric care. In addition, the descriptive categories that emerged in this thesis clearly highlight the importance of interpersonal relationships in the care situation. The new instrument (QPC) needs psychometric testing before it routinely can be used as a self-rating instrument for the purpose of improving psychiatric inpatient care and help guide the proper allocation of care resources.
Quality of life among family caregivers of stroke patients.
Quality of life among older people in Sweden receiving help from informal and/or formal helpers at home or in special accommodation
Quality of life of community-residing persons with dementia based on self-rated and caregiver-rated measures
Purpose To identify correlates of self-rated and caregiver-rated quality of life (QOL) in community-residing persons with dementia (PWD) for intervention development. Methods Cross-sectional data of 254 PWD and their caregivers participating in a clinical trial were derived from in-home assessments. Self-rated QOL was measured with the Quality of Life-Alzheimer Disease (QOL-AD) scale, and caregiver-rated QOL was measured using the QOL-AD and Alzheimer Disease-Related Quality of Life (ADRQL) scales. Multivariate modeling identified correlates of the PWD' QOL. Results Self-rated QOL was related significantly to participant race, unmet needs, depression, and total medications. Caregiver-rated QOL-AD scores were significantly associated with participant function, unmet needs, depression, and health problems and with caregiver burden and self-rated health. Significant correlates of ADRQL scores included neuropsychiatric symptom severity, functional and cognitive impairment, and caregiver burden and depression. Conclusions Correlates of QOL in community-residing PWD depend on who rates the PWD's QOL and which measure is used. Addressing health problems, medication use, and dementia-related unmet needs, reducing functional dependency, and treating neuropsychiatric symptoms in PWD, while reducing caregiver burden and depression, may maximize QOL in those with dementia.
Stressors, quality of the child-caregiver relationship, and children’s mental health problems after parental death: the mediating role of self-system beliefs
Abstract
Investigated whether three self-system beliefs, fear of abandonment, coping efficacy, and self-esteem, mediated the relations of stressors and caregiver-child relationship quality with concurrent and prospective internalizing and externalizing problems in a sample of children who had experienced parental death in the previous 2.5 years. The cross-sectional sample consisted of 340 children ages 7-16 and their surviving parent/current caregiver; the longitudinal analyses employed a subset of this sample that consisted of 100 children and their parents/caregivers who were assessed at three time points. A multirater, multimethod measure of caregiver-child relationship quality and a multirater measure of children's mental health problems were used. The cross-sectional model supported a mediational relation for fear of abandonment, coping efficacy, and self-esteem. The three-wave longitudinal model showed that fear of abandonment at Time 2 mediated the relation between stressors at Time 1 and internalizing and externalizing problems at Time 3. Implications of these findings for understanding the development of mental health problems in parentally bereaved children and designing interventions for this at-risk group are discussed.
Striking a Balance: A Qualitative Study of Next of Kin Participation in the Care of Older Persons in Nursing Homes in Sweden.
Most of the care in nursing homes is palliative in nature, as it is the oldest and the frailest people who live in nursing homes. The aim of this study was to explore next of kin's experiences of participating in the care of older persons at nursing homes. A qualitative design was used, based on semi-structured interviews with 40 next of kin, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. An overarching theme emerged, a balancing act consisting of three categories: (1) visiting the nursing home; (2) building and maintaining relationships; and (3) gathering and conveying information. The next of kin have to balance their own responsibility for the older person's wellbeing by taking part in their care and their need to leave the responsibility to the staff due to critical health conditions. The next of kin wanted to participate in care meetings and conversations, not only in practical issues. The findings indicate the need to improve the next of kin's participation in the care as an equal partner. Increased knowledge about palliative care and decision-making of limiting life-prolonging treatment may lead to a higher quality of care.
Striving to become familiar with life with traumatic brain injury:experiences of people with traumatic brain injury and their close relatives
The overall aim of the doctoral thesis was to elucidate the meaning of living with traumatic
brain injury (TBI) for people with TBI and for their close relatives. The data were collected by
means of qualitative research interviews with people with moderate or severe TBI (I, III, IV)
and their close relatives (II, III), and were then analyzed using a phenomenological
hermeneutic interpretation (I, II, IV) and thematic content analysis (III).
This study shows that living with moderate or severe TBI means living with a perpetually
altered body that changed the whole life and caused deep suffering, where feelings of shame
and dignity competed with each other. People with TBI lost their way and struggled to
achieve a new normalcy. Losing one's way included experiences of waking up to unknown,
missing relationships and experiencing the body as an enemy. Struggles to attain a new
normalcy included searching for an explanation, recovering the self, wishing to be treated with
respect, and finding a new way of living. Feeling well, for people with moderate or severe
TBI, means that the unfamiliar life with TBI has become familiar. This included finding
strength, regaining power over everyday life, being close to someone and being good enough.
People with TBI felt well when they reconciled themselves with the circumstances of their
life, that is, they formed a new entity in that life where they had lost their complete health.
Living with a person with moderate or severe TBI means that close relatives fight not to lose
their foothold when it becomes essential for them to take increased responsibility. They
struggled with their own suffering and compassion for the person with TBI. Close relatives'
willingness to fight for the ill person derived from their feeling of natural love and the ethical
demand to care and be responsible for the other. Natural love between the person with TBI
and close relatives and other family members gives them the strength to fight.
People with TBI and their close relatives had experiences of being avoided, being ruled by the
authorities, being met with distrustfulness and being misjudged. They also searched for answers
and longed for the right kind of help. People who listened to them, believed them and tried to
understand and help them were appreciated.
This thesis shows that people with TBI and their close relatives experienced deep suffering
where they struggled between evil and good, suffering and desire. They had moments of
hopelessness but they strived to become familiar with a life with TBI. Their suffering was
alleviated when they were able to understand their experiences, experienced love and had
someone to share their suffering with, and felt satisfaction and happiness. People with TBI and
their close relatives have experiences of suffering of care. It is crucial that they meet
professionals who have knowledge about TBI and really understand the suffering it causes for
them as individuals and as a family
Stroke caregiver outcomes from the Telephone Assessment and Skill-Building Kit (TASK).
Purpose: Stroke caregivers often express the need for information about stroke and assistance with stroke-related care in the early discharge period. The Telephone Assessment and Skill-Building Kit (TASK) is an 8-week program that addresses caregiver needs. This study explored the efficacy of the TASK program in improving stroke caregiver outcomes. Method: Guided by a conceptual model, 6 outcomes (optimism, task difficulty, threat appraisal, depressive symptoms, life changes, general health perceptions) were measured in 40 caregivers randomized to the TASK (n = 21) or an attention control group (n = 19). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for baseline scores and minutes spent with the nurse. Results: Significant increases in optimism at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks were found, with medium effect sizes for the TASK group relative to the control group (p < .05). Significant improvements in task difficulty at 4 weeks, and threat appraisal at both 8 weeks and 12 weeks were also found (p < .05). Conclusion: Caregivers receiving the TASK intervention improved in optimism, task difficulty, and threat appraisal. Further testing of an enhanced version of the TASK program is warranted, with attention directed toward more distal stroke caregiver outcomes.
Stroke i C-län
Vårdprogram utarbetat i samarbete mellan Akademiska sjukhuset, primärvården och Uppsala kommun. Gäller från den 1 januari 2003 till och med 31 december 2005. Reviderad september 2002.
Stroke incidence and survival in the beginning of the 21st century in southern Sweden: comparisons with the late 20th century and projection into the future
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:
We report trends of stroke incidence and survival up to year 2001/2002 in Lund-Orup, Sweden, and projections of future stroke incidence in Sweden.
METHODS:
Lund Stroke Register, a prospective population-based study, included all first-ever stroke patients, between March 1, 2001 and February 28, 2002, in the Lund-Orup health care district. Institution-based studies for 1983 to 1985 and 1993 to 1995 were used for comparison. We calculated age-standardized incidence and Cox proportional hazards analysis of survival (stroke subtype, sex, age group, and study period in the analysis). Minimum follow-up was 46 months. Based on our register's stroke incidence and the official Swedish population projection, a projection for future stroke incidence on a national basis was calculated.
RESULTS:
We included 456 patients with first-ever stroke in 2001/2002. The age-standardized incidence (to the European population) was 144 per 100 000 person-years (95%CI 130 to 158) in 2001/2002, 158 (95%CI 149 to 168) in 1993 to 1995, and 134 (95%CI 126 to 143) in 1983 to 1985. Cox proportional hazard analysis indicated decreased risk of death after stroke in 2001/2002 (hazard ratio 0.80; 95%CI 0.67 to 0.94) compared with 1993 to 1995. Up to year 2050, the annual number of new stroke patients in Sweden may increase by 59% based solely on demographic changes.
CONCLUSIONS:
Despite possible underestimation of stroke incidence during the previous institution-based studies, the increased stroke incidence between 1983 to 1985 and 1993 to 1995 did not continue in 2001/2002. The long-term survival after stroke continues to improve. As the elderly population is growing in Sweden, stable incidence and increasing survival will result in a rapidly increasing prevalence of stroke patients in Sweden.
Structural Ecosystems Therapy for recovering HIV-positive women: Child, mother and parenting outcomes
This study presents results of a subgroup analysis from a randomized trial to examine whether Structural Ecosystems Therapy (SET), a family intervention intended to improve medication adherence and reduce drug relapse of HIV-seropositive (HIV+) women recovering from drug abuse, provided benefits for families with children. Data from 42 children and 25 mothers were analyzed at baseline, and 4, 8, and 12 months post-baseline. Results of longitudinal Generalized Estimating Equations analyses suggested that SET was more efficacious than the Health Group (HG) control condition in decreasing children's internalizing and externalizing problems and reducing mothers' psychological distress and drug relapse. Children in SET reported improvements in positive parenting as compared to the children in HG, but there were no differences in mother-reported positive parenting, or parental involvement as reported by either the children or mothers. These findings suggest that family interventions such as SET may be beneficial for mothers and children. An adaptation of SET specifically for families with children could further enhance benefits and improve acceptability and cost-effectiveness.
Structural Ecosystems Therapy for recovering HIV-positive women: child, mother, and parenting outcomes
This study presents results of a subgroup analysis from a randomized trial to examine whether Structural Ecosystems Therapy (SET), a family intervention intended to improve medication adherence and reduce drug relapse of HIV-seropositive (HIV+) women recovering from drug abuse, provided benefits for families with children. Data from 42 children and 25 mothers were analyzed at baseline, and 4, 8, and 12 months post-baseline. Results of longitudinal Generalized Estimating Equations analyses suggested that SET was more efficacious than the Health Group (HG) control condition in decreasing children's internalizing and externalizing problems and reducing mothers' psychological distress and drug relapse. Children in SET reported improvements in positive parenting as compared to the children in HG, but there were no differences in mother-reported positive parenting, or parental involvement as reported by either the children or mothers. These findings suggest that family interventions such as SET may be beneficial for mothers and children. An adaptation of SET specifically for families with children could further enhance benefits and improve acceptability and cost-effectiveness.
Struggling in an inescapable life situation: being a close relative of a person dependent on home enteral tube feeding
AIM:
To explore what it means to be a close relative of a person dependent on home enteral tube feeding (HETF) and how they can manage this situation.
BACKGROUND:
Previous studies have shown that the situation of close relatives in home care in general can be burdensome and difficult. Research is scarce about experiences of close relatives when patients are treated with HETF.
DESIGN:
A qualitative design was used, in accordance with grounded theory (GT).
METHODS:
Twelve close relatives were interviewed twice, using open-ended questions. Five were relatives of patients supported by home care services or advanced home care teams. Using the GT method, sampling, data collection and data analysis were carried out simultaneously.
RESULTS:
One core category, 'Struggling in an inescapable life situation' and eight categories were found. The situation led to involuntary changes in the lives of the close relatives, something they could do little about. Their lives had become completely upturned and restricted by the HETF. Togetherness and pleasure was lost and they felt lonely. The relatives faced a new role of being informal caregivers and they had to adjust their daily life accordingly. They felt forced to take on a heavy responsibility for which they lacked support. The close relatives struggled to manage and to make the best of their new situation.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study highlighted the demands and vulnerability which is embedded in the role of being a close relative of a patient with HETF. It also pointed out their need for comprehensive support from the health care system.
RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Support to facilitate the situation of close relatives should be given from the health care. One way to organise the care could be through a nurse-led clinic, which provides continuous support, information and counseling.
Struggling in an inescapable life situation: being a close relative of a person dependent on home enteral tube feeding
AIM:
To explore what it means to be a close relative of a person dependent on home enteral tube feeding (HETF) and how they can manage this situation.
BACKGROUND:
Previous studies have shown that the situation of close relatives in home care in general can be burdensome and difficult. Research is scarce about experiences of close relatives when patients are treated with HETF.
DESIGN:
A qualitative design was used, in accordance with grounded theory (GT).
METHODS:
Twelve close relatives were interviewed twice, using open-ended questions. Five were relatives of patients supported by home care services or advanced home care teams. Using the GT method, sampling, data collection and data analysis were carried out simultaneously.
RESULTS:
One core category, 'Struggling in an inescapable life situation' and eight categories were found. The situation led to involuntary changes in the lives of the close relatives, something they could do little about. Their lives had become completely upturned and restricted by the HETF. Togetherness and pleasure was lost and they felt lonely. The relatives faced a new role of being informal caregivers and they had to adjust their daily life accordingly. They felt forced to take on a heavy responsibility for which they lacked support. The close relatives struggled to manage and to make the best of their new situation.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study highlighted the demands and vulnerability which is embedded in the role of being a close relative of a patient with HETF. It also pointed out their need for comprehensive support from the health care system.
RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE:
Support to facilitate the situation of close relatives should be given from the health care. One way to organise the care could be through a nurse-led clinic, which provides continuous support, information and counseling.
Student-Environment Fit for Students with Physical Disabilities
The overall aim of the research presented here was to identify and explore aspects of the school environment that influence the participation of students with physical disabilities. The first study examined the reliability and validity of the School Setting Interview (SSI), which is a new assessment still under development. The results showed that the inter-rater reliability was good or very good and that the SSI was able to accurately identify those students who needed to have adjustments made for them. An examination of the content validity indicated that the items included were adequate for the assessment's intended purpose. In a continuation of this research, the SSI was used to identify adjustment needs for students with severe physical disabilities attending a specially adapted upper secondary school. The results showed that most unmet needs were connected to writing, examinations and reading. Overall, 39 % of the needs for adjustments that had been identified were unmet by the school. It is suggested that one describes adjustments at three different levels in relation to the students who have access to them: a general one, a group one, and an individual one.
The SSI was then used to investigate environmental barriers in regular schools. Simultaneously, an investigation was made of how gender, diagnosis, academic grade, the availability of an assistant and the level of locomotion were related to how well the environment suited the students. It was demonstrated that the way in which activities are organised and carried out in school is the area in need of most improvement to promote the participation of students with physical disabilities. The findings also suggest that the older students with disabilities and those who do not have access to an assistant should be prioritised when adjustments are being made.
The next stage of the study was to investigate how temporal structures in the school setting influenced the schoolwork of students with disabilities. It was found that the teaching style determined the pace and defined the temporal pattern in the classroom. Four teaching styles were identified with different influences on the students' opportunities to participate. An educational dilemma was discovered regarding how best to provide equal learning opportunities for students with physical disabilities; this is discussed. Finally, research was conducted to increase the understanding of how the presence of an assistant in school influences the participation of students with physical disabilities. It was revealed that assistance was arranged to promote participation in learning, while the students themselves often prioritised social participation with peers. The pupils had limited influence over the assistance provided and little control over when and how support was given. In turn, these diverging priorities and the lack of influence sometimes precluded appropriate assistance being given to the students with disabilities, thereby affecting their overall opportunities to participate in class.
In summary, this thesis revealed that the organisation of activities, teaching styles and the provision of assistance were aspects of the social environment that especially influenced students' opportunities to participate. The ambiguity and complexity of facilitating participation also created dilemmas where the provision of support intended to facilitate participation might threaten another aspect of participation. On the basis of the results, a definition of participation is suggested that incorporates performance and the students' feeling of involvement and belonging, as well as the students' opportunities for decision-making.
Studiecirklar inom demensvård : Personal och anhöriga tillsammans : Anhörig 300
Studiecirklar inom demensvård : personal och anhöriga tillsammans : Projektredovisning, Anhörig 300
Studier om hälsa för personer med utvecklingsstörning
Av redovisningen i denna rapport framgår att personer med utvecklingsstörning i Sverige
har en ökad sårbarhet för många sjukdomar jämfört med befolkningen i övrigt.
Forskning om levnadsförhållanden visar samstämmiga resultat inom flertalet livsområden.
Vuxna personer med utvecklingsstörning bor och lever sitt liv i samhället där andra
medborgare bor och lever. Likafullt visar jämförelser med den övriga befolkningen tydliga
skillnader i levnadsförhållanden på i stort sett alla livsområden framför allt när det gäller
arbete, inkomst och socialt umgänge.
Personer med utvecklingsstörning har sällan en traditionell anställning på den öppna
arbetsmarknaden. En del har anställning inom Samhall, men många försörjer sig inte
genom arbete utan har sin främsta inkomst via socialförsäkringssystemet. De har litet
inflytande över sin ekonomi. Majoriteten lever ett begränsat socialt liv och umgås mest
med anhöriga och personal. Få har vänner som de själva har valt.
En ljuspunkt finns. Yngre personer i åldern 21–40 år har inte sämre tandstatus än den
övriga befolkningen.
Study Finds Wives often struggle With Stepchildren Over Caregiving
Study of two graphic symbol-teaching methods for individuals with physical disabilities and additional learning difficulties
The primary purpose of this study was to establish whether contrasting teaching methods had an effect on performance accuracy in the recall of graphic symbols. The secondary purpose was to establish whether the iconicity of symbols had an effect on performance accuracy. A direct symbol-teaching method and a contextual symbol-teaching method were investigated using a total of 72 Picture Communication Symbols (PCSs; Johnson, 1985). Fourteen children with physical disabilities and additional learning difficulties took part in the study. Ten participants had little or no functional speech. The results showed that, averaging across all other factors, the direct-teaching method produced better results than the contextual-teaching method and that performance accuracy was greater with transparent symbols. Results also showed a significant interaction between the direct-teaching method and translucent/opaque symbols. Further analysis of the descriptive data suggests that age, rather than educational or language ability, was a significant factor. Implications for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) practices are discussed.
Study of two graphic symbol-teaching methods for individuals with physical disabilities and additional learning difficulties
The primary purpose of this study was to establish whether contrasting teaching methods had an effect on performance accuracy in the recall of graphic symbols. The secondary purpose was to establish whether the iconicity of symbols had an effect on performance accuracy. A direct symbol-teaching method and a contextual symbol-teaching method were investigated using a total of 72 Picture Communication Symbols (PCSs; Johnson, 1985). Fourteen children with physical disabilities and additional learning difficulties took part in the study. Ten participants had little or no functional speech. The results showed that, averaging across all other factors, the direct-teaching method produced better results than the contextual-teaching method and that performance accuracy was greater with transparent symbols. Results also showed a significant interaction between the direct-teaching method and translucent/opaque symbols. Further analysis of the descriptive data suggests that age, rather than educational or language ability, was a significant factor. Implications for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) practices are discussed.
Stärkt stöd till barn som anhöriga Slutrapport från regeringsuppdrag 2017–2020
Sammanfattning
En hög andel barn har någon gång under sin uppväxt i sin familj missbruk/beroende, psykisk ohälsa eller funktionsnedsättning, våld, allvarlig sjukdom eller skada eller någon som avlider. Ofta är svårigheterna överlappande. Det är ett grundläggande folkhälsoarbete att genom adekvat stöd förebygga de väl dokumenterade riskerna för negativa konsekvenser av en sådan uppväxt, i barnens vardag här och nu och för deras framtid. Ett omfattande utvecklingsarbete har utifrån regeringsuppdragen bedrivits under hela perioden 2011–2020, i nära samarbete med andra nationella och regionala aktörer. Steg har tagits närmare målet att barn inte ska skadas av föräldrars missbruk och beroende och att psykisk ohälsa av familjerelaterade orsaker minskar hos barn och unga. Detta har skett bland annat genom att stödja både hälso- och sjukvård och socialtjänst i att genom ökad kunskap och skapandet av hållbara strukturer tillämpa ett barn-, föräldraskaps- och familjeperspektiv i arbetet med dessa familjer. Stödet har bestått i framtagande och publicering av kunskapssammanfattningar och olika former av webbstöd, spridande av verksamma arbetssätt, stöd till utvecklingsarbeten samt anordnande av konferenser och lärande nätverk. Detta påverkans- och utvecklingsarbete är viktiga insatser för att minska de påverkbara hälsoklyftorna i samhället. Arbetet är också en utmaning som kräver långsiktighet och kontinuerligt stöd för implementering. Fortsatta kontinuerliga insatser behövs för att alla som i sitt arbete möter föräldrar med egna svårigheter uppmärksammar barnens situation och ger dem information, råd och stöd efter behov. Medvetenheten om professionens ansvar att förhålla sig till patienter, brukare och klienter som föräldrar, och till deras barn som anhöriga och rättighetsbärare, behöver öka inom såväl hälso- och sjukvården som socialtjänsten. Barnkonventionen som lag stärker arbetet, men kräver fortsatta insatser för efterlevnad i praktiken. I denna redovisning lyfts därför behovet av att ett fortsatt nationellt stöd inom området behövs. Det stödet omfattar fortsatt arbete med uppföljning, utveckling av ett samordnat familjeorienterat arbetssätt inom socialtjänsten och hälso- och sjukvården, stödstrukturer för barn i akuta situationer, samlad kompetens och ansvar för barn som föds med skador till följd av exponering av alkohol under fosterlivet samt nationellt samordning inom flera områden, exempelvis i arbetet med våld mot barn. Det är angeläget att den kommande ANDT-strategin från 2021 och framåt fortsatt särskilt lyfter behovet av satsningar på barn och stöd i föräldraskap för att se till barns behov av en trygg uppväxt här och nu samt förebygga missbruk och psykisk ohälsa i nästa generation.
Stöd för anhöriga till personer med demenssjukdom. Fokusrapport.
Hur är det att vara anhörigtill en person med demenssjukdom? Vilket stöd ges från sam-hällets sida och överensstämmer det med de verkliga behoven? Hur upplever vårdpersonaloch biståndshandläggare det är att stödja anhöriga? Var finns problemen, och hur ska vigöra för att lösa dem? Det är några av de frågor vi har ställt och försöker ge svar på i dennafokusrapport. Demens beskrivs ofta som de anhörigas sjukdomeftersom de förändringar som följer medsjukdomsutvecklingen starkt påverkar livskvaliteten även för de anhöriga. De anhöriga, somofta själva är äldre, har en avgörande roll när det gäller vården av personer med demens-sjukdom.1Invanda mönster och maktförhållanden förändras i en familj när någon insjuknari demenssjukdom.2Att vårda en närstående är vanligt i åldrarna 75 till 84 år, ungefär likamånga män som kvinnor.3Att vara anhörig till en person med demenssjukdom påverkar hälsa, social situation, eko-nomi, livskvalitet och levnadsvillkor i hög grad.Ett flertal studier visar att anhöriga somvårdar en person med Alzheimersjukdom löper en ökad risk för depression4. Data från stu-dier visade att inflyttningen på särskilt boende kan framflyttas med sex månader om anhö-riga erbjuds stöd och hjälp när den demenssjuka fortfarande bor hemma. Välinformeradeoch kunniga anhöriga är en tillgång för både landsting och kommun. Från den 1 juli 2009 är kommunens skyldighet att ge stöd till anhöriga förtydligad genomen ändring i socialtjänstlagen. Kommunal hälso- och sjukvård och socialtjänst ska er-bjuda ett individuellt anpassat stöd till anhöriga, men också arbeta för att se, respektera ochsamarbeta med anhöriga.6Landstinget har ingen uttalad skyldighet att stödja anhöriga men har i uppdrag att svara förförebyggande hälso- och sjukvård enligt 2 c § Hälso- och sjukvårdslagen. Det innebärbland annat att identifiera personer eller grupper som riskerar att drabbas av ohälsa. Hälso-och sjukvården har en otydlig roll i dagens anhörigstöd. Sedan 2010 finns bestämmelser i hälso- och sjukvårdslagen och socialtjänstlagen att närbehov finns ska en gemensam individuell plan upprättas för personer med psykiska funk-tionsnedsättningar. Planeringen ska göras tillsammans med patient och anhöriga.De behov som anhöriga till personer med demenssjukdom har, liknar i stor utsträckning be-hoven som andra anhöriga har, det vill säga där det handlar om andra svåra kroniska sjuk-domar eller psykiska funktionshinder. Nästan oavsett vilka sjukdomstillstånd det handlar om innebär vardagen som anhörig ett stort antal utmaningar där samhället måste erbjudastöd och hjälp. I Socialstyrelsens "Nationella riktlinjer för vård och omsorg vid demenssjukdom 2010"belyses hela vårdkedjan - över huvudmannaskapsgränserna. I riktlinjerna framgår hur deolika aktörerna bör strukturera sitt arbete för att kunna säkra god och jämförbar vård förpersoner med demens. I de nationella riktlinjerna lyfts begreppet personcentrerad omvårdnadfram, det vill sägaatt omhändertagandet av personer med demenssjukdom i möjligaste mån ska individanpas-sas. Flertalet anhöriga anser att personal inom vård och omsorg inte tar tillvara anhörigaskunskap om deras närstående. För att lyckas med det krävs att företrädare från kommuneroch landsting betraktar anhöriga som samarbetspartners. På så sätt ökas självkänslanhos anhöriga och främjar deras självständighet. Det bidrar också till att man inom kommunoch landsting får en korrekt bild av vad som behövs i ett fungerande anhörigstöd.Olika typer av tekniska hjälpmedel kan även vara till stor hjälp för den anhöriga och bevaraden demenssjuke personens oberoende så länge som möjligt. Idag förskrivs sällan hjälpme-del för patientgruppen med demenssjukdom.I denna fokusrapport redovisas en sammanställning av material insamlat från Socialstyrelsen,Länsstyrelsen i Stockholm, "Stiftelsen Äldrecentrum" och "Nationellt kompetenscentrumAnhöriga" samt en ny kartläggning bestående av fokusgruppsintervjuermed anhöriga,distriktssköterskor, biståndshandläggare och personal på minnesmottagningar i länet. Enkartläggning som visar att: -Anhöriga är i behov av mer stöd och avlastning än de i dagsläget erbjuds.- Många anhöriga tycker att det är svårt att veta vem de ska vända sig till för att få hjälp eftersom det finns flera huvudmän. - Det finns brist i kompetens hos personal som vårdar personer med demens.- Företrädare inom såväl kommun som landsting anser att det behövs en tydligare be-skrivning av vem som ansvarar för vad ifråga om personer med demens, samt en önskan om fler och bättre samverkansformer för att förhindra att personer med demens"faller mellan stolarna". - Vårdpersonal och biståndshandläggare uttrycker önskemålet om att det borde finnas en funktion/roll som är huvudansvarig för varje person med demenssjukdom, och somkan följa denna/denne genom hela vårdkedjan. Resultaten som presenteras i denna rapport är en sammanvägning av allt material somnämns ovan, dvs en analys av kartläggningens olika delmoment: litteraturgenomgång ochfokusgruppsintervjuer. FörbättringsområdenInformation och utbildning till anhörigaUtbildningsprogram till anhöriga kan minska stress och risk för såväl fysisk som psykiskohälsa, och öka deras förmåga att hantera beteendemässiga problem. Utbildning kan ges iform av kontinuerlig och strukturerad information om demenssjukdomar, bemötande ochvilket stöd samhället erbjuder till anhöriga. Utbildningen kan ges individuellt eller i grupp.Primärvården och distriktssjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i fråga om anhörigstöd som be-höver förtydligas särskilt med tanke på att strukturerad anhörigutbildning med psykosocialtstöd ännu inte är rutinförfarande.Såväl kommuner som landsting behöver ge tydligare information om hur ansvarsfördel-ningen ser ut på sina respektive webbplatser. Broschyrmaterial behöver också arbetas framför att finnas tillängligt på de platser där anhöriga och närstående vistas. Det finns flera pa-tient- och frivilligorganisationer som gör viktiga insatser för människor med demenssjuk-dom. Ett utvecklat samarbete med patientorganisationer är angeläget eftersom de har storkunskap inom området och arrangerar utbildningar och konferenser.Utveckling av stödformerStöd till anhöriga finns i olika former: avlösning i hemmet, dagverksamhet, tillfälligt bo-ende, nätverk, tekniska hjälpmedel, utbildning, psykosocialt stöd och hemtjänst. Det är vik-tigt att man fortsätter att utveckla stödformer av alla slag – men framförallt att de erbjudstill alla som har behov. När det gäller yngre personer med demenssjukdom behövs det flerplatser inom dagverksamhet.Tydligare ansvarsfördelningFör att demenssjuka och deras anhöriga ska ha en fungerande vardag behövs klarare lokalariktlinjer och tydligare rollfördelning mellan landsting och kommuner. Att det finns flerahuvudmän som ansvarar för patientgruppen är ett stort problem. Vård och omsorgsgivareinom Stockholms läns landsting och kommunerna behöver tillsammans arbeta fram en an-svarsfördelning förtydligad i lokala vårdprogram. Exempelvis bör stödet till anhöriga fin-nas med i uppdraget både för minnesmottagningarna och husläkarverksamheten så attverksamheterna stödjer varandra och vårdkedjan hänger ihop. Samordnande kontaktpersonSamtliga parter i vård- och omsorgsarbetet kring personer med demens och även anhöriga,efterlyser en samordnande kontaktperson som kan fungera som "spindeln i nätet", somskulle kunna sköta kontakterna mellan primärvård/landsting och omsorg/kommun. En mo-dell finns i Kalmar där distriktssjuksköterskan är processansvarig för utredningen. Ävenanhörigstöd ligger under distriktssköterskans ansvar, vilket innebär att hon anordnar utbild-ningsträffar för anhöriga. Innehållet i stödet omfattas av medicinsk information, bemötandeoch andra råd och tips. Vid utbildningsträffarna deltar även kommunens handläggare somger information om hjälpinsatserna och olika boendeformer. Gemensam vård och omsorgsplanering samt årlig uppföljningSedan 2010 finns bestämmelser i hälso- och sjukvårdslagen och socialtjänstlagen att närdet finns behov ska en gemensam individuell plan upprättas för personer med psykiskafunktionsnedsättningar. Planeringen ska göras tillsammans med patient och anhöriga för attbehoven av både hälso- och sjukvård och socialtjänst ska tillgodoses. Dokumentet skaockså beskriva de olika insatser och vårdgivarnas ansvar.Hälso- och sjukvården och socialtjänsten bör minst en gång per år följa upp sjukdomensförlopp och anpassa läkemedel, vård och omsorg. Då är det viktigt att föra ett enskilt sam-tal med den anhörige, dels för att följa upp om de beviljade stödformerna är tillräckliga,dels för att kontrollera om den anhöriga fortfarande har möjlighet och ork att vårda sin de-menssjuka närstående. Huruvida gemensamma individuella planer tas fram och årliga upp-följningar görs enligt ovan är okänt men mycket talar för att det inte sker i tillräckligomfattning.Förbättrad kompetensTrygghet är en viktig faktor i omhändertagandet av personer med demens och deras anhö-riga. Anhöriga önskar mer information, och att vård och omsorg utförs av yrkeskunnig per-sonal i sjukdomens alla skeden – från diagnos till palliativ vård, en period som ofta löperöver 5–7 år.Fortbildning för läkare, distriktssköterskor, arbetsterapeuter, biståndshandläggare, vård-och hemtjänstpersonal och andra är också nödvändigt för att öka förståelsen och kunskapenom det komplexa sjukdomstillstånd som demens är, och hur det drabbar de anhöriga. Ökad kompetens för alla yrkesgrupper som kommer i kontakt med demenssjuka, inomsåväl kommun som landsting, innebär att man kan identifiera risker på ett tidigt stadium.En effekt av detta blir att förhindrar kostsamma åtgärder senare i sjukdomsförloppet samtatt livskvaliteten hos patienterna och deras anhöriga förbättras. Fungerande hemvårdFör många äldre är stödet från en anhörig en förutsättning för att kunna bo kvar i det ordi-nära boendet.8För att anhöriga ska klara av detta krävande och mångfacetterande uppdragmåste det finnas ett utvecklat stöd från såväl landsting som kommun, vilket förutsätter ettfungerande samarbete mellan geriatrik, primärvård och äldreomsorg.9Hemvården bör ut-formas i samarbete med de anhöriga som är "experterna" i fråga om vilka behov närstå-ende i fråga har. För att erbjuda personer med demens och deras anhöriga bättre stöd skulleen utökad satsning på uppsökande verksamhet vara önskvärd, där de olika huvudmännentar ett gemensamt ansvar. Önskvärt är också att det skulle finnas ett fungerande multipro-fessionellt team för att möta behoven. Ett team som är mobilt och kan uppsöka den som ärsjuk, och inte tvärtom. Adekvat stöd och ersättningStödinsatser till anhöriga har en positiv effekt på deras hälsa vilket minskar landstingetskostnader på sikt.10Anhöriga som uttrycker önskan om att vårda närstående med demens-sjukdom behöver genom samhällets försorg få förutsättningar för detta, såväl i fråga omeko- nomi som hjälp med vård- och omsorgsinsatser till den sjuke. Inte minst med tanke påatt lejonparten av anhörigvårdarna själva tillhör gruppen äldre. Olika typer av tekniskahjälpmedel kan vara till stor hjälp för den anhöriga och bevara den demenssjuke personensoberoende så länge som möjligt. Idag förskrivs sällan sådana hjälpmedel för den här grup-pen. KvalitetsindikatorerAntalet nationella indikatorer för vård och omsorg för personer med demenssjukdom är 14stycken. Merparten är så kallade utvecklingsindikatorer - det vill säga indikatorer som inteär möjliga att kontinuerligt följa med de uppföljningssystem som finns i dagsläget.11Ingenindikator tar upp stödet till anhöriga. Det är önskvärt att man i framtiden skapar indikatoreräven för anhörigstöd. Registrering i och användningen av kvalitetsregistret SveDem bordegöras i större sträckning av vårdgivarna än som sker idag. Ekonomiska konsekvenserDe anhöriga svarar för den helt dominerande delen av närståendes omsorg och omvårdnadi eget boende. Att sjukvården ser anhöriga som en samarbetspartner och ger adekvat stöd ärpå sikt kostnadseffektivt för landstingets del. Konsekvenserna av otillräckligt stöd kan ledatill ökade kostnader och vårdkonsumtion för såväl patienter som anhöriga.
Stöd kvinnor som vårdar hemma : Månadens forskare
Stöd kvinnor som vårdar hemma : Månadens forskare.
Stöd och samverkan kring föräldrar med intellektuella begränsningar – föräldrars och yrkesverksammas perspektiv.
Magisteruppsats
Syftet med föreliggande studie var att skaffa fram ett underlag för att från habiliteringens sida
kunna vara ett adekvat stöd till professionella, när det gäller bemötande av föräldrar, särskilt
mammor, med intellektuella begränsningar.
För detta syfte behövde vi kartlägga de professionellas inställning och attityder till föräldrar
med intellektuella begränsningar, men också förmedla den bild som mammorna/föräldrarna
har på det stöd de får. I en kvalitativ studie intervjuades åtta mammor med intellektuella
begränsningar om deras syn på det stöd de får. En enkätstudie ställd till professionella gav
kännedom om olika verksamheters arbetssätt och utbud av stöd till familjer där en eller båda
föräldrarna har intellektuella begräsningar. I resultatdelen speglades informationen från
mammorna mot enkätsvaren.
Samverkansaspekter beaktades särskilt noga. Studien utgick från följande frågor:
Vilka erfarenheter och vilken inställning har de professionella till föräldrar med intellektuella
begränsningar? Hur kan mammornas egna synpunkter på den hjälp de får bidra till förståelse
för familjernas behov? Vilket stöd finns idag, hur skulle det eventuellt behöva förstärkas och
vilken roll kan habiliteringen ha?
De båda undersökningarna gav samstämmiga resultat när det gäller att beskriva
stödinsatsernas omfattning och mångfald. En annan aspekt som belystes från ömse håll var
behovet av utökat tidsutrymme för kontakt. Denna samstämmighet kunde utgöra grund för
fortsatt arbetsallians. Vi konstaterade vidare att det fanns behov av ett kunskapscenter som
kunde bidra till lättillgänglig information för både professionella och familjer. Professionella
uttryckte önskan om att lära mer avseende funktionshinder och dess konsekvenser särskilt i
kombination med föräldraskap. Behov av utökad och rutinmässig samverkan framkom mellan
de instanser som möter föräldrar med intellektuella begränsningar och deras barn. Slutligen
konstaterades en naturlig roll för habiliteringen, framför allt avseende fyra aspekter. Det
gällde förmedling av kunskap om funktionshinder, liksom insatser av preventiv art,
nätverksbyggande och samordnarfunktion.
Stöd till anhörig/närståendevårdare : iakttagelser och reflektioner från den andra utvärderingsdelen av samverkansprojektet Anhörig/närståendstöd i Skaraborg
Stöd till anhörig/närståendevårdare iakttagelser och reflektioner från den första utvärderingsdelen av samverksprojektet anhörig/närståendestöd i Skaraborg
Stöd till anhöriga – erfarenheter från åtta kommuner 2010 – 2013 Slutrapport
Stöd till anhöriga – erfarenheter från åtta kommuner 2010-2012
Ett omfattande arbete har utförts i landets kommuner sedan slutet av 1990-talet för att utveckla stödet till anhöriga. I maj 2009 beslutade riksdagen att kommunerna ska "erbjuda stöd för att underlätta för de personer som vårdar en närstående som är långvarigt sjuk eller äldre eller som stödjer en närstående som har funktionshinder."
Studiens syfte är att kartlägga innehållet i stödet till anhöriga, hur stödet organiseras, planeras, följs upp och utvärderas inom äldre-, funktionshinder- och individ- och familjeområdet samt samverkan mellan kommun, landsting, ideella organisationer och andra aktörer inom området. I kartläggningen ingår även att undersöka hur de olika huvudintressenterna bedömer kvaliteten på stödet till anhöriga.
I undersökningen kartläggs och följs stödet till anhöriga under tre år i åtta kommuner. De studerade kommunerna är Borås, Härjedalen, Hässleholm, Malmö, Skara, Strängnäs, Uppsala och Västervik. I rapporten presenteras resultatet av kartläggningen för år 2010.
Rapporten är ett samarbete mellan FoU Sjuhärad Välfärd, FoU-stöd Regionförbundet Uppsala län, Fokus Kalmar län, FoU i Sörmland, Kommunförbundet Skåne, Malmö stad, Skaraborgs kommunalförbund, FoU Jämt, Nationellt kompetenscentrum anhöriga.
Stöd till anhöriga : kartläggning av projekt startade med statliga stimulansbidrag i Stockholms län 2005-2007
Stöd till anhöriga efter Anhörig 300 i Norrbottens län
Stöd till anhöriga i form av service eller behovsprövad insats – handläggning och dokumentation – Meddelandeblad april 2010
Regeringen har gett Socialstyrelsen i uppdrag att utarbeta en vägledning till stöd för
tillämpningen av lagstiftningen som rör socialtjänstens arbete med stöd till personer
som vårdar eller stödjer närstående. Som ett led i vägledningsarbetet ger Socialstyrelsen
ut meddelandeblad och broschyrer, tillhandahåller information och publicerar artiklar på
hemsidan "Fokus på anhöriga" samt medverkar vid nationella och regionala konferenser.
Stöd till anhöriga i form av service eller behovsprövad insats – handläggning och dokumentation – Meddelandeblad april 2010
Regeringen har gett Socialstyrelsen i uppdrag att utarbeta en vägledning till stöd för
tillämpningen av lagstiftningen som rör socialtjänstens arbete med stöd till personer
som vårdar eller stödjer närstående. Som ett led i vägledningsarbetet ger Socialstyrelsen
ut meddelandeblad och broschyrer, tillhandahåller information och publicerar artiklar på
hemsidan "Fokus på anhöriga" samt medverkar vid nationella och regionala konferenser.
Stöd till anhöriga i samband med palliativ vård i hemmet
Kunskapsöversikten bygger på en litteraturgenomgång av internationella och nationella vetenskapliga studier inom området. Den kartlägger de olika typerna av stöd som finns tillgängliga för anhöriga till personer som får vård i livets slutskede och bor hemma. Kunskapsöversikten är viktig ur ett anhörigperspektiv då anhöriga i den typen av situationer är en grupp som ofta ställs inför stora utmaningar – att försöka förlika sig med den förestående förlusten av någon de älskar, samtidigt som de vill se att den sista tiden i livet ska blir så bra som möjligt.
Stöd till anhöriga som vårdar och stöder närstående under 65 år
Den 1 juli 2009 infördes en ny bestämmelse i 5 kap. 10 § socialtjänstlagen. Syftet
med lagändringen är att tydliggöra att socialnämnden ska erbjuda stöd för att
underlätta för de personer som vårdar och stödjer närstående. Vidare framhålls
att det ur ett förebyggande perspektiv är angeläget att kommunerna erbjuder olika
stödinsatser. Med stöd menas olika insatser som primärt syftar till att fysiskt,
psykiskt och socialt underlätta för person som vårdar eller stödjer närstående.
Kommunernas anhörigstöd har tidigare främst riktats till anhöriga till äldre
personer. Denna rapport belyser det befintliga stödet och utvecklingsbehoven för
anhöriga till närstående under 65 år i Nacka kommun. Kartläggningen grundar sig
på ett 40-tal intervjuer enskilt eller i grupp med handläggare och strategiska
personer inom kommunen samt hälso- och sjukvårdens verksamheter. Andra
som har intervjuats är anhöriga, gode män, personer vid överförmyndarenheten,
frivilligorganisationer, patient & anhörigorganisationer, kyrkans verksamheter
m.fl. Resultatet visar utifrån det befintliga stödet som erbjuds idag
Stöd till anhöriga som vårdar och stödjer närstående. Ds 2008:18
Stöd till anhöriga som vårdar och stödjer närstående. Promemoria Ds 2008
Stöd till anhöriga ställer krav på strategi - Meddelandeblad
Stöd till anhöriga ställer krav på strategi - Meddelandeblad
Meddelandebladet innehåller information om att kommuner bör analysera och ha en aktiv strategi för sitt arbete med anhörigstöd. Detta är ett av flera meddelandeblad kopplade till bestämmelsen om att kommunen ska erbjuda anhörigstöd.
Stöd till anhöriga ställer krav på strategi – Meddelandeblad
Stöd till anhöriga till personer under 65 år. Fokus på anhöriga, nr 15
Sedan den 1 juli 2009 ska landets kommuner erbjuda stöd till anhöriga
som vårdar eller stödjer någon som är långvarigt sjuk, äldre eller har
funktionshinder. Karin Lindgren som arbetar på Socialstyrelsens enhet
för funktionshindersfrågor vill med denna artikel uppmärksamma anhö-
riga till yngre personer, en grupp som anhörigstödet i många kommuner
ännu inte har så stor erfarenhet av. Förhoppningsvis kan artikeln vara
till hjälp när det gäller att börja tänka på hur stöd anpassat till denna
målgrupp av anhöriga ska utformas
Stöd till anhöriga till personer under 65 år. Fokus på anhöriga. Nr 15 december 2009
Stöd till barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning. Handbok för rättstillämpning vid handläggning och utförande av LSS-insatser.
I den nya handboken om stöd till barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning får du som handläggare och personal svar på frågor om hur stödet kan utformas.
Hur gör du som LSS handläggare när det ser ut som att lag och verklighet inte går ihop? Vad får föräldrar respektive personalen bestämma och vad får den unge själv bestämma i ett boende? Vad har kommunen för ansvar för planering och uppföljning?
Viktigt att tänka förebyggande
I boken får du exempel på olika stöd som kan ges till barn och familjer. Här framhålls vikten av att tänka förebyggande och vilka risker det kan innebära när familjer inte får tillräckligt stöd. Du som handläggare får också information om vad en personkretsbedömning omfattar och hur barn kan bli delaktiga i handläggningsprocessen.
Stöd för att orka med sitt föräldraskap
– Även om inte LSS ska kompensera för bristande föräldraförmåga, kan LSS-insatserna verka förebyggande så att föräldrarna orkar med sitt föräldraskap. Föräldrarna till ett barn som till exempel behöver vändas flera gånger om natten kan både bli uttröttade och tappa tålamodet. Genom att bevilja avlösning på ett sätt som passar föräldrarna ökar förutsättningarna för att de ska orka med situationen och få utrymme även för syskon och egna intressen, säger projektledaren Ylva Branting.
Viktigt stöd i olika åldrar
Du som förestår eller jobbar på ett boende får exempel på vilka behov omvårdnaden är tänkt att tillgodose. Här görs en koppling till barnens utveckling och vad som är viktigt stöd i olika åldrar. I boendet ställs många frågor på sin spets, till exempel hur en bra bostad bör utformas fysiskt och vad av vårdnadshavarens ansvar som kan tas över av personal. Många av dessa frågor är också aktuella i samband med andra stödformer.
Grund i lagstiftning och forskning
Handboken bygger på lagstiftning, förarbeten, konventioner och rättsfall samt Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter och allmänna råd. Men vissa delar bygger också på källor från psykologisk och pedagogisk forskning.
Stöd till barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning. Handbok för rättstillämpning vid handläggning och utförande av LSS-insatser.
I den nya handboken om stöd till barn och unga med funktionsnedsättning får du som handläggare och personal svar på frågor om hur stödet kan utformas.
Hur gör du som LSS handläggare när det ser ut som att lag och verklighet inte går ihop? Vad får föräldrar respektive personalen bestämma och vad får den unge själv bestämma i ett boende? Vad har kommunen för ansvar för planering och uppföljning?
Viktigt att tänka förebyggande
I boken får du exempel på olika stöd som kan ges till barn och familjer. Här framhålls vikten av att tänka förebyggande och vilka risker det kan innebära när familjer inte får tillräckligt stöd. Du som handläggare får också information om vad en personkretsbedömning omfattar och hur barn kan bli delaktiga i handläggningsprocessen.
Stöd för att orka med sitt föräldraskap
– Även om inte LSS ska kompensera för bristande föräldraförmåga, kan LSS-insatserna verka förebyggande så att föräldrarna orkar med sitt föräldraskap. Föräldrarna till ett barn som till exempel behöver vändas flera gånger om natten kan både bli uttröttade och tappa tålamodet. Genom att bevilja avlösning på ett sätt som passar föräldrarna ökar förutsättningarna för att de ska orka med situationen och få utrymme även för syskon och egna intressen, säger projektledaren Ylva Branting.
Viktigt stöd i olika åldrar
Du som förestår eller jobbar på ett boende får exempel på vilka behov omvårdnaden är tänkt att tillgodose. Här görs en koppling till barnens utveckling och vad som är viktigt stöd i olika åldrar. I boendet ställs många frågor på sin spets, till exempel hur en bra bostad bör utformas fysiskt och vad av vårdnadshavarens ansvar som kan tas över av personal. Många av dessa frågor är också aktuella i samband med andra stödformer.
Grund i lagstiftning och forskning
Handboken bygger på lagstiftning, förarbeten, konventioner och rättsfall samt Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter och allmänna råd. Men vissa delar bygger också på källor från psykologisk och pedagogisk forskning.
Stöd till barn som bevittnat våld mot mamma. Resultat från en nationell utvärdering
Barn som bevittnar våld mot en förälder som de är beroende av för sitt välbefinnande
utsätts för en form av våld. Barn behöver – i synnerhet under den tidiga barndomen –
föräldrar som prioriterar barnets behov framför sina egna. När barnets ena förälder –
eller någon annan som bor med familjen – slår eller förgriper sig på den andra föräldern
blir barnet känslomässigt övergivet och skyddslöst.
Barn kan bevittna våld mot en primär omsorgsgivare under kortare eller längre
perioder i sitt liv, men ofta innebär det ett liv begränsat av olika typer av makt,
övergrepp och förtryck. Sådana upplevelser medför en ökad risk för att barnet utvecklar
problem såsom posttraumatisk stress, depression, beteendeproblem och problem med
sociala relationer – både inom familjen och med kamrater.
Sedan 2007 är socialtjänstens ansvar, för att barn som bevittnat våld får det stöd och
den hjälp de behöver, förtydligat i Socialtjänstlagen.
Det viktigaste stödet för barn som bevittnat våld mot sin mamma är skydd från fortsatt
utsatthet. Internationellt sett är den vanligaste formen av stöd till barn, utöver sådant
skydd, samtal i grupp. Det finns dock stora skillnader mellan vilka mål programmen är
tänkta att uppnå, vilket medför att utvärderingsstudier använder varierande mått för att
bedöma vad som är ett "lyckat utfall". Detta försvårar i sin tur jämförelser av
utvärderingar av dessa program. I Sverige är den vanligaste typen av insats fortfarande
individuella samtal, även om gruppverksamheter för barn har blivit vanligare de senaste
10 åren. Kunskapen om effekterna av de metoder som utvecklats inom och utom
socialtjänsten för att stödja barn som bevittnat våld mot mamma är fortfarande
begränsad internationellt och i Sverige är den i stort sett obefintlig.
Göteborgs universitet fick 2008 i uppdrag av Socialstyrelsen att utvärdera effekten av
insatser riktade till barn som bevittnat våld mot sin mamma. Syftet med utvärderingen
var att studera förändringar i barns hälsa och välbefinnande efter stödinsatser, med
utgångspunkt i mammors och barns beskrivningar. Detta syfte preciseras i följande
frågeställningar:
1. Hur såg barnens familjesituation ut med avseende på vårdnad, boende och
umgänge och utsatthet för våld, samt barnens hälsa och välbefinnande när
insatsen påbörjades?
2. Förändrades barnens hälsa och välbefinnande från när insatsen påbörjades till
ett år senare som en konsekvens av insatsen, och skiljde sig förändringen åt
mellan olika typer av insatser?
3. Skiljde sig förändringarna åt gällande: barnens ålder och kön, våldsutsatthet eller
problembelastning, mammans socioekonomiska status, omfattningen av insatsen,
eller tiden för insatsen i barnens liv?
4. Hur stor andel av barnen hade problem på klinisk nivå gällande allmän psykisk
ohälsa och trauma före och efter de olika insatserna?
5. Hur nöjda var mammorna och barnen med de insatser de hade fått? Skiljde sig
deras nöjdhet mellan olika insatser?
Stöd till barn som upplevt våld : Utvecklingen på fältet 2006-2010
Våren 2006 kartlades verksamheter i Sverige som arbetar för att få män som
utövar våld att upphöra med sin våldsutövning mot kvinnor och barn, samt
verksamheter som riktar sig till flickor och pojkar som i sin familj upplever
mäns våld mot kvinnor. Med anledning av en nationell utvärdering av
stödinsatser till barn, vilken pågår 2008 till 2011, genomfördes en förnyad
kartläggning sommaren 2010, av verksamheter riktade till barn som upplever
våld. För denna ansvarade docent Maria Eriksson, Sociologiska institutionen,
Uppsala universitet. Forskningsassistent Marta Wycichowska deltog
också i arbetet. Den här rapporten redovisar resultatet av den förnyade kartläggningen
och beskriver förändringar på fältet under perioden 2006 till
2010.
2010 års kartläggning har begränsats till de typer av organisationer som
utifrån 2006 års rapport kan antas vara de mest relevanta när det handlar om
stöd till barn som upplevt våld: kommunala verksamheter, kvinnojourer samt
barn- och ungdomspsykiatriska mottagningar. Kvinnojourerna respektive
barn- och ungdomspsykiatriska mottagningar fick en enkät som motsvarar
den som skickades ut 2006. Verksamheter i kommunal regi kartlades genom
en genomgång av kommunernas hemsidor. När det gäller vissa nytillkomna
verksamheter har informationen från hemsidan kompletterats med telefonintervjuer.
För att lokalisera verksamheter har viss information också inhämtats
via Länsstyrelserna, forsknings- och projektfinansiärer (som Allmänna
Arvsfonden) samt genom generella sökningar på internet och personliga
kontakter på fältet.
Kartläggningen visar att stöd till barn som upplevt våld är ett fält som
fortfarande expanderar. Antalet identifierade verksamheter har ökat och i
den länsvisa förteckning över verksamheter som finns i rapportens bilaga 1
återfinns totalt 132 verksamheter (jämfört med 87 år 2006). Det är framförallt
bland kommunerna ökningen kan ses och kartläggningen tyder på att det
idag är minst 147 av landets kommuner som själva erbjuder stöd till barn
som upplevt våld. Kartläggningen visar också att det här är ett fält som konsoliderats,
på så sätt att flera små aktörer (i första hand kommuner) slagit sig
samman och etablerat gemensamma verksamheter. Vidare är det fler verksamheter
erbjuder både individuella insatser och grupper för barn, 46 jämfört
med 26 år 2006. Det går att urskilja några nyheter på fältet, i form av nya
modeller för barngrupper, och för terapi för barn och deras omsorgspersoner.
Nyheterna till trots är dock de övergripande tendenserna i stöd och hjälp till
10
barn som upplevt våld densamma 2010 som de var 2006: den vanligaste
formen av insats riktad direkt till barnen tycks fortfarande vara individuella
samtal, oftast benämnda krissamtal, och det är fortfarande oklart i vilken
grad det finns specialisthjälp för de barn som behöver annan hjälp än individuella
krissamtal eller en pedagogisk barngrupp.
Det har varit möjligt att hitta uppgifter om individuella samtal för barn
från minst 112 verksamheter (jämfört med 67 år 2006). Även denna gång är
det så att det i de flesta fall finns uppgifter om att det här arbetet följer eller
inspirerats av Rädda Barnens arbetsmodell Trappan. Det gäller både kommuner
och frivilligorganisationer. När det gäller grupper för barn har de
också blivit vanligare, jämfört med läget 2006. Uppgifter om grupper för
barn finns från 61 verksamheter (jämfört med 41 år 2006). Fortfarande dominerar
modeller för pedagogiska och jag-stödjande grupper vilka ursprungligen
utarbetats för grupper för barn till föräldrar som missbrukar alkohol.
Det går dock att se en del nyheter på fältet. Internationellt har särskilda program
för barn som upplever mäns våld mot kvinnor har funnits sedan åtminstone
15 år tillbaka. Den stora skillnaden mellan dessa program och de
modeller som ligger till grund för de pedagogiska och jag-stödjande grupperna
i Sverige är att de internationella mycket tydligare sätter fokus på våld
och skydd. Ett av dessa våldsfokuserade program finns nu också översatt till
svenska: ett kanadensiskt grupprogram riktat till förskolebarn respektive
skolbarn. Till programmet hör också en insats till barnens mammor. Ytterligare
en ny våldsfokuserad modell för arbetet i barngrupper är en modell för
terapigrupper för barn hämtad från Alternativ til Vold i Oslo (ATV). Den är
utformad för barn i skolåldern eller äldre och även här är rekommendationen
att arbetet med barnen åtföljs med en parallell insats riktad till mammorna
och om möjligt även till papporna. Vid Alla Kvinnors Hus i Stockholm har
ytterligare en ny typ av grupp utvecklats, som ett komplement till befintliga
gruppinsatser. I ett projekt med medel från Allmänna Arvsfonden har boende
barn erbjudits dramagrupp. Den här typen av grupp har fokus på konsekvenserna
av våldet, snarare än känslomässig bearbetning och våldet "i sig".
Kartläggningen från 2006 visade att skyddade boenden för våldsutsatta
kvinnor och deras barn erbjuder ytterligare interventioner för barn som går
utöver individuella samtal och grupp. Det är både ett miljöterapeutiskt inriktat
arbete och stöd i vardagen så att barnen får en rimlig tillvaro under tiden
på det skyddade boendet. Redan 2006 stod det klart att de frivilliga kvinnojourerna
uppmärksammar barn i allt högre utsträckning. Enligt enkätsvaren
2010 kommer den ökande uppmärksamheten också till uttryck i att kvinnojourerna
satsar mer resurser på barn. Av enkäten framgår att 74 av de 97
svarande jourerna har anställd personal (jämfört med 57 av 70 svarande jourer
2006) och att av dessa har 31 (42 procent) personal med särskilt ansvar
för att arbeta med barn/unga som upplevt våld (jämfört med 6 jourer, 11
procent 2006).
11
När det gäller specialisthjälp till barn som upplevt våld visade 2006 års
enkät till barn- och ungdomspsykiatriska mottagningar att det varierade avsevärt
från mottagning till mottagning hur man inom barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin
ser på frågan om barn som lever med våld i sin familj. Därigenom
blir barns möjligheter att få kvalificerad hjälp från barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin
väldigt olika beroende på var i landet de bor. Man kunde också notera
att när det gäller barn- och ungdomspsykiatrins särskilda insatser för barn
som upplever mäns våld mot kvinnor framkom att de flesta använde sig av
Rädda Barnens material Trappan. Det är samma material och modell som
används av socialtjänsten och frivilligorganisationerna. Med tanke på att
barn som söker hjälp hos BUP många gånger är barn med behov som socialtjänsten
och frivilligorganisationerna inte anser sig ha kompetens att tillgodose,
var dessa svar något som i sin tur väckte frågan i vilken grad barn- och
ungdomspsykiatrin i landets olika delar reellt möter behoven av en specialkompetens
som går utöver den som finns hos socialtjänst och frivilligorganisationer.
Den bild som förmedlas i 2010 års enkätsvar ligger på många sätt
nära den tidigare enkätens resultat. Sammantaget kan även svaren från 2010
års enkät tolkas som att BUP endast i undantagsfall erbjuder en insats inriktad
på barn som upplever mäns våld mot kvinnor. Det finns dock några nyheter
i enkäten. En av dessa är behandlingsmodellen Traumafokuserad kognitiv
beteendeterapi (TF-CBT), och just när det gäller TF-CBT pågår också
ett utvecklingsarbete på området.
När det gäller de perspektiv som interventionsmodellerna bygger på dominerar
fortfarande ett utvecklingsperspektiv på barn, där barn blir objekt för
vuxnas ansvar, snarare än aktörer med rätt till delaktighet och medbestämmande,
liksom könsblinda perspektiv där individuell avvikelse står i fokus.
Nyheterna på området skulle på sikt kunna bidra till en breddning av perspektiven.
Det är dock ännu för tidigt att dra några säkra slutsatser om en
sådan utveckling.
Stöd till dig som vårdar äldre anhörig/närstående i hemmet
Stöd till närstående lättar deras börda : Månadens forskare
Stöd till närstående till personer med demenssjukdom ger effekt (Elektronisk). Vårdalsinstitutets Tematiska rum: Att leva med demens
Stöd till personer med demens i Blekinge. En kartläggning hur stödet ser ut till närstående som regelbundet ger hjälp/stöd till person med demens samt en beskrivning av demenssjuksköterskan i Blekinge
Stöd till personer med demens i Blekinge. En kartläggning hur stödet ser ut till närstående som regelbundet ger hjälp/stöd till person med demens samt en beskrivning av demenssjuksköterskan i Blekinge
Stöd till personer som vårdar eller stödjer närstående – Lägesbeskrivning 2013
Sedan drygt fyra år tillbaka finns en bestämmelse i 5 kap. 10 § socialtjänstlagen (2001:453), SoL, om att kommunerna ska erbjuda stöd till personer som vårdar och stödjer närstående. Stödet till anhöriga har under denna tid fått en tydligare struktur och integrerats i kommunernas planer och styrdokument. Utbudet av olika typer av stöd till anhöriga har ökat, och kommunerna har inrättat tjänster, förbättrat informationen om stödet och arbetar med att införa ett anhörigperspektiv i alla verksamheter. Detta är en generell bild av socialtjänstens sätt att tillämpa bestämmelsen i SoL. Inom äldreomsorgen bedömer kommunerna att de tillämpar bestämmelsen i stor utsträckning, men i funktionshindersverksamheten och individ- och familjeomsorgen anger två tredjedelar av kommunerna att de tillämpar bestämmelsen i liten utsträckning. Det finns vissa problem med att tillämpa bestämmelsen. Äldreomsorgen har svårt att hitta anhöriga att hjälpa och relativt många anhöriga tackar nej till hjälp. Det kan betyda att handläggarna inte utreder de anhörigas behov av stöd, men det kan också bero på brister i samarbetet mellan handläggarna, anhörigkonsulenten och verksamheterna när det gäller stöd till anhöriga. Funktionshindersverksamheten framhåller ofta att den fokuserar på brukaren i första hand. De flesta brukare får redan hjälp med stöd av LSS, lagen om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade (1993: 387), och därmed även deras anhöriga. Kommunerna har däremot svårt att nå hjälptagare som enbart har socialtjänstinsatser och deras anhöriga. På motsvarande sätt uppger individ- och familjeomsorgen att stödet till anhöriga är integrerat i klientarbetet och att bestämmelsen i SoL inte tillför det arbetet något. Den framhåller missbruksvården, där det finns ett stort utbud av stöd till makar, barn och andra familjemedlemmar. Individ- och familjeomsorgen beskriver däremot stora problem med att nå anhöriga till personer inom socialpsykiatrin. Får anhöriga stöd? I dag är det svårt att veta hur många anhöriga som får stöd eftersom detta bara är andra året som Socialstyrelsen samlar in uppgifter om serviceinsatser. Resultaten hittills pekar att olika former av anhörigstöd är en mycket omfattande verksamhet i kommunerna. Det saknas däremot underlag för att beskriva det stöd som ges till anhö-riga efter prövning enligt 4 kap. 1 § SoL. Med dagens dokumentation går det inte att ta fram dessa uppgifter i den officiella statistiken över social-tjänstens insatser. Det är därför angeläget att kunna beskriva biståndsprövade stödinsatser till anhöriga. Socialstyrelsen arbetar på uppdrag av regeringen med att utveckla socialtjänststatistiken och ta fram en plan för statistiken beträffande kommunernas anhörigstöd, hemsjukvård och insatser som inte är biståndsprövade. Hälso- och sjukvården och anhöriga Många anhöriga har långvarig kontakt med akutsjukvården, specialistsjukvården och inte minst primärvården, och därmed spelar sjukvården en viktig roll för både de sjuka och för deras anhöriga. Hittills har kommunerna dock inte lyckats etablera samarbete med hälso- och sjukvården i någon större utsträckning. Socialtjänstens kontakter och initiativ till samverkan leder sällan till ett systematiskt samarbete kring anhörigstödet. Det grundläggande problemet är att det saknas en struktur och rutiner för samarbetet mellan landstinget och socialtjänsten när det gäller stöd till anhöriga. I framtiden kommer dessutom hemsjukvården att vara ett kommunalt ansvar i hela landet, och därmed finns skäl till att utveckla hemsjukvårdens roll när det gäller stöd till anhöriga. Socialstyrelsens slutsatser Socialstyrelsen kan konstatera att lagstiftningen ännu inte har fått tillräckligt genomslag. Det krävs ytterligare arbete för att föra in ett anhörigperspektiv i socialtjänsten och i hälso- och sjukvården. Socialstyrelsens uppföljning visar att kommunerna behöver ytterligare vägledning i hur de ska tillämpa bestämmelsen i SoL. Kommunerna behöver fortsätta att utveckla formerna för bemötandet av anhöriga, utreda de anhörigas behov av stöd i de olika verksamheterna samt utveckla informationen om det stöd som finns att få och se till att den når fram. Hälso- och sjukvården behöver utveckla formerna för bemötande av anhöriga och att erbjuda dem stöd. Det är viktigt att hälso- och sjuk-vården och socialtjänsten samarbetar för den anhörigas och närstå-endes bästa. För att även inspirera hälso- och sjukvården i dess arbete med stöd till anhöriga kommer Socialstyrelsen att fortsätta att sammanställa exempel på hur sådant arbete har byggts upp runt om i landet. Socialstyrelsen kommer att stödja olika patient-, anhörig-, funktionshinders-, frivillig- och pensionärsorganisationers behov av information genom att ta fram en informationsskrift om bestämmelsen. Socialstyrelsen kommer under 2014 att genomföra olika informationsinsatser för att ge kommunerna ytterligare vägledning när det gäller att införa bestämmelsen om stöd till anhöriga.
Stöd till personer som vårdar eller stödjer närstående, Lägesbeskrivning 2011
Den 1 juli 2009 infördes en ny bestämmelse i 5 kap. 10 § socialtjänstlagen
(2001:453), SoL. Den anger att "socialnämnden ska erbjuda stöd för att underlätta
för de personer som vårdar en närstående som är långvarigt sjuk
eller äldre eller som stödjer en närstående som har funktionshinder". Bestämmelsen
har varit i kraft i två och ett halvt år. Den här rapporten sammanfattar
utvecklingen under 2010 och 2011. Med anhörig avses fortsättningsvis
den som ger vård och stöd och med närstående menas den som
mottar hjälpen.
Socialstyrelsen vägledningsarbete
I enlighet med regeringens förordning har Socialstyrelsen för år 2010 utbetalat
300 miljoner kronor till kommunerna för att underlätta tillämpningen
av den aktuella bestämmelsen.
Socialstyrelsens har under året haft en bred dialog med företrädare för socialtjänsten
för vägledning i arbetet med att utveckla stödet till anhöriga.
Socialstyrelsen har också anordnat seminarier med handläggare för att diskutera
deras roll i tillämpningen av 5 kap. 10 § SoL. Arbetet kommer att
dokumenteras i en vägledningsskrift, som syftar till att underlätta kommunens
arbete med att utveckla strategier och styrdokument för hela socialtjänsten,
som tydliggör vad som förväntas av personal och verksamheter,
när det gäller bemötande och stöd till anhöriga.
Likaså har Socialstyrelsen startat en dialog med patient-, anhörig-, handikapp-,
frivilligorganisationer för att få en bättre bild av deras roll när det
gäller tillämpningen av bestämmelsen. Arbetet har resulterat i en omarbetad
informationsbroschyr som ska gå ut till vård- och omsorgspersonal, organisationer
och allmänheten.
Kännedom om bestämmelsen
Inom socialtjänsten känner allt fler till bestämmelsen, vilket är en positiv
utveckling. Det är mycket svårare att veta i vad mån den är känd bland
kommuninvånarna och i vilken utsträckning informationen når fram till
"personer som vårdar eller stödjer närstående". Socialtjänstens handläggare
har en nyckelroll i att informera om 5 kap. 10 § SoL och dess innebörd.
Det är viktigt att organisationer som företräder anhöriga känner till och
informerar om bestämmelsen bland sina medlemmar. Det är dock inte givet
att anhörig-, patient-, handikapp- eller frivilligorganisationerna känner till
bestämmelsen. Organisationerna efterlyser här en dialog med kommunen.
Inom hälso- och sjukvården känner personalen inte till 5 kap. 10 § SoL i
tillräcklig utsträckning. Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens kunskap, eller brist
på kunskap, om bestämmelsen i socialtjänstlagen kan påverka sjukvårdens
intresse för att samverka med socialtjänsten i anhörigfrågor.
8
Tillämpningen av bestämmelsen
Inom äldreomsorgen har arbetet med bestämmelsen gått in i en konsolideringsfas;
man säkrar och förstärker det som uppnåtts i det tidigare arbetet.
Det är en positiv utveckling. Däremot vet Socialstyrelsen inte i vilken utsträckning
biståndshandläggarna inom äldreomsorgen har också beakta anhörigas
behov när de handlägger ärenden som rör den närstående.
Funktionshindersverksamheten har kommit igång med arbetet att utveckla
stödet till anhöriga. Många kommuner har genomfört kartläggningar av
verksamheten, för att få ett underlag för hur stödet till anhöriga ska utvecklas
vidare. På motsvarande sätt är det oklart i vad mån handläggarna har ett
anhörigstödjande förhållningssätt. Dessutom kan funktionshinderverksamhetens
starka brukarperspektiv göra det svårare att samtidigt ta till sig ett
anhörigperspektiv.
Individ- och familjeomsorgen befinner sig i startfasen när det gäller att
forma sitt anhörigstöd. Det betyder inte att man saknar insatser som de kan
erbjuda anhöriga. Individ- och familjeomsorgen ser ofta samarbetet med
anhöriga som en integrerad del i arbetet med brukarna. Utifrån detta måste
man utveckla sitt stöd till anhöriga.
För socialtjänsten som helhet är det fortfarande svårt att få till stånd ett
brett samarbete med hälso- och sjukvården när det gäller stöd till anhöriga.
Konsekvenserna av bestämmelsen
Förutom kommunernas redovisning av hur man arbetat med att tillämpa
socialtjänstlagens bestämmelse, har Socialstyrelsen små möjligheter att beskriva
konsekvenserna av bestämmelsen för enskilda anhöriga och om de
erbjudits och tagit emot stöd från socialtjänsten eller ej. Det skapar stora
svårigheter att få en bild av tillämpningen av bestämmelsen, liksom utvecklingen
av stödet till anhöriga som vårdar och stödjer närstående överhuvudtaget.
Socialstyrelsen saknar underlag för att redovisa hur vanligt det är att
enskilda får behovsprövade insatser, eller serviceinsatser till stöd.
Socialstyrelsens slutsatser och förslag
• Kommunerna behöver ta fram mål för stödet till anhöriga enligt 5 kap.
10 § SoL och tydliggöra vad som förväntas av socialtjänstens personal
beträffande bemötande och stöd till anhöriga. Det underlättar även samarbetet
med hälso- och sjukvården, med patient-, anhörig-, handikapp-,
frivilligorganisationer och med kommuninvånarna.
• Det finns behov av ett utvecklingsarbete inom socialtjänstens samtliga
verksamheter så att personalen kan omsätta ett anhörigperspektiv i sitt
arbete. Särskilt viktigt är att diskutera vilken delaktighet och därmed
vilket inflytande man erbjuder anhöriga.
• Socialtjänsten har ofta kontakt med anhöriga i samband med handläggningen
av den enskildes ansökan om hjälp. Här är det viktigt att man
samtidigt uppmärksammar också anhörigas behov av stöd.
9
• Många anhöriga har långvarig kontakt med landstingets hälso- och sjukvård.
Det är därför angeläget att utveckla samarbetet mellan landstinget
och kommunen beträffande stöd till anhöriga. Särskilt samverkan mellan
socialtjänsten och primärvården behöver utvecklas.
• Kommunerna har mycket att vinna på att förbättra dialogen med patient-
, anhörig-, handikapp- och frivilligorganisationerna, informera om den
aktuella bestämmelsen och om dess innebörd för organisationernas medlemmar.
• För att kunna vidareutveckla stödet till anhöriga inom socialtjänstens
olika verksamheter, är det viktigt att kunna följa resultatet av arbetet.
Kommunernas dokumentation och system för verksamhetsuppföljning
måste därför också innefatta 5 kap. 10 § SoL.
• Socialstyrelsen kommer att i sitt vägledningsarbete ha fokus på att stödja
utvecklingen inom funktionshindersverksamheten och individ- och familjeomsorgen.
Vägledningsarbetet kommer också att vidgas till att omfatta
hälso- och sjukvården i stödet till anhöriga. Socialstyrelsen kommer
samla in mängduppgifter av serviceinsatser till stöd för anhöriga, i
en kommunenkät 2012.
Stöd till personer som vårdar eller stödjer närstående, Lägesbeskrivning 2013
Kommunernas tillämpning av bestämmelsen
Sedan drygt fyra år tillbaka finns en bestämmelse i 5 kap. 10 § socialtjänstlagen
(2001:453), SoL, om att kommunerna ska erbjuda stöd till personer
som vårdar och stödjer närstående. Stödet till anhöriga har under denna tid
fått en tydligare struktur och integrerats i kommunernas planer och styrdokument.
Utbudet av olika typer av stöd till anhöriga har ökat, och kommunerna
har inrättat tjänster, förbättrat informationen om stödet och arbetar
med att införa ett anhörigperspektiv i alla verksamheter.
Detta är en generell bild av socialtjänstens sätt att tillämpa bestämmelsen
i SoL. Inom äldreomsorgen bedömer kommunerna att de tillämpar bestämmelsen
i stor utsträckning, men i funktionshindersverksamheten och individoch
familjeomsorgen anger två tredjedelar av kommunerna att de tillämpar
bestämmelsen i liten utsträckning.
Det finns vissa problem med att tillämpa bestämmelsen. Äldreomsorgen
har svårt att hitta anhöriga att hjälpa och relativt många anhöriga tackar nej
till hjälp. Det kan betyda att handläggarna inte utreder de anhörigas behov
av stöd, men det kan också bero på brister i samarbetet mellan handläggarna,
anhörigkonsulenten och verksamheterna när det gäller stöd till anhöriga.
Funktionshindersverksamheten framhåller ofta att den fokuserar på brukaren
i första hand. De flesta brukare får redan hjälp med stöd av LSS, lagen
om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade (1993: 387), och därmed
även deras anhöriga. Kommunerna har däremot svårt att nå hjälptagare som
enbart har socialtjänstinsatser och deras anhöriga.
På motsvarande sätt uppger individ- och familjeomsorgen att stödet till
anhöriga är integrerat i klientarbetet och att bestämmelsen i SoL inte tillför
det arbetet något. Den framhåller missbruksvården, där det finns ett stort
utbud av stöd till makar, barn och andra familjemedlemmar. Individ- och
familjeomsorgen beskriver däremot stora problem med att nå anhöriga till
personer inom socialpsykiatrin.
Får anhöriga stöd?
I dag är det svårt att veta hur många anhöriga som får stöd eftersom detta
bara är andra året som Socialstyrelsen samlar in uppgifter om serviceinsatser.
Resultaten hittills pekar att olika former av anhörigstöd är en mycket
omfattande verksamhet i kommunerna.
Det saknas däremot underlag för att beskriva det stöd som ges till anhö-
riga efter prövning enligt 4 kap. 1 § SoL. Med dagens dokumentation går
det inte att ta fram dessa uppgifter i den officiella statistiken över socialtjänstens
insatser.
Det är därför angeläget att kunna beskriva biståndsprövade stödinsatser till
anhöriga. Socialstyrelsen arbetar på uppdrag av regeringen med att utveckla
socialtjänststatistiken och ta fram en plan för statistiken beträffande kom-
7
munernas anhörigstöd, hemsjukvård och insatser som inte är biståndsprö-
vade.
Hälso- och sjukvården och anhöriga
Många anhöriga har långvarig kontakt med akutsjukvården, specialistsjukvården
och inte minst primärvården, och därmed spelar sjukvården en viktig
roll för både de sjuka och för deras anhöriga. Hittills har kommunerna dock
inte lyckats etablera samarbete med hälso- och sjukvården i någon större
utsträckning. Socialtjänstens kontakter och initiativ till samverkan leder
sällan till ett systematiskt samarbete kring anhörigstödet.
Det grundläggande problemet är att det saknas en struktur och rutiner för
samarbetet mellan landstinget och socialtjänsten när det gäller stöd till anhö-
riga. I framtiden kommer dessutom hemsjukvården att vara ett kommunalt
ansvar i hela landet, och därmed finns skäl till att utveckla hemsjukvårdens
roll när det gäller stöd till anhöriga.
Socialstyrelsens slutsatser
Socialstyrelsen kan konstatera att lagstiftningen ännu inte har fått tillräckligt
genomslag. Det krävs ytterligare arbete för att föra in ett anhörigperspektiv i
socialtjänsten och i hälso- och sjukvården. Socialstyrelsens uppföljning visar
att kommunerna behöver ytterligare vägledning i hur de ska tillämpa
bestämmelsen i SoL.
• Kommunerna behöver fortsätta att utveckla formerna för bemötandet
av anhöriga, utreda de anhörigas behov av stöd i de olika verksamheterna
samt utveckla informationen om det stöd som finns att få och
se till att den når fram.
• Hälso- och sjukvården behöver utveckla formerna för bemötande av
anhöriga och att erbjuda dem stöd. Det är viktigt att hälso- och sjukvården
och socialtjänsten samarbetar för den anhörigas och närstå-
endes bästa.
• För att även inspirera hälso- och sjukvården i dess arbete med stöd
till anhöriga kommer Socialstyrelsen att fortsätta att sammanställa
exempel på hur sådant arbete har byggts upp runt om i landet.
• Socialstyrelsen kommer att stödja olika patient-, anhörig-, funktionshinders-,
frivillig- och pensionärsorganisationers behov av information
genom att ta fram en informationsskrift om bestämmelsen.
• Socialstyrelsen kommer under 2014 att genomföra olika informationsinsatser
för att ge kommunerna ytterligare vägledning när det
gäller att införa bestämmelsen om stöd till anhöriga.
Stöd till personer som vårdar eller stödjer närstående, Slutrapport 2014
Kommunernas tillämpning av bestämmelsen
Den 1 juli 2009 infördes en bestämmelse i 5 kap. 10 § socialtjänstlagen (2001:453), SoL, om att socialtjänsten ska erbjuda stöd till personer som vårdar eller stödjer närstående.
Socialstyrelsens uppföljning visar att socialtjänstverksamheterna i kommunerna tillämpar bestämmelsen i mycket varierande grad. Längst har man kommit inom äldreomsorgen, vilket förklaras av utvecklingen av anhörigstöd i huvudsak skedde inom äldreomsorgen, innan bestämmelsen tillkom. Inom funktionshindersverksamheten och individ- och familjeomsorgen har man kommit igång, men mycket arbete återstår för att omsätta bestämmelsen utifrån de specifika förutsättningar som finns i dessa verksamheter.
Kommunerna har dock överlag blivit bättre på att sätta upp mål, avsätta resurser och organisera arbetet med att stödja anhöriga. Likaså har de ökat sitt utbud av service som stöd till anhöriga. Det betyder sammantaget att kommunerna erbjuder stöd till anhöriga i högre grad än tidigare.
Vad har bestämmelsen inneburit för de anhöriga?
Det är svårt att följa upp och beskriva bestämmelsens effekter för enskilda anhöriga eftersom det saknas underlag för att avgöra om fler anhöriga erbjudits och tagit emot stöd eller inte. Det beror på att uppgifterna om biståndsbeviljade insatser i socialtjänststatistiken inte innefattar uppgifter om bistånd till anhöriga.
Vad anser organisationerna om bestämmelsen?
Överlag är anhörig-, patient-, funktionshinders-, frivillig- och pensionärsorganisationerna kritiska till bristen på stöd, de stora skillnaderna i kvalitet och de stora variationerna mellan kommunerna. Socialtjänsten har också svårt att erbjuda ett individuellt utformat stöd. Vidare kräver de att den personal som arbetar med att stödja anhöriga ska ha kunskaper om de sjukdomar eller funktionsnedsättningar som de närstående har.
Organisationerna framhåller att det stöd som deras medlemmar behöver inte kan tillgodoses enbart inom socialtjänsten, utan det krävs stöd från sjukvården, skolan, arbetsgivaren och myndigheter, t.ex. försäkringskassan. Organisationerna poängterar också problemen med att samordna insatser för den närstående, och att det oftast är de anhöriga som tvingas ta det ansvaret.
Socialtjänstens samarbete med hälso- och sjukvården
Socialtjänsten har ett mycket begränsat samarbete med sjukvården när det gäller stödet till anhöriga, och socialtjänstens företrädare pekar på att det saknas en motsvarande lagstiftning om stöd till anhöriga i sjukvården. Det är också svårt att organisera ett kommunvis samarbete med sjukhus- och specialistvården som ofta betjänar många kommuner samtidigt. Även samarbetet med primärvården fungerar dåligt. Det grundläggande problemet är dock att det saknas en etablerad struktur för samarbetet mellan landstinget och socialtjänsten på området.
Har bestämmelsen fått några andra konsekvenser?
Sedan bestämmelsen infördes bedrivs allt mer av vården och omsorgen i hemmet, som en följd av att det finns färre sjukhusplatser och platser i särskilt boende. Detta får stora konsekvenser för de anhöriga.
I och med bestämmelsen har det blivit tydligt att lagen gäller för hela socialtjänsten och alla dess målgrupper och verksamheter. Bestämmelsen berör alla som vårdar eller stödjer någon närstående, oberoende av den närståendes diagnos, funktionsnedsättning, ålder, kön, relation, boendeförhållanden osv.
Det har också vuxit fram en insikt om att alla påverkas om det finns en hjälpbehövande person i familjen: oavsett om det är en make, ett barn eller en vuxen, en förälder eller ett syskon. Det gäller också oavsett i vilken utsträckning den anhöriga ger vård och omsorg till den sjuke.
En annan erfarenhet är att behovet av att uppmärksamma de anhörigas situation och behov av stöd inte enbart är en fråga för socialtjänsten utan för hela samhället: sjukvården, skolan, arbetslivet, myndigheterna och så vidare. Det pekar på behovet av ett förändrat synsätt, från ett individcentrerat till ett familjeorienterat synsätt i vården och omsorgen.
Socialstyrelsens slutsatser
Socialstyrelsen konstaterar att det återstår en del arbete för att bestämmelsen ska tillämpas mer i socialtjänsten och för att få ett anhöriginkluderande arbetssätt i all vård- och omsorgsverksamhet.
Kommunerna behöver bli bättre på att informera om vilket stöd de kan erbjuda, och hur anhöriga kan gå tillväga för att ansöka om det eller på annat sätt få stöd.
Kommunerna behöver utveckla dialogen med anhörig-, patient-, funk
tionshinders-, frivillig- och pensionärsorganisationerna för att ta vara på de kunskaper och erfarenheter som organisationerna har när det gäller stöd till anhöriga som vårdar närstående.
Huvudmännen behöver utveckla former och rutiner för samarbete kring stödet till anhöriga. Ett sätt kan vara länsövergripande överenskommelser om samverkan mellan sjukvården och socialtjänsten.
Socialtjänstens olika verksamheter, särskilt funktionshindersverksamheten och individ- och familjeomsorgen, behöver fortsatt stöd för att utveckla sin tillämpning av bestämmelsen. Ett fortsatt stöd bör också ta sikte på att utveckla möjligheterna att följa upp utvecklingen av stödet till anhöriga och att stimulera utvecklingen av kunskaper om effekter av stöd till anhöriga.
Stöd till personer som vårdar eller stödjer närstående.
Kommunernas tillämpning av bestämmelsen
Den 1 juli 2009 infördes en bestämmelse i 5 kap. 10 § socialtjänstlagen (2001:453), SoL, om att socialtjänsten ska erbjuda stöd till personer som vårdar eller stödjer närstående.
Socialstyrelsens uppföljning visar att socialtjänstverksamheterna i kommunerna tillämpar bestämmelsen i mycket varierande grad. Längst har man kommit inom äldreomsorgen, vilket förklaras av utvecklingen av anhörigstöd i huvudsak skedde inom äldreomsorgen, innan bestämmelsen tillkom. Inom funktionshindersverksamheten och individ- och familjeomsorgen har man kommit igång, men mycket arbete återstår för att omsätta bestämmelsen utifrån de specifika förutsättningar som finns i dessa verksamheter.
Kommunerna har dock överlag blivit bättre på att sätta upp mål, avsätta resurser och organisera arbetet med att stödja anhöriga. Likaså har de ökat sitt utbud av service som stöd till anhöriga. Det betyder sammantaget att kommunerna erbjuder stöd till anhöriga i högre grad än tidigare.
Vad har bestämmelsen inneburit för de anhöriga?
Det är svårt att följa upp och beskriva bestämmelsens effekter för enskilda anhöriga eftersom det saknas underlag för att avgöra om fler anhöriga erbjudits och tagit emot stöd eller inte. Det beror på att uppgifterna om biståndsbeviljade insatser i socialtjänststatistiken inte innefattar uppgifter om bistånd till anhöriga.
Vad anser organisationerna om bestämmelsen?
Överlag är anhörig-, patient-, funktionshinders-, frivillig- och pensionärsorganisationerna kritiska till bristen på stöd, de stora skillnaderna i kvalitet och de stora variationerna mellan kommunerna. Socialtjänsten har också svårt att erbjuda ett individuellt utformat stöd. Vidare kräver de att den personal som arbetar med att stödja anhöriga ska ha kunskaper om de sjukdomar eller funktionsnedsättningar som de närstående har.
Organisationerna framhåller att det stöd som deras medlemmar behöver inte kan tillgodoses enbart inom socialtjänsten, utan det krävs stöd från sjukvården, skolan, arbetsgivaren och myndigheter, t.ex. försäkringskassan. Organisationerna poängterar också problemen med att samordna insatser för den närstående, och att det oftast är de anhöriga som tvingas ta det ansvaret.
Socialtjänstens samarbete med hälso- och sjukvården
Socialtjänsten har ett mycket begränsat samarbete med sjukvården när det gäller stödet till anhöriga, och socialtjänstens företrädare pekar på att det saknas en motsvarande lagstiftning om stöd till anhöriga i sjukvården. Det är också svårt att organisera ett kommunvis samarbete med sjukhus- och specialistvården som ofta betjänar många kommuner samtidigt. Även samarbetet med primärvården fungerar dåligt. Det grundläggande problemet är dock att det saknas en etablerad struktur för samarbetet mellan landstinget och socialtjänsten på området.
Har bestämmelsen fått några andra konsekvenser?
Sedan bestämmelsen infördes bedrivs allt mer av vården och omsorgen i hemmet, som en följd av att det finns färre sjukhusplatser och platser i särskilt boende. Detta får stora konsekvenser för de anhöriga.
I och med bestämmelsen har det blivit tydligt att lagen gäller för hela socialtjänsten och alla dess målgrupper och verksamheter. Bestämmelsen berör alla som vårdar eller stödjer någon närstående, oberoende av den närståendes diagnos, funktionsnedsättning, ålder, kön, relation, boendeförhållanden osv.
Det har också vuxit fram en insikt om att alla påverkas om det finns en hjälpbehövande person i familjen: oavsett om det är en make, ett barn eller en vuxen, en förälder eller ett syskon. Det gäller också oavsett i vilken utsträckning den anhöriga ger vård och omsorg till den sjuke.
En annan erfarenhet är att behovet av att uppmärksamma de anhörigas situation och behov av stöd inte enbart är en fråga för socialtjänsten utan för hela samhället: sjukvården, skolan, arbetslivet, myndigheterna och så vidare. Det pekar på behovet av ett förändrat synsätt, från ett individcentrerat till ett familjeorienterat synsätt i vården och omsorgen.
Socialstyrelsens slutsatser
Socialstyrelsen konstaterar att det återstår en del arbete för att bestämmelsen ska tillämpas mer i socialtjänsten och för att få ett anhöriginkluderande arbetssätt i all vård- och omsorgsverksamhet.
Kommunerna behöver bli bättre på att informera om vilket stöd de kan erbjuda, och hur anhöriga kan gå tillväga för att ansöka om det eller på annat sätt få stöd.
Kommunerna behöver utveckla dialogen med anhörig-, patient-, funk
tionshinders-, frivillig- och pensionärsorganisationerna för att ta vara på de kunskaper och erfarenheter som organisationerna har när det gäller stöd till anhöriga som vårdar närstående.
Huvudmännen behöver utveckla former och rutiner för samarbete kring stödet till anhöriga. Ett sätt kan vara länsövergripande överenskommelser om samverkan mellan sjukvården och socialtjänsten.
Socialtjänstens olika verksamheter, särskilt funktionshindersverksamheten och individ- och familjeomsorgen, behöver fortsatt stöd för att utveckla sin tillämpning av bestämmelsen. Ett fortsatt stöd bör också ta sikte på att utveckla möjligheterna att följa upp utvecklingen av stödet till anhöriga och att stimulera utvecklingen av kunskaper om effekter av stöd till anhöriga.
Stöd till personer som vårdar eller stödjer närstående. Lägesbeskrivning 2010.
Sedan den 1 juli 2009 ska socialnämnden enligt socialtjänstlagen erbjuda stöd till personer som vårdar eller stödjer en anhörig. Genom enkäter till socialtjänstens verksamheter och kontakter på alla nivåer samt med anhörig-, patient- och frivilligorganisationer har följande bild av hur kommunerna tillämpar bestämmelsen framkommit.
Bristen på dokumentation gör det svårt att få en bild av hur den nya bestämmelsen tillämpas, omfattningen av det stöd som ges och hur stödet utvecklas. Utvecklingen av stödet till anhöriga till personer med långvarig sjukdom eller personer med funktionshinder har kommunerna inte prioriterat tillräckligt högt. Därför är det på dessa områden som Socialstyrelsen kommer att inrikta sitt vägledningsarbete.
Äldreprägeln består
Fortfarande finns en tydlig äldreprägel i arbetet med att erbjuda stöd till anhöriga, eftersom kommunerna i första hand ger stöd till anhöriga till äldre. Arbetet, organisationen, utbudet och innehållet i kommunernas stöd till anhöriga har sina rötter inom vården och omsorgen om de äldre.
Arbetet med att stödja anhöriga är inte integrerat i alla socialtjänstens verksamheter. Stödet håller på att utvecklas, men mycket arbete återstår med att ge stöd till anhöriga till personer med långvarig sjukdom eller yngre personer med funktionshinder.
Kulturskillnader i synen på anhöriga
Man kan tala om olika kulturer i synen på och sättet att förhålla sig till anhöriga i socialtjänsten. De olika verksamheterna har olika och ibland vitt skilda uppdrag och historia. De möter anhöriga i skilda livssituationer och med olika levnadsförhållanden och därmed olika behov av stöd och hjälp.
Anhörigstöd i individ- och familjeomsorgen innebär till exempel ofta något annat än stöd för anhöriga till äldre. På samma sätt har anhöriga till personer med långvarig sjukdom eller funktionshinder ofta andra livsvillkor än anhöriga till äldre, och därmed andra behov av stöd och hjälp.
Brist på data
Det är svårt att få en bild av hur den nya bestämmelsen tillämpas, och av hur stödet till anhöriga som vårdar eller stödjer närstående utvecklas. Problemet är att socialtjänstens behovsprövade insatser dokumenteras på ett sådant sätt att man inte kan identifiera om insatsen beviljas som ett stöd till den anhöriga eller inte. Det är otillfredsställande att Socialstyrelsen inte kan beskriva hur den nya bestämmelsen påverkar enskilda anhöriga. En stor del av socialtjänstens insatser för anhöriga utgörs av icke behovsprövade insatser, s.k. allmänt inriktad service. Det saknas dock för närvarande underlag för att kunna beskriva omfattningen av de serviceinsatser som ges som stöd till anhöriga.
Slutsatser
Socialstyrelsen anser att kommunerna inte har prioriterat att utveckla stöd för anhöriga till långvarigt sjuka och personer med funktionshinder tillräckligt högt.
Socialtjänstens verksamheter behöver fortsätta utveckla arbetet om hur man bemöter anhöriga och se över vilken delaktighet och därmed vilket inflytande de erbjuder anhöriga, särskilt när de handlägger den närståendes ansökan om hjälp.
Många anhöriga har en långvarig kontakt med både hälso- och sjukvården och socialtjänsten. Därför är det nödvändigt att huvudmännen utvecklar kontakterna och rutinerna för samarbete i stödet till anhöriga.
Socialstyrelsen konstaterar att stödet till anhöriga till äldre är mest utvecklat. Socialstyrelsen kommer därför att inrikta sitt vägledningsarbete på utvecklingen av stödet till anhöriga till personer med långvarig sjukdom eller personer med funktionshinder.
Socialstyrelsen kommer att utveckla dialogen med patient-, anhörig- och frivilligorganisationer, för att ta vara på organisationernas kunskaper och erfarenheter i arbetet med att utveckla stödet till anhöriga.
Socialstyrelsen konstaterar att det saknas underlag för att beskriva omfattningen av stödet till anhöriga. Socialstyrelsen avser därför att påbörja arbetet med att skapa ett system, för att kunna samla in uppgifter om serviceinsatser till stöd för anhöriga.
Stöd till personer som vårdar eller stödjer närstående. Regeringens Proposition 2008/09:82
I propositionen föreslås en ändring i socialtjänstlagen (2001:453) som syftar till att förtydliga att socialnämnden ska erbjuda stöd för att under-lätta för de personer som vårdar en närstående som är långvarigt sjuk eller äldre eller som stödjer en person som har funktionshinder.
Vidare bedöms att Socialstyrelsen bör få i uppdrag att utarbeta vägled-ning till stöd för tillämpningen av lagstiftningen som rör socialtjänstens arbete med stöd till de personer som vårdar eller stödjer närstående.
Ändringen i socialtjänstlagen föreslås träda i kraft den 1 juli 2009.
Stöd till personer som vårdar eller stödjer närstående: Lägesbeskrivning 2010
Stöd till strukturerad uppföljning av stödgruppsverksamhet för barn I familjer med missbruk
Stöd till äldres anhöriga : Ett samspel mellan kommuner och frivilligorganisationer.
Stöd till äldres anhöriga. En nationell kartläggning. Äldreuppdraget 98:1. Anhörigprojekten.
Stödet efter en demensdiagnos: samarbetet mellan kommun och landsting. (C-uppsats)
Stödet till anhöriga i Uppsala kommun 2010 – 2013 Slutrapport, FoU-rapport 2015/1.
I landets kommuner har sedan slutet av 1990-talet ett omfattande arbete utförts för att
utveckla stödet till anhöriga. För att dra lärdom utvecklingsarbetet har Nationellt
kompetenscentrum anhöriga (Nka) tagit initiativ till denna undersökning för att i samverkan
med åtta av landets FoU-enheter kartlägga och följa utvecklingen av stödet till anhöriga under
tre år i åtta kommuner.
Syftet med studien är att:
- Kartlägga innehållet i stödet till anhöriga, hur stödet organiseras, planeras, följs upp
och utvärderas inom områdena äldre, funktionshinder och individ- familjeomsorg samt
samverkan mellan kommun, landsting, ideella organisationer och andra aktörer inom
området.
- Undersöka hur de olika huvudintressenterna bedömer kvaliteten på stödet till anhöriga
- Under tre år följa utvecklingen i de kommuner/kommundelar som ingår i studien.
Stödet till anhöriga i de utvalda kommunerna har kartlagts år 2010 och år 2013 genom att ta
del av tillgängliga dokument, kommunernas hemsida och informationsblad samt intervjuer
med och enkätutskick till chefer och andra nyckelpersoner. Genom en enkätstudie med
uppföljande telefonintervjuer har anhörigas situation och syn på sitt stöd, undersökts vid två
tillfällen. Årligen genomfördes fokusgruppsintervjuer, en inom vardera äldre-,
funktionshinder- samt individ och familjeområdet med syftet att beskriva och följa
utvecklingen av stödet till anhöriga; vad som fungerade bra och mindre bra. I varje
fokusgrupp ingick personal, beslutsfattare och representanter från ideella sektorn.
I denna delrapport, som också är slutrapport för hela projektet, presenteras resultatet för den
sista kartläggningen, gällande år 2013. Utvecklingen av anhörigstödet under de senaste åren
beskrivs också genom en jämförelse av resultaten från de olika kartläggningarna.
Tyngdpunkten i denna sammanfattning ligger på denna jämförelse.
Resultat
Det har inte skett några omvälvande förändringar i anhörigstödet i Uppsala kommun som
helhet under åren 2010 till 2013, men utvecklingen har inte stått stilla. Medvetenheten om
vikten av ett anhörigperspektiv hade på flera håll ökat.
Anhörigcentrum genomgick under tidsperioden en stor organisationsförändring.
Verksamheten bedrevs under två år som projekt, för att sedan fortsätta med ettåriga avtal i
väntan på beslut om eventuell konkurrensutsättning. Kunskapen om Anhörigcentrums
existens ökade under undersökningsperioden i kommunen och allt fler anhöriga sökte sig dit.
Målgruppen förändrades genom att också inkludera anhöriga till personer på boenden.
Anhöriga till äldre personer var fortfarande den största målgruppen, men en ökning av
anhöriga till yngre personer och framför allt från psykiatri och socialpsykiatri kunde noteras.
Utformningen av stödet till anhöriga var i stort densamma, men förändrades i viss mån till
exempel genom att anhöriggrupperna vände sig till andra målgrupper, rekreationshelger
infördes och anhöriga fick möjlighet till juristhjälp. Behovsinventeringar gjordes årligen, men
på lite olika sätt och med olika fokus. Anhörigcentrum ingick vid tiden för kartläggning två i
kommunens Nöjd-Kund-Index. Samverkan med landstinget utvecklades under tidsperioden
med t.ex. bemanning av "anhörighörna" på Akademiska sjukhuset och Anhörigcentrum hade
också tagit en aktiv del i landstingets projekt för utveckling av anhörigstöd.
8
I Äldrenämndens uppdragsplaner var effektmålen desamma för anhörigstödet under
uppföljningstiden, men målvärdena för antalet personer som skulle använda sig av
anhörigstödet (läs Anhörigcentrum) ökade från år till år. I förfrågningsunderlaget gällande
hemvård hade nya ska-krav införts under en egen rubrik; Anhörigvänlig vård och omsorg.
Inom hemvården hade också anhöriga börjat uppmärksammas genom anhörigträffar
information med mera. Inom vård- och omsorgsboendena fortsatte anhörigstödet
huvudsakligen inom den palliativa och avancerade sjukvården, men nytt var att Silviasystrar
inom åtminstone ett annat boende hade introducerat anhöriggrupper. Ett omfattande
värdegrundsarbete genomfördes inom äldreomsorgen som också inkluderade anhörigfrågor.
I förfrågningsunderlagen för upphandling av LSS-boendeenheter hade år 2013 infogats, under
rubriken Anhöriga, specifika ska-krav rörande anhöriga som inte hade funnits tidigare. Inom
Affärsområde assistans hade en grupp chefer i utvecklingssyfte börjat arbeta med
anhörigfrågor och anhörigas delaktighet. Verksamheten för anställda anhöriga bedrevs med
höga ambitioner och engagemang. Affärsområdeschefen i Affärsområde barn, ungdom &
familj beklagade bristen på stöd till anhöriga till personer under 21 år. Några insatser inom
verksamheten hade blivit mer flexibla bland annat för att underlätta för anhöriga. Arbete med
Samordnad individuell plan (Sip) infördes under uppföljningstiden och detta trodde många
skulle underlätta anhörigas situation.
I måldokument från de båda åren lyftes helhetsperspektiv och familjens roll fram på likartat
sätt inom individ- och familjeområdet. I kommunens drogpolitiska program nämndes
anhöriga som målgrupp för verksamheten. Viktiga stödinsatser erbjöds under hela den
undersökta tidsperioden inom Råd- och behandlingsgruppen, Trappan och familjeenheterna.
Inom Affärsområde socialpsykiatri & beroende hade en ny form av utbildning skapats. Den så
kallade återhämtningsakademin som ämnade samla brukare, personal och anhöriga i
gemensamma utbildningar.
Resultaten från enkäten till de anhöriga skiljer sig inte i någon större omfattning mellan de
båda studerade åren. Det är relativt stora andelar av respondenterna som beskriver en
problematisk livssituation och resultaten antyder också att det är de känslomässiga
dimensionerna som kan kräva ytterligare stödinsatser.
Det mest slående resultatet i de båda intervjuundersökningarna var att de anhöriga var nöjda
med det stöd som de hade fått. Framför allt gällde detta Anhörigcentrums verksamhet.
Rapporten avslutas med en begreppsdiskussion. Orden anhöriga, närstående, anhörigstöd med
flera används på olikartade sätt. För att kunna beskriva, följa, jämföra och inte minst utveckla
innehållet i stödet till anhöriga krävs att begreppsapparaten utvecklas. Fördelar och nackdelar
med ett specialiserat centraliserat anhörigstöd i jämförelse med ett integrerat decentraliserat
stöd diskuteras vidare och vikten av att ett anhörigperspektiv och anhörigstöd implementeras i
hela socialtjänsten betonas. För detta krävs bland annat att anhörigfrågorna finns med i
styrdokumenten på alla nivåer och att utbildningsinsatser genomförs.
Uppsala kommun har i en nationell jämförelse legat långt framme i anhörigfrågor under en
lång tid. Klimatet för att bygga upp och utveckla ett (specialiserat) anhörigstöd har varit gott.
En förhoppning är att den positiva trenden kommer att fortsätta i vetskapen om att mycket
hitintills är gjort, men att de svåraste uppgifterna kanske återstår; att se till att
anhörigperspektiv och anhörigstöd integreras inom hela socialtjänsten.
Stödet till anhöriga omsorgsgivare. RiR, 2014:9.
Riksrevisionen har granskat om staten har gett förutsättningar för ett stöd till anhöriga
omsorgsgivare som motsvarar behoven.
Granskningens bakgrund
Någon gång i livet kommer de flesta av oss att ge omsorg eller hjälp till någon i vår
närhet som drabbas av sjukdom, en funktionsnedsättning eller som får behov av hjälp
på grund av hög ålder. Vi blir då anhöriga omsorgsgivare. Det kan vara så många som
1,3 miljoner anhöriga i Sverige som ger omsorg till en närstående. De flesta anhöriga
ger omsorg av fri vilja och har en god hälsa. Undersökningar visar dock att anhörigas
hälsa, ekonomi, arbetssituation och möjligheter till fritid kan påverkas negativt av
omsorgsgivandet. Ofta bor dessa anhöriga tillsammans med den de ger omsorg till, en
make/maka/partner, ett barn eller ett syskon, och deras omsorg är omfattande.
Att som anhörig ge vård och omsorg ska vara ett frivilligt åtagande och ett komplement
till det offentligas insatser. I praktiken är dock det offentligas insatser ett komplement till
de anhörigas omsorgsgivande enligt regeringen. Ett gott stöd till anhöriga är viktigt för
att undvika negativa konsekvenser av omsorgsgivandet för individer och för samhället.
Syftet har varit att granska om staten har gett förutsättningar för ett stöd till anhöriga
omsorgsgivare som motsvarar behoven. Staten har främst valt att tillgodose anhörigas
behov av stöd genom att ändra socialtjänstlagen, 1998 och 2009, i syfte att förtydliga
kommunernas ansvar för stöd till anhöriga. Efter lagändringen 2009 ska kommunerna
erbjuda stöd till anhöriga. I regeringens propositioner inför lagändringarna har det
framgått att stödet ska kännetecknas av individualisering, flexibilitet och kvalitet.
Granskningen bygger främst på intervjuer med anhöriga, anhörig- och
patientorganisationer, forskare och företrädare för myndigheter och Nationellt
kompetenscentrum anhöriga (Nka). Intervjuerna har kompletterats med
forskningsresultat och kvantitativa studier.
Granskningens resultat
Riksrevisionens övergripande slutsats är att staten inte har gett goda förutsättningar för
ett stöd till anhöriga omsorgsgivare som motsvarar behoven. Granskningen visar att
anhörigas behov av stöd ofta handlar om att den närstående får en god vård och omsorg
men också om ett individanpassat och flexibelt stöd till dem själva.
Kommunernas anhörigstöd behöver utvecklas
En av de möjligheter till individualiserat stöd som regeringen betonade år 2009 var
att anhöriga skulle ansöka om bistånd för egen del. Under granskningen har det
framkommit att det är ovanligt och att omfattningen är svår att följa upp på grund
av bristande dokumentation. Riksrevisionens granskning tyder också på att brister i
kvalitet och flexibilitet i anhörigstöd leder till att anhöriga väljer att inte utnyttja det stöd
som erbjuds.
Det är stora skillnader i vilket stöd som erbjuds anhöriga och hur anhörigstödet styrs
inom och mellan kommuner enligt Socialstyrelsens kartläggningar. Stödet är i de
flesta kommuner mest utbyggt inom äldreomsorgen med utgångspunkt i situationer
där äldre makar ger omsorg till varandra. Det innebär enligt Riksrevisionen att äldre
makar i större utsträckning erbjuds stöd som motsvarar behoven än exempelvis
förvärvsarbetande anhöriga, anhöriga till funktionshindrade eller personer med
psykisk ohälsa. Sedan år 2009 har kommunerna börjat utforma stöd utifrån andra
anhöriggruppers behov i högre utsträckning än tidigare.
Kommunerna har även organiserat, styrt och finansierat anhörigstödet olika. I de
flesta kommunerna har dock anhörigstödet främst bedrivits i projektform, vid sidan
av ordinarie linjeorganisation. Det är också ovanligt att det finns styrdokument som
innehåller rutiner med ett anhörigperspektiv.
Riksrevisionen anser att kommunernas anhörigstöd behöver utvecklas för att uppfylla
intentionerna om ett individualiserat, flexibelt och kvalitativt stöd. Enligt Riksrevisionen
har utbudet av stöd hittills inte varit tillräckligt anpassat till anhörigas skiftande behov
och skillnaderna indikerar att kommunerna i olika utsträckning har valt att prioritera
stöd till anhöriga.
Staten bör ge bättre förutsättningar för det kommunala anhörigstödet
Kommunerna har fått ett stort utrymme att själva avgöra vilket anhörigstöd som de ska
erbjuda eftersom kommunernas ansvar har reglerats med en ramlagsbestämmelse i
socialtjänstlagen. I förarbetena preciserade regeringen att stödet bör kännetecknas av
individualisering, flexibilitet och kvalitet. Eftersom kommunerna har valt att främst
erbjuda anhörigstöd som kommunal service finns det begränsade möjligheter för
domstolarna att tydliggöra vilket stöd kommunerna ska erbjuda genom vägledande
rättsfall.
riksrevisionen granskar: medborgarna och förvaltningen
Regeringen har gett Socialstyrelsen i uppdrag att vägleda kommunerna i
implementeringen av bestämmelsen och inrättat ett nationellt kompetenscentrum
för att förbättra kunskapsläget. Trots dessa åtgärder nås ännu inte intentionerna
med det kommunala anhörigstödet och det skiljer sig åt vilket stöd anhöriga erbjuds
inom och mellan kommuner. Riksrevisionen menar därför att ytterligare vägledning
till kommunerna troligtvis inte är tillräckligt för att åstadkomma anhörigstöd som
motsvarar intentionerna.
Riksrevisionen anser att staten inte har gett tillräckligt goda förutsättningar för ett
kommunalt anhörigstöd som motsvarar intentionerna. Riksrevisionen rekommenderar
därför regeringen att överväga om 5 kap. 10 § socialtjänstlagen behöver förtydligas.
Statens styrmedel kan användas bättre
Sedan år 1999 har staten totalt satsat cirka 2 miljarder kronor på att utveckla
anhörigstöd i kommunerna. Riksrevisionens granskning visar att det delvis är oklart
vilka resultat som uppnåtts med de statliga satsningarna på kommunalt anhörigstöd.
Ett hinder för kunskap om satsningarna är att det saknas nationell statistik över vilket
stöd kommunerna erbjuder anhöriga och som anhöriga tar del av, vilket förklaras av
brister i dokumentation av anhörigstödet.
Varken Socialstyrelsen eller Inspektionen för vård och omsorg har hittills
genomfört någon riktad tillsyn av kommunernas skyldighet att erbjuda anhöriga
stöd. Riksrevisionen bedömer att tillsyn med nuvarande förutsättningar inte är ett
ändamålsenligt styrmedel för att komma tillrätta med problemen i kommunernas
anhörigstöd.
Riksrevisionen rekommenderar att om regeringen vill möjliggöra uppföljning, ökad
kunskap samt tillsyn av anhörigstödet i kommunerna bör regeringen ta ställning
till hur anhörigstödet som ges som service och bistånd ska dokumenteras av
kommunerna.
Det behövs mer kunskap om anhörigomsorgen
Idag finns det inga jämförbara studier om anhörigomsorgens utveckling över tid. De
undersökningar som finns har genomförts av olika aktörer och med olika frågor och
urval. Därmed är resultaten svåra att jämföra. Det saknas också kartläggningar av
omfattningen på minderåriga barns omsorgsgivande till närstående. Sammantaget
medför detta att det även saknas underlag för att bedöma de samhällsekonomiska
konsekvenserna av och kostnaderna för anhörigomsorgen på individ- och samhällsnivå.
stödet till anhöriga omsorgsgivare
Riksrevisionen rekommenderar att regeringen ger en myndighet i uppdrag att följa
anhörigomsorgens omfattning och konsekvenserna för individer och samhället över
tid. Ett steg bör vara att ta fram en samhällsekonomisk analys av anhörigomsorgens
konsekvenser för individer och samhälle. Jämställdhetsaspekterna bör särskilt
uppmärksammas i en sådan analys.
Det bör vara lättare att förena anhörigomsorg med arbete
Anhöriga som arbetar och som ger omsorg är i stor utsträckning beroende av sina
arbetsgivares välvilja för att kunna stanna kvar på arbetsmarknaden. Detta då de
förmåner som finns – närståendepenning och rätten till ledighet vid närståendevård
och av trängande familjeskäl – bara täcker delar av anhörigas behov och används i liten
utsträckning. Anhöriga som arbetar är i många fall beroende av att själva kunna styra
sina arbetstider och att ta ledigt med kort varsel. Flera anhöriga tar också ut semester
och flextid för att kunna ge omsorg till sina närstående.
Riksrevisionen rekommenderar att regeringen överväger om delar av
socialförsäkringssystemet och arbetsmarknadslagstiftningen bör anpassas till anhörigas
behov för att underlätta för anhöriga att förena anhörigomsorg med arbete.
Det bästa anhörigstödet är en god vård och omsorg
Riksrevisionen anser att kvalitetshöjande åtgärder inom vård och omsorg är det som
i störst utsträckning skulle förbättra för anhöriga. I intervjuer har det framkommit
att det bästa stödet till anhöriga är en god vård och omsorg om den närstående. Det
handlar om omsorgsinsatser som exempelvis särskilda boenden och hemtjänst,
vårdinsatser som behandling och vårdplatser på sjukhus men också personal med rätt
utbildning och kompetens. Riksrevisionen har inte granskat vården och omsorgen om
den närstående i sig men har valt att redovisa hur viktig vården och omsorgen om den
närstående är för anhörigas situation och behov av stöd.
Det ska vara frivilligt att ge anhörigomsorg i Sverige. Riksrevisionen anser att en
förutsättning för frivillighet är att det finns ett alternativ till anhörigas insatser i form av
en god offentlig vård och omsorg. Riksrevisonens bedömning utifrån intervjuer under
granskningen är att många anhöriga tar på sig ett större ansvar än de egentligen vill på
grund av brister i vården och omsorgen.
Många anhöriga upplever att en av de tyngsta bördorna de har att bära är den
samordnande och koordinerande roll de ofta måste ta på sig. Om anhöriga inte tog på
sig koordinatorrollen skulle mycket falla mellan stolarna. Riksrevisionen menar att
detta är ett svårlöst problem som är kopplat till uppdraget till och organiseringen av
vården och omsorgen.
riksrevisionen granskar: medborgarna och förvaltningen
I Riksrevisionens intervjuer framkommer att anhörigas behov av att bli sedda och
få information och kunskap sällan tillgodoses i kontakter med vård och omsorg.
Vidare framförs i intervjuerna att vårdplaneringar är en situation där många anhöriga
känner sig osynliga. Riksrevisionen rekommenderar att regeringen bör se till att det tas
fram utbildningar för att sprida kunskap till anställda i kommuner och landsting om
anhörigas betydelse för vård och omsorg samt hur vården och omsorgen kan stödja
anhöriga genom bland annat information och bemötande.
De anhöriga som Riksrevisionen har intervjuat upplever att de måste kämpa för att få
de insatser som den närstående behöver från kommunerna och att de befinner sig i ett
kunskapsunderläge i förhållande till kommunerna om vilka insatser den närstående
har rätt till. Anhöriga beskriver också att det är svårt, tidskrävande och påfrestande
att överklaga beslut. Riksrevisionen rekommenderar regeringen att ge Socialstyrelsen i
uppdrag att informera om rätten till stöd och insatser i SoL och LSS och hur praxis ser
ut om regeringen vill underlätta för anhöriga.
Landstingen saknar ett strukturerat arbete med att ge stöd till vuxna anhöriga enligt
Nationellt kompetenscentrum anhöriga, Anhörigas Riksförbund och Socialstyrelsen.
I hälso- och sjukvårdslagen finns endast ett generellt folkhälsoförebyggande uppdrag
och ett uppdrag om att ge stöd till minderåriga barn i vissa situationer. Riksrevisionen
rekommenderar regeringen att överväga om landstingens ansvar för stöd till anhöriga
behöver förtydligas i hälso- och sjukvårdslagen.
The inter-relationship between formal and informalcare: a study of France and Israel
This study examined whether formal care services delivered to frail older people's homes in France and Israel substitute for or complement informal support. The two countries have comparable family welfare systems but many historical, cultural and religious differences. Data for the respondents aged 75 or more years at the first wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) were analysed. Regressions were examined of three patterns of care from outside the household: informal support only, formal support only and both formal and informal care, with the predictor variables including whether informal help was provided by a family member living in the household. The results revealed that about one-half of the respondents received no help at all (France 51%, Israel 55%), about one-tenth received care from a household member (France 8%, Israel 10%), and one-third were helped by informal carers from outside the household (France 34%, Israel 33%). More French respondents (35%) received formal care services at home than Israelis (27%). Most predictors of the care patterns were similar in the two countries. The analysis showed that complementarity is a common outcome of the co-existence of formal and informal care, and that mixed provision occurs more frequently in situations of greater need. It is also shown that spouse care-givers had less formal home-care supports than either co-resident children or other family care-givers. Even so, spouses, children and other family care-givers all had considerable support from formal home-delivered care.
The Intricacy of Gender, Moral, Relational, Financial and Housing Issues
The kaleidoscope of communication: Different perspectives on communication involving children with severe multiple disabilities.
Avhandlingen består av sex publikationer om kommunikation och grava funktionsnedsättningar. Publikationerna presenterar ett teoretiskt ramverk, metodförslag och empiriska studier. Det teoretiska ramverket gäller generella aspekter på kommunikation och funktionsnedsättning medan de empiriska studierna fokuserar på barn i förskoleåldern vilka har utvecklingsstörning kombinerat med synnedsättning och/eller rörelsehinder. Syftet med avhandlingen är att samla kunskaper om hur barnen kommunicerar med sina vårdgivare, att analysera hur olika forskningsstrategier kan tillföra kunskaper från olika perspektiv och att utveckla modeller för att analysera och beskriva den dyadiska interaktionen.
Den teoretiska ramen tar upp hur barnets kommunikativa utveckling påverkas av multipla funktionsnedsättningar men också kommunikationspartners roll och vad som är betydelsefullt i åtgärdsarbetet. Den metodologiska ramen presenterar och jämför olika forskningsansatser och ett nytt sätt att studera och analysera kommunikation baserat på systemteori föreslås. I de empiriska studierna undersöks först sambanden mellan användning av kommunikativa funktioner och barnets funktionsnedsättningar samt hur situationen påverkar. Detta görs genom en kombinerad analysmodell som är både variabel- och person-inriktad. Sedan testas den föreslagna systemteoretiska analysen på två fallstudier av samspel mellan barn och vårdare.
Resultaten visar att användning av olika kommunikativa funktioner hade vissa samband med typ och grad av funktionsnedsättning hos de undersökta barnen men att det också fanns individuella mönster som skiljde sig från gruppresultatet. Det framkom dessutom att användningen av olika kommunikativa funktioner hade starkare samband med hur situationen såg ut än med vilka funktionsnedsättningar barnen hade. När det gällde undersökningarna av själva kommunikationsprocessen mellan barnet och den vuxne visade det sig att de båda kontinuerligt samordnande sig och att själva processen bestod av att tillsammans konstruera gemensamma ramar av samförstånd. Denna process genomgick kvalitativt olika faser som växlade mellan instabilitet och stabilitet. Användandet av systemteori som ett analysverktyg, gav upphov till tre modeller. Den första visar uppbyggnaden av en hierarkisk ordning av de gemensamma ramarna, den andra gäller dynamiken i processen och den tredje hur skiftet mellan olika faser sker i processen.
Diskussionen koncentreras kring hur resultaten från studierna tillsammans med de teoretiska aspekterna som framförts kan bidra till en erfarenhetsbaserad praxis. De huvudsakliga slutsatserna är att i ett kommunikativt samspel som involverar en person med flera grava funktionshinder så är kommunikationens mening något som konstrueras tillsammans av de båda parterna och därför kan kommunikation inte betraktas som en individuell kompetens kompetensen finns i dyaden.
The Labour market cost of community care
This paper reports an empirical investigation into the influence of informal care responsibilities on the labour supply of women. The objective is to examine the argument that the UK policy of caring for the chronic sick 'in the community' involves a nontrivial opportunity cost in the form of the forgone labour supply of the informal carers upon which it relies. We find that informal carers who care for less than 20 h per week are, in fact, more likely to participate in the labour market, but tend to work for fewer hours per week than otherwise similar noncarers. Informal carers who care for 20 h or more a week are less likely to participate, but only slightly. However, when they do undertake formal employment, they tend to earn less per hour and work for fewer hours per week.
The last 3 months of life: care, transitions and the place of death of older people
Many older people die in hospitals, whereas research indicates that they would prefer to die at home. Little is known about the factors associated with place of death. The aim of the present study was to investigate the care received by older people in the last 3 months of their life, the transitions in care and the predictors of place of death. In this population-based study, interviews were held with 270 proxy respondents to obtain data on 342 deceased participants (79% response rate) in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. In the last 3 months of life, the utilisation of formal care increased. Half of the community-dwelling older people and their families were confronted with transitions to institutional care, in most cases to hospitals. Women relied less often on informal care only, and were more dependent than men on institutional care. For people who only received informal care, the odds of dying in a hospital were 3.68 times the odds for those who received a combination of formal and informal home care. The chance of dying in a hospital was also related to the geographical region. The authors argue that future research is needed into the association that they found in the present study, i.e. that decedents who received both formal and informal care were more likely to die at home. In view of the differences found in geographical region in relation to place of death, further investigation of regional differences in the availability and accessibility of care is indicated.
The legitimacy of rest: conditions for the relief of burden in advanced dementia care-giving
The lifeworld of the cronic mental ill: analysis of 40 written personal accounts
In this study, chronicity in mental illness has been investigated as it is lived rather than how it might be conceptualized. Published first-hand accounts have provided the mechanism for direct access in coming to know the life of persons, their circumstances, and the meanings they associate with a life of persistent and enduring mental illness. These are unique and particular human experiences, and there are no empirical generalizations or law-like statements that can give such an understanding. Therefore the disclosure of meaning was sought through a hermeneutic-phenomenologic process. Four lifeworld existentials provide the framework for a combined description and interpretation of what it means to "live" chronic mental illness. The article concludes with a brief discussion of some implications for nursing practice, and commentary is made on the relevance of such insights to health care providers in both acute and community care settings.
The Living with Dysarthria group: Implementation and feasibility of a group intervention for people with dysarthria following stroke and family members
BACKGROUND:
The broad life implications of acquired dysarthria are recognized, but they have received little attention in stroke management. Reports of group therapy, which may be a suitable approach to intervention, are not available for stroke-related dysarthria.
AIMS:
To examine the operational feasibility of and response to a new eight-session weekly group intervention programme, Living with Dysarthria, designed for people with chronic dysarthria following stroke and their main communication partners.
METHODS & PROCEDURES:
The target participation was for programme completion by two groups of eight people with dysarthria (PWD) and available family members (FMs) or carers. An active recruitment strategy was undertaken from the speech and language therapy case records for the previous 6 years in two hospitals with combined annual stroke admissions of over 500 people. Twelve PWD and seven FMs were recruited (group 1: seven PWD and four FMs; group 2: five PWD and three FMs). Speech intelligibility, communication effectiveness, general well-being, quality of communication life, and knowledge of stroke and dysarthria were assessed pre- and post-programme. Each PWD and FM also set an individual goal and rated their achievement of this on a 0-10 scale.
OUTCOMES & RESULTS:
Recruitment to the programme was lower than anticipated and below target. The 12 PWD were recruited from 62 initial contacts, which was the total number who according to available information met the criteria. The programme was viable: it ran to plan, with only minor content alterations, in community accommodation, and with good participant engagement. Group median score changes were in a positive direction for all measures and effect sizes ranged from 0.17 (quality of communication life) to 0.46 (intelligibility). Significant post-programme changes were present for intelligibility and knowledge of stroke and dysarthria (p= 0.05). Participants' ratings of goal achievements ranged from 6 (some change) to 10 (a lot of change).
CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS:
The recruitment experience revealed a take-up rate of around 20% from PWD following stroke, informing future planning. The participant engagement and performance results from the piloting of the programme indicate that the Living with Dysarthria programme is viable and has potential for effecting positive change. Further testing is justified.
The Maudsley Addiction Profile (MAP): a brief instrument for assessing treatment outcome
Aim. To develop a brief, multi-dimensional instrument for assessing treatment outcome for people with drug and/or alcohol problems. The Maudsley Addiction Profile (MAP) is the first instrument to be developed in the United Kingdom for this purpose. Design. Field testing with quota-recruitment of problem drug users and problem alcohol users in treatment with researcher and clinician-administered test-retest interviews. Setting. Two community and two inpatient services at the Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospital, London. Participants. Subjects (160 drug users and 80 alcohol users) interviewed by eight interviewers (four researchers and four clinicians), each of whom interviewed 30 subjects on two occasions. Measures. Sixty items across substance use, health risk, physical/psychological health and personal/social functioning domains. Findings. Average completion time of the MAP was 12 minutes. The questionnaire was acceptable to a majority of subjects and performed well with both researcher and clinician interviewers. Internal reliability and feasible concurrent validity assessments of the scales and items were highly satisfactory. Test-retest reliability was good, average intraclass correlation coefficients across eight substances were 0.94 and 0.81 across health risk, health problems, relationship conflict, employment and crime measures. Conclusions. The MAP can serve as a core research instrument with additional outcome measures added as required. The collection of a set of reliable quantitative measures of problems among drug and alcohol users by research or treatment personnel for outcome evaluation purposes need not be time-consuming.
The meaning of everyday technology as experienced by people with dementia who live alone
The meaning of outdoor physical activity for parentally bereaved young people in the United Kingdom: insights from an etnographic study
The purpose of this paper is to explore the meanings of outdoor physical activity in the natural environment for parentally-bereaved young people. It draws on data generated from a two-year ethnographic study that focused on the experiences of those involved with the Rocky Centre, a childhood bereavement service in the UK. Data was collected via extended periods of participant observation and semi-structured interviews with both staff and service users. One of the key themes to emerge from the analysis was that of physical activity in different environments. The meanings that the parentally-bereaved young people attributed to outdoor physical activity clustered around four sub-themes. These were: sense of freedom; distraction/escapism; retaining memories; and family cohesion. Each of these are considered in detail and their implications for future practice and research are discussed.
The meaning of support as narrated by family carers who care for a senior relative at home.
The mediating role of parenting stress in methadone-maintained mothers' parenting
Objective. To (1) examine the subjective experience of parenting stress as a mediator between 2 distal stressors (sociodemographic risk and global psychological maladjustment), and examine the parenting of methadone-maintained mothers, and (2) identify maladaptive and adaptive parenting correlates of specific types of parenting stress. Design. We analyzed baseline data from interviews conducted with 74 methadone-maintained mothers who expressed interest in a randomized clinical trial study testing the efficacy of a relational parenting intervention. Baseline measures included questionnaires on maternal psychological maladjustment, parenting stress, parenting problems, and children's maladjustment. Three series of hierarchical linear regressions were conducted to test the mediation model and specificity of associations. Results. Parenting stress mediated the associations between sociodemographic risk and 2 maladaptive parenting domains (aggression and neglect) and between psychological maladjustment and all 5 parenting domains examined (aggression, neglect, affective interactions, limit setting, and autonomy), although correlations were modest. Child-focused stress was associated with higher levels of aggression, limit-setting problems, and restricted autonomy. Stress derived from the mother - child relationship was associated with higher levels of neglect and affective withdrawal. Conclusions. Although preliminary in nature, results of this study indicate the importance of understanding the role of internal mechanisms (e.g., parenting stress) in the parenting processes of addicted women and examining specific correlates of their parenting problems.
The MetLife caregiving cost study: productivity losses to US business
Since the release of the 1997 MetLife Study of Employer Costs for Working Caregivers, new research has helped us better understand the issues facing employed caregivers and their employers, new workplace programs have been developed and
more employees are reporting involvement in eldercare. In 2004, the National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP issued the findings of a survey of U.S. caregivers which forms the basis of this update of the costs to employers of caregiving employees.1 Findings are based on a Level of Burden Index, with Level 1 being the lowest in caregiving intensity and level 5 being the highest. Intense caregivers (Levels 3 – 5) are defined as doing personal care tasks (such as bathing, dressing, feeding as well as other tasks) for an average of 12 to 87 hours per week; levels 1 and 2 are caregivers providing, on average, fewer than 10 hours of care per week of less intense tasks, such as taking someone to a doctor's appointment or doing housework for them. This study estimates the productivity losses to U.S. business of employees who must make workplace accommodations as a result of caregiving responsibilities. These include costs associated with replacing employees, absenteeism, crisis in care, workday interruptions, supervisory time, unpaid leave, and reducing hours from full-time to part time.Since the release of the 1997 MetLife Study of Employer Costs for Working Caregivers, new research has helped us better understand the issues facing employed caregivers and their employers, new workplace programs have been developed and more employees are reporting involvement in eldercare. In 2004, the National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP issued the findings of a survey of U.S. caregivers which forms the basis of this update of the costs to employers of caregiving employees.1 Findings are based on a Level of Burden Index, with Level 1 being the lowest in caregiving intensity and level 5 being the highest. Intense caregivers (Levels 3 – 5) are defined as doing personal care tasks (such as bathing, dressing, feeding as well as other tasks) for an average of 12 to 87 hours per week; levels 1 and 2 are caregivers providing, on average, fewer than 10 hours of care per week of less intense tasks, such as taking someone to a doctor's appointment or doing housework for them. This study estimates the productivity losses to U.S. business of employees who must make workplace accommodations as a result of caregiving responsibilities. These include costs associated with replacing employees, absenteeism, crisis in care, workday interruptions, supervisory time, unpaid leave, and reducing hours from full-time to part time.
The modified self: Family caregivers’ experiences of caring for a dying family member at home
Aim: The aim of this study was to explore situations in daily life that challenge caregivers' self-image when caring for a dying family member at home. Background: Caregiving affects the health and daily lives of family caregivers. Patterns of challenging situations may provide insight into the home caregiving experience, thus contributing to our understanding of the influence it has on the caregivers' self-image. Design: Qualitative descriptive study. Methods; Ten family caregivers who cared for a dying family member at home with support from an advanced home care team were interviewed 6–12 months after the death of the family member. The interviews were analysed with interpretive description. Result: Three patterns characterised the experiences of caregivers' daily lives in caring for a dying family member at home: challenged ideals, stretched limits and interdependency. These patterns formed the core theme, the modified self. Situations that challenged the caregivers' self-image were connected to experiences such as 'forbidden thoughts', intimacy and decreasing personal space. Conclusions: The caregivers met challenging situations in their daily lives that created a modified image of self. It is important to recognise the impact of caring for a dying family member at home. Relevance to clinical practice: This study argues for supporting family caregivers to maximise their potential to handle the demanding everyday life with a dying family member at home. This study contributes to understanding situations in the home that may challenge caregivers' self-image and points out the importance of talking about caregiving experiences. From a clinical perspective, this study emphasises the significance of creating a climate, which allows family caregivers to express thoughts and feelings. Sharing experiences such as 'forbidden thoughts' can be one way of handling the profoundly changed every day life.
The Mood Disorder Burden Index: A scale for assessing the burden of caregivers to adults with unipolar or bipolar disorder
We present a brief measure of caregiver burden, the Mood Disorder Burden Index (MDBI), for use with family members and close friends of adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BD). The MDBI assesses burden in three core domains (patients' mood symptoms, caregivers' worry about the future, and caregivers' interpersonal difficulties with the patient) and includes an optional module that assesses caregiver burden associated with patients' pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy. The MDBI was administered to caregivers of older individuals (i.e., 58 years and older) with MDD (n=123) or BD (n=38) who were receiving treatment through a research study. Analyses indicated evidence of convergent and discriminant validity of the new measure well as internal consistency within both caregiver groups. It will be important for future research to administer the MDBI to caregivers of middle-aged and older patients as well as those receiving treatment through inpatient settings or community outpatient clinics.
The nature of youth care tasks in families experiencing chrionic illness/disability: Development of the youth activities of Caregiving Scale
The purpose of this study was to develop an empirically derived multi-item scale of care tasks performed by young people in the context of family illness/disability: the Youth Activities of Caregiving Scale (YACS). A total of 135 youngsters aged 10-24 years with an ill/disabled family member completed questionnaires. Factor analyses performed on the YACS yielded four factors, instrumental care, social/emotional care, personal/intimate care and domestic/household care, accounting for 57.78% of the variance. The internal reliabilities of all factors ranged from 0.74 to 0.92. Higher scores on the YACS related to higher youth age and several caregiving context variables (i.e. household type [single or dual-parent household], relationship with care-recipient and perceived choice in caregiving). Higher scores on the YACS also related to care-recipient illness/disability variables (onset, functional impairment, prognosis, predictability and illness/disability type). Strong positive correlations between the YACS and a conceptually related measure of young caregiving experiences provided good convergent validity data. Criterion validity was established with evidence that the YACS predicted youth adjustment in the domains of health and prosocial behaviour.
The nature of youth care tasks in families experiencing chronic illness/disability: Development of the Youth Activities of Caregiving Scale (YACS)
The purpose of this study was to develop an empirically derived multi-item scale of care tasks performed by young people in the context of family illness/disability: the Youth Activities of Caregiving Scale (YACS). A total of 135 youngsters aged 10-24 years with an ill/disabled family member completed questionnaires. Factor analyses performed on the YACS yielded four factors, instrumental care, social/emotional care, personal/intimate care and domestic/household care, accounting for 57.78% of the variance. The internal reliabilities of all factors ranged from 0.74 to 0.92. Higher scores on the YACS related to higher youth age and several caregiving context variables (i.e. household type [single or dual-parent household], relationship with care-recipient and perceived choice in caregiving). Higher scores on the YACS also related to care-recipient illness/disability variables (onset, functional impairment, prognosis, predictability and illness/disability type). Strong positive correlations between the YACS and a conceptually related measure of young caregiving experiences provided good convergent validity data. Criterion validity was established with evidence that the YACS predicted youth adjustment in the domains of health and prosocial behaviour. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)
The needs of people with dementia living at home from user, caregiver and professional perspectives: a cross-sectional survey
Background: Few reports have been published about differences in perspectives on perceived needs among community-residing people with dementia, their family caregivers, and professionals. The aim of this study was to compare these perspectives. Method: During 2006 and 2007, one-hundred and fifty two interviews of people with dementia and their caregivers about the needs of the person with dementia were performed by four professionals using The Camberwell Assessment of Need for the Elderly (CANE). Professionals' views on met and unmet needs of people with dementia were obtained for the total sample, family caregivers' perspectives were gained for 125 people with dementia, and people with dementia's views on their own needs were obtained for 125 persons with dementia. Results: People with dementia reported fewer needs compared with the reports of their caregivers and the professionals. The most frequent unmet needs reported by people with dementia, caregivers and professionals were in the areas of daytime activities, company, and psychological distress; however, people with dementia rated psychological distress as the commonest unmet need. Conclusions: Since the priorities of people with dementia can be different from those of caregivers and professionals, it is important to consider all perspectives when making care plans. Thus, compliance with treatment of people with dementia and also their quality of life could be potentially improved by a more collaborative partnership with them.
The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
The neurobehavioral and social emotional development of infants and children
the noncompliant child: Family-based treatment for oppositional behaviour
The older patient's experience of encountering professional carers and close relatives during an acute confusional state: an interview study.
The older patient's experience of encountering professional carers and close relatives during an acute confusional state: an interview study.
The overall quality of my life as a sibling is all right, but of course, it could always be better’. Quality of life of siblings of children with intellectual disability: The siblings' perspectives
Background: The concept of family quality of life is becoming increasingly important in family support programmes. This concept describes the quality of life of all family members and the family system as a whole, but only the opinion of the parents has been included. The opinion of the siblings has been incorporated in the opinions of the parents, although research has shown that there is discordance between parents' and siblings' reports. The principal goal of this study is to investigate how young siblings of children with intellectual disability define their quality of life as a sibling. Method: As we were more concerned with understanding the experience of being a sibling from the siblings' own frame of reference, we opted for a qualitative research design and more specifically used in‐depth, phenomenology‐based interviews. Data were sorted by means of a process of continuously comparing the codes according to the principles of grounded theory. Results: Siblings described the following nine domains as domains of sibling quality of life: joint activities, mutual understanding, private time, acceptance, forbearance, trust in well‐being, exchanging experiences, social support and dealing with the outside world. Conclusions: This study shows not only that siblings can define their quality of life, but also that this definition of sibling quality of life differs from the family quality of life concept. Therefore, it may be not only a valuable addition to the family quality of life concept but also an appropriate concept to describe siblings' experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)
The overlap of witnessing partner violence with child maltreatment and other victimizations in a nationally representative survey of youth
OBJECTIVE:
To examine the co-occurrence of witnessing partner violence with child maltreatment and other forms of victimization.
METHOD:
Data are from the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV), a nationally representative telephone survey of the victimization experiences of 4,549 youth aged 0-17.
RESULTS:
Witnessing partner violence (WPV) is very closely associated with several forms of maltreatment and exposure to other forms of family violence in this sample, with adjusted OR ranging from 3.88 to 9.15. WPV is also significantly associated with a wide variety of other forms of victimization, with OR ranging from 1.43 to 7.32. More than 1/3 (33.9%) of youth who witnessed partner violence had also been maltreated in the past year, compared with 8.6% of non-witnesses. For lifetime data, more than half (56.8%) of WPV youth had also been maltreated. Neglect and custodial interference were most closely associated with WPV.
CONCLUSIONS:
These data support the poly-victimization model, indicating that many youth experience multiple forms of victimization. They also indicate that the various forms of family violence are especially closely linked.
PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS:
These results provide new urgency to calls to better integrate services to adult and child victims of family violence. For example, screening to identify the needs of child witnesses could be done in domestic violence shelters, and screening to identify the needs of adult victims could be done in child protective service settings.
The Pediatric Alliance for coordinated care: Evaluation of a medical home
OBJECTIVES:
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a medical home for children with special health care needs (CSHCN). In the Pediatric Alliance for Coordinated Care (PACC), 6 pediatric practices introduced interventions to operationalize the medical home for CSHCN. The intervention consisted of a designated pediatric nurse practitioner acting as case manager, a local parent consultant for each practice, the development of an individualized health plan for each patient, and continuing medical education for health care professionals. The objectives of this study were 1) to characterize CSHCN in the PACC, 2) to assess parental satisfaction with the PACC intervention, 3) to assess the impact on hospitalizations and emergency department episodes, and 4) to assess the impact on parental workdays lost and children's school days lost for CSHCN before and during the PACC intervention.
METHODS:
A total of 150 CSHCN in 6 pediatric practices in the Boston, Massachusetts, area were studied. Participants were recruited by their pediatricians on the basis of medical/developmental complexity. Physicians completed enrollment information about each child's diagnosis and severity of condition. Families completed surveys at baseline and follow-up (at 2 years), assessing their experience with health care for their children.
RESULTS:
A total of 60% of the children had >5 conditions, 41% were dependent on medical technology, and 47% were rated by their physician as having a "severe" condition. A total of 117 (78%) families provided data after the intervention. The PACC made care delivery easier, including having the same nurse to talk to (68%), getting letters of medical necessity (67%), getting resources (60%), getting telephone calls returned (61%), getting early medical care when the child is sick (61%), communicating with the child's doctor (61%), getting referrals to specialists (61%), getting prescriptions filled (56%), getting appointments (61%), setting goals for the child (52%), understanding the child's medical condition (56%), and relationship with the child's doctor (58%). Families of children who were rated "severe" were most likely to find these aspects of care "much easier" with the help of the pediatric nurse practitioner. Satisfaction with primary care delivery was high at baseline and remained high throughout the study. There was a statistically significant decrease in parents missing >20 days of work (26% at baseline; 14.1% after PACC) and in hospitalizations (58% at baseline; 43.2% after PACC). The approximate cost per child per year of the intervention was 400 dollars.
CONCLUSIONS:
The PACC medical home intervention increases parent satisfaction with pediatric primary care. Those whose needs are most severe seem to benefit most from the intervention. There are some indications of improved health as well as decreased burden of disease with the intervention in place. The PACC model allows a practice to meet many of the goals of serving as a medical home with a relatively small financial investment.
The Perception of Meaningfulness and Performance of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living From the Perspectives of the Medically At-Risk Older Adults and Their Caregivers
The purpose of the study was to understand the impact of chronic disability on the functional ability of older adults. Thirty older adult participants and their caregivers were asked to identify which instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) are most meaningful and how their disability affected performance. Data collected through individual analysis indicated that the most important IADL tasks were driving and managing medication. Both older adult participants and their caregivers similarly perceived the health condition as significantly affecting the performance of all of the IADLs. However, there was a difference in the perception of the prior level of functioning for managing medication (z = 2.45, p = .024) and phone use (z = 2.26, p = .014). Results arrived at, and to be discussed, were in agreement with previous research findings indicating that complex tasks of daily living, particularly driving, are significant to the older adult's quality of life.
The Picture Exchange Communication System
A variety of strategies have been used to help children with autism acquire functional communication skills. The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is a unique communication training program that was developed as a means of circumventing some shortcomings associatd with these strategies. A description of the steps within PECS is provided. Long-term group data have indicated that a large proportion of children started on PECS as preschoolers acquire speech. Individual and group data supporting the use of PECS are provided.
The Picture Exchange Communication System
A variety of strategies have been used to help children with autism acquire functional communication skills. The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is a unique communication training program that was developed as a means of circumventing some shortcomings associatd with these strategies. A description of the steps within PECS is provided. Long-term group data have indicated that a large proportion of children started on PECS as preschoolers acquire speech. Individual and group data supporting the use of PECS are provided.
The PLUS Intervention: A Pilot Test with caregivers of depressed older adults
The PLUS Nursing Intervention, which is aimed at caregivers of elderly persons with depression and designed to increase caregiver personal resources, respond to caregiver learning/skill development needs, address caregiver unanticipated needs, and assist with caregiver stress/illness management, was pilot tested for efficacy. Thirteen families were assigned to the PLUS group and 12 families to the standard home care control group. There were no significant outcome differences between the two groups. However, caregivers who received the PLUS intervention made significantly more improvements over Standard Home Care caregivers when patients made functional improvements. Findings suggest that patient functioning might be a better predictor of long-term caregiver outcomes than psychiatric symptoms.
The Possibility of Choise: Women with Intellectual Disabilities Talk about Having Children
The prevalence and impact of child maltreatment and other types of victimization in the UK: Findings from a population survey of caregivers, children and young people and young adults
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
To measure the prevalence of maltreatment and other types of victimization among children, young people, and young adults in the UK; to explore the risks of other types of victimization among maltreated children and young people at different ages; using standardized scores from self-report measures, to assess the emotional wellbeing of maltreated children, young people, and young adults taking into account other types of childhood victimization, different perpetrators, non-victimization adversities and variables known to influence mental health.
METHODS:
A random UK representative sample of 2,160 parents and caregivers, 2,275 children and young people, and 1,761 young adults completed computer-assisted self-interviews. Interviews included assessment of a wide range of childhood victimization experiences and measures of impact on mental health.
RESULTS:
2.5% of children aged under 11 years and 6% of young people aged 11-17 years had 1 or more experiences of physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, or neglect by a parent or caregiver in the past year, and 8.9% of children under 11 years, 21.9% of young people aged 11-17 years, and 24.5% of young adults had experienced this at least once during childhood. High rates of sexual victimization were also found; 7.2% of females aged 11-17 and 18.6% of females aged 18-24 reported childhood experiences of sexual victimization by any adult or peer that involved physical contact (from sexual touching to rape). Victimization experiences accumulated with age and overlapped. Children who experienced maltreatment from a parent or caregiver were more likely than those not maltreated to be exposed to other forms of victimization, to experience non-victimization adversity, a high level of polyvictimization, and to have higher levels of trauma symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS:
The past year maltreatment rates for children under age 18 were 7-17 times greater than official rates of substantiated child maltreatment in the UK. Professionals working with children and young people in all settings should be alert to the overlapping and age-related differences in experiences of childhood victimization to better identify child maltreatment and prevent the accumulative impact of different victimizations upon children's mental health.
The psychosocial functioning of children and spouses of adults with ADHD
BACKGROUND:
It is unclear what the impact of parental ADHD is on the day-to-day life of the rest of the family and how it contributes to the intergenerational transmission of this disorder.
METHOD:
The psychosocial functioning of 23 spouses and 63 children of 33 families with an ADHD parent and 20 spouses and 40 children of 26 comparison families was examined. Both adults and their spouses were assessed for lifetime and current Axis I and Axis II diagnoses, present general psychiatric symptoms and their marital relationships. Children were screened for ADHD and other problems, using the C-DISC, CBLC, TRF and the Social Adjustment Inventory.
RESULTS:
Children with an ADHD parent had higher rates of psychopathology than those from comparison families. Children with ADHD had more co-morbidities than non-ADHD children. Family and marital functions were impaired in ADHD families regardless of the gender of the affected parent. Children without ADHD from families with one psychiatrically healthy parent did well while the behaviour of children with ADHD was always poor and not associated with parental mental health.
CONCLUSION:
The results underscore the strong genetic contribution to ADHD and the need to carefully assess the non-ADHD parent as they seem to influence the well-being of non-ADHD children in families with an ADHD parent.
The Reconstruction of Need for Home Care Services in the Wake of Canadian Health Care Restructuring
The relationship between attachment styles and childhood trauma: a transgenerational perspective - a controlled study of patients with psychiatric disorders
IMS AND OBJECTIVES:
This study had two aims. The first aim was to compare attachment styles and traumatic childhood experiences of women with psychiatric disorders and their children to a control group. The second aim was to determine the relationship between attachment styles and traumatic childhood experiences both in mothers and their children.
BACKGROUND:
According to attachment theories, trauma in an early relationship initiates a developmental cascade in which insecure attachments may occur.
DESIGN:
A cross-sectional, descriptive study which, employed a case-control design, was performed between May 2013-March 2014.
METHODS:
This study was conducted in 63 women with psychiatric disorders and their children. The control group consisted of 63 women without any psychiatric disorders and their children. Data were collected using questionnaire forms, including the Adult Attachment Style Scale and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire for both mothers and children. Descriptive statistics, a Pearson correlation and comparative statistics were used to analyse data.
RESULTS:
The childhood trauma scores of both the women with psychiatric disorders and their children were higher than the control group scores. Compared to the control group, the mothers with psychiatric disorders and their children were found to have less secure attachment styles. It was determined that the mothers and children with insecure attachment were more likely to have been abused.
CONCLUSION:
These results point to a relationship between trauma in childhood and attachment style. They also suggest that this relationship may undergo intergenerational transfer.
RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE:
This study contributes to the existing literature on the relationship between childhood traumas and attachment. Psychiatric nurses should focus not only on psychiatric disorders but also on the difficulties a patient faces regarding being a parent.
The relationship between religiosity and health behaviors in female caregivers of older adults with dementia
The relationship between violence in the family of origin and dating violence among college students
Prior research has established that violence in dating relationships is a serious social problem among adolescents and young adults. Exposure to violence during childhood has been linked to dating violence victimization and perpetration. Also known as the intergenerational transmission of violence, the link between violence during childhood and dating violence has traditionally focused on physical violence. This research examines the relationship between experiencing and perpetrating dating violence and exposure to violence in the family of origin. Specifically, the current research examines gender differences in the relationship between exposure to violence during childhood and physical and psychological abuse perpetration and victimization. Data were collected from a sample of approximately 2,500 college students at two southeastern universities. Findings indicate that childhood exposure to violence is a consistent predictor of involvement in relationships characterized by violence for males and females. The implications of the current research on policy are discussed.
The relationship of job and elder caregiving involvement to work-caregiving interference, and work costs
This article examines the relationship between job and elder caregiving involvement, bi-directional work-caregiving conflict (work interfering with caregiving [WIC] and caregiving interfering with work [CIW]), and work costs (job interruptions and job changes). Specifically, we consider the effects of both behavioral and psychological involvement and external and internal work caregiving conflict in a sample of 583 women between the ages of 50 and 64 who work full-time and have significant elder caregiving responsibilities. A telephone survey was administered using random-digit-dial procedures. Structural equation model analyses confirmed that behavioral job involvement was associated with external CIW, psychological job involvement was associated with internal WIC and internal CIW, behavioral caregiving involvement was associated with external CIW and work costs, and psychological caregiving involvement was associated with internal CIW. Internal WIC, external CIW, and internal CIW were associated with job costs. Some mediation, particularly through external and internal CIW, occurred.
The role and functions of the informal support networks of older people who receive formal support: a Swedish qualitative study
Several studies of frail older people have focused on the relationship between formal and informal care, while others have examined the character of inter-generational relationships. Yet knowledge of the significance of the informal-support networks of older people who receive formal care is still scarce. The aim of this paper was to explore how older Swedes who receive formal elder-care experienced their informal support networks. The findings presented emanate from a qualitative case study. The structural, interaction and functional dimensions of the support networks were the main analytical tools. In the study population, the size of the formal support network varied from one to 12 people (or categories of people), and the size of the informal support network varied from one to six people (or categories of people). The main results demonstrate the importance of informal support with reciprocal relationships, and the value of confidants and emotional support, both of which contribute to feelings of belonging, security and wellbeing. A well-functioning formal and informal support network allows individuals to maintain autonomy in old age, even when they have to depend on help from others
The Role of Caring Adults in the Lives of Children of Alcoholics
Longitudinal studies of children of alcoholics in a community context are rare, but are of special interest because they provide the opportunity to study families with alcoholic parents who do not reach clinical settings and with offspring who do not receive professional help. The current study reports on the 65 offspring of alcoholics who participated in the Kauai Longitudinal Study. The extensive data on these analyses included questionnaires and interviews of both children and adults that were collected over a 30-year period. The data showed that individuals who coped effectively with the trauma of growing up in an alcoholic family and who became competent adults relied on a significantly larger number of sources of support in their childhood and youth than did the offspring of alcoholics with coping problems by age 32.
The role of community mental health nurses in educating clients and families about schizophrenia
The aim of the study was to investigate the role of community mental health nurses in educating clients and families about schizophrenia. A random sample of community mental health nurses was surveyed using a postal questionnaire. Results showed that most nurses did not use a specific approach for education. Families were educated when clients were admitted to hospital and clients were included when they regained the ability to process information. All nurses provided practical advice to families coping with clients' unpredictable behaviours. The client's home was mostly used for education. Clients and families were often in denial of the illness. Time constraints restricted the nurses' role of providing education. Nurses reported that psycho-educational theories or models were not incorporated into their basic professional education. Nurses require the necessary knowledge, skills and confidence to competently perform this role
The role of ethnicity in care of elderly Finnish immigrants
The role of ethnicity in care of elderly Finnish immigrants Most Western countries are becoming increasingly multicultural because of immigration. Many of these immigrants grow old in a second homeland and will need health and elderly care in the future. In Sweden, the largest immigrant group comes from its neighbouring country, Finland. Little is known about how this group experiences present health care or their expectations of future elderly care. The overall aim of the thesis was to describe and to deepen the understanding of elderly Finnish immigrants experiences of health care and elderly care and the role that ethnicity played in these experiences. The specific aims were to: elucidate the elderly Sweden-Finns experiences and beliefs about health care in Sweden, in order to gain an understanding of how ethnic background affects the elderly immigrated persons experiences and beliefs in the host country (I); illuminate the role that culturally appropriate care plays in relation to the elderly Finnish immigrants wishes and expectations of institutional elderly care (II); describe and compare the elderly Finnish immigrants perceptions of health care, both among those who have continued to live in Sweden and those who have re-migrated to Finland (III); describe the cultural adjustments that had been made at a specific elderly care setting, the Finnish Home, and illustrate the impact of cultural adjustments on care, as conditions that promoted the well-being of the residents (IV). All the participants were born in Finland and Finnish was their native language and they lived (I-II and IV) or had lived in Sweden. In I-II, the 39 participants were 75 years or older and in III-IV, 65 years or older. In III, 217 persons participated in Finland, and 643 persons participated in Sweden. All residents, staff and visitors of Finnish Home participated in IV. Qualitative interviews were conducted in the participants homes (I-II), a mailed questionnaire was used in Study III, and an ethnographic study design was used in Study IV. Several different analysis methods were used: Hermeneutical ad hoc analysis (I), latent content analysis (II), statistical analysis (III), and an ethnographic method (IV). The results show that the Swedish health care system is congruent with the elderly Finnish immigrants expectations (I), and their experiences of care were good (III). Their experiences of the Finnish health care system were also good (III). However, sharing the same ethnic background as the care providers was believed to lead to better care (I). When thinking about future elderly care, the elderly Finnish immigrants wished to feel familiarity, continuity in life, security, and companionship. This could be achieved either in the well-known physical environment of their current homes, in an elderly care setting in their part of town, or in a well-known socio-cultural environment at an elderly care setting where Finnish was spoken and the care providers and fellow-residents were Finns (II). When being cared for in a culturally adjusted elderly care setting, the care became culturally congruent as the care providers, and the residents played the same language and ethnicity game (IV). The conclusions from the thesis show that ethnicity and ethnic identity, a shared mother language, and the place, play an important role in the care of elderly Finnish immigrants. In addition to this, the elderly Finns experienced a feeling of at-homeness when being cared for by members of their own ethnic group, in a familiar place, with people who spoke the same native language.
The role of family members in geriatric politics - future reflections
The Role of Marital Discord and Parenting in Relations between Parental Problem Drinking and Child Adjustment
BACKGROUND:
Research suggests that children exposed to parental drinking problems are at risk for maladjustment. However, the potential impact of drinking problems in a community sample and the processes involved in the relationship between parental drinking and child outcomes have rarely been examined.
METHOD:
A community sample of 235 mothers and fathers of kindergarten children completed measures of problem drinking symptoms, family functioning and child adjustment.
RESULTS:
Model tests indicate that problem drinking was associated with greater marital conflict, and that marital conflict was related to ineffective parenting which was in turn related to poorer child adjustment.
CONCLUSIONS:
Even in a community sample, parental problem drinking behaviors are associated with reduced family functioning that relates to child outcomes.
The Role of Marital Discord and Parenting in Relations between Parental Problem Drinking and Child Adjustment
Background: Research suggests that children exposed to parental drinking problems are at risk for maladjustment. However, the potential impact of drinking problems in a community sample and the processes involved in the relationship between parental drinking and child outcomes have rarely been examined.
Method: A community sample of 235 mothers and fathers of kindergarten children completed measures of problem drinking symptoms, family functioning and child adjustment.
Results: Model tests indicate that problem drinking was associated with greater marital conflict, and that marital conflict was related to ineffective parenting which was in turn related to poorer child adjustment.
Conclusions: Even in a community sample, parental problem drinking behaviors are associated with reduced family functioning that relates to child outcomes.
The Role of Parental ADHD in Sustaining the Effects of a Family-School Intervention for ADHD.
This study investigated the extent to which parental Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms impact child and parent outcomes following a multimodal family-school intervention, the Family School Success (FSS) program, when compared to an active-control condition (CARE). Participants were 139 children with ADHD (67% male; 91% non-Hispanic; 77% Caucasian; Grades 2-6) and their primary caretaker (91% female; ages 26-59) who participated in a randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of FSS. Associations were examined between parent-reported ADHD symptoms at baseline and intervention outcomes reported by parents and teachers after treatment and at a 3-month follow-up, including child homework and classroom impairments, child ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms, parenting behaviors, and parent-teacher relationship quality. Across both treatment conditions, parental ADHD was not associated with parent or child outcomes at postassessment. However, differences emerged between the two treatment groups at follow-up for parents with ADHD, particularly when an empirically supported symptom cutoff was used to identify parents at risk for having ADHD. In FSS, but not in CARE, parental ADHD was associated with declines in treatment gains in the quality of the parent-teacher relationship and the child's homework performance. Parents at risk for ADHD had difficulty maintaining treatment effects for themselves and their child in the FSS intervention but not in CARE. The supportive and educational components central to the CARE intervention may be helpful in promoting the sustainability of psychosocial interventions for children with ADHD who have parents with elevated ADHD symptoms.
The role of peer relationships in parental bereavement during childhood and adolescence
This article reviews current knowledge concerning the relationship between peer support and adjustment outcomes and experiences for parentally bereaved children. A brief overview of the effects of parental bereavement and factors influencing immediate and long-term adjustment is provided, followed by an overview of peer-provided social support and its relationship to adjustment. Current findings on the predictive value of peer support for adjustment are then discussed, with emphasis on the reciprocal positive and negative influences that peer support and adjustment (or lack thereof) exert. Areas of weakness and neglect within this domain are noted, with a focus on methodological issues, peer-relevant consequences of bereavement in need of further research, and the need for study of particular vulnerable subgroups.
The role of social support in well-being and coping with self-reported stressful events in adolescents
Objective: This study investigated the role that social support plays in well-being and in coping after a stressful event in a group of non-clinical adolescents. Furthermore, this study aimed at replicating the finding that adolescents who reported sexual abuse reported more symptoms and less adequate coping strategies than adolescents who reported another type of stressful event or no stressful episode.
Method: Eight hundred and twenty adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age filled out questionnaires assessing social support (Social Support Questionnaire, Sarason, Shearin, Pierce, & Sarason, 1987), trauma-related symptoms (Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children, Briere, 1996), behavior problems (Youth Self-Report, Achenbach, 1991), and coping (How I Cope Under Pressure Scale, Ayers, Sandler, West, & Roosa, 1996).
Results: 42% of the adolescents reported a stressful experience, and 4.4% reported sexual abuse. Sexually abused adolescents reported more stress-related symptoms and used more avoidance and fewer support-seeking coping strategies than the other adolescents. The main-effect hypothesis of social support was sustained, but social support did not moderate the relation between a stressful event and coping. Yet, a trend was found suggesting that high support from the family was associated with less avoidance coping and more support-seeking in adolescents who reported a non-sexually abusive, stressful event.
Conclusions: Our findings show that a highly perceived availability of social support is directly associated with fewer trauma-related symptoms, especially in adolescents who are non-sexually abused. For adolescents who reported a sexual or another type of stressful event, social support did not play a different role in coping.
The role of telematics in assisting family carers and frail older people at home
The role of the family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people
The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.
The role of the family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people
The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.
The role of the family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people
The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.
The role of the family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people
The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.
The role of the family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people
The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.
The role of the family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people
The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.
The role of the family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people
The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.
The role of the family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people
The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.
The role of the family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people
The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.
The role of the family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people
The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.
The role of the family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people
The family plays a key part in both preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse, both through inducing risk, and/or encouraging and promoting protection and resilience. This review examines a number of family processes and structures that have been associated with young people commencing substance use and later misuse, and concludes that there is significant evidence for family involvement in young people's taking up, and later misusing, substances. Given this family involvement, the review explores and appraises interventions aimed at using the family to prevent substance use and misuse amongst young people. The review concludes that there is a dearth of methodologically highly sound research in this area, but the research that has been conducted does suggest strongly that the family can have a central role in preventing substance use and later misuse amongst young people.
The rules of bereavement: Are suicidal deaths different?
The present article describes two studies designed to identify some of the rules that may govern interactions with bereaved persons and whether those rules are different for suicidal deaths, as compared with death by accident or natural causes. In the first study, with university students, 28 rules were identified. The pattern of results suggests that the rules for suicide are more constraining; that is, judgments about the existence of social rules tend to be more inclusive and extreme, in a "should not do" direction, when the death is suicidal. In the second study, with adult citizens, 13 possible rules were examined. The pattern of results confirmed the findings obtained in the first study — that interacting with the survivors of a suicidal death was seen as a more constraining situation with a predominance of proscriptive rules. It was suggested that while individuals may feel greater compassion for the survivors of suicide, they may avoid the situation for fear of violating one of the proscriptive rules.
The Sacramento Dependency Drug Court: Development and outcomes
Dependency Drug Courts (DDCs) are a growing method of addressing the functional status and reunification success of families involved in child welfare and affected by substance use disorders. Despite widespread interest in DDCs, few evaluations have appeared in the literature to help inform the discussion about their effectiveness. This article provides a description of various types of DDCs and reports 24-month reunification rates from the Sacramento DDC. Results indicated that DDC participants had higher rates of treatment participation than did comparison participants. In addition, at 24 months, 42% of the DDC children had reunified versus 27.2% of the comparison children. There were no differences in treatment completion or child reunification rates by parent's primary drug problem. Rates of recidivism were extremely low for both the DDC and comparison groups and did not differ significantly. The results of the present study are encouraging and suggest that rigorous, controlled studies are merited to further evaluate the effectiveness of DDCs.
Tala med tecken – kursbok i teckenkommunikation
Tangible symbols, tangible outcomes
A 3-yr study on the use of tangible symbols (i.e., objects and pictures used as symbols) by 41 children (aged 3–18 yrs) with a variety of handicapping conditions was conducted to follow up on an earlier study by the authors (see record 1990-15438-001) that revealed their utility for children who are deafblind. The vast majority of participants learned to use tangible symbols, allowing them to overcome the restrictions imposed by gestural communication. A number of the participants progressed beyond tangible symbols and learned to use abstract symbol systems, including speech. A few of the participants did not learn to use tangible symbols during the time span available for intervention. Data describing the progress of participants are presented. Participants are grouped according to outcome, and the characteristics of each group are discussed in terms of the communication skills of participants as they began intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The social capital of older people
How can the 'social capital' inherent in social networks provide contacts through which older people access practical and emotional support? What is the relative importance of kin and non-kin, and of participation in organisations and informal ties such as contacts with neighbours? Following a brief contextualisation that draws on previous literature, this paper addresses these questions through analysis of British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) data. It examines the extent to which people feel they can count on emotional and practical support from friends and relatives. A dependent variable was created that measures the outcome of the 'social capital' residing in a respondent's social network. Relatively poor support was found amongst elders who were childless or had been continuously without a partner; relatively rich support was found amongst those who had frequent contact with other people, who interacted frequently with neighbours, and who regarded their neighbourhood as a positive social environment. Being active in organisations had less effect on social support than informal social contacts. Amongst many different forms of organisational activity, the only ones that had a positive association with social support were being in contact with others through religious activities, and engaging in sports clubs. The social support of working-class elders, even those 'well networked' in formal or informal ways, was strengthened less by their social capital than was that of the professional and managerial occupational groups.
The social connectedness of older adults: A national profile
For decades, scholars have wrestled with the notion that old age is characterized by social isolation. However, there has been no systematic, nationally representative evaluation of this possibility in terms of social network connectedness. In this paper, the authors develop a profile of older adults' social integration with respect to nine dimensions of connectedness to interpersonal networks and voluntary associations. The authors use new data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), a population-based study of non-institutionalized older Americans aged 57-85 conducted in 2005-2006. Findings suggest that among older adults, age is negatively related to network size, closeness to network members, and number of non-primary-group ties. On the other hand, age is positively related to frequency of socializing with neighbors, religious participation, and volunteering. In addition, it has a U-shaped relationship with volume of contact with network members. These findings are inconsistent with the notion that old age has a universal negative influence on social connectedness. Instead, life course factors have divergent consequences for different forms of social connectedness. Some later life transitions, like retirement and bereavement, may prompt greater connectedness. The authors close by urging increased dialogue between social gerontological and social network research
The societal cost of bipolar disorder in Sweden
PURPOSE:
There is a lack of comprehensive cost-of-illness studies in bipolar disorder, in particular studies based on patient-level data. The purpose of this study was to estimate the societal cost of bipolar disorder and to relate costs to disease severity, depressive episodes, hospitalisation and patient functioning.
METHODS:
Retrospective resource use data in inpatient and outpatient care during 2006-2008, as well as ICD-10 diagnoses and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores, were obtained from the Northern Stockholm psychiatric clinic with a catchment area including 47% of the adult inhabitants in Stockholm. This dataset was combined with national register data on prescription pharmaceuticals and sick leave to estimate the societal cost of bipolar disorder. The study was conducted from a societal perspective, with indirect costs valued according to the human capital method.
RESULTS:
The average annual cost per patient was 28,011 in 2008 (n = 1,846). Indirect costs due to sick leave and early retirement represented 75%, inpatient costs 13%, outpatient costs 8%, pharmaceuticals 2% and community care another 2% of the total cost. Total costs were considerably higher during mood episodes (six times higher than in remission), for hospitalised patients (55,500 vs. 22,200) and for patients with low GAF scores.
CONCLUSIONS:
The high cost of bipolar disorder is driven primarily by indirect costs. Costs were strongly associated with mood episodes, hospitalisations and low GAF scores. This suggests that treatment that reduces the risk for relapses and hospitalizations and improve functioning may decrease both the societal cost of bipolar disorder and patient suffering.
The Strengthening Washington D.C. Families Project: A Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Family-Based Prevention.
The Strengthening Washington DC Families Project (SWFP) examined implementation fidelity and effectiveness when a selective, evidence-based prevention program was implemented with a sample of 715 predominantly African American families across multiple settings in an urban area. Using a true experimental design, this study reports on the differential effectiveness of four conditions (child skills training only, parent skills training only, parent and child skills training plus family skills training, and minimal treatment controls) in reducing child antisocial behavior and its precursors. Major challenges with recruitment and retention of participants and uneven program coverage were documented. No statistically significant positive effects for any of the program conditions were observed, and a statistically significant negative effect on child reports of Negative Peer Associations was observed for children of families assigned to the family skills training condition. Two marginally significant findings were observed: Child's positive adjustment favored families assigned to family skills training condition relative to minimal treatment and child training only, and family supervision and bonding was lower for children in family skills training than in the other three conditions. Hypotheses about potential explanations for the weaker than expected effects of this program are offered, as are thoughts about the infrastructure necessary to successfully implement family strengthening programs and the future of prevention science.
The structure of risk factors and outcomes for family caregivers: implications for assessment and treatment
The subjective feeling of burden in caregivers of elderly with dementia: how to intervene?
The support of parents in old age by those born during 1945-1954: A European perspective
The Tasmanian children’s project: The needs of children with a parent/carer with mental illness
This paper presents some of the key findings and recommendations of the report The Tasmanian Children's Project (TCP): The Needs of Children with a Parent/Carer with a Mental Illness, October, 1999. The TCP, a collaborative venture between the University of Tasmania's School of Nursing and the Mental Health Services - South, Tasmania (Department of Health and Human Services), is the first study in Tasmania to formally examine the needs of children where the parent/carer has a mental illness. The study is a modified replication and extension of the 1993/94 Victorian Children's Project. Extension aspects of the TCP included interviews with children (in addition to parents and service providers), the inclusion of data on both maternal and paternal mental illness and a broad definition of mental illness (beyond psychotic illness and major affective disorder). The report highlights the need to provide a range of programs that encourage the development of personal competency among children, parents, and other family members and those that emphasize interagency collaboration. Implications of this research for mental health nursing education and practice are also addressed.
The Timeline Followback Spousal Violence Interview to Assess Physical Aggression Between Intimate Partners: Reliability and Validity
The psychometric properties of the Timeline Followback Spousal Violence interview (TLFB-SV), a calendar method used to assess daily patterns and frequency of spousal violence, were evaluated. Men (N = 104) entering a spousal violence treatment program, along with their female partners, were interviewed with the TLFB-SV at pretreatment, posttreatment, and quarterly thereafter for 1 year and asked to identify days of male-to-female and female-to-male physical aggression that had occurred between them. For posttreatment and follow-up interviews, participants maintained a weekly diary, in which they catalogued the days on which acts of spousal violence occurred. The subscale scores derived from the TLFB-SV, the proportion of days of any violence, and proportion of days of severe violence for each partner were calculated for each assessment interval. The TLFB-SV subscales had excellent temporal stability and concurrent and discriminant validity. Interpartner agreement on TLFB-SV subscale scores and agreement between partners on days when spousal violence occurred was low at pretreatment, but was high for the other assessment periods.
The Tobii Eye Gaze Learning Curve Brochure
Each level provides development possibilities within itself, and even if a level is reached that can't be expanded upon for an individual, the concepts used will allow for a fun and enriching learning experience, using Eye Control, at any level.
Until now, eye control and gaze interaction within assistive technology have been reserved for those who have a proven understanding of cause and effect and who are demonstrating that they are ready for an Alternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC) device that they will be able to use with their eyes and eye control, usually together with one or another type and level of AAC vocabulary.
Reaching the level of success with eye control and the level of cognitive ability needed to achieve a successful assessment – and thus, in many cases, the professional recommendation needed to purchase, fund and use an eye controlled device – can be difficult, if not sometimes impossible.
But at Tobii Dynavox, we believe that eye control, gaze interaction and their different methods for use are skills like any other. We believe that they should be taught in constructive and structured ways in order to assist individuals in learning the practical and cognitive skills needed to reach the level of ability required to communicate with AAC vocabularies using eye controlled devices, and even to open individuals up into the world of literate, long distance communication.
The Tobii Dynavox Eye Gaze Learning Curve is a step stone, leveled, component based, teaching-and-learning pathway for eye control and gaze interaction. It incorporates teaching and learning techniques, software and suggestions for care givers, teachers and professionals assisting users from their earliest experiences and engagements with a screen to those who are fully literate and need eye controlled computer access and long distance communication.
Teknikstöd för yrkesverksamma anhöriga – resultat från utvärdering av tre projekt inom programmet Teknik för äldre II
Nationellt kompetenscentrum anhöriga fick i uppdrag av Hjälpmedelsinstitutet att under 2012 utvärdera tre projekt inom programmet, "Teknik för äldre II" som fokuserar på tekniskt stöd till anhöriga "Mitt i livet" som kombinerar förvärvsarbete med anhörigomsorg. Det första projektet, "Teknikstöd – ökad social interaktion mellan anhöriga mitt i livet", i Alingsås kommun implementerade det internetbaserade IT systemet "Gapet" för yrkesverksamma anhöriga. Det andra projektet, "Modell för virtuellt anhörigstöd" i Gävle kommun, utvecklade en modell och struktur för ett enhetligt virtuellt anhörigstöd som riktade sig till yrkesverksamma anhöriga vilket inkluderade den IT-baserade stödtjänsten "Anhörigstödsportalen". Det tredje projektet, "Teknikstöd för yrkesverksamma anhöriga – en behovsstudie, fokuserade på att utföra en inventering av yrkesverksamma anhörigas behov av ny teknik, utveckla en modell för teknikstöd riktat till yrkesverksamma anhöriga samt hitta vägar för att sprida kunskap för att öka målgruppens möjlighet att nås av teknikstöd. Detta område är särskilt viktigt därför att det i nuläget finns få stödtjänster, i Sverige men även internationellt, som är speciellt anpassade till yrkesverksamma anhöriga som hjälper, stödjer och/eller vårdar en äldre närstående. Många yrkesverksamma anhöriga uttrycker att de vill hjälpa sin förälder/sina föräldrar, men att det är svårt att uppnå en balansgång mellan arbetsliv och familjeliv samtidigt som man hjälper, stödjer och/eller vårdar en äldre närstående. Det är inte ovanligt att egen tid för avkoppling och välbefinnande blir alltmer sällan och prioriteras bort. Som en följd av detta upplever de yrkesverksamma anhöriga ofta stress för att de inte räcker till och ständigt behöver bolla mellan olika sfärer av sina liv. Den senaste statistiken från Socialstyrelsen visar att närmare 100 000 anhöriga har behövt minska sin arbetstid eller sluta arbeta pååtta procent män. Yrkesverksamma anhörigas behov kan sammanfattas med information, rådgivning och/eller utbildning/ träning, praktiskt samt känslomässigt stöd som är flexibelt och passar de egna rutinerna och den egna situationen. Mot denna bakgrund, utvecklades och diskuterades en utvärderingsplan med projektledarna tillsammans med den övergripande koordinatorn för initiativet "Teknik för Äldre II" vid det första gemensamma projektmötet och utvärderingen var en återkommande nyckelfråga vid efterföljande gemensamma projektmöten som hölls under året. Utvärderingen av projekt 1 och 2 genomfördes under hösten 2012 med en liknande utformning för båda projekten där en kvalitativ utvärdering genomfördes med hjälp av fokusgruppsintervjuer och individuella intervjuer och en kvantitativ utvärdering utfördes med hjälp av ett standardiserat frågeformulär om användbarhet. Utvärderingen av projekt 3 genomfördes kontinuerligt från starten till slutet av projektet. Detta berodde på att projektet var en behovsstudie som omfattade anhörigvårdare i en kontinuerlig utvecklingsprocess vilket betyder att det var olämpligt att genomföra en utvärdering under en specifik period vilket var fallet i de två första projekten. Resultaten från utvärderingarna av de första två projekten visar att teknikstöd har en stor potential avseende yrkesverksamma anhöriga då det erbjuder ett flexibelt sätt för anhöriga att få tillgång till information och en möjlighet för anhöriga att kunna utbyta erfarenheter med andra i samma situation och själva skapa stödnätverk. På samma gång erbjuder teknikstöd personalen att arbeta på ett systematiskt sätt med stöd till anhöriga. Men, för att teknikstöd ska användas av fler anhörigvårdare och för att det ska bli mer allmänt accepterat av personalen behövs det grundläggande datorutbildning för både anhöriga och vård- och omsorgspersonal samt kontinuerlig tillgång till handledning och stöd i användningen. Resultat som härrör från en utvärdering från behovsstudien (projekt 3) visar att utbudet av kreativa och sekventiella metoder som användes under utvecklingsprocessen möjliggjorde en genuin brukarmedverkan av yrkesverksamma anhöriga så att deras röster blev hörda gällande teknikstöd. Samtidigt kan dessa innovativa metoder bilda en användbar modell för vård- och omsorgs personal gällande hur anhöriga kan nås av stöd genom produkter, tjänster och ny teknik.
Telecare and older people: Who cares where?
'Telecare solutions' are seen as a potential means of addressing the future care needs of ageing societies in Western economies. The development of these remote care systems runs in parallel with policies aimed at 'ageing in place'; and is targeted at supporting the perceived care needs of frail older people within the home. Drawing on ethnographic and deliberative panel data from European Community funded research, we consider how these developments contribute to a reshaping of the place and experience of care for older people. We do so by addressing the ways in which remote care systems can, firstly, act to change the experience of home; and secondly, re-order the place of care-work and responsibilities to care as new actors become enrolled within the care network and existing care-givers take on differing roles and responsibilities. Finally, we consider how this paper contributes to conceptual debates around institution and extitution -- that is, the de-territorialisation of the physical structure of the institution and its re-manifestation through new spaces and times that seek to end interior and exterior distinctions.
Telecare and telehealth: enabling independent living
Telecare for Older People: Promoting Independence, Participation, and Identity
Drawing on interviews with 76 older people (aged 60 years and older) receiving telecare services at home and in housing with care and 16 family caregivers in West Lothian, Scotland, the authors consider how far telecare can support older people's citizenship goals of independence, participation, and identity. They conclude that although these goals are to some extent supported by telecare, they are also supported by the model of care being applied and limited by aspects of the wider environment, such as ageism. The authors argue that in every case, contextual factors beyond the intrinsic capacities of a technological system and beyond the models of care developed and promoted by a service delivery organization must be explored if the impact of telecare is to be fully understood. Thus, the human use of technology and its moral context are critical to its success or limitation.
Telehomecare: Quality, perception, satisfaction
Telemedicin ur ett ledningsperspektiv : Från försök till beprövad verksamhet! : Rapport från projektet "Telemedicin - regional och nationell samverkan".
The associations between health risk behaviours and suicidal ideation and attempts in a nationally representative sample of young adolescents
OBJECTIVE:
To examine associations between health risk behaviours and suicidal ideation and attempts in Canadian adolescents aged 12 to 13 years. Young adolescents think about and attempt suicide. However, most existing research on suicide has been conducted on individuals aged 15 years and older.
METHOD:
The present study examined a nationally representative Canadian sample of adolescents aged 12 to 13 years (n=2090). Health risk behaviours included disruptive (shoplifting, physical fighting, damaging property, fighting with a weapon, carrying a knife, and gambling), sexual (petting below the waist and sexual intercourse), and substance use behaviours (smoking cigarettes, consuming alcohol, marijuana or hash, and glue or solvents). Unadjusted and adjusted (for all significant health risk behaviour and psychiatric symptoms) models were tested.
RESULTS:
All health risk behaviours were common among male and female adolescents. In unadjusted models, almost all health risk behaviours were associated with suicidal ideation and attempts among adolescent boys. In adjusted models, only damaging property, sexual intercourse, and smoking cigarettes remained statistically associated with suicidal ideation, while smoking cigarettes and using marijuana or hash remained statistically associated with suicide attempts among adolescent boys. All health risk behaviours were statistically associated with suicidal ideation and attempts among female adolescents in unadjusted models. In adjusted models, only carrying a knife remained statistically associated with suicidal ideation, while shoplifting and gambling remained statistically associated with suicide attempts among adolescent girls.
CONCLUSIONS:
Health risk behaviours among young adolescents are associated with suicidal ideation and attempts among young adolescents. Recognizing health risk behaviours among young adolescents may be one means of understanding who among them is at increased risk of suicidality.
The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C) - An effective brief screening test for problem drinking.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the 3 alcohol consumption questions from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) as a brief screening test for heavy drinking and/or active alcohol abuse or dependence.
METHODS:
Patients from 3 Veterans Affairs general medical clinics were mailed questionnaires. A random, weighted sample of Health History Questionnaire respondents, who had 5 or more drinks over the past year, were eligible for telephone interviews (N = 447). Heavy drinkers were oversampled 2:1. Patients were excluded if they could not be contacted by telephone, were too ill for interviews, or were female (n = 54). Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) were used to compare mailed alcohol screening questionnaires (AUDIT-C and full AUDIT) with 3 comparison standards based on telephone interviews: (1) past year heavy drinking (>14 drinks/week or > or =5 drinks/ occasion); (2) active alcohol abuse or dependence according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition, criteria; and (3) either.
RESULTS:
Of 393 eligible patients, 243 (62%) completed AUDIT-C and interviews. For detecting heavy drinking, AUDIT-C had a higher AUROC than the full AUDIT (0.891 vs 0.881; P = .03). Although the full AUDIT performed better than AUDIT-C for detecting active alcohol abuse or dependence (0.811 vs 0.786; P<.001), the 2 questionnaires performed similarly for detecting heavy drinking and/or active abuse or dependence (0.880 vs 0.881).
CONCLUSIONS:
Three questions about alcohol consumption (AUDIT-C) appear to be a practical, valid primary care screening test for heavy drinking and/or active alcohol abuse or dependence.
The benefits of e-health support for older family caregivers in rural areas.
We conducted a pragmatic, mixed methods study comparing rural family caregivers
receiving e-health caregiver support (n = 35) with a control group (n = 21)
receiving conventional, non-e-health, caregiver support. After 18 months, the
benefits of support were evaluated using the Care Effectiveness Scale (40-items
exploring the domains of preparedness, enrichment and predictability). In all
domains the e-health group scored significantly higher than the control group.
The adjusted difference for overall benefits was 3.0 (P = 0.02) on the scale
0-10. In addition, semi structured interviews were conducted with a sub-sample of
the caregivers. For the e-health group flexibility, availability and being able
to individualise the support were essential factors. All caregivers in the
control group found conventional support to be beneficial, but also stressed
unmet needs related to the conventional support being standardised and
non-flexible. The study suggests that providers of caregiver support should offer
e-health support as an alternative to conventional caregiver support, as it can
be more beneficial to family caregivers.
The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report
This is an introductory report for the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), a brief psychological self-report symptom scale. The BSI was developed from its longer parent instrument, the SCL-90-R, and psychometric evaluation reveals it to be an acceptable short alternative to the complete scale. Both test--retest and internal consistency reliabilities are shown to be very good for the primary symptom dimensions of the BSI, and its correlations with the comparable dimensions of the SCL-90-R are quite high. In terms of validation, high convergence between BSI scales and like dimensions of the MMPI provide good evidence of convergent validity, and factor analytic studies of the internal structure of the scale contribute evidence of construct validity. Several criterion-oriented validity studies have also been completed with this instrument.
The burden of coronary, cerebrovascular and peripheral arterial disease
Atherothrombosis is a potentially life-threatening generalised disease process that affects the coronary, cerebral and peripheral vasculature, with clinical manifestations including myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and peripheral arterial disease. Atherothrombosis represents a massive clinical and economic burden to healthcare, annually accounting for at least 22% of all deaths globally. Moreover, the prevalence of atherothrombotic disease is increasing as a result of increased longevity resulting in a larger cohort of older individuals. Stroke in particular is a major burden, and is the primary cause of adult disability, the second most important cause of dementia, and the third leading cause of death in industrialised countries. Atherothrombosis is also associated with a poor prognosis, significantly reducing life expectancy in the 60-year-old patient by 8–12 years depending on the vascular event. Moreover, this already shortened life expectancy is further and substantially reduced in patients with more than one atherothrombotic event. The economic burden of atherothrombosis is significant, particularly given its increasing prevalence, with the United States spending over US$300 billion on it. There is thus a need for effective intervention to prevent or reduce mortality and morbidity. Evidence-based medicine using economics, clinical trials data, outcomes research, epidemiology and risk stratification are necessary to target treatment effectively to patients at greatest risk, in an attempt to reduce the burden of atherothrombotic disease.
The burden of long-term care: how Italian family care-givers become employers
In recent years in Italy, population ageing, rising female labour-market participation, and the restructuring of the welfare state have combined to create increased demand for long-term care services for frail and dependent older people. The rising demand has increasingly been met by immigrant women of different nationalities, and to a lesser extent immigrant men, who are hired to provide individualised care in people's own homes and other private settings. While there have been many studies of this growing phenomenon, very little attention has been paid to the reasons that bring family care-givers to choose this care-support option. To begin to fill the gap, this paper reports the finding of a qualitative study of 26 family members who were caring for a disabled elder. Semi-structured interviews lasting between 60 and 100 minutes and that covered various aspects of long-term care in family households were conducted. The participants' responses indicate that they did not choose immigrant home eldercare assistants solely for economic reasons but also to be consistent with cultural, moral and traditional understandings of family responsibilities and care. They also provide valuable findings and insights into Italian attitudes towards the welfare state and the care-labour market. While the wealthiest respondent declared a clear predilection for the free-market and a desire to bypass the state, the majority of the respondents advocated a stronger role of the welfare state in helping people cope with the increased burden of long-term care.
The burden of long-term care: how Italian family care-givers become employers
In recent years in Italy, population ageing, rising female labour-market partici-pation, and the restructuring of the welfare state have combined to create in-creased demand for long-term care services for frail and dependent older people.The rising demand has increasingly been met by immigrant women of differentnationalities, and to a lesser extent immigrant men, who are hired to provideindividualised care in people's own homes and other private settings. While therehave been many studies of this growing phenomenon, very little attention hasbeen paid to the reasons that bring family care-givers to choose this care-supportoption. To begin to fill the gap, this paper reports the finding of a qualitative studyof 26 family members who were caring for a disabled elder. Semi-structuredinterviews lasting between 60 and 100 minutes and that covered various aspects of long-term care in family households were conducted. The participants' responsesindicate that they did not choose immigrant home eldercare assistants solely foreconomic reasons but also to be consistent with cultural, moral and traditionalunderstandings of family responsibilities and care. They also provide valuablefindings and insights into Italian attitudes towards the welfare state and the care-labour market. While the wealthiest respondent declared a clear predilection forthe free-market and a desire to bypass the state, the majority of the respondentsadvocated a stronger role of the welfare state in helping people cope with theincreased burden of long-term care.
The Caregiver-Provider Relationship Assessment: Measuring Family Caregivers' Perceptions of Relationship Quality With Health Care Providers
This article summarizes the development of the caregiver-provider relationship assessment (CPRA) designed to measure family caregivers' perceptions of relationship quality with health care providers. Using an online sample of family caregivers (n = 156), the patient reactions assessment (PRA) was adapted for use with family caregivers and subjected to principal component and reliability analyses. Analyses indicate that the CPRA factor structure is analogous to the original PRA scale, and Cronbach's BFGR181|END for the three CPRA subscales range from .85 to .91. The tool can be used by clinicians and researchers in efforts to help family caregivers become more effective communicators in health care contexts.
The caregiving phenomenon and caregiver participation in dementia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Dementia presents barriers to the collaboration between individuals and the healthcare system. Caregivers perform multiple functions helping patients with basic and instrumental activities but also communicating and mediating the dyads' needs within the broader social group. Interventions focusing on caregivers show that caregiver burden can be reduced, improving patient outcomes in a cost-effective way, but the generalisation of these findings is limited by several factors such as low participation rates of caregivers in studies. There is a global push to increase patient participation in health care, but this can be difficult for patients with dementia. Caregiver participation has arisen as a substitute, but there is a lack of standardised definitions, goals and outcome measurement tools for this participation. METHODS: In 2015, the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions commissioned a study on possibilities of increasing caregiver participation within the Swedish Dementia Registry (SveDem). This discussion paper updates and adapts that report, aiming to broadly summarise the caregiving phenomenon in order to provide a backdrop for clinicians seeking to understand the legal, ethical and practical considerations of caregiver participation in dementia. Relevant literature on caregiver participation is presented, and its definition, extent and practical implementation are discussed. DISCUSSION: The Swedish legal framework compels care providers to facilitate patient and caregiver participation in dementia and provides support to caregivers through the local level of government, but further work is needed to clarify and define the extension and form that this participation must take in clinical practice. Advanced directives are one step in extending patient participation to the period of advanced dementia. CONCLUSION: Little research exists on caregiver participation. There is a need to develop a framework for caregiver and patient participation to determine the extent, type and form that such participation should take in health care, research and quality initiatives pertaining to persons with dementia
The cast-6: development of a short-form of the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test
The 30-item Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST) is shortened to a 6-item scale (CAST-6) using Principal Components Analysis of CAST responses for three distinct samples: outpatient substance abusers, outpatient psychiatric patients, and medical students. The face validity, internal consistency, and discriminatory ability of the CAST-6 are examined. The CAST-6 is judged to compare favorably with the full CAST and to provide a more efficient way to identify adult children of alcoholics.
The challenge model. Working with strengths in children of substance abusing parents
Children of alcoholics are commonly pictured as destined to become alcoholics themselves and to develop psychological problems. Research on children of alcoholics, however, has not strongly supported this impression. Rather, there is good reason to believe that children of alcoholics develop a checkerboard of strengths and weaknesses. Although the weaknesses are adequately explained by a traditional risk paradigm that we have called the damage model, the strengths are overlooked. The challenge model and its related vocabulary of strengths extends the damage model by including the possibility that children of alcoholics and other children of hardship can be resilient as well as vulnerable. The model offers a developmental vocabulary of resilience. The challenge model implies that psychiatrists should not launch exclusively a search for pathology in children of alcoholics, but should ask questions of patients more along the line of 'How is your struggle going?'
The changing balance of government and family in care for the elderly in Sweden and other European countries
The Child Abuse Potential Inventory: Manual (2nd ed.).
The Child Behavior Rating Scale- Preschool version
The Children of Alcoholics Screening Test and test manual
The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI).
The Children's Depression, Inventory (CDI).
The child's worries about the mother's breast cancer: sources of distress in school-age children
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe children's worries when their mothers are newly diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. DESIGN: Descriptive, qualitative study. SETTING: Private family homes. SAMPLE: Case intensive interviews with 16 children who ranged in age from 11-18 years at the time that interviews were conducted and who had been 8-12 years of age when their mothers were diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. METHODS: Semistructured interviews with the children were audiorecorded, transcribed, and inductively coded into categories of distinct worries about their mothers' breast cancer. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Children's descriptions of their worries and confusion resulting from their mothers' breast cancer diagnoses. FINDINGS: The children voiced nine categories of worry during the interviews: worrying that the mother was going to die; feeling confused; worrying that something bad would happen; worrying about the family and others; worrying when the mother did not look good; worrying that their mothers would change; wondering if the family would have to cut back financially; worrying about talking to others; and wondering if they, the children, would get cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Children of mothers with breast cancer experience multiple worries concerning their mothers, their families, and themselves. The data revealed that they attempted to make sense of their mothers' illness for themselves and imagined how it might affect their own lives in the future.IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Programs and materials need to be developed that help parents address the multiple worries that children whose mothers have early-stage breast cancer experience.
The Clinical Effects of Massive Psychic Trauma in families of holocaust survivors
For years we have been treating numerous concentration camp survivors in the psychiatric clinics and hospitals of Israel. In recent years we have been seeing increasing numbers of the second generation suffering from a wide spectrum of emotional disorders, personality disturbances, borderline and psychotic states which are clearly related to the long-term effects of massive traumatization in the survivor parents. These effects are manifest in four inter-related areas of disturbance within the family—the parents' mental state, the family atmosphere, inter-personal functioning in the family and specific distortions in the parent-child interaction. Excessive talking about holocaust experiences to children, or the opposite —lack of communication, avoidance and denial of these experiences—are patterns frequently found in the children of survivors who seem to be most affected by the massive traumatization of the parents. It is postulated that therapy of the survivor parents can modify the transmissions of affects to the children. Family therapy is indicated whenever possible.
Themes in the bereavement experience of inner city adolescents
Abstract
PROBLEM:
There is a lack of information about the bereavement experiences of adolescents living in poverty in the inner city.
SUBJECTS:
Eight bereaved adolescents (mean age = 13.5 girls, 3 boys), from poverty-level families, attending an inner city junior high school.
METHODS:
A descriptive design, using participant-observation in a semi-structured group setting, data were gathered using audiotape recordings of the eight group discussions.
FINDINGS:
Chaos and stress were major themes pervading each discussion session. Lack of family and social support, fear for their future, and avoidance as the major coping strategy were also themes of the study.
CONCLUSIONS:
Inner city adolescents need to be assessed for loss of significant others. Provision of mental health services in schools could provide intervention services to current and future problems.
Theorizing care and care work
Theorizing childhood
In recent years there has been a rapid growth of interest in the sociological study of childhood. This new book draws together the major developments in the field. In particular, the book discusses contemporary sociological and anthropological research in order to develop key links between the study of childhood and social theory, exposing its historical, political and cultural dimensions.
They are still the same: family members’ stories about their relatives with dementia disorders as residents in a nursing home
Abstract [en]
In order to better understand the context of suffering from dementia disorders, greater efforts should be made to understand and identify what persons with such disorders experience when living in a nursing home. The aim of this qualitative study was to gain further understanding of how persons with dementia disorders experienced and coped with their changed life situation after being relocated to a nursing home as described by their family members' perceptions. Qualitative data were collected from ten interviews with family members and evaluated using content analysis. The main findings suggest that residents with dementia disorders largely maintained their personality intact throughout the trajectory of illness as they were able to keep their habits and interests. The local environment of the nursing home and the residents' relationships to staff were important in order to feel accepted. Four categories were discerned during the analysis: living in limbo; coming to peace; keeping old habits and relationships; and thoughts about impending death. It is reasonable to believe that old habits and interests may be preserved as the embodiment of such habits are deeply rooted and connected to a person′s identity even when going through various changes and transitions in life. Therefore, to be accepted as the person you are requires care and services to specific needs, i.e. person-centeredness. Lack of understanding from staff may therefore have an adverse effect on a person's self-respect and identity. For that reason, staff needs to reflect on their attitudes and relationships as well as extending their knowledge about how to address sensitive topics such as the residents′ impending death. To achieve this support from managers is pivotal. Future research should focus on support to nursing staff to further knowledge and understanding about the individual changes resident go through near the end of life.
They ought to do this for their parents": perceptions of filial obligations among immigrant and Dutch older people
The Coping Assessment Battery: Theoretical and empirical foundations:
The decline of the male breadwinner model
The Delivery of Public Health Interventions via the Internet: Actualizing Their Potential
The Internet increasingly serves as a platform for the delivery of public health interventions. The efficacy of Internet interventions has been demonstrated across a wide range of conditions. Much more work remains, however, to enhance the potential for broad population dissemination of Internet interventions. In this article, we examine the effectiveness of Internet interventions, with particular attention to their dissemination potential. We discuss several considerations (characterizing reach rates, minimizing attrition, promoting Web site utilization, use of tailored messaging and social networking) that may improve the implementation of Internet interventions and their associated outcomes. We review factors that may influence the adoption of Internet interventions in a range of potential dissemination settings. Finally, we present several recommendations for future research that highlight the potential importance of better understanding intervention reach, developing consensus regarding Web site usage metrics, and more broadly integrating Web 2.0 functionality.
The desire for control: Negotiating the arrangement of help for older people in Sweden
The interface between formal (public) and informal help for older people is unclear and subject to change in many welfare states. Our aim in this study was to contribute to increased understanding of the experiences of older people, their next of kin, and the care managers from the municipalities in the process of negotiating help in the everyday lives of older people who can no longer manage on their own. We took a qualitative approach, using qualitative interviews as the main data collection method. The results revealed that the different actors had contrary interests that made it difficult for all parties to be content with the outcome of the negotiations. The everyday lives of dependent older people and their next of kin are strongly affected by the conditions of formal eldercare.
The development of social strengths in children with cerebral palsy
The study by Tan et al. is of interest because it shows that children′s development is not necessarily delayed because of disability, specifically cerebral palsy (CP).[1] CP is one of the most common childhood-onset disabilities and a condition frequently researched. PubMed, for example, reports 13 885 hits for CP compared with conditions such as developmental delay (6079) and myelomeningocele (602). As CP causes activity limitations, which can lead to restrictions in socially or culturally influenced areas of life, the study by Tan et al. provides insights into the social strengths that children with CP have. The results, indicating that many of the children diagnosed with CP can develop to the same level of social participation as children without disability (even though it may take more time), should have a positive impact on the expectations of their caregivers and families. Hopefully adults might increase their efforts to teach children with disabilities to interact with peers instead of mostly communicating with adults.[2]
The construct of participation has various interpretations and the rating of participation is controversial. This study aimed to address 'performance of social participation', from the perspective of socialization including interrelationships, play and leisure time; coping rated with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale; and social function rated with Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory. In the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health for Children and Youth (ICF-CY),[3] participation is defined as 'involvement in a life situation'. It includes two aspects: to attend activities, i.e. be there, and to experience engagement while being there.[4] The ratings reported in this study reflect the abilities needed for social interactions, not necessarily how a child carries out the interactions in various life situations. The ratings are in accordance with how capacity is rated using the ICF-CY qualifiers, but does not reflect the children′s attendance or engagement. Therefore, the children′s performance of social participation is not fully established.
The Tan et al. study has several implications for clinical practice. For example, doing and being with others, which are elements of social participation, facilitate learning and development and should be considered by the adults who are around children with disabilities.[5, 6] Child participation, as a determinant of well-being and life satisfaction, may also decrease mental health problems.[7] In addition to the abilities needed for social interactions, social participation includes an experience of belonging and inter-subjective interaction that leads into acts of acknowledgment.[8] Because adults provide 'scaffolds' for the experiences of children with disabilities, parents and teachers have the responsibility to encourage the children to start interacting with peers and to introduce them to potential friends. The results reported in this study in terms of the development of children's abilities for interactions, should influence the adults' attitudes to the children's social roles in a positive way.
When receiving support from adults, it is likely that the children's understanding of and adaption to social demands improve. For children with CP, participation restrictions are most often associated with their physical impairments related to environmental barriers, such as reduced access to venues and events.[9, 10] However, negative social attitudes to disability may also constitute barriers to participation. As children with disabilities attend community activities less frequently than typically developing children,[11] adults must make efforts to introduce the children to such activities in addition to introducing them to those peers sharing the activity.
For persons with severe CP or persons with additional intellectual disability, the result of the study shows there is no specific age where development ceases. This should be seen as a promising finding that should encourage parents and professionals to continue to stimulate social development across ages.
In this study, developmental trajectories were stratified by level of gross motor functioning. For future research, the authors note the need for enhanced insight into the additional determinants of social participation development, such as CP characteristics and contextual factors. Since manual abilities are important for diverse activities, communication included, should the developmental trajectories also be stratified by the children's level of fine motor functioning?
The developmental status of family therapy in family psychology intervention science
The goal of this chapter is to map the developmental trajectory of family therapy in family psychology intervention science (FT-FPIS) from its early roots to its current status. The authors also hope to provide a perspective on its developmental process with an eye toward future challenges. Four key elements in the developmental evolution of FT-FPIS are discussed: science, the theory and techniques of family therapy, core principles in basic psychology, and the broader cultural and sociopolitical contexts in which FT-FPIS has evolved. In addition, the emergence of family-based empirically supported treatments and family-based empirically supported treatment as an intervention science are discussed.
The distribution of the common mental disorders: social inequalities in Europe
Background
The social class distribution of the common mental disorders (mostly anxiety and/or depression) has been in doubt until recently. This paper reviews the evidence of associations between the prevalence of the common mental disorders in adults of working age and markers of socio-economic disadvantage.
Methods
Work is reviewed which brings together major population surveys from the last 25 years, together with work trawling for all European population studies. Data from more recent studies is examined, analysed and discussed. Because of differences in methods, instruments and analyses, little can be compared precsiely, but internal associations can be examined.
Findings
People of lower socio-economic status, however measured, are disadvantaged, and this includes higher frequencies of the conditions now called the 'common mental disorders' (mostly non-psychotic depression and anxiety, either separately or together). In European and similar developed populations, relatively high frequencies are associated with poor education, material disadvantage and unemployment.
Conclusion
The large contribution of the common mental disorders to morbidity and disability, and the social consequences in working age adults would justify substantial priority being given to addressing mental health inequalities, and deprivation in general, within national and European social and economic policy.
Tidiga insatser mot psykisk ohälsa hos små barn – en sammanställning av systematiska översikter
I rapporten redovisas kunskap om metoder och modeller för barnhälsovårdens arbete med att förebygga och ge tidiga insatser mot psykisk ohälsa hos barn 0–5 år. Rapporten är baserad på systematiska kunskapsöversikter som är publicerade i internationella vetenskapliga tidskrifter.
Tidiga kommunikations- och språkinsatser till förskolebarn inom barnhabilitering
Denna rapport presenterar evidens för insatser till barn i förskoleåldern på tidig kommunikativ nivå med syfte att ge rekommendationer till svensk habiliteringsverksamhet. Utifrån en formulerad fiktiv frågeställning utförde gruppen sökningar i vetenskapliga databaser. Några svenska rapporter och magisterarbeten har också inkluderats i granskningen.
Tidiga kommunikations- och språkinsatser till förskolebarn inom barnhabilitering
Gunilla Thunberg, logoped och fil Dr på DART har på updrag av Sveriges Habiliteringschefers förening lett en grupp som sammanställt evidens för tidiga språk- och kommunikationsinsatser till förskolebarn inom barnhabilitering. Gruppen är nu färdig med sitt arbete och den 1/4 publicerades rapporten och rekommendationerna på Sveriges Habiliteringsschefers förenings hemsida. Det finns mycket spännande att ta del av när det gäller tidiga AKK-insatser så missa inte denna viktiga rapport! Du hittar den och kan ladda ner den här:
Tidiga kommunikations- och språkinsatser till förskolebarn inom barnhabilitering
Föreningen Sveriges Habiliteringschefer har som uppgift att verka för en utveckling av habiliteringsverksamheten för barn, ungdomar och vuxna utifrån de övergripande mål som beskrivs i hälso- och sjukvårdslagen, lagen om särskilt stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade samt föreskriften God Vård, SOSFS 2005:12. Föreningen ska på olika sätt stimulera forsknings- och utvecklingsarbete. Våra verksamheter riktar sig till en grupp barn, ungdomar och vuxna i samhället med stora och komplicerade behov.
Föreningen har en ambition att gemensamt utveckla en kvalitetssäker och effektiv verksamhet. Effektivitet kan ses ur en traditionell kostnadsaspekt men också ur barnet/den vuxnes och anhörigas levnadsaspekt.
Det finns en flora av interventioner. Inom ett flertal områden behöver metoder, arbetssätt och behandlingsresultat för barn, ungdomar och vuxna med funktionsnedsättningar beskrivas och dokumenteras. För att med största möjliga säkerhet veta vad som ska utvecklas och vad som ska avvecklas krävs ett nationellt samarbete. 2001 initierades därför ett projekt som fick namnet Evidens Baserad Habilitering (EBH). Syftet var att pröva en nationell arbetsmodell bestående av övergripande arbetsgrupper med uppgift att granska olika interventioners evidens. Projektet har med tiden övergått till att bli ett vedertaget arbetssätt när det gäller att ta fram evidensläget för ett interventionsområde. Detta är den sjunde arbetsgruppen där arbetsmodellen har använts.
Arbetsgruppens uppgift har varit att:
göra en litteraturöversikt över aktuell forskning och erfarenhetsbaserade resultat avseende tidiga kommunikations- och språkinsatser till förskolebarn inom barnhabilitering,
utifrån överenskomna kriterier kritiskt granska de utvärderingar och studier som publicerats,
på ett lättfattligt sätt göra erhållna resultat tillgängliga i en rapport.
Rapporten var färdig i februari 2011 och en revidering är gjord september 2012.
Föreningen Sveriges Habiliteringschefer ställer sig bakom de rekommendationer som arbetsgruppen lagt fram. Rapporten bidrar till en fördjupad kunskap.
Ett stort tack till Anna Blomgren, Barbara Eberhart, Jessika Forsberg, Lena Nilsson, Maria Nolemo och Gunilla Thunberg för att ni med lust, energi och stort engagemang har gripit er ann uppgiften. Genom er granskning tydliggörs också behovet av fortsatta studier för att säkra en habilitering på säker grund.
Göteborg 2012-11-05
Anna Kågeson
Styrgruppen Evidensbaserad habilitering
Föreningen Sveriges Habiliteringschefer
Till alle døgnets tider. Tidsbruk 1971-2000.
till anhöriga i Uppsala kommun – en kartläggning, Delrapport 1, FoU-rapport 2012/5.
I landets kommuner har sedan slutet av 1990-talet ett omfattande arbete utförts för att
utveckla stödet till anhöriga. För att dra lärdom utvecklingsarbetet har Nationellt
kompetenscentrum anhöriga (Nka) tagit initiativ till denna undersökning för att i samverkan
med åtta av landets FoU-enheter kartlägga och följa utvecklingen av stödet till anhöriga under
tre år i åtta kommuner.
Syftet med studien är att:
- Kartlägga innehållet i stödet till anhöriga, hur stödet organiseras, planeras, följs upp
och utvärderas inom områdena äldre, funktionshinder och individ- familjeomsorg samt
samverkan mellan kommun, landsting, ideella organisationer och andra aktörer inom
området.
- Undersöka hur de olika huvudintressenterna bedömer kvaliteten på stödet till anhöriga
- Under tre år följa utvecklingen i de kommuner/kommundelar som ingår i studien.
Stödet till anhöriga i de utvalda kommunerna har kartlagts år 2010 och år 2013 genom att ta
del av tillgängliga dokument, kommunernas hemsida och informationsblad samt intervjuer
med och enkätutskick till chefer och andra nyckelpersoner. Genom en enkätstudie med
uppföljande telefonintervjuer har anhörigas situation och syn på sitt stöd, undersökts vid två
tillfällen. Årligen genomfördes fokusgruppsintervjuer, en inom vardera äldre-,
funktionshinder- samt individ och familjeområdet med syftet att beskriva och följa
utvecklingen av stödet till anhöriga; vad som fungerade bra och mindre bra. I varje
fokusgrupp ingick personal, beslutsfattare och representanter från ideella sektorn.
I denna delrapport, som också är slutrapport för hela projektet, presenteras resultatet för den
sista kartläggningen, gällande år 2013. Utvecklingen av anhörigstödet under de senaste åren
beskrivs också genom en jämförelse av resultaten från de olika kartläggningarna.
Tyngdpunkten i denna sammanfattning ligger på denna jämförelse.
Resultat
Det har inte skett några omvälvande förändringar i anhörigstödet i Uppsala kommun som
helhet under åren 2010 till 2013, men utvecklingen har inte stått stilla. Medvetenheten om
vikten av ett anhörigperspektiv hade på flera håll ökat.
Anhörigcentrum genomgick under tidsperioden en stor organisationsförändring.
Verksamheten bedrevs under två år som projekt, för att sedan fortsätta med ettåriga avtal i
väntan på beslut om eventuell konkurrensutsättning. Kunskapen om Anhörigcentrums
existens ökade under undersökningsperioden i kommunen och allt fler anhöriga sökte sig dit.
Målgruppen förändrades genom att också inkludera anhöriga till personer på boenden.
Anhöriga till äldre personer var fortfarande den största målgruppen, men en ökning av
anhöriga till yngre personer och framför allt från psykiatri och socialpsykiatri kunde noteras.
Utformningen av stödet till anhöriga var i stort densamma, men förändrades i viss mån till
exempel genom att anhöriggrupperna vände sig till andra målgrupper, rekreationshelger
infördes och anhöriga fick möjlighet till juristhjälp. Behovsinventeringar gjordes årligen, men
på lite olika sätt och med olika fokus. Anhörigcentrum ingick vid tiden för kartläggning två i
kommunens Nöjd-Kund-Index. Samverkan med landstinget utvecklades under tidsperioden
med t.ex. bemanning av "anhörighörna" på Akademiska sjukhuset och Anhörigcentrum hade
också tagit en aktiv del i landstingets projekt för utveckling av anhörigstöd.
8
I Äldrenämndens uppdragsplaner var effektmålen desamma för anhörigstödet under
uppföljningstiden, men målvärdena för antalet personer som skulle använda sig av
anhörigstödet (läs Anhörigcentrum) ökade från år till år. I förfrågningsunderlaget gällande
hemvård hade nya ska-krav införts under en egen rubrik; Anhörigvänlig vård och omsorg.
Inom hemvården hade också anhöriga börjat uppmärksammas genom anhörigträffar
information med mera. Inom vård- och omsorgsboendena fortsatte anhörigstödet
huvudsakligen inom den palliativa och avancerade sjukvården, men nytt var att Silviasystrar
inom åtminstone ett annat boende hade introducerat anhöriggrupper. Ett omfattande
värdegrundsarbete genomfördes inom äldreomsorgen som också inkluderade anhörigfrågor.
I förfrågningsunderlagen för upphandling av LSS-boendeenheter hade år 2013 infogats, under
rubriken Anhöriga, specifika ska-krav rörande anhöriga som inte hade funnits tidigare. Inom
Affärsområde assistans hade en grupp chefer i utvecklingssyfte börjat arbeta med
anhörigfrågor och anhörigas delaktighet. Verksamheten för anställda anhöriga bedrevs med
höga ambitioner och engagemang. Affärsområdeschefen i Affärsområde barn, ungdom &
familj beklagade bristen på stöd till anhöriga till personer under 21 år. Några insatser inom
verksamheten hade blivit mer flexibla bland annat för att underlätta för anhöriga. Arbete med
Samordnad individuell plan (Sip) infördes under uppföljningstiden och detta trodde många
skulle underlätta anhörigas situation.
I måldokument från de båda åren lyftes helhetsperspektiv och familjens roll fram på likartat
sätt inom individ- och familjeområdet. I kommunens drogpolitiska program nämndes
anhöriga som målgrupp för verksamheten. Viktiga stödinsatser erbjöds under hela den
undersökta tidsperioden inom Råd- och behandlingsgruppen, Trappan och familjeenheterna.
Inom Affärsområde socialpsykiatri & beroende hade en ny form av utbildning skapats. Den så
kallade återhämtningsakademin som ämnade samla brukare, personal och anhöriga i
gemensamma utbildningar.
Resultaten från enkäten till de anhöriga skiljer sig inte i någon större omfattning mellan de
båda studerade åren. Det är relativt stora andelar av respondenterna som beskriver en
problematisk livssituation och resultaten antyder också att det är de känslomässiga
dimensionerna som kan kräva ytterligare stödinsatser.
Det mest slående resultatet i de båda intervjuundersökningarna var att de anhöriga var nöjda
med det stöd som de hade fått. Framför allt gällde detta Anhörigcentrums verksamhet.
Rapporten avslutas med en begreppsdiskussion. Orden anhöriga, närstående, anhörigstöd med
flera används på olikartade sätt. För att kunna beskriva, följa, jämföra och inte minst utveckla
innehållet i stödet till anhöriga krävs att begreppsapparaten utvecklas. Fördelar och nackdelar
med ett specialiserat centraliserat anhörigstöd i jämförelse med ett integrerat decentraliserat
stöd diskuteras vidare och vikten av att ett anhörigperspektiv och anhörigstöd implementeras i
hela socialtjänsten betonas. För detta krävs bland annat att anhörigfrågorna finns med i
styrdokumenten på alla nivåer och att utbildningsinsatser genomförs.
Uppsala kommun har i en nationell jämförelse legat långt framme i anhörigfrågor under en
lång tid. Klimatet för att bygga upp och utveckla ett (specialiserat) anhörigstöd har varit gott.
En förhoppning är att den positiva trenden kommer att fortsätta i vetskapen om att mycket
hitintills är gjort, men att de svåraste uppgifterna kanske återstår; att se till att
anhörigperspektiv och anhörigstöd integreras inom hela socialtjänsten.
The effect of social support on mental and behavioral outcomes among adolescents with parents with HIV/AIDS
OBJECTIVES: We examined the associations between social support and mental and behavioral outcomes among adolescents whose parents were infected with or died of HIV/AIDS. METHODS: Families (parents who were HIV infected and their adolescent children) were randomly assigned to a coping skills intervention or a standard care group. After completing the intervention, the parents and adolescents were assessed for 2 years. RESULTS: Adolescents who had more social support providers reported significantly lower levels of depression and fewer conduct problems; adolescents who had more negative influence from role models reported more behavior problems. Reductions in depression, multiple problem behaviors, and conduct problems were significantly associated with better social support. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings underscore the complex relations between social support and mental and behavioral outcomes among adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS. Future prevention programs must focus on increasing social support to reduce negative outcomes among adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS as well as the need to reduce influence from negative role models.
The effect of social support on mental and behavioral outcomes among adolescents with parents with HIV/AIDS
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
We examined the associations between social support and mental and behavioral outcomes among adolescents whose parents were infected with or died of HIV/AIDS.
METHODS:
Families (parents who were HIV infected and their adolescent children) were randomly assigned to a coping skills intervention or a standard care group. After completing the intervention, the parents and adolescents were assessed for 2 years.
RESULTS:
Adolescents who had more social support providers reported significantly lower levels of depression and fewer conduct problems; adolescents who had more negative influence from role models reported more behavior problems. Reductions in depression, multiple problem behaviors, and conduct problems were significantly associated with better social support.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our findings underscore the complex relations between social support and mental and behavioral outcomes among adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS. Future prevention programs must focus on increasing social support to reduce negative outcomes among adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS as well as the need to reduce influence from negative role models.
The Effect of Telephone Support Groups on Costs of Care for Veterans With Dementia
Purpose: Few studies have addressed the effects of caregiver interventions on the costs of care for the care recipient. This study evaluated the effects of a caregiver education and support group delivered via the telephone on care recipient health care utilization and cost. Design and Methods: The Telehealth Education Program (TEP) is a manualized program of education and support designed for caregivers of veterans with moderate-to-severe dementia. One hundred fifty-eight spousal caregivers were randomly assigned to either the ten 1-hr sessions of TEP or the usual care (UC). Health care utilization and cost data were extracted from veterans Information System Technology Architecture databases and included outpatient, inpatient, and nursing home data within the VA. Results: Total health care cost data showed a significant (p = .039) average cost savings of $2,768 per patient at 6 months for TEP as compared with UC, but these were not maintained at 1 year. All costs included in the total costs measure contributed to this difference. Inpatient, outpatient, and nursing home costs were all assessed separately, but only nursing home costs reached significance (p = .009), with a savings of $1,057 per patient at 6 months. Implications: The TEP caregiver intervention resulted in short-term cost savings for veteran care recipients. Future studies of caregiver interventions should examine their effects on costs of care for the care recipients in addition to their effects on caregiver outcomes.
The Effective Family Program: Preventative Services for the Children of Mentally Ill Parents in Finland
The Effective Family Programme was initiated in Finland in 2001 to provide methods for health and social services to support families and children of mentally ill parents. The methods are implemented and clinicians are trained in psychiatric services and primary health care. The methods include the Beardslee Preventive Family Intervention, a parent-focused Let's Talk about Children Discussion and the Network Meeting. The Effective Family Programme represents large-scale implementation of a promotive and preventative child-centred approach in adult psychiatry. The first five years have been successful. Two thirds of health districts have initiated training. However, big challenges lie ahead. While the work was initiated in psychiatric services, it needs to be extended to primary health care and social services as well. Institutionalisation of the methods is still in progress, as well as incorporation of the work into the basic training of all mental health professionals.
The Effective Family Programme
The effectiveness of family therapy and systemic interventions for child-focused problems
This review updates a similar paper published in the Journal of Family Therapy in 2001. It presents evidence from meta-analyses, systematic literature reviews and controlled trials for the effectiveness of systemic interventions for families of children and adolescents with various difficulties. In this context, systemic interventions include both family therapy and other family-based approaches such as parent training. The evidence supports the effectiveness of systemic interventions either alone or as part of multimodal programmes for sleep, feeding and attachment problems in infancy; child abuse and neglect; conduct problems (including childhood behavioural difficulties, ADHD, delinquency and drug abuse); emotional problems (including anxiety, depression, grief, bipolar disorder and suicidality); eating disorders (including anorexia, bulimia and obesity); and somatic problems (including enuresis, encopresis, recurrent abdominal pain, and poorly controlled asthma and diabetes).
Tillgängligheten i det politiska livet i kommuner och landsting. Myndigheten för handikapppolitisk samordning
Tillhörighet och avståndstagande. Segregationsideologi och föräldraintegrering
Tillit som bot. Placebo i tid och rum
Tillit ger reaktioner i hjärnan som påverkar känslan och därmed kroppen. Sådan förväntan och tillit har inte blivit medicinskt utforskad. Det har blivit allt svårare att avfärda skildringar av läkande ritualer och magi från andra länder som enbart anekdoter.
Boken vänder sig till medicin- och antropologistuderande och studenter inom vård och omsorg samt alla de som i olika befattningar och roller är verksamma inom vården.
The effectiveness of telehealth care on caregiver burden, mastery of stress, and family function among family caregivers of heart failure patients: A quasi-experimental study
Background: Telehealth care was developed to provide home-based monitoring and support for patients with chronic disease. The positive effects on physical outcome have been reported; however, more evidence is required concerning the effects on family caregivers and family function for heart failure patients transitioning from the hospital to home. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of nursing-led transitional care combining discharge plans and telehealth care on family caregiver burden, stress mastery and family function in family caregivers of heart failure patients compared to those receiving traditional discharge planning only. Design: This is a quasi-experimental study design. Methods: Sixty-three patients with heart failure were assessed for eligibility and invited to participate in either telehealth care or standard care in a medical centre from May to October 2010. Three families refused to participate in data collection. Thirty families who chose telehealth care after discharge from the hospital to home comprised the experimental group; the others families receiving discharge planning only comprised the comparison group. Telenursing specialist provided the necessary family nursing interventions by 24-h remote monitoring of patients' health condition and counselling by telephone, helping the family caregivers successfully transition from hospital to home. Data on caregiver burden, stress mastery and family function were collected before discharge from the hospital and one month later at home. Effects of group, time, and group×time interaction were analysed using Mixed Model in SPSS (17.0). Results: Family caregivers in both groups had significantly lower burden, higher stress mastery, and better family function at one-month follow-up compared to before discharge. The total score of caregiver burden, stress mastery and family function was significantly improved for the family caregivers in the experimental group compared to the comparison group at posttest. Two subscales of family function—Relationships between family and subsystems and Relationships between family and society were improved in the experimental group compared to the comparison group, but Relationships between family and family members was not different. Conclusions: The results provide evidence that telehealth care combined with discharge planning could reduce family caregiver burden, improve stress mastery, and improve family function during the first 30 days at home after heart failure patients are discharged from the hospital. Telenursing specialists cared caregivers with the concepts of providing transitional care to help them successful cross the critical transition stage.
The effects of child abuse and exposure to domestic violence on adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior problems
This study examines the effects of child abuse and domestic violence exposure in childhood on adolescent internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Data for this analysis are from the Lehigh Longitudinal Study, a prospective study of 457 youth addressing outcomes of family violence and resilience in individuals and families. Results show that child abuse, domestic violence, and both in combination (i.e., dual exposure) increase a child's risk for internalizing and externalizing outcomes in adolescence. When accounting for risk factors associated with additional stressors in the family and surrounding environment, only those children with dual exposure had an elevated risk of the tested outcomes compared to non-exposed youth. However, while there were some observable differences in the prediction of outcomes for children with dual exposure compared to those with single exposure (i.e., abuse only or exposure to domestic violence only), these difference were not statistically significant. Analyses showed that the effects of exposure for boys and girls are statistically comparable.
Tillståndet och utvecklingen inom hälso- och sjukvård och socialtjänst – lägesrapport
Denna lägesrapport beskriver tillståndet och utvecklingen inom hälso- och sjukvården och socialtjänsten. Avsikten med rapporten är att ge en samlad bild av dessa områdens olika verksamheter. Sammanfattningen följer samma struktur som rapporten, som i sin tur bygger på kvalitetsmål och kvalitetsområden för vården och omsorgen. En mer grundlig beskrivning av kvalitetsmålen och kvalitetsområdena finns i rapportens inledning
The effects of family therapies for adolescent delinquency and substance abuse: a meta-analysis
This meta-analysis summarizes results from k = 24 studies comparing either Brief Strategic Family Therapy, Functional Family Therapy, Multidimensional Family Therapy, or Multisystemic Therapy to either treatment-as-usual, an alternative therapy, or a control group in the treatment of adolescent substance abuse and delinquency. Additionally, the authors reviewed and applied three advanced meta-analysis methods including influence analysis, multivariate meta-analysis, and publication bias analyses. The results suggested that as a group the four family therapies had statistically significant, but modest effects as compared to treatment-as-usual (d = 0.21; k = 11) and as compared to alternative therapies (d = 0.26; k = 11). The effect of family therapy compared to control was larger (d = 0.70; k = 4) but was not statistically significant probably because of low power. There was insufficient evidence to determine whether the various models differed in their effectiveness relative to each other. Influence analyses suggested that three studies had a large effect on aggregate effect sizes and heterogeneity statistics. Moderator and multivariate analyses were largely underpowered but will be useful as this literature grows.
The effects of family therapies for adolescent delinquency and substance abuse: a meta-analysis
This meta-analysis summarizes results from k = 24 studies comparing either Brief Strategic Family Therapy, Functional Family Therapy, Multidimensional Family Therapy, or Multisystemic Therapy to either treatment-as-usual, an alternative therapy, or a control group in the treatment of adolescent substance abuse and delinquency. Additionally, the authors reviewed and applied three advanced meta-analysis methods including influence analysis, multivariate meta-analysis, and publication bias analyses. The results suggested that as a group the four family therapies had statistically significant, but modest effects as compared to treatment-as-usual (d = 0.21; k = 11) and as compared to alternative therapies (d = 0.26; k = 11). The effect of family therapy compared to control was larger (d = 0.70; k = 4) but was not statistically significant probably because of low power. There was insufficient evidence to determine whether the various models differed in their effectiveness relative to each other. Influence analyses suggested that three studies had a large effect on aggregate effect sizes and heterogeneity statistics. Moderator and multivariate analyses were largely underpowered but will be useful as this literature grows.
The effects of general case training of manding responses on children with severe disabilities
Families, applied researchers, and teachers and support providers continue to be interested in effective strategies for teaching generalized repertoires of communicative skills to learners with severe disabilities. The present study assessed the effects of a general case training procedure in establishing manding or requesting responses by three students, aged 5–10 yrs old, with severe disabilities across a range of settings and situations. The data indicated that the general case approach was successful in establishing generalized manding for all three students. The limitations of the study and the implications of these results for future research and application are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Timeline followback user´s guide: A calendar method for assessing alcohol and drug use
Timjan, en konsultationsmodell där barn med diagnos inom autismspektrat, får hjälp att samspela bättre med sina föräldrar
Tina och mormor
Vid sorg och död är den första reaktionen, för många, att skydda sitt barn genom att inte tala om det.Författaren Ann-Kristin Lundmark vill med sin tredje bok i serien om 10-åriga Tina, Tina och mormor, öppna upp för samtal inom ämnet. Sorg kan inte undvikas och ett barn kan inte alltid skyddas, men genom att prata om det som en vägledning kan många frågor besvaras och bidra till en enklare sorgbearbetning.
Tina har en intensiv vår med kompisar, skola och fotbollsträning och hinner inte träffa sin mormor så mycket som vanligt. Tina får lite dåligt samvete. En kväll vaknar hon och behöver gå på toa, men när hon ska gå och lägga sig igen hör hon prat från köket. Tina får veta att mormor är sjuk i cancer och snart ska dö. Efteråt är ingenting riktigt som förut och hela Tinas tillvaro rasar samman!
Titanium : En liten bok om stora hjältar i deras kamp mot cancer
Väldigt berörande! Ett barn, hans bror, en familj drabbad av cancer så nära beskrivet att det kryper under skinnet på läsaren. Hur jobbigt och oroligt det faktiskt är både i stort och smått i den situation familjen levt med under alla dessa år. Författaren speglar även väldigt väl hur viktigt det är med förtroende och bemötande inom vården. En bok av detta slag bör varje vårdarbetare läsa och lägga de insikter den ger i bakhuvudet för att bättre kunna förstå helhetssituationen för patienten och familjen.Nils Erik Svedlund, barnläkareMaria tar oss med i många års kamp med ett cancersjukt barn och deras vardag. Vi kommer nära förtvivlan, smärta och tristess men också hopp, glädje och en stark syskonrelation. En viktig bok, även för personal och vårdutbildningar!Angelica Lindberg, kuratorSå glad att denna ärliga och viktiga bok finns! Berättelsen gav mig en insikt och förståelse för hur livet kan te sig i en familj med ett cancersjukt barn! När jag läste Titanium var det som om jag själv fanns med i familjens vardag och närhet. Så levande, så äkta, både kärleksfullt och skrämmande. Vilken styrka, vilket tålamod, vilken förmåga att ta vara på det minsta lilla positiva trots det ofattbara som händer under cancerbehandlingen. En mycket varm, närvarande och viktig berättelse om en lång, återkommande kamp mot leukemi i unga år och de konsekvenser det får för alla i familjen. Men också vikten av att tänka på syskonen, att låta dem finnas med och få plats i den vardag som blivit. Titanium är en bok jag varmt vill rekommendera, särskilt till de som arbetar inom vård och skola.Anneli Träff, grundskollärare
To be a good food provider: an exploratory study among spouses of persons with Alzheimer's disease
To be a good food provider: an exploratory study among spouses of persons with Alzheimer's disease
Large proportions of people with dementia live at home and need help from a relative. The aim of the current study was to examine how people living with persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD) perceived everyday life aspects of food choices, cooking, and food-related work. The analyses are based on focus group interviews including women and men acting as caregivers to people with AD and living in Sweden. The main results identified from the data, were how cohabitants to persons with AD struggle with either taking on a new role as a food provider or extending it, but also how they tried to cope as carer, which entailed food being an important part of the treatment of the disease. Those expressing greatest concern were those perceiving themselves as inexperienced food providers and carers, which in this study were all men.
To maintain control: negotiations in the everyday life of older people who can no longer manage on their own
The general aim of this thesis is to reach a more insightful understanding of how help is actually worked out in the everyday life of older people when they can no longer manage on their own. The overall research question is how individuals, representing different perspectives in the help arrangement process, think and act in order to organise needed help as well as how they may themselves apprehend the functions of the help. It is a qualitative study, containing four papers looking at this issue from different perspectives: the older persons themselves, their next of kin who provide help and the municipal care managers who make decisions on formal help. The empirical material consists of qualitative interviews and participant observations with care managers, qualitative interviews with older people applying for formal eldercare, follow-up interviews with some of them and qualitative interviews with next of kin who provide help. The analysis of the material adopts an empirically oriented approach, involving several steps from open to focused coding. Earlier research and theory guided the analysis. The results show that older people strive to maintain control over their everyday life (Paper I). When they can no longer manage unaided, they use various strategies to maintain control and the feeling of autonomy. Well-functioning formal and informal networks (Paper III) allow individuals to sustain autonomy and control in old age even when they have to depend on help from others. The care managers endeavour to make both ends meet in the decision process (Paper II). They develop various techniques and struck a balance between diverse demands and expectations. Helping an older relative is connected with a multiplicity of motives and experiences (Paper IV). The next of kin act both as bridges and buffers between their older relative and formal eldercare. This thesis emphasises the important functions of both formal and informal help to older people. To outline the working forms and methods of collaboration between older people and their informal and formal support networks is an important challenge that needs further attention.
To maintain control: negotiations in the everyday life of older people who can no longer manage on their own
The general aim of this thesis is to reach a more insightful understanding of how help is actually worked out in the everyday life of older people when they can no longer manage on their own. The overall research question is how individuals, representing different perspectives in the help arrangement process, think and act in order to organise needed help as well as how they may themselves apprehend the functions of the help. It is a qualitative study, containing four papers looking at this issue from different perspectives: the older persons themselves, their next of kin who provide help and the municipal care managers who make decisions on formal help. The empirical material consists of qualitative interviews and participant observations with care managers, qualitative interviews with older people applying for formal eldercare, follow-up interviews with some of them and qualitative interviews with next of kin who provide help. The analysis of the material adopts an empirically oriented approach, involving several steps from open to focused coding. Earlier research and theory guided the analysis. The results show that older people strive to maintain control over their everyday life (Paper I). When they can no longer manage unaided, they use various strategies to maintain control and the feeling of autonomy. Well-functioning formal and informal networks (Paper III) allow individuals to sustain autonomy and control in old age even when they have to depend on help from others. The care managers endeavour to make both ends meet in the decision process (Paper II). They develop various techniques and struck a balance between diverse demands and expectations. Helping an older relative is connected with a multiplicity of motives and experiences (Paper IV). The next of kin act both as bridges and buffers between their older relative and formal eldercare. This thesis emphasises the important functions of both formal and informal help to older people. To outline the working forms and methods of collaboration between older people and their informal and formal support networks is an important challenge that needs further attention.
To manage a complex depency: The experience of caregiver after a fall
Abstract
Aim: To understand the experience of family members of an older relative who has had a fall which required medical attention.
Background: There is abundant bibliography in caregiving, but little is known about the problems faced by caregivers and how family members cope when their older relative has a fall.
Design: Qualitative study that used a symbolic interactionism perspective.
Methods: Twenty-two people with older relatives, who had had a fall and contacted health services in Spain, participated in the study. Data were obtained via written accounts, focus groups, and semi-structured interviews between February 2014 - December 2015. Analysis was guided by grounded theory procedures.
Results: With the fall, dependency becomes a complex issue for the family. To manage a complex dependency is the core issue that emerges from the data analysis. It depicts family efforts to assist their relative in gaining autonomy after a fall, in the best conditions they can provide. They do this with little guidance and support from healthcare professionals.
Conclusions: Guides and protocols for the care of a fragile older person, particularly after a fall, should not only include care but also support to caregivers. Health professionals and especially nurses need to be aware and respond to the family caregivers needs after a fall. To the fall prevention initiatives already in place, it must be added that those who support family members to cope with the care of an older person who has had a fall.
To pay or not to pay: examining underlying principles in the debate on financial support for family caregivers
To pay or not to pay: examining underlying principles in the debate on financial support for family caregivers
In many countries one approach to supporting family-and-friend caregivers is direct financial or monetary support. Debates about the benefits and consequences of such policies pervade the literature. Building on the premise that values underlie public policy, the paper examines four policy paradoxes in the literature and uses selected examples from an international policy analysis to illustrate the underlying objectives and values upon which many of the policies were developed. These include the responsibility to care, economic or social objectives, gender equity, and the autonomy of care receivers. The authors conclude that policy makers need to be cautious about the unintended effects of financial support policy and develop a menu of policies and services to support caregivers. Future policy development in Canada must enable legitimate choice across the life course and ensure that neither the caregiver nor the care receiver will experience short- or long-term financial consequences of his or her choice.
To use or not to use: A literature review of factors that influence family caregivers' use of support services
Many family caregivers of frail older adults postpone or decline accessible and affordable services such as respite, despite their acknowledgement of unmet needs for support and time away from the burdens and stress of caregiving. How caregivers perceive their need for services, and the factors that influence their decisions to use or not use services, remain poorly understood. This article reviews the literature on family caregiving and the complex interrelated factors that influence caregivers' choices regarding support services. It organizes these factors into four areas: (a) service characteristics, (b) personal predisposing factors that affect perceived need, (c) experiential coping and decisionmaking patterns, and (d) relational factors. It also examines the implications of this evidence for nursing assessments and interventions with frail older adults and their family caregivers..
Tokfursten
Tourette syndrome in children and adolescents: Special considerations
Tourette syndrome (TS) affects people of all ages, with onset in early childhood and continuing through the different stages of the life cycle into adolescence and adults. This review focuses on barriers to diagnosis and challenges in the management of young patients with TS. Barriers to identification occur at multiple levels, including detection in the community setting (including schools), parents' help-seeking behavior, and cultural influences on such behavior, as well as diagnosis by the medical provider. Challenges to management include unfamiliarity of primary care providers, inconsistencies in the diagnosis and management plan, and failure to recognize comorbid conditions, as well as inadequate knowledge and lack of resources to effectively deal with comorbidities. In addition to the complexities posed by pharmacological interactions, there are unique psychosocial challenges experienced by young people with TS and their families. Effective communication and collaboration between families, health care providers, and school personnel, as well as supportive communities, are essential components of comprehensive management. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)
Toward a comprehensive developmental model for major depression in men
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
The multiple risk factors for major depression are interrelated through poorly understood developmental pathways. In 2002, the authors presented a developmental model for major depression in women. Based on similar methods, they here present an analogous model for men.
METHOD:
Using data from 2,935 adult male twins, interviewed twice over a 2-4-year period, the authors constructed, by means of structural equation modeling, an integrated etiologic model for major depression that predicts depressive episodes over 1 year from 18 risk factors conceptualized as five developmental "tiers" reflecting childhood, early adolescence, late adolescence, adulthood, and the last year.
RESULTS:
The best-fitting model, including six correlations and 76 paths, provided a good fit to the data, explaining 49% of the variance in the liability to depressive episodes. The overall results, similar to those seen in women, suggest that the development of major depression results from the action and interaction of three broad pathways of internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and adversity. Childhood parental loss and low self-esteem were more potent variables in the model in men than in women. Genetic risks for major depression had a broader spectrum of action in men than in women. The pathway to major depression through externalizing symptoms was not more prominent in men than in women.
CONCLUSIONS:
Major depression in men, as in women, is an etiologically complex disorder influenced by risk factors from multiple domains that act in developmental time. The similarities in etiologic pathways to major depression for men and women outweigh the modest differences.
Toward a Definition of Mixed Methods Research
The purpose of this article is to examine how the field of mixed methods currently is being defined. The authors asked many of the current leaders in mixed methods research how they define mixed methods research. The authors provide the leaders' definitions and discuss the content found as they searched for the criteria of demarcation. The authors provide a current answer to the question, What is mixed methods research? They also briefly summarize the recent history of mixed methods and list several issues that need additional work as the field continues to advance. They argue that mixed methods research is one of the three major "research paradigms" (quantitative research, qualitative research, and mixed methods research). The authors hope this article will contribute to the ongoing dialogue about how mixed methods research is defined and conceptualized by its practitioners.
Towards common principles of flexicurity: More and better jobs through flexibility and security
The Commission presents a set of guidelines as a framework for the Member States' flexicurity strategies.
The principles of flexicurity contribute to the modernisation of the European social models.
Concept of flexicurity
To be effective, labour market modernisation strategies must take into account the needs of employees and employers alike. The concept of flexicurity is therefore a global approach which favours:
•flexibility of employees, who must be able to adapt to labour market developments and achieve their professional transitions. Similarly, this approach must improve the flexibility of enterprises and work organisation in order to meet the needs of employers and to improve the balance between work and family life;
•security for employees, who must be able to progress in their professional careers, develop their skills and be supported by social security systems when they are not working.
Flexicurity strategies aim to reduce unemployment and poverty rates in the European Union (EU). In particular, they help to facilitate the integration of the most underprivileged groups on the labour market (such as the young, women, older workers and the long-term unemployed).
Towards Developing New Partnerships in Public Services: Users as Consumers, Citizens and/or Co-Producers in Health and Social Care in England and Sweden
The causes and effects of marketization of public services have been analysed extensively in the literature, but there is relatively little research on how those policies impact on the development of new forms of governance, and the role of users in these new arrangements. This study reviews examples of competition, freedom of choice and personalized care in health and social services in England and Sweden, in order to examine the type of relationships emerging between the user/consumer vis-à-vis market driven providers and various agencies of the state under the marketized welfare. The article focuses on the possible roles users might assume in new hybrid arrangements between markets, collaborations and steering. A user typology: namely, that of a consumer, citizen, co-producer and responsibilized agent in various governance arrangements, is then suggested. The article concludes by arguing that pro-market policies instead of meeting the alleged needs of post-modern users for individualized public services are likely to promote a new type of highly volatile and fragile partnerships, and create a new subordinated user who has no choice but to 'choose' services they have little control over.
Transitions in Caregiving: Evaluating a Person-Centered Approach to Supporting Family Caregivers in the Community
Caregivers of older adults provide a wide range of informal supports and services that enable older adults to continue living in the community. This study describes the use of a multicomponent intervention combined with a person-centered approach to assist caregivers of older adults in the community. Four hundred and eighteen caregiver and care recipient dyads participated in this study and their outcomes related to burden, depression, well-being, and care recipient functional status were evaluated. The findings suggest that adult child and spousal caregivers experience burden differently. Programs designed to support caregivers must tailor services to the unique needs of adult child and spousal caregivers.
Äldre och personer med funktionsnedsättning – regiform m.m. och vissa insatser år 2010. Kommunala insatser enligt socialtjänstlagen
Äldre personer med sjukdom och närståendes upplevelse av televård som stöd i hemmet : En litteraturstudie [elektronisk resurs] C-uppsats
Äldre personers sista tid i livet : livskvalitet, vård, omsorg och närståendes situation
The aim of this thesis was to investigate old people's care and quality of life during the last period of life, but also to investigate their own and next-of-kin's experience of this phase. The thesis is based on four studies using separate samples. The sample (n=1198) in study I was drawn from the care and services part of the sub-study ?Good Aging in Skåne? (GAS). The criteria for inclusion in study I were: being 75 years and older having died during the years 2001?2004 and having received public care and services at home or in special accommodation. The study sample in study II comprised 411 people being 75 years and older of whom fifty of the respondents (the study group) had died one year after data collection, the 361 survivors were considered a comparison group. In study III, 17 people aged 75 years or older, who received municipal help and/or care and had a life-threatening disease and/or received palliative care, were interviewed. In study IV 17 next-of-kin's of people aged 75 years and older who had recently died and had received help and/or care from the municipality in the last phase of life, were interviewed. Quantitative descriptive statistics, comparative statistics and logistic regression analysis, but also qualitative content analysis, were used when analysing the data. The results showed that in the last year of life, 82% of those living at home and 50% of those living in special accommodation were hospitalised. The results also showed that those living at home and those with several hospital stays more often died in hospital than those living in special accommodation and those with fewer hospitals stay. More visits to physicians in outpatient care predicted death in hospital, while living in special accommodation and PADL dependency predicted death outside hospital (Paper I). The results in paper II showed that the study group had a lower QoL than the comparison group. Factors that effected the quality of life negatively were more admissions to hospital and a larger number of health complaints. The analysis showed that factors predicting mortality were older age and more health complaints. The older persons? experience of their situation could be understood as Turning inwards to come to peace with the past, the present and approaching death while being trapped by health complaints. Six categories embraced the experience of aspects that constitute a good life in the last phase of life; Maintaining dignity, Enjoying small things, Feelings of ?being at home?, Being in the hands of others, trying to adjust, Still being important for other people and Completing life while facing death (Paper III). The next of kin's experience of this situation could be understood as Being a companion in the transition towards an inevitable death feeling of having the major responsibility and needing to be acknowledged by professionals, which included the categories: Being a companion on the path to death; Focusing on the needs of the dying person, and making adjustments to everyday life; Feeling the major responsibility, and Gaining strength from support. The results showed that older peoples? last phase of life is coloured by health complaints and frequent visits to hospital, which in turn affects their quality of life. Their own experience of this situation was being in the hands of several care providers, and trying to adjust to the situation. To provide high quality care in this phase it is important to increase the co-operation between various care providers. It also seems important for older people to have the possibility to enjoy the small things in life, being able to still be involved in the world around, and to be supported to complete life in order to achieve peace of mind. As the next-of-kin are involved in the care and are emotionally affected by the situation, their needs for support should also be acknowledged. This means they need to be seen by the professionals as well as by others around in order to retain their sense of participation, even when professional care providers are involved.
Äldre utanför äldreomsorgen
Äldreomsorg : Mellan familj och samhälle
Äldreomsorg : mellan familj och samhälle
Äldreomsorg : Mellan familj och samhälle
Äldreomsorg i förändring - knappare resurser och nya organisationsformer
Äldreomsorg och åldrande : från anhörigskap till krisberedskap
Att världens befolkning är i åldrande är känt sedan länge. Att denna ökning av äldre kommer att få konsekvenser för vård och omsorg anses vara självklart. Denna bok har som utgångspunkt att konkretisera några av de teman som ryms inom detta fält. Läsaren får inblick i arbetslivsrelaterade teman inom äldreomsorgens organisation och rekryteringsbas, anhörigskap, krisberedskap,internationella jämförelser inom äldreomsorgen, samt omsorg och etnicitet. Boken ger även insyn i hur äldre förhåller sig till samhälleliga normer och föreställningar om åldrandet. Till detta kommer till slut frågan om utvecklandet av nya professioner inom äldreområdet, vilket ska ses mot bakgrund av de delvis annorlunda behov som framtidens äldre förväntas ha.
Äldreomsorg: mellan familj och samhälle
Äldreomsorgen är beroende av att anhöriga stöttar
Äldreomsorgens aktörer. In: Socialgerontologi (Eds, Andersson, L. 91-44-01452-X, 252-273)
Parental post-traumatic stress and psychiatric care utilisation among refugee adolescents
Parental psychiatric morbidity related to experiences of war and trauma has been associated with adverse psychological outcomes for children. The aim of this study was to investigate parental post-traumatic stress in relation to psychiatric care utilization among children of refugees with particular attention on the child's own refugee status, sex of both child and parents, and specific psychiatric diagnoses. This was a register study in a population of 16 143 adolescents from refugee families in Stockholm County born 1995-2000 and followed between 2011 and 2017 (11-18 years old). Parental post-traumatic stress, identified in three levels of care, was analysed in relation to child and adolescent psychiatric care use. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for duration of residence and demographic and socioeconomic variables. Having a mother with post-traumatic stress was associated with higher psychiatric care utilization, with adjusted HR 2.44 (95% CI 1.90-3.14) among foreign-born refugee children and HR 1.77 (1.33-2.36) among Swedish-born children with refugee parents, with particularly high risks for children with less than five years of residence (HR 4.03; 2.29-7.10) and for diagnoses of anxiety and depression (HR 2.71; 2.11-3.48). Having a father with post-traumatic stress was not associated with increased HRs of psychiatric care utilization. Similar results were seen for boys and girls. Treatment for post-traumatic stress should be made available in refugee reception programmes. These programmes should use a family approach that targets both parents and children.
Har mamma det bra? : Introduktion till äldreboendet
Introduktion för vikarier och underlag för kvalitetsutveckling i äldreomsorgen.
Boken tar ett samlat grepp om äldreboendet och fungerar utmärkt som en introduktion för vikarier och som underlag för kvalitetsutveckling för chef, legitimerad personal och övriga medarbetare.
Författaren Erland Olsson, specialistsjuksköterska i psykiatri och egen företagare, beskriver på ett enkelt sätt flertalet av de processer som behöver ingå för att den praktiska vården och omsorgen ska fungera. Han lyfter också frågor som värdegrund, bemötande och förhållningssätt i olika situationer.
Med reflektionsfrågor i varje kapitel får du som läser möjlighet att fundera över hur verksamheten fungerar på det egna äldreboendet. Reflektionsfrågorna lämpar sig också väl som underlag för diskussion i en studiecirkel eller i samband med era personalmöten på äldreboendet.
De flesta av oss kommer någon gång i livet i kontakt med äldreomsorgen, antingen utifrån våra egna behov eller som närstående. Ett äldreboende är en komplex verksamhet. Men när engagerade och kunniga medarbetare arbetar i team runt den boende på äldreboendet kan det göra underverk för den boende. Delaktiga boende och närstående kan också bidra till kvaliteten i omsorgen.
Erland Olsson är specialistsjuksköterska i psykiatri och egen företagare som tillhandahåller tjänsten som Medicinskt Ansvarig Sjuksköterska samt kvalitetsutveckling i vården, till kommuner och privata vårdgivare såväl genom stöd och handledning som via digitala produkter.
"Till skillnad från en vara där kvalitet finns i produkten, är kvaliteten i äldreomsorgen en färskvara. Den skapas i nuet, i mötet med den boende och närstående.”
Families with parental mental illness: supporting children in psychiatric and social services
Children living with a parent with a mental illness can face difficulties. Parentalmental illness may influence the parents’ ability to cope with family life, where theparents’ awareness of their illness plays an important role. Family interventionsprovided by psychiatric and children’s social care services can be a way to supportthese children, making them feel less burdened, and improving the relationshipswithin the family. The aim of this thesis was to illuminate how children infamilies with a parent with a mental illness are supported in psychiatric and socialservices, especially by means of family interventions, and how families experiencethe support. Study I explored how professionals in adult psychiatric outpatient servicesdeal with children and families when a parent has a mental illness. The findingsshowed that professionals balanced between establishing, and maintaining,a relationship with the patient and fulfilling the legal obligations towards thepatient’s children. Asking the patient about their children could be experiencedas intrusive, and involving the patient’s family in the treatment could be seen asa dilemma, in relation to the patient. Efforts were made to enhance the familyperspective, and when the patient’s family and children joined the treatment thisrequired flexibility from the professional. Study II examined how professionals in children’s social care services experienceworking with children and families when a parent has a mental illness. The socialworkers’ objective was to identify the needs of the children. No specific attentionwas paid to families with parental mental illness; they were supported in thesame way as other families. When the parental mental illness became difficult tohandle both for the parent and the social worker, the latter had to set the child’sneeds aside in order to support the parent. Interagency collaboration seemed likea successful way to support these families, but difficult to achieve. Study III investigated if patients in psychiatric services that are also parentsof underage children, are provided with child-focused interventions or involvedin interagency collaboration between psychiatric and social services and childand adolescent psychiatry. The findings showed that only 12.9% of the patientsregistered as parents in Psykiatri Skåne had registered children under the ageof 18 years. One fourth of these patients had been provided with child-focusedinterventions in psychiatric service, and 13% of them were involved in interagencycollaboration. If a patient received child-focused interventions from the psychiatricservices, the likelihood of being involved in interagency collaboration was fivetimes greater as compared to patients receiving no child-focused intervention.Study IV explored how parents and their underage children who were supportedwith family interventions experienced these interventions. The results showedthat parents experiencing mental illness were eager to find support in explainingto and talking with their children about their mental illness, although the supportfrom the psychiatric service varied. Both children and other family membersappreciated being invited to family interventions. After such an intervention, theyexperienced the atmosphere in the family as less strained and found it easier tocommunicate with each other about difficulties. Unfortunately, the participatingpartners felt that they were left without support specifically targeted at them. The thesis showed that there is a gap between how professionals deal withquestions concerning these families and their support, and the parents’ and thefamilies’ needs to receive support in handling the parental mental illness in thefamily. The psychiatric and social services need to expand their approach andwork with the whole family, in order to meet the needs of the child and otherfamily members involved.
Trygghet och delaktighet: vård- och omsorgspersonalens syn på närståendes behov av stöd vid palliativ vård av äldre
När äldre inte klarar av att bo hemma längre flyttar de ofta till ett vård-och omsorgs-boende, lever den sista tiden där och är i behov av palliativ vård. Palliativ vård är ett förhållningssätt som kännetecknas av en helhetssyn på människan utifrån individens behov. De som arbetar nära den äldre och den närstående är vård- och omsorgsperso-nalen och det är distriktssköterskan som har det övergripande ansvaret för omvårdna-den. Stöd till den närstående är av största vikt inom den palliativa vården. Syftet med studien var att beskriva vård- och omsorgspersonalens erfarenheter av att uppmärk-samma och stödja närstående till den äldre på vård- och omsorgsboende utifrån ett palliativt förhållningssätt. Datainsamlingarna gjordes i två omgångar, en fokusgrupp-sintervju 2017 och genomförda diskussionsgrupper 2010, analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys och tolkades med hjälp av Dosseys "Theory of integral nur-sing". I resultatet framkom kategorierna att skapa trygghet för den närstående, önskan att göra den närstående delaktig och att få kunskap om palliativ vård. Kategorierna utmynnade i temat: I ett palliativt förhållningssätt stöds närstående genom att de får känna trygghet och delaktighet. Slutsatsen är att vård- och omsorgspersonalens in-tention är att stödja de närstående men behöver arbeta mer i ett partnerskap med de närstående för att de ska känna en helhet och därmed trygghet och delaktighet.
Närståendes upplevelser på ett vård- och omsorgsboende: en kvalitativ intervjustudie
Det blir allt fler äldre personer i samhället idag eftersom vi lever längre. Ett större antaläldre personer kan innebära att fler närstående blir involverade i den äldre personenslivssituation och vård. Den personcentrerade omvårdnadsmodellen visar att närståendeär en viktig resurs för den äldre och för den äldres välbefinnande. Idag ska närståendekunna vara ett naturligt inslag i vården av den äldre personen. Sedan år 2009när nya bestämmelsen i Socialtjänstlagen kom, har vården ett ansvar att ge närståendestöd och vägledning. Detta leder till att en dialog mellan vårdpersonal och närståendeär betydande för att främja den äldres hälsa, men också för att främja närståendes delaktighetoch välbefinnande. Syftet med studien var att undersöka närståendes upplevelserav att ha en äldre person vid ett vård- och omsorgsboende. Studien har en kvalitativstudiedesign. Tre fokusgruppsintervjuer och två enskilda intervjuer genomfördesmed sammanlagt 26 närstående till en äldre person på ett vård- och omsorgsboende.Intervjuerna analyserades med en konventionell innehållsanalys. Ett gott bemötandeoch en öppen kommunikation med vårdpersonalen gjorde att de närstående kände sigvälkomna och sedda som en viktig del i vården. Närstående upplevde trygghet då desjälva och den äldre personen kände sig hemmastadda på vård- och omsorgsboendet.Slutsats: Personalen har en betydelsefull roll för närståendes välbefinnande och delaktigheti vården på ett vård- och omsorgsboende.
Äldres livsvillkor och behov : Socialtjänstforum - ett möte mellan forskning och socialtjänst : En konferens i Göteborg 5-6 april 2005.
Family caregivers experiences of formal care when caring for persons with dementia through the process of the disease
Background: Family caregivers' experiences of formal care when caring for persons with dementia through the process of the disease is sparsely investigated.
Aims: To investigate family caregivers' experiences of formal care when caring for a person with dementia, through the stages of the disease.
Design: A qualitative approach with focus group interviews.
Methods: Four focus group interviews were conducted in October 2011 with 23 spouses and adult children of persons with dementia and analysed with content analysis.
Results: The participants' experiences of formal care when caring for a person with dementia were captured in the theme 'Family caregiving requires collaboration with formal care to get support adjusted to needs specific to the stages of dementia'. This can be broken down into the categories 'The dementia diagnosis - entry into formal care as a novice family caregiver', 'Needing expanded collaboration with formal care to continue care at home' and 'Being dependent on a nursing home and trying to maintain involvement'.
Conclusion: Family caregiving requires collaboration with formal care to get support adjusted to the individual's needs, specific to the stages of dementia. Caregivers experience a transition process with three main turning points: the dementia diagnosis; when they realise increased need for formal care to continue caring at home; and when the person with dementia is moved into a nursing home. The interviewed caregivers experience formal care reactive to their needs and this often promoted unhealthy transitions. Formal care needs to be proactive and deliver available care and support early on in the dementia trajectory. Interventions should focus on facilitating a healthy transition for family caregivers through the trajectory of the dementia disease to ensure their well-being.
Until death do us part Adult children's perspective of their parents' transition from living at home to moving into a nursing home and the time after death.
Background: Adult children are often key carers of frail older parents providing care for a long period of time in different care contexts. However, research concerning adult children's caregiving experiences, from providing home-based care to facing the death of a parent in a nursing home is sparse. Thus, the aim was to explore the transition from living at home to moving into and living in a nursing home and the time after death from the perspective of next of kin to an older person.
Methods: A qualitative design using individual interviews with 15 adult children of older persons. The text was analysed using inductive content analysis.
Results: One main category was identified, until death do us part. With three generic categories, living at home, living at a nursing home and time after death, and eight sub-categories. The results describe the transition when an older person lives at home and moves into and lives in a nursing home and the time after death from the perspective of next of kin.
Conclusion: This study highlights many examples of tasks that adult children provide over a long period of time and in different care contexts since they felt that professional care was unable to provide safe and secure care for their older parents. It also highlights the importance for staff to recognize the support that next of kin provide. Furthermore, the study reveal that staff do not offer the relief that they are obligated to provide, to enable next of kin coping with this strenuous transition in life. First after the parent died, there was time for relief since the worrying and the doing of practical things for the parent had stopped.
Family caregivers' experiences of discussing their needs with a nurse during specialised home care utilizing the carer support needs assessment tool intervention
Purpose: The Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention (CSNAT-I) was designed to help family caregivers identify, reflect upon, and express their support needs in a conversation with a health care professional and gain tailored support. The CSNAT-I has shown positive effects for both nurses and family caregivers but for more comprehensive understanding this study aims to examine family caregivers' experiences of discussing their needs with a nurse during specialised home care, utilizing the CSNAT-I.
Methods: The study used an inductive qualitative descriptive design based on framework analysis. Data was collected using individual semi-structured telephone interviews with 10 family caregivers, with a median age of 66, from four specialised home care services.
Results: Family caregivers appreciated having scheduled meetings with nurses utilizing the CSNAT-I which gave them an opportunity to focus on what was important to them. Family caregivers experienced that the conversations were co-created with a flexible dialogue. The conversations provided new perspectives and insights which helped in finding possible solutions. Family caregivers felt empowered by the co-created conversation and took on a more active role in involving the rest of their family to find support to themselves and the patients.
Conclusion: The CSNAT-I can facilitate communication between family caregivers and nurses leading to adequate supportive inputs. The intervention gives family caregivers an increased opportunity to be involved in their own support, which may enhance their sense of security. According to family caregivers' experiences, CSNAT-I may be an adequate way to support family caregivers to reflect and discuss their needs.
Interventions to enhance access to and utilization of formal community care services for home dwelling persons with dementia and their informal carers. A scoping review
Objectives: Home dwelling people with dementia and their informal carers often do not receive the formal care services they need. This study examined and mapped the research regarding interventions to improve access and use of formal community care services.Method: This is a scoping review with searches in PubMed, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Social Science Citation index and searches of grey literature in international and national databases. Studies were categorized according to the measure used to enhance access or use.Results: From international databases, 2833 studies were retrieved, 11 were included. Five studies were included from other sources. In total, 16 studies published between 1989 and 2018 were examined; seven randomized controlled trials, six pretest-posttest studies and three non-randomized controlled studies. Sample sizes varied from 29 to 2682 participants, follow-up from four weeks to four years. Five types of interventions were identified: Case management, monetary support, referral enhancing, awareness & information focused and inpatient focused. Only two studies had access or use of community services as the primary outcome. Fourteen studies, representing all five types of interventions, had positive effects on one or more relevant outcomes. Two interventions had no effect on relevant outcomes.Conclusion: The included studies varied widely regarding design, type of intervention and outcomes. Based on this, the evidence base for interventions to enhance access to and use of formal community services is judged to be limited. The most studied type of intervention was case management. More research is recommended in this field.
Next of kin participation in the care of older persons in nursing homes: A pre-post non-randomised educational evaluation, using within-group and individual person-level comparisons
Background: Next of kin participation in care is a cornerstone of palliative care and is thus important in nursing homes, and outcomes following interventions need to be evaluated using robust methods.
Objective: To use within-group and within-individual analytical approaches to evaluate the participation of next of kin in care following an intervention and to compare the outcome between the intervention and control groups.
Methods: A pre-post intervention/control group study design was used. The educational intervention, directed towards staff members, focused on palliative care. The Next of Kin Participation in Care scale comprises the Communication and Trust subscale and the Collaboration in Care subscale, with nine items each. In total, 203 persons (intervention group: n = 95; control group: n = 108) were included. Three different analytical approaches were used: 1) traditional within-group comparison of raw ordinal scores and linearly transformed interval scores; 2) modern within-individual (person-level) interval score comparisons; 3) comparisons between the intervention group and control group based on individual person-level outcomes.
Results: Within-group comparisons of change revealed no change in any of the groups, whether based on raw or transformed scores. Despite this, significant improvements at the individual level were found in 32.9% of the intervention group and 11.6% of the control group for the total scale (p = 0.0024), in 25% of the intervention group and 10.5% of the control group for the Communication and Trust subscale (p = 0.0018), and in 31.2% of the intervention group and 10.5% of the control group for the Collaboration in Care subscale (p = 0.0016). However, a significant worsening at the individual level in Collaboration in Care was found in 35.1% of the intervention group but only among 8.4% of the control group (p < 0.0005).
Conclusion: The intervention seems to have a positive impact on next of kin participation in care in nursing homes, especially for communication and trust. However, some next of kin reported decreased participation in care after the intervention. Modern individual person-level approaches for the analysis of intervention outcomes revealed individual significant changes beyond traditional group-level comparisons that would otherwise be hidden. The findings are relevant for future outcome studies and may also necessitate a re-evaluation of previous studies that have not used individual person-level comparisons.
Stora anhörigboken
Antologi
Stora anhörigboken samlar insikter från en bredd av ledande experter inom området anhörigomsorg. Den belyser anhörigas betydelsefulla roll och den belastning de upplever i sina strävanden att tillhanda hålla omsorg, kontinuitet och kärlek när samhällets resurser inte räcker till. Boken lyfter fram riskerna för anhörigas egen hälsa, deras ekonomiska utsatthet och sociala stigmatisering samt den betydande överrepresentationen av kvinnor som vårdare. Genom att belysa vikten av ett mer organiserat samhällsstöd för anhöriga och erkänna deras plats som samhällsbärande grupp, erbjuder boken en djup gående diskussion om en oundviklig aspekt av livet - att vara anhörig.
Stora anhörigboken vänder sig till alla som i sitt nuvarande eller framtida yrke möter personer som är just anhöriga oavsett orsak till anhörigskapet.
Transitions into informal caregiving and out of paid employment of women in their 50s
Data from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health were used to study the order of events leading to informal caregiving and changes in labour force participation in mid-aged women, taking into account health and socioeconomic status. This analysis included 9857 women who responded to the third (2001) and fourth (2004) surveys and provided data for the caring and employment variables used. Caring was defined as providing care for an ill, frail or disabled person at least 7h/wk. Between 2001 and 2004, the proportion of women caring increased from 12 to 14%. Paid employment participation decreased from 67 to 62% in 2004. Logistic regression model results show that taking up caring between 2001 and 2004 was not statistically significantly associated with employment status in 2001. Among women who took up caring, however, hours spent in paid employment in 2001 was negatively associated with hours spent caring in 2004. Amongst women working in 2001, taking up caring between 2001 and 2004 was associated with reduced participation in paid employment. In conclusion, among mid-aged women, transitions into caregiving were irrespective of time spent in paid employment, but were followed by a decrease in labour force participation. Policies could aim to support continuing labour force participation during caregiving by creating flexible working arrangements; re-employment programs could support women who quit work in getting back to paid employment after a period of caregiving
Transitions into informal caregiving and out of paid employment of women in their 50s
Data from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health were used to study the order of events leading to informal caregiving and changes in labour force participation in mid-aged women, taking into account health and socioeconomic status. This analysis included 9857 women who responded to the third (2001) and fourth (2004) surveys and provided data for the caring and employment variables used. Caring was defined as providing care for an ill, frail or disabled person at least 7h/wk. Between 2001 and 2004, the proportion of women caring increased from 12 to 14%. Paid employment participation decreased from 67 to 62% in 2004. Logistic regression model results show that taking up caring between 2001 and 2004 was not statistically significantly associated with employment status in 2001. Among women who took up caring, however, hours spent in paid employment in 2001 was negatively associated with hours spent caring in 2004. Amongst women working in 2001, taking up caring between 2001 and 2004 was associated with reduced participation in paid employment. In conclusion, among mid-aged women, transitions into caregiving were irrespective of time spent in paid employment, but were followed by a decrease in labour force participation. Policies could aim to support continuing labour force participation during caregiving by creating flexible working arrangements; re-employment programs could support women who quit work in getting back to paid employment after a period of caregiving
Translation of a Dementia Caregiver Intervention for Delivery in Homecare as a Reimbursable Medicare Service: Outcomes and Lessons Learned
Traumatic loss in children and adolescents
Although different types of childhood trauma have many common characteristics and mental health outcomes, traumatic loss in children and adolescents has a number of distinctive features. Most importantly, youth who experience a traumatic loss may develop childhood traumatic grief (CTG), which is the encroachment of trauma symptoms on the grieving process and prevents the child from negotiating the typical steps associated with normal bereavement. This article discusses the distinctive features of CTG, how it is different from normal bereavement, how this condition is assessed, and promising treatments for children who experience a traumatic loss.
Traveller information in support of the mobility of older people and people with disabilities : user and provider perspectives
Traveller information designed to fulfil needs and expectations of individual travellers is a key factor in improving access for older people and people with disabilities to public transport. The overall aim of this thesis is to contribute to the knowledge of user and provider perspectives on the provision of traveller information for older people and people with disabilities in public transport with a focus on use and provision of such traveller information through online traveller information services. The research work is based on perceptions of older people and people with disabilities, together with experts' views on the implementation process. Both qualitative methods (interviews, focus group interviews, group discussions, workshops) and quantitative methods (questionnaires) were used. The substantial influence on the travel of older people and people with disabilities of use of online traveller information services is the empowerment of those of the older travellers and travellers with disabilities that are anxious and insecure before a journey. Through better access of traveller information offered by online traveller information services these travellers can find what they need to build their confidence before a journey and subsequently be supported in their roles as travellers. That is, when they do travel in public transport they want to be able to do so safely and with confidence; they do not necessarily want to increase the number of journeys they undertake. Thus, theoretically the concept of motility has higher relevance for this particular group of travellers than the concept of mobility. The exploration of the traveller information content shows that even though the need to plan and prepare for a journey seems to be equally important for the whole group of older people and people with disabilities as it is for subgroups based on functional limitations, the importance and the intended use of the traveller information differ between groups as the focus shifts from comfort information on an aggregated level to an increasing importance of accessibility information for subgroups. Both the comfort information and the absolute information enable assessment of the effort required to carry through a journey. This is decisive for the choice to travel, but the traveller information focused on comfort relates more to the individual choice to travel while absolute traveller information enables the traveller to assess whether travel is possible at all. Finally, to be accessed the traveller information needed by older people and people with disabilities need to be implemented. The inertia of the implementation process was explored through conflicts of interest that can help forward barriers in the implementation process. The findings point to there being a verbal problem in policies, legislation and guidelines that leave room for interpretation of the necessity of implementation of measures like traveller information needed by older people and people with disabilities. Finally this thesis carries implications for further research within all three areas that have been researched
Tre generationer utvecklingsstörda mödrar och deras familjenätverk
Treating childhood traumatic grief: a pilot study
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
To examine the potential efficacy and specific timing of treatment response of individual child and parent trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood traumatic grief (CTG), a condition in which trauma symptoms impinge on the child's ability to successfully address the normal tasks of grieving.
METHOD:
Twenty-two children and their primary caretakers received a manual-based 16-week treatment with sequential trauma- and grief-focused interventions.
RESULTS:
Children experienced significant improvements in CTG, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive, anxiety, and behavioral problems, with PTSD symptoms improving only during the trauma-focused treatment components and CTG improving during both trauma- and grief-focused components. Participating parents also experienced significant improvement in PTSD and depressive symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS:
The timing of improvements in CTG and PTSD symptoms lends support to providing sequential trauma- and grief-focused interventions and to the concept that CTG is related to but distinct from PTSD. The results also suggest the benefit of individual treatment for CTG and for including parents in the treatment of CTG. Randomized, controlled trials are needed to further test the efficacy of this treatment model.
Treatment of late-life depression alleviates caregiver burden
Treatment of late-life depression alleviates caregiver burden
Treatment of Late-Life Depression Alleviates Caregiver Burden
OBJECTIVES: To describe the burden experienced by family caregivers of older adults with depression and to examine the positive effects on caregivers of treating late-life depression.
DESIGN: Two-phase treatment study for major depressive disorder (MDD) that included 6 weeks of open treatment with antidepressant medication for all older patients followed by 16 weeks of randomized treatment for patients who were partial responders, comparing a combination of medication and interpersonal psychotherapy with medication alone.
SETTING: Primary care and university late-life mental health research clinic.
PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged 60 and older participating in a randomized trial for treatment of MDD who enrolled in a family caregiver study and their caregiver (N=244 dyads).
MEASUREMENTS: Improvement in patient symptoms during open treatment (lower scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD)) and remission of depression during randomized treatment (3 consecutive weekly HRSD scores of ≤7) were examined as predictors of lower general caregiver burden and burden specific to patient depression.
RESULTS: Caregivers reported a moderate to high level of general caregiver burden on average. Change in patient depression during open treatment was associated with significantly decreased depression-specific burden (β=−0.22, P=.001) and a trend toward lower general burden (β=−0.08, P=.08). Caregivers of patients who remitted showed significantly decreased depression-specific burden (F (1,76)=4.27, P=.04).
CONCLUSION: Treatment of late-life depression has benefits that extend to the family members on whom patients depend. Caregiver education and support may strengthen these effects.
Treatment of Parenting Behavior With a Psychostimulant – a Case-Study of an Adult With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Describes the case of a 28-yr-old woman whose 6-yr-old son was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behavioral parent training (BPT) was recommended for the mother, followed by medication for the child. However, during BPT the mother was also diagnosed with ADHD. The mother was evaluated using a double-blind procedure with placebo and methylphenidate. The ability of the mother to monitor and manage her son's behavior was assessed using a self-monitoring form and daily interviews. Methylphenidate improved the mother's ability to manage her son's behavior consistently and reduced the severity of her other ADHD symptoms, including fidgety and impulsive behavior. The mother's perceptions of her parenting skills also improved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children using cognitive behavioural writing therapy
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
This study evaluated the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Writing Therapy (CBWT) in 23 children (age 8-18 years) in the Netherlands, who experienced a range of single and recurrent traumatic experiences. CBWT uses exposure, cognitive restructuring and social sharing.
METHODS:
At pre-test, post-test and follow-up, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depressive symptoms, trauma-related cognitions and general behavioural problems were assessed.
RESULTS:
At post-test there was a significant reduction of all symptoms, and this effect was maintained at 6 months follow-up. The mean amount of treatment sessions needed was 5.5.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study shows that short-term CBWT is a potentially effective intervention for clinically referred traumatized children. There is now a clear need of establishing the effectiveness of CBWT in a randomized, controlled trial.
PRACTICE IMPLICATION:
This first study indicates CBWT is a promising treatment, which can easily be used in clinical practice.
Treatment outcomes and mediators of parent management training: a one-year follow-up of children with conduct problems
This effectiveness study presents the results of a 1-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of Parent Management Training. Families of 112 Norwegian girls and boys with clinic-level conduct problems participated, and 75 (67%) families were retained at follow-up. Children ranged in age from 4 to 12 at intake (M = 8.44). Families randomized to the control group received an active treatment alternative as would be normally offered by participating agencies. Multi-informant, multisetting outcome measures were collected and results from both intention-to-treat and treatment-on-the-treated analyses are presented. In two separate indirect effects models, assignment to Parent Management Training-the Oregon model predicted greater effective discipline and family cohesion at postassessment, which in turn predicted improvements in several child domains at follow-up.
Trygghetscirkeln för ett reflekterande föräldraskap: COS-P i Sverige – kunskapsspridning och prövning av ett psykoedukativt föräldraprogram
Projektets avsåg att pröva ett anknytningsbaserat föräldrastödsprogram,
Trygghetscirkeln (COS-P), vars mål är att hjälpa föräldrar att nå fördjupad förståelse för
barns behov av känslomässigt stöd från sina föräldrar.
Prövningen av Trygghetscirkeln som komplement till övrig behandling genomfördes på
tre geografiskt spridda behandlingsenheter för familjer med små barn i Sverige. Efter
gruppledarutbildning genomfördes en RCT-studie där 52 föräldrar i åldern 18-44 år
(M=30 år) med barn under 58 månader (M=15 mån) randomiserades till att antingen få
behandling enligt planerad form (TAU), n=24 föräldrar, eller få behandling plus ett
tillskott av 8 ggr Trygghetscirkel i grupp (COS), n=28 föräldrar. Vid baslinjen (T1) fyllde
föräldrarna i självskattningsformulär avseende nivå av egen ångest (STAI), grad av
depressivitet (CES-D), grad av reflekterande förmåga (PRFQ) och nivå av föräldrastress
(SPSQ). Föräldrarna fyllde vidare i en anknytningsdagbok (AD). En diagnostisk DC:0-3R
profil sammanställdes utifrån journaldata, samspelet mellan förälder och barn
bedömdes kvalitativt (EAS) och en semistrukturerad djupintervju om förälderns inre
bild av sig själv och sitt barn (WMCI) värderades. Nya mätningar gjordes därefter vid sex
månader (T2) och 12 månader (T3) efter baslinjemätningen, med undantag för AD, den
diagnostiska profilen och djupintervjun som enbart gjordes vid T1 och T3. Efter
genomförda föräldragrupper utvärderades Trygghetscirkeln med hjälp av särskilda
frågeformulär riktade till föräldrar och till gruppledare. Som avslutning av projektet
gjordes öppna intervjuer dels med personal på respektive behandlingsenhet och dels
med ett bekvämlighetsurval av föräldrar.
Resultaten gav vid handen att både behandlare och föräldrar var mycket nöjda med
Trygghetscirkeln, som var stimulerande, gav en fördjupad kunskap och hjälpte
föräldrarna i sin föräldraroll. I COS-gruppen förändrades samspelskvalitet och framför
allt den inre bilden av föräldrarollen och av barnet signifikant mer än i TAU-gruppen. I
hela gruppen uppmättes över tid sänkt föräldrastress, reduktion av stressfaktorer i
omgivningen, bättre föräldra-barnrelation och mer åldersadekvat socioemotionell
utvecklingsnivå hos barnen. Den skattade nivån av egen psykiska hälsa, eller
självskattad reflekterande förmåga förbättrades emellertid inte i någon av grupperna.
Vid uppföljningen våren 2015 visade det sig att Trygghetscirkeln integrerats som en
väsentlig del i verksamheternas behandlingsutbud.
Rapporten lyfter fram att genomsnittsåldern för barnen i den undersökta gruppen var
låg, vilket ledde till en låg förekomst av individuella barnkliniska symtom. Problemen
var i huvudsak koncentrerade till föräldrafunktionen. Föräldrarna hade i allmänhet en
etablerad behandlingskontakt innan de bjöds in till studien vilket troligen medförde att
upplevelsen av den egna psykiska hälsa redan hade stabiliserats. Däremot förändrades
stress, samspelskvalitet och den inre bilden långsammare, vilket ledde till en mätbar
positiv förändring först vid uppföljningen efter 12 månader. Denna förändring var mer
tydlig hos COS-gruppen än hos TAU-gruppen.
7
Slutsatsen är att Trygghetscirkeln är ett föräldraprogram som uppskattas stort av både
föräldrar och gruppledare. Då Trygghetscirkeln syftar till ökad förståelse för hur det
egna förhållningssättet påverkar föräldrabeteendet, aktualiseras förälderns egna hinder
och svårigheter i mötet med materialet och gruppdiskussionerna. Detta stärker
betydelsen av erfarna gruppledare och att det sammanhang inom vilket
Trygghetscirkeln erbjuds får möjlighet att fungera som en trygg bas. Vi kan inte uttala
oss om Trygghetscirkeln som en generellt preventiv insats till alla föräldrar men vill
rekommendera den för riktade insatser till barn med identifierade risker för psykisk
ohälsa eller utvecklingsavvikelser samt som komplement till annan behandling där
större behov av barnkliniska insatser föreligger.
Trygghetslarm: Uppföljning av funktion och säkerhet
Tröst – beskriven av långvarigt sjuka barn, föräldrar och en sjuksköterska
Akademisk avhandling.
Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen är att beskriva långvarigt sjuka barns upplevelser av tröst samt vilka och vad som tröstar barn, föräldrar och en sjuksköterska. Avhandlingen omfattar fyra delstudier. Långvarigt sjuka barn, föräldrar och en sjuksköterska har intervjuats och barnen har ritat teckningar.I delstudie I var syftet att undersöka vad barn med långvariga sjukdomar berättar muntligt och i teckningar om sina upplevelser av att bli tröstade. Sju barn i åldern 4-10 år, med olika långvariga sjukdomar, beskrev under intervju sina upplevelser av tröst och ritade teckningar. Intervjuerna analyserades med innehållsanalys, vilket utmynnade i fyra teman: att vara fysiskt nära sin familj, att känna sig trygg och säker, att sjuksköterskor finns till hands för barnen och att barnen finns till hands för sina föräldrar och syskon. Resultatet visar att barnen litade på sjuksköterskors kunskap och yrkeskunnande, vilket var en förutsättning för att kunna känna sig trygg och hemma på sjukhus. Att vara nära sin familj upplevdes än mer betydelsefullt för att uppleva tröst.
I delstudie II var syftet att beskriva föräldrars upplevelser av vad som tröstar dem när deras barn insjuknat i cancersjukdom. Nio föräldrar till barn i åldern 3-9 år, som var inlagda på vårdavdelning och hade genomgått sin första behandling, intervjuades. Innehållsanalys utmynnade i fem teman: att uppleva tröst genom att vara nära sitt barn, att uppleva tröst genom barnets styrka, att uppleva tröst genom att känna sig hemma på vårdavdelningen, att uppleva tröst genom att vara en familj och genom att vara hemma samt att uppleva tröst genom stöd från sociala nätverk. I kommunion, en djup känsla av gemenskap med barnet och personer i sociala nätverk, upplevde föräldrarna en ny vardag som kännetecknades av att känna sig trygg i livet trots alla svårigheter och de upplevde stunder av hopp.
I delstudie III var syftet att beskriva upplevelser av vad som tröstar ett allvarligt sjukt och senare döende barn, berättat av barnet, hans mamma och hans sjuksköterska. Barnet ritade teckningar. Fältanteckningar, teckningar och intervjuer analyserades med innehållsanalys, vilket utmynnade i fyra teman: att uttrycka känslor och bli redo för tröst, att vara i kommunion, att skifta perspektiv och att finna tröst genom att vara hemma. Resultatet visar att tröst för det svårt sjuka, senare döende barnet, innebar att barnet kunde uttrycka sina känslor som barnet ville, att familjen fanns nära och var involverade i omvårdnaden av barnet, att barnet kunde vårdas hemma och att barnet upplevde en förtroendefull relation med sin sjuksköterska.
I delstudie IV var syftet att beskriva vem och vad som tröstar föräldrar, syskon, sjuksköterska och andra personer som tröstade ett svårt sjukt och senare döende barn, beskrivet av mamman och barnets sjuksköterska. Intervjuer från delstudie II analyserades med innehållsanalys och utmynnade i tio teman. Resultatet visar en bild av samverkande nätverk som kan finnas runt ett svårt sjukt barn. Den svåra situationen innebar att barnets familj bar en tung börda, men omgivna av ett tröstande nätverk som de kunde luta sig mot och dela lidande och ansvar med, kunde de finna tröst och trösta varandra.
Resultatet i avhandlingen visar att de långvarigt sjuka barnen och föräldrarna fann tröst i att kunna dela lidande med varandra. Föräldrar och sjuksköterska fann tröst i att kunna dela lidandet och ansvaret med personer i sina sociala nätverk. Modellen om tröst (Norberg m fl, 2001) kunde användas för att ge struktur till diskussionen.
Tröst genom hälsostödjande familjesamtal – Upplevelser och effekter av en familjecentrerad intervention
Bakgrund: Att ha en sjuk närstående som bor på ett särskilt boende
för äldre påverkar hela familjen. Familjemedlemmarna kan uppleva
känslor av saknad, skuld, maktlöshet och sorg. Det finns därför ett
behov av att utvidga omvårdnaden till att innefatta hela familjen som
ett system för att minska ohälsa hos familjer. Detta kan ske genom
familjecentrerade interventioner. Ett exempel på en familjecentrerad
intervention är hälsostödjande familjesamtal (FamHC). Det är en
vårdhandling med focus på familjens styrkor, resurser och relationer
inom familjen. Det finns begränsad kunskap om dessa
familjeinterventioner i kontexten vård och omsorg av äldre.
Syftet: Syftet med avhandlingen är att ur ett familje- och
sjuksköterskeperspektiv studera upplevelser, responser och effekter
av sjuksköterskeledda hälsostödjande familjesamtal med närstående
som har en familjemedlem boende på ett särskilt boende för äldre.
Metoder: Denna avhandling är baserad på en intervention med
FamHC genomförd vid tre särskilda boenden för äldre i norra Sverige.
Samtalens struktur är tre på varandra följande samtal varannan vecka
med skilda fokus och avslutas med ett avslutande brev. Avhandlingen
består av fyra delstudier. I studie I-II användes semistrukturerade
gruppintervjuer med närstående som analyserades med kvalitativ
innehållsanalys. I studie III användes mixad metod. Kvalitativa
resultat från intervjuer och kvantitativa resultat från instrumenten
SWED-QUAL och FHI, analyserades parallellt samt integrerades
därefter. I Studie IV intervjuades tre sjuksköterskor med
semistrukturerade individuella intervjuer. Sjuksköterskorna skrev
även dagboksanteckningar. Intervjuerna och dagböckerna
analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.
Resultat: Resultaten från studie I visar att de närstående en månad
efter deltagandet i FamHC upplevde en lindring av sitt dåliga samvete
då de krav som familjerna ställer på sig själva minskat. Vid samtalen
fick de närstående bekräftelse på att de gjorde så gott de kunde.
Genom att dela sina föreställningar med varandra genom berättelser
skapades en ökad förståelse för hela familjens upplevelse av
situationen. Studie II visar att sex månader efter samtalsseriens
avslutande upplevde familjen deltagandet i FamHC som ett delande i
en dialog med en läkande kraft. Delandet upplevdes bekräftande
vilket gjorde att de närstående upplevde samtalen som trösterika.
Studie III visar att de närståendes emotionella välbefinnande hade
förbättrats sex månader efter att ha deltagit i FamHC. Studien visar
på förbättrad kommunikation och relationer samt förbättrat
samarbete inom familjen. Studie IV visar att sjuksköterskorna
upplevde att FamHC var en tillämpbar omvårdnadsåtgärd i arbetet
med familjer. Det gav en förbättrad förståelse av familjens situation
och förbättrade relationen med närstående.
Konklusion: Den övergripande slutsatsen från resultaten i
delstudierna är att genom att delta i FamHC blev familjerna tröstade.
Samtalen skapade en arena för de närstående att berätta samt att
lyssna till varandras berättelser. Det gavs utrymme att gråta och sörja
över sin situation över att ha en sjuk familjemedlem på ett särskilt
boende. Samtalen medförde reviderade föreställningar bland
närstående och sjuksköterskorna samt en ökad förståelse och ett
bättre samarbete inom familjen och en ökad känsla av välbefinnande
hos de närstående. Hälsostödjande familjesamtal kan därmed föreslås
vara ett användbart verktyg för sjuksköterskor i deras arbete med
närstående inom kontexten särskilda boenden för äldre personer.
v
Nyckelord:
Hälsostödjande familjesamtal, Familjecentrerad omvårdnad, FamHC,
Familjeomvårdnad, Omvårdnad, Särskilt boende för äldre.
Tutorial: Teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities
Children with severe disabilities typically require systematic instruction to develop their communication abilities. Intervention can begin by teaching functional communication skills related to requesting and rejecting. Although a considerable amount of research has focused on teaching requesting, there is an emerging literature on teaching rejecting. The aim of this tutorial is to review the emerging literature on teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. This review considers (a) the definition of communicative rejecting, (b) reasons for teaching communicative rejecting, (c) types of communicative rejecting, and (d) empirically validated strategies for teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. The authors include a case study to illustrate the major steps in teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)
Tutorial: Teaching Communicative Rejecting to Children With Severe Disabilities
Children with severe disabilities typically require systematic instruction to develop their communication abilities. Intervention can begin by teaching functional communication skills related to requesting and rejecting. Although a considerable amount of research has focused on teaching requesting, there is an emerging literature on teaching rejecting. The aim of this tutorial is to review the emerging literature on teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. This review considers (a) the definition of communicative rejecting, (b) reasons for teaching communicative rejecting, (c) types of communicative rejecting, and (d) empirically validated strategies for teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. The authors include a case study to illustrate the major steps in teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities.
Tutorial: Teaching Communicative Rejecting to Children With Severe Disabilities
Children with severe disabilities typically require systematic instruction to develop their communication abilities. Intervention can begin by teaching functional communication skills related to requesting and rejecting. Although a considerable amount of research has focused on teaching requesting, there is an emerging literature on teaching rejecting. The aim of this tutorial is to review the emerging literature on teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. This review considers (a) the definition of communicative rejecting, (b) reasons for teaching communicative rejecting, (c) types of communicative rejecting, and (d) empirically validated strategies for teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities. The authors include a case study to illustrate the major steps in teaching communicative rejecting to children with severe disabilities.
Two principles of communication - co-regulation and framing.
Two-year outcome of an intervention program for university students who have parents with alcohol problems: a randomized controlled trial
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Only a few intervention studies aiming to change high-risk drinking behavior have involved university students with heredity for alcohol problems. This study evaluated the effects after 2 years on drinking patterns and coping behavior of intervention programs for students with parents with alcohol problems.
METHOD:
In total, 82 university students (57 women and 25 men, average age 25 years) with at least 1 parent with alcohol problems were included in the study. The students were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 programs: (i) alcohol intervention program, (ii) coping intervention program, or (iii) combination program. All the 3 intervention programs were manual based and individually implemented during 2 2-hour sessions, 4 weeks apart. Before the participants were randomly assigned, all were subjected to an individual baseline assessment. This assessment contained both a face-to-face interview and 6 self-completion questionnaires: the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, estimated Blood Alcohol Concentration, Short Index of Problems, the Symptom Checklist-90, Coping with Parents' Abuse Questionnaire, and The Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI). Follow-up interviews were conducted after 1 and 2 years, respectively. The results after 1 year have previously been reported.
RESULTS:
All participants finished the baseline assessment, accepted and completed the intervention. Ninety-five percent of the students completed the 24-month follow-up assessment. Only the group receiving the combination program continued to improve their drinking pattern significantly (p < 0.05) from the 12-month follow-up to the 24-month follow-up. The improvements in this group were significantly better than in the other 2 groups. The group receiving only alcohol intervention remained at the level of improvement achieved at the 12-month follow-up. The improvements in coping behavior achieved at the 12-month follow-up remained at the 24-month follow-up for all the 3 groups, i.e., regardless of intervention program.
CONCLUSION:
Positive effects of alcohol intervention between 1 and 2 years were found only in the combined intervention group, contrary to the 1-year results with effects of alcohol intervention with or without a combination with coping intervention.
Two-year outcome of an intervention program for university students who have parents with alcohol problems: a randomized controlled trial
BACKGROUND:
Only a few intervention studies aiming to change high-risk drinking behavior have involved university students with heredity for alcohol problems. This study evaluated the effects after 2 years on drinking patterns and coping behavior of intervention programs for students with parents with alcohol problems.
METHOD:
In total, 82 university students (57 women and 25 men, average age 25 years) with at least 1 parent with alcohol problems were included in the study. The students were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 programs: (i) alcohol intervention program, (ii) coping intervention program, or (iii) combination program. All the 3 intervention programs were manual based and individually implemented during 2 2-hour sessions, 4 weeks apart. Before the participants were randomly assigned, all were subjected to an individual baseline assessment. This assessment contained both a face-to-face interview and 6 self-completion questionnaires: the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, estimated Blood Alcohol Concentration, Short Index of Problems, the Symptom Checklist-90, Coping with Parents' Abuse Questionnaire, and The Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI). Follow-up interviews were conducted after 1 and 2 years, respectively. The results after 1 year have previously been reported.
RESULTS:
All participants finished the baseline assessment, accepted and completed the intervention. Ninety-five percent of the students completed the 24-month follow-up assessment. Only the group receiving the combination program continued to improve their drinking pattern significantly (p < 0.05) from the 12-month follow-up to the 24-month follow-up. The improvements in this group were significantly better than in the other 2 groups. The group receiving only alcohol intervention remained at the level of improvement achieved at the 12-month follow-up. The improvements in coping behavior achieved at the 12-month follow-up remained at the 24-month follow-up for all the 3 groups, i.e., regardless of intervention program.
CONCLUSION:
Positive effects of alcohol intervention between 1 and 2 years were found only in the combined intervention group, contrary to the 1-year results with effects of alcohol intervention with or without a combination with coping intervention.
Types and Sources of Support Received by Family Caregivers of Older Adults from Diverse Racial and Ethnic Groups
Tänk långsiktigt – En samhällsekonomisk modell för prioriteringar som påverkar barns psykiska hälsa.
Psykisk ohälsa är ett allvarligt hälsoproblem bland barn och ungdomar och därmed ett angeläget område för samhällsinsatser. Det mesta av de resurser som samhället satsar på barn och ungdomar ges i form av generella insatser. Mödra- och barnhälsovård, förskoleverksamhet, skola, skolhälsovård, skolbarnsomsorg och ungdomsmottagningar är exempel på vanliga verksamheter. Andra samhällsinsatser (t.ex. insatser inom socialtjänsten och barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin) riktas enbart till barn och ungdomar som på olika sätt far illa eller behöver särskilt stöd. Sådana insatser kallas selektiva.
Även om barns och ungdomars psykiska hälsa och goda uppväxtvillkor är högt prioriterade områden är samhällets resurser begränsade. Det är därför viktigt att tillgängliga resurser används så väl som möjligt, dvs. att man lägger pengarna på insatser som har så bra effekter som möjligt i förhållande till vad de kostar. Syftet med denna rapport är att beskriva vikten av att ha ett sektorsövergripande och långsiktigt perspektiv när man på olika nivåer inom kommuner, landsting och stat ska prioritera mellan insatser som påverkar barns och ungdomars psykiska hälsa.
Barns och ungdomars psykiska hälsa påverkas av såväl individuella egenskaper som av faktorer i uppväxtmiljön. Generella insatser av hög kvalitet kan sannolikt förebygga och minska psykisk ohälsa hos barn och ungdomar. Eftersom de generella insatsernas innehåll, organisation och resurser har betydelse för hur barnen mår påverkar de troligen även omfattningen av de selektiva insatser som en del barn och ungdomar kan komma att behöva under sin uppväxt och längre fram i livet. Det är troligt att det fanns ett samband mellan nedskärningarna inom förskoleverksamheten, skolbarnsomsorgen och skolan under 1990-talet och den samtidiga ökningen av antalet besök inom barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin. Samtidigt kan detta vara ett tecken på att samverkan mellan t.ex. skolan och barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin inte har fungerat tillfredsställande när det gäller att ge förebyggande stöd till barn efter deras behov utifrån olika kompetenser.
Den internationella litteraturgenomgång som gjorts till rapporten visar att det finns ett visst forskningsstöd för att exempelvis föräldrastöd, personal- och lärartäthet i förskolan och skolan, särskilda pedagogiska insatser samt lärarnas kompetens har betydelse för barns och ungdomars skolprestationer och psykiska hälsa. Det bör understrykas att detta inte innebär att man säkert vet att övriga insatser saknar effekt.
Det saknas i stor utsträckning svensk forskning om effekter av generella insatser för barn och ungdomar. Bristen på relevanta studier medför svårigheter när man ska utvärdera olika insatsers samhällsekonomiska konsekvenser. Mot bakgrund av hur stor betydelse de generella verksamheterna har för barns och ungdomars uppväxtmiljö är det viktigt att kunskapen om deras effekter på barns psykiska hälsa ökar. För att detta ska vara möjligt måste man, förutom att intensifiera forskningen, lokalt satsa på att dokumentera och följa upp de insatser som ges till barn och ungdomar. Detta är ett viktigt metodutvecklingsverktyg och en grund för att utveckla beprövad erfarenhet som kan spridas, diskuteras och jämföras med andra resultat.
I rapporten presenteras en samhällsekonomisk modell där kostnaderna för generella insatser ställs mot insatsernas effekter på barns och ungdomars psykiska hälsa och de samhällsekonomiska vinster som dessa i sin tur ger upphov till. Modellen bygger på ett tänkesätt för prioriteringar som inte bara tar hänsyn till den berörda huvudmannens kostnader för en viss insats, utan också till hur kostnaderna påverkas i andra samhällssektorer och på längre sikt.
För att göra en samhällsekonomisk analys inom detta område behöver man veta vad olika tänkbara insatser kostar och vilka effekter de har på barns och ungdomars psykiska hälsa. Man behöver också veta hur detta påverkar samhällets kostnader för andra insatser på kort och lång sikt. I rapporten ges exempel på vad olika generella insatser för barn och ungdomar kostar. Dessa kostnader jämförs sedan dels med kostnader för olika selektiva insatser för barn och ungdomar, dels med exempel på samhällets kostnader för psykisk ohälsa hos vuxna personer. De beräkningar som presenteras ska ses som exempel på en analysmetod och de är inte i första hand avsedda att användas som underlag för jämförelser och val mellan olika tänkbara insatser.
Samhällets kostnader kan bli relativt höga redan på förhållandevis kort sikt om psykiska problem inte förebyggs och motverkas i ett tidigt skede. Kostnaderna för en familjehemsplacering under två år uppgår till knappt 800 000 kronor och för en HVBplacering under totalt ett år till ca 1,1 miljoner kronor. Om dessa insatser inte visar sig tillräckliga blir kostnaderna ännu högre. I rapporten ges även exempel på vad kostnaderna för psykisk ohälsa kan uppgå till om den kvarstår under vuxenlivet. Om en person utvecklar psykosociala arbetshinder kan samhällskostnaderna uppgå till omkring 2 miljoner kronor under en trettioårsperiod. Även kostnaderna för psykiska sjukdomstillstånd kan vara höga, ca 7–9 miljoner kronor enligt det exempel som valts. För en enda missbrukare kan samhällets kostnader uppgå till omkring 12–15 miljoner kronor under en trettioårsperiod beroende på hur mycket kostnaderna diskonteras.
En rimlig hypotes är att det finns en samhällsekonomisk potential i att satsa på förebyggande arbete inom de generella verksamheterna för barn och ungdomar, inte minst mot bakgrund av att de framtida selektiva insatser som kan komma att behövas är så kostsamma. Kunskapen är dock inte tillräcklig för att man med säkerhet ska kunna säga att en viss insats innebär en framtida ekonomisk vinst. För att ändå få en uppfattning kan man räkna ut hur många barn som kan få en viss insats för den kostnad som sparas in om ett enda fall av psykosociala arbetshinder, psykisk sjukdom eller missbruk förebyggs. Om man t.ex. förebygger en enda persons missbruk under vuxenlivet, kan man för samma kostnad ge stödjande utbildning som syftar till att utveckla föräldrarnas kompetens och sätt att bemöta sina barn till ca 3 400 eller 6 900 barns föräldrar beroende på hur kostnaderna diskonteras. Den här typen av utbildningar har visat sig effektiv när det gäller att förebygga utåtriktade psykiska problem hos barn och ungdomar. Det förefaller inte orimligt att man genom en så omfattande utbildningsinsats kan förhindra att minst ett av barnen kommer att leva som missbrukare. Det är vad som krävs för att insatsen ska vara samhällsekonomiskt lönsam på lång sikt.
Samhällsekonomiska analyser behöver kompletteras med en beskrivning av de fördelningseffekter som insatsen leder till. Dessa kan vara av två slag. En del handlar om att beskriva vilka barn som gynnas av insatsen. Är det de barn som är mest angelägna att nå? Den andra delen handlar om att det är viktigt att beskriva var i samhället som olika kostnader och besparingar uppstår. Vissa samhällssektorer och huvudmän kan få högre respektive lägre kostnader som en följd av insatsen, vilket det är viktigt att vara medveten om eftersom det kan påverka aktörernas incitament för att genomföra olika insatser.
I rapporten illustreras detta med ett räkneexempel som tar fasta på att samhällskostnaderna för en person med psykosociala arbetshinder under 30 år är ungefär lika höga som kostnaderna för att minska klasstorleken i grundskolan för 80 barn under ett år. Om man antar att den förebyggande insatsen kan leda till att ett fall av psykosociala arbetshinder förebyggs går samhället som helhet varken med vinst eller förlust på lång sikt. För de enskilda aktörerna ser dock bilden olika ut. Kommunen har kostnader för genomförandet av insatsen som uppgår till drygt en miljon kronor. Dessa kostnader uppvägs i viss mån av att kommunens kostnader för psykosociala arbetshinder minskar i framtiden. Kommunen har dock ändå en nettokostnad på ca 650 000 kronor. För de övriga aktörerna som påverkas av psykosociala arbetshinder, t.ex. försäkringskassan, innebär däremot insatsen en ren intäkt. Ur ett strikt ekonomiskt perspektiv framstår alltså minskad klasstorl
Unbiased Alzheimer´s caregiver health assessment
Undefined and unpredictable responsibility: a focus group study of the experiences of informal caregiver spouses of patients with severe COPD.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore how spouses of patients with severe chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease experience their role as informal caregiver.
BACKGROUND: Informal caregiver spouses are of pivotal importance in the way that
patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cope with their daily life,
including their opportunity to stay at home and avoid hospitalisations in the
last stages of the disease. However, caregiving is associated with increased
morbidity and mortality among caregivers. Further understanding of the role as an
informal caregiver spouse of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease is needed to develop supportive interventions aimed at reducing the
caregiver burden.
DESIGN: The study had a qualitative exploratory design. The data collection and
analysis were based on framework method. Framework method is a thematic
methodology and consists of five key stages: familiarisation, identifying a
thematic framework, indexing, charting and mapping & interpretation.
METHODS: Three focus groups were conducted in November 2013 with 22 spouses of
patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
RESULTS: Undefined and unpredictable responsibility was found to be the
overarching theme describing the informal caregiver role. Underlying themes were:
being constantly in a state of alertness, social life modified, maintaining
normality, ambivalence in the relationship and a willingness to be involved.
CONCLUSIONS: The informal caregiver spouses experienced ambiguity about
expectations from their private and the health professionals' surroundings. The
informal caregiver spouses wanted to provide meaningful care for their partners,
but sought knowledge and support from the health professionals.
RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: We recommend that nurses take on the
responsibility for including the informal caregiver spouses in those aspects of
decision-making that involve the common life of the patients and their spouses.
Understanding "Successful aging" : Cultural and migratory perspectives
Understanding and improving the burden and unmet needs of informal caregivers of homebound patients enrolled in a home-based primary care program.
Understanding and treating borderline personality disorder : a guide for professionals and families
Understanding autism : parents, doctors, and the history of a disorder
Understanding family care: A Multidimensional Model of Caring and Coping
How are the burdens and difficulties of caregiving balanced by the satisfactions experienced? * How do the demands of caregiving change over time and what are the policy and practice implications of such changes? * How is a balance achieved between the needs of the caregiver and the cared-for person? The importance of family (informal) care both in making a reality of community care policies and in helping to sustain the quality of life of people who require support to remain within their homes is beyond doubt. However, whilst a considerable research and practice literature has developed in this area over the last ten years there remains much to learn about caring at both conceptual and practice levels. There is in particular a need to develop more dynamic models which account for the changing nature of care over time and integrates the perspectives of carer, cared-for person and the formal service network. Based on several years research conducted by the authors, Understanding Family Care integrates a number of theories and perspectives in order to provide a more holistic understanding of the needs of carers. Emphasis is placed on providing a balanced picture which recognizes both the burdens and satisfactions of caring, in addition to the coping efforts that carers employ. A new longitudinal model of caring is described and the various stages and processes are explored. Although the focus is primarily on the carer the perspectives of the cared-for person are not ignored and a model is presented which aids the integration of disparate viewpoints. In addition to theoretical and methodological debates, implications for policy and practice are fully explored. Understanding Family Care is recommended reading for practitioners and managers in the health and social services, as well as students of social science, nursing, gerontology and social work.
Understanding self-determination and families of young children with disabilities in home environments
This article is about emergent self-determination for young children with disabilities in their home environments. The purpose of this study was to better understand family and home characteristics and how they influence the ways in which families can support the development of self-determination for their children with disabilities. Thirty families of young children with disabilities were interviewed, and their homes were systematically observed. Using a grounded theory design, an emergent model was developed that examined family and home context and the influence of context on the strategies that families used to support self-determination. Future research and practice implications of this research for supporting families are discussed.
Understanding the construct of self-determination: Examining the relationship between the Arc´s self-determination scale and the American institutes for research self-determination scale.
Since the early 1990s, attention has been focused on the importance of self-determination in the education of students with disabilities. The purpose of this study was to further our understanding of the construct of self-determination by examining the relationship between the Arc's Self-Determination Scale and the American Institutes for Research (AIR) Self-Determination Scale student and educator versions. Using structural equation modeling, we found that the theoretical structure of the Arc's Self-Determination Scale and the AIR Self-Determination–Student Scale was supported by the data, while the proposed theoretical structure of the AIR Self-Determination–Educator Scale was not. The analyses suggested that each of the measures of self-determination was measuring a different aspect of the self-determination construct (i.e., it was not possible to create a higher order factor comprising each of the assessments); thus issues related to the goals of the research and the underlying theoretical perspective of each measure must be considered when determining the most appropriate measure of self-determination in research and practice. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Understanding the occurrence of secondary disabilities in clients with Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE). Final report to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Understanding Why Carers´Assessments Do Not Always Take Place.
Undervisnings- och stödgrupper inom palliativ vård. Anhörig 300
Ung och oberoende – En studie av Maria Ungdoms klienter. I rapport - Vad vet vi om narkotikaanvändarna i Sverige, sid 31-37.
Utveckling av kompetens och lärande i äldreomsorgen : ett år med Kompetensstegen i Umeå
Utveckling av strukturerade samtal med närstående till patienter inskrivna i den avancerade hemsjukvården. Ett vårdutvecklingsprojekt hos cancerfonden 2009-2010
För att palliativ vård i hemmet ska fungera bra är de närståendes medverkan i vården oftast en
nödvändig förutsättning. Närståendes roll i palliativ hemsjukvård är unik i och med att de inte
bara har en stödjande roll för den sjuke utan också själva är i stort behov av stöd.
Den avancerade hemsjukvården i Uppsala sköts av Sjukvårdsteamet som erbjuder en
avancerad medicinsk vård i det egna hemmet för patienter med en komplicerad sjukdomsbild.
Sjukvårdsteamet har i tidigare vårdutvecklingsprojekt utvecklat stödgrupper som erbjuds till
närstående under patientens vårdtid samt ett strukturerat efterlevandestöd. Det som fattats i
närståendestödet är ett enskilt samtal (där patienten inte är med) med närstående i samband
med patientens anslutning till vården. Utvecklingen och införande av strukturerade samtal
med närstående till patienter inskrivna i Sjukvårdsteamet genomfördes under tiden 1.1.2009–
31.1.2010 genom ett vårdutvecklingsprojekt med stöd av Cancerfonden.
Resultat
Under projekttiden hölls 61 samtal. Det var svårt att bryta ut det strukturerade samtalet från
Sjukvårdsteamets verksamhet i stort, eftersom närstående ansåg att samtalet var en del i en
pågående process. Många poängterade det värdefulla med att få ha ett eget samtal där
patienten inte var närvarande och som fokuserade på den närståendes situation. För vissa var
det viktigt att samtalet hölls i Sjukvårdsteamets lokaler. Det positiva med detta var
möjligheten till större avskildhet, att få se Sjukvårdsteamets lokaler samt möjligheten till
rundvandring på de palliativa avdelningarna. Den största svårigheten i projektet var att
genomföra samtalet snabbt efter anslutningen till Sjukvårdsteamet. Detta berodde framför allt
på tidsbrist hos personalen men även närstående kunde ha svårt att hitta luckor i sina
scheman, framför allt för närstående som arbetade.
Slutsats
Att rutinmässigt ha ett enskilt (där patienten inte är med) strukturerat samtal med närstående
för att kartlägga deras situation, deras sociala nätverk, samtala om hur de ser på att vårda i
hemmet, samt att besvara frågor är ett sätt att tidigt ge och få information. Ett enskilt
närståendesamtal innebär en möjlighet att stödja både patienten och de närstående vid vård i
hemmet och därmed förebygga att problem uppstår. Att samtalen hade en gemensam struktur
gjorde att bedömningen av den närståendes situation underlättades. Den gemensamma
strukturen hindrade dock inte individualisering av samtalen utifrån den enskildes behov.
Slutsatsen av utvärderingen är att alla närstående bör få ett erbjudande om ett samtal eftersom
det fyller en viktig funktion även om samtalet kommer betydligt senare än den stipulerade
första till andra veckan efter anslutning.
Utveckling av stödet till anhöriga i Strängnäs kommun – en samverkansstudie mellan åtta FoU-enheter, åtta kommuner och Nationellt kompetenscentrum anhöriga (Nka) under tre år. Slutrapport:
I landets kommuner har sedan slutet av 1990-talet ett omfattande arbete utförts för att
utveckla stödet till anhöriga. Staten har bidragit med cirka en miljard kronor i stimulansmedel
och den 1 juli 2009 infördes en förändring i Socialtjänstlagen som innebär att kommunerna är
skyldiga att erbjuda anhöriga stöd.
För att dra lärdom av det utvecklingsarbete som genomförts och fortfarande pågår har
Nationellt kompetenscentrum Anhöriga (NkA) tagit initiativ till denna undersökning för att i
samverkan med åtta av landets FoU-enheter kartlägga och följa utvecklingen av stödet till
anhöriga under tre år i åtta kommuner. I denna delrapport presenteras resultatet av den första
kartläggningen i Strängnäs kommun.
Kommunen ligger i norra delen av Södermanlands län och 1971 bildas nuvarande Strängnäs
kommun. Kommunen består av åtta kommundelar och tätorten heter Strängnäs. Antalet
innevånare var 32 419 personer år 2010. När det gäller stöd och omsorg är det politiskt
styrande organet Socialnämnden. Den verksamhet som bedriver det faktiska stödet är
socialkontoret där socialchefen är ytterst ansvarig och socialkontoret är indelat i tre olika
områden som var och en leds av en verksamhetschef.
Strängnäs kommun har en gemensam värdegrund som allt arbete skall utgå ifrån, så också
arbetet med anhörigstöd. Värdegrunden beskriver kommunens förhållningssätt och den
yttersta målsättningen är nöjda kommuninnevånare. År 2009 när den nya lagstiftningen kom
gjordes en kommunrevision angående anhörigstödet. Svaret på revisionen fastställer att varje
anställd inom kommunens socialtjänst har ett ansvar "att informera om vilka stödformer som
finns samt förmedla kontakt mellan stödbehövande och verksamheter som kan utgöra ett stöd
för varje anhörigas unika situation".
I Strängnäs kommun anställdes en anhörigkonsulent på 75 % i projektform den 1 mars 2007
och i september samma år invigdes Anhörigcentrum. Anhörigcentrum är en mötesplats för
människor som ger omsorg och stöd till någon anhörig eller vän. Här kan anhöriga träffa
andra i samma situation och delta i olika stödgrupper eller utbildningar och det finns också
möjlighet till enskilda samtal. Den anhörig som deltar i någon av Anhörigcentrums aktiviteter
kan få avgiftsfri avlösning till den närstående som är hemma
8
På Anhörigcentrum finns också en caféverksamhet och personalen på Anhörigcentrum
informerar om olika insatser som kommunen erbjuder. Därutöver finns en IT-portal på nätet
(Gapet) som är tillgängligt dygnet runt. Portalen riktar sig till alla åldrar och målgrupper och
ger den anhörige möjligheten att få kontakt med andra runt om i landet.
På anhörigcentrum finns även Resursteamet och den Uppsökande verksamheten.
Resursteamet arbetar med frågor som är kopplade till demenssjukdom eller annan kognitiv
svikt. Den uppsökande verksamhet vänder sig till personer som är 80 år och äldre och inte har
något bistånd från kommunen. På Strängnäs kommuns hemsida informerar man om det
anhörigstöd som finns i kommunen och det som lyfts fram som centralt är Anhörigcentrum.
Studien startar med en kartläggning av stödet till anhöriga i de utvalda kommunerna inom
områdena; äldreomsorg, verksamheter för personer med funktionsnedsättning samt individ
och familjeomsorg. Ytterligare en kartläggning genomförs år tre. Årligen genomförs
fokusgruppsintervjuer, en inom varje område. Första och sista året genomförs även en
enkätstudie och telefonintervjuer genomförs med ett slumpmässigt antal utvalda anhöriga i
kommunerna baserat på den enkät de fyllt i.
Inom de tre områdena i Strängnäs kommun samlades aktuell dokumentation in,
verksamhetscheferna intervjuades och en enkät skickades ut till enhetscheferna. Efter
kartläggningen utfördes fokusgruppsintervjuer där politiker, chefer, medarbetare, ideella
organisationer och anhöriga deltog. Namn på anhöriga samlades in och NkA har utifrån dessa
utfört en enkätundersökning med efterföljande telefonintervjuer.
Resultatet visar att Anhörigcentrum och dess personal gör ett gott arbete utifrån de resurser
som finns tillgängliga, men att verksamheterna måste ta ett mycket större ansvar och bidra till
att anhöriga får det stöd som de behöver och har rätt till. Den gemensamma värdegrunden i
Strängnäs kommun bör lyftas upp och diskuteras ytterligare och samverkan inom den egna
kommunen behöver utökas. Det behövs också mer information till anhöriga om vilket
anhörigstöd som finns. En strategi för hur anhörigstödet skall bedrivas, uttalade mål samt
handlingsplaner och stödplaner bör också utarbetas och anhörigstödet till de anhöriga som har
vuxna barn med funktionsnedsättning är i mycket stort behov av utveckling.
Utvecklingssamtalet och den skriftliga individuella utvecklingsplanen – för grundskolan, grundsärskolan, specialskolan och sameskolan
Hösten 2013 ändrades bestämmelserna i skollagen om utvecklingssamtalet och den skriftliga individuella utvecklingsplanen. Ändringarna i skollagen innebär sammanfattningsvis att utvecklingssamtalet har fått en utvidgad roll och att kravet på skriftliga individuella utvecklingsplaner avskaffas i de årskurser betyg sätts. Skriftliga individuella utvecklingsplaner ska upprättas en gång per läsår för elever i årskurs 1-5 i grundskolan, grundsärskolan och sameskolan samt i årskurs 1-6 i specialskolan. De ska även upprättas en gång per läsår för elever i årskurs 6-9 i grundsärskolan i de fall betyg inte sätts. Motsvarande gäller för elever i årskurs 7-10 i specialskolan som läser enligt grundsärskolans kursplaner.
Utvecklingsstörning
Utvecklingsstörning, samhälle och välfärd
Under de senaste trettio åren har valfrihet och självbestämmande varit ledord för den svenska välfärdspolitiken. Att individen själv ska ha rätt att bestämma över sin vardag har inneburit att man inom funktionshinderpolitiken alltmer har kommit att betona den enskildes möjlighet att påverka villkoren för stöd och hjälpinsatser.
Människor med utvecklingsstörning är i dag mer integrerade i samhället. Men vad händer när funktionshindrade inte vill se sig som klienter utan framhåller andra värden och livsprojekt?
Författarna har mångårig erfarenhet av verksamhetsnära arbete. Deras forskning är inriktad på de upplevelser och erfarenheter som personer med utvecklingsstörning har. I den här boken sätts dessa erfarenheter in i en större samhällelig och välfärdspolitisk kontext.
Denna andra upplaga har reviderats utifrån nyare lagstiftning och innehåller även två nyskrivna kapitel: "Internet och sociala medier" samt "Utvecklingsstörning och hälsa". Boken vänder sig till universitets- och högskolestudenter vid socionom- och lärarprogrammen, samhällsvetenskapliga, beteendevetenskapliga och vårdvetenskapliga utbildningar samt till yrkesverksamma inom välfärdssektorn och andra som är intresserade av frågor om funktionshinder.
Martin Molin, docent och fil. dr i handikappvetenskap, Institutionen för pedagogik och specialpedagogik, Göteborgs universitet.
Lennart Sauer, fil. dr i socialt arbete, Institutionen för socialt arbete, Umeå universitet.
Jens Ineland, fil. dr i socialt arbete, Pedagogiska institutionen, Umeå universitet.
Utvärdering av "Anhörig - en studiesatsning kring handikapp- och äldreomsorg i Piteå" : ett projekt i Piteå kommun inom ramen för "Anhörig 300". Rapport 2002:1.
Utvärdering av anhörigstöd i Skåne län
Utvärdering av den avgiftsfria avlösningen inom äldreomsorgens Öppna och förebyggande verksamhet
Syftet med utvärderingen är att ta reda på om den avgiftsfria avlösningen har underlättat
situationen för anhöriga som hjälper eller vårdar någon närstående i hemmet, samt att inhämta
synpunkter och förslag på olika former av stöd kommunen bör vidareutveckla och satsa på.
En första utvärdering gjordes för perioden september 2005 t.o.m. februari 2006, den andra för
perioden mars 2006 t.o.m. december 2007.
Utvärderingen för perioden januari 2008 t.o.m. december 2008 genomfördes som tidigare i
enkätform och sändes till de 69 anhöriga i Uppsala kommun som erbjudits avgiftsfri
avlösning i hemmet eller i gruppverksamhet. De flesta anhöriga är maka/make men fyra är
barn samt ett syskon. Svar erhölls från 47 personer, varav 34 kvinnor och 13 män.
Den vanligaste orsaken till närståendes behov av hjälp är nedsatt fysisk och psykisk oförmåga
i kombination med annan sjukdom såsom demenssjukdom och stroke. Även hjärtkärlsjukdom
och nedsatt syn- och hörsel uppges som orsak till hjälpbehov.
Majoriteten av de anhöriga tycker att avlösningen har fungerat mycket bra. De är nöjda med
att få tid till att uträtta ärenden och att få ägna sig åt egna intressen. Samtidigt är den
närståendes välbefinnande och möjlighet till aktivitet och omväxling viktig. För dem som har
avlösning i hemmet skapar det trygghet att det är samma person som kommer.
När det gäller önskemål om stöd och hjälpinsatser handlar det främst om att få mer tid avsatt
för avlösning.
Utvärdering av informationsinsatser till äldre och anhöriga inom Rinkeby-Kista stadsdel
Utvärdering av informationsinsatser till äldre och anhöriga inom Rinkeby-Kista stadsdel
Whether Disabled Parents Receive Personal Assistance for Parenting and the Consequences for Children-An Interview Study
Personal assistance, since its implementation in 1993, has been shown to provide support for persons with severe functional disabilities in their everyday life, ensuring inclusion in societal roles such as working life. Personal assistance (PA) may also provide support in parenting; however, with the right to PA becoming increasingly questioned in Sweden, parents with disabilities have varying experiences of receiving support for their role as parents. Experiences also differ in regard to how access to a personal assistant is important to their child's daily life. The aim of this article is to shed light on the meaning of PA for parents and children in everyday life, especially when PA is reduced or even withdrawn. Eleven parents who have had or presently have PA were interviewed. The results show that parents describe that PA help them to fullfil their parental roles although the support could be more flexible to the needs of parents and their children. In situations when PA has been denied, children are negatively impacted and some children act by taking on responsibilities for the care of their parent. In conclusion; childrens' perspective of their family life needs to be taken in consideration when assessing the rights to PA.
Vad hjälper? Vägar till återhämtning från svåra psykiska problem
De flesta människor som drabbas av svåra psykiska problem återhämtar sig, helt eller delvis. Att återhämta sig betyder inte att man nödvändigtvis är fri från alla symtom utan kan även innebära att man kan hantera dem och leva ett acceptabelt liv. Bland läkare, vårdpersonal och även bland dem som själva har psykiska problem finns en utbredd pessimism om möjligheterna att återhämta sig. Men i dag har vi tillgång till forskningsresultat som motsäger föreställningar om de psykiska störningarna som varande livslånga, kroniska sjukdomar. Forskning visar att de flesta människor som exempelvis fått psykiatrins mest belastade diagnos – schizofreni – återhämtar sig. Vad hjälper människor med svåra psykiska problem att återhämta sig? Vad gör de själva, och vad kan andra – professionella, anhöriga, närstående – göra för att bidra till denna process? Boken resonerar kring professionalitet och vad ett återhämtningsinriktat professionellt arbete kan innebära. Återhämtning är en unik individuell process. Helt olika insatser kan bidra till återhämtningsprocessen för olika personer och för samma person i olika perioder. Den kan därför aldrig reduceras till en metod som kan tillämpas lika på flera patienter. Boken önskar förena individernas – brukarnas – erfarenhetsbaserade kunskap med kunskap från forskningen. Utgångspunkten är att människor återhämtar sig från svåra psykiska problem och att deras egna berättelser om återhämtningsarbetet erbjuder trovärdig kunskap. Boken vänder sig dels till brukare och närstående, dels till personal verksam inom psykiatri och socialtjänst. Den är också avsedd som kursbok för högskolestuderande inom områdena socialt arbete, psykologi, vård och medicin. Boken används dessutom som lärobok/komplement till cirkelmaterialet vid studiecirklar inom ramen för Återhämtningsprojektet (som drivs av Riksförbundet för Social och Mental Hälsa [RSMH], Forskningsstiftelsen Humlan och FoU-enheten vid SPO Psykiatrin Södra, Stockholms läns landsting) som i första hand löper under åren 2004 och 2005.Alain Topor är leg psykologi, fil dr och chef för FoU-enheten vid SPO Psykiatrin Södra inom Stockholms läns landsting. Han är även forskningschef på institutionen för socialt arbete, Stockholms universitet. Han har tidigare arbetat inom socialtjänst och psykiatri som familjebehandlare, behandlingsansvarig, handledare samt med forskning och utveckling inom socialtjänsten och psykiatrin. På Natur och Kultur har han tidigare utgivit Återhämtning från svåra psykiska störningar
Vad kostade handikappreformen?
Socialstyrelsen följer upp och utvärderar 1997:1
Vad tycker de äldre om äldreomsorgen? – En rikstäckande undersökning av äldres uppfattning om kvaliteten i hemtjänst och äldreboenden 2010
Senast uppdaterad 2021-01-25 av Peter Eriksson, ansvarig utgivare Lennart Magnusson